1
|
Urrutia A, Bánszegi O, Szenczi P, Hudson R. Scaredy-cat: Assessment of individual differences in response to an acute everyday stressor across development in the domestic cat. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
2
|
Blenkuš U, Gerós AF, Carpinteiro C, Aguiar PDC, Olsson IAS, Franco NH. Non-Invasive Assessment of Mild Stress-Induced Hyperthermia by Infrared Thermography in Laboratory Mice. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35049799 PMCID: PMC8773026 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) is a physiological response to acute stressors in mammals, shown as an increase in core body temperature, with redirection of blood flow from the periphery to vital organs. Typical temperature assessment methods for rodents are invasive and can themselves elicit SIH, affecting the readout. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a promising non-invasive alternative, if shown to accurately identify and quantify SIH. We used in-house developed software ThermoLabAnimal 2.0 to automatically detect and segment different body regions, to assess mean body (Tbody) and mean tail (Ttail) surface temperatures by IRT, along with temperature (Tsc) assessed by reading of subcutaneously implanted PIT-tags, during handling-induced stress of pair-housed C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice of both sexes (N = 68). SIH was assessed during 10 days of daily handling (DH) performed twice per day, weekly voluntary interaction tests (VIT) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) at the end. To assess the discrimination value of IRT, we compared SIH between tail-picked and tunnel-handled animals, and between mice receiving an anxiolytic drug or vehicle prior to the EPM. During a 30 to 60 second stress exposure, Tsc and Tbody increased significantly (p < 0.001), while Ttail (p < 0.01) decreased. We did not find handling-related differences. Within each cage, mice tested last consistently showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) Tsc and Tbody and lower (p < 0.001) Ttail than mice tested first, possibly due to higher anticipatory stress in the latter. Diazepam-treated mice showed lower Tbody and Tsc, consistent with reduced anxiety. In conclusion, our results suggest that IRT can identify and quantify stress in mice, either as a stand-alone parameter or complementary to other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urša Blenkuš
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
- Laboratory Animal Science, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Filipa Gerós
- Neuroengineering and Computational Neuroscience Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.G.); (C.C.); (P.d.C.A.)
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Carpinteiro
- Neuroengineering and Computational Neuroscience Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.G.); (C.C.); (P.d.C.A.)
| | - Paulo de Castro Aguiar
- Neuroengineering and Computational Neuroscience Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.G.); (C.C.); (P.d.C.A.)
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- Laboratory Animal Science, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Henrique Franco
- Laboratory Animal Science, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verduzco-Mendoza A, Bueno-Nava A, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Casas A, Domínguez A, Mota-Rojas D. Experimental Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Using Infrared Thermography to Assess the Health and Thermostability of Laboratory Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3448. [PMID: 34944225 PMCID: PMC8698170 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating laboratory animals' health and thermostability are fundamental components of all experimental designs. Alterations in either one of these parameters have been shown to trigger physiological changes that can compromise the welfare of the species and the replicability and robustness of the results obtained. Due to the nature and complexity of evaluating and managing the species involved in research protocols, non-invasive tools such as infrared thermography (IRT) have been adopted to quantify these parameters without altering them or inducing stress responses in the animals. IRT technology makes it possible to quantify changes in surface temperatures that are derived from alterations in blood flow that can result from inflammatory, stressful, or pathological processes; changes can be measured in diverse regions, called thermal windows, according to their specific characteristics. The principal body regions that were employed for this purpose in laboratory animals were the orbital zone (regio orbitalis), auricular pavilion (regio auricularis), tail (cauda), and the interscapular area (regio scapularis). However, depending on the species and certain external factors, the sensitivity and specificity of these windows are still subject to controversy due to contradictory results published in the available literature. For these reasons, the objectives of the present review are to discuss the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in vasomotor responses and thermogenesis via BAT in laboratory animals and to evaluate the scientific usefulness of IRT and the thermal windows that are currently used in research involving laboratory animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences [Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- División of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Adriana Domínguez
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Infrared Thermography in the Study of Animals' Emotional Responses: A Critical Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092510. [PMID: 34573476 PMCID: PMC8464846 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assessing animal welfare has proven to be a challenging task with important consequences for their management. In the last few years, infrared thermography has gained increasing scientific consensus as a method to analyze emotional reactions to different stimuli in different taxa. This review aims to explore particularly the use of infrared thermography in the assessment of animals’ emotions, mainly focusing on pets, laboratory, and husbandry animals. If properly used, this technique has proven to be a noninvasive, reliable method to identify emotional activations. Abstract Whether animals have emotions was historically a long-lasting question but, today, nobody disputes that they do. However, how to assess them and how to guarantee animals their welfare have become important research topics in the last 20 years. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a method to record the electromagnetic radiation emitted by bodies. It can indirectly assess sympathetic and parasympathetic activity via the modification of temperature of different body areas, caused by different phenomena such as stress-induced hyperthermia or variation in blood flow. Compared to other emotional activation assessment methods, IRT has the advantage of being noninvasive, allowing use without the risk of influencing animals’ behavior or physiological responses. This review describes general principles of IRT functioning, as well as its applications in studies regarding emotional reactions of domestic animals, with a brief section dedicated to the experiments on wildlife; it analyzes potentialities and possible flaws, confronting the results obtained in different taxa, and discusses further opportunities for IRT in studies about animal emotions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chan CE, Lee YU, Swoap SJ. Physiological response to the odorant TMT in fully fed and calorically restricted laboratory mice. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102819. [PMID: 33454047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2,3,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT) is a chemical compound that is extracted from red fox urine and can be used to artificially simulate the presence of a predator. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that TMT would block entry into torpor in the calorically restricted C57Bl/6 mouse. We first demonstrated that TMT induced fear in the mouse. Exposure to TMT induced an acute freeze response (67.2 ± 6.7% of time), as compared to 6.7 ± 1.7% when exposed to water. Further, exposure to TMT for 30 min led to elevated circulating corticosterone levels, 377 ± 33 ng/ml, as compared to 29 ± 4 ng/ml when exposed to water. When mice were exposed to TMT during the dark or light phase, body temperature (Tb) dropped by 1.7 ± 0.9 °C and 0.7 ± 1.1 °C, respectively, over the first 110 min after exposure. To determine whether TMT influences daily torpor, mice were calorically restricted and exposed to either water or TMT. Mice were exposed 30 min before the start of torpor, determined by the bout of the previous day. Exposure to TMT significantly (p < 0.01) blunted the fall in the minimum Tb from 28.8 ± 0.3 °C (water) to 30.1 ± 0.6 °C (TMT) and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the amount of time Tb was under 32 °C, from 431 ± 48 min (water) to 292 ± 78 min (TMT). These results establish that mice perceived the scent of TMT as a physiologically stressful stimulus and that Tb response is modestly blunted in the presence of that stressor. Our experiment highlights the intricate interplay between predation risk and energy conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang U Lee
- Department of Biology, Williams College, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gorrell E, Shemery A, Kowalski J, Bodziony M, Mavundza N, Titus AR, Yoder M, Mull S, Heemstra LA, Wagner JG, Gibson M, Carey O, Daniel D, Harvey N, Zendlo M, Rich M, Everett S, Gavini CK, Almundarij TI, Lorton D, Novak CM. Skeletal muscle thermogenesis induction by exposure to predator odor. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218479. [PMID: 32165434 PMCID: PMC7174837 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-shivering thermogenesis can promote negative energy balance and weight loss. In this study, we identified a contextual stimulus that induces rapid and robust thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Rats exposed to the odor of a natural predator (ferret) showed elevated skeletal muscle temperatures detectable as quickly as 2 min after exposure, reaching maximum thermogenesis of >1.5°C at 10-15 min. Mice exhibited a similar thermogenic response to the same odor. Ferret odor induced a significantly larger and qualitatively different response from that of novel or aversive odors, fox odor or moderate restraint stress. Exposure to predator odor increased energy expenditure, and both the thermogenic and energetic effects persisted when physical activity levels were controlled. Predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis is subject to associative learning as exposure to a conditioned stimulus provoked a rise in muscle temperature in the absence of the odor. The ability of predator odor to induce thermogenesis is predominantly controlled by sympathetic nervous system activation of β-adrenergic receptors, as unilateral sympathetic lumbar denervation and a peripherally acting β-adrenergic antagonist significantly inhibited predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis. The potential survival value of predator odor-induced changes in muscle physiology is reflected in an enhanced resistance to running fatigue. Lastly, predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis imparts a meaningful impact on energy expenditure as daily predator odor exposure significantly enhanced weight loss with mild calorie restriction. This evidence signifies contextually provoked, centrally mediated muscle thermogenesis that meaningfully impacts energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gorrell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Ashley Shemery
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jesse Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Miranda Bodziony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nhlalala Mavundza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Amber R Titus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Mark Yoder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sarah Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Lydia A Heemstra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jacob G Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Megan Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Olivia Carey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Diamond Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Meredith Zendlo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Megan Rich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Scott Everett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Chaitanya K Gavini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tariq I Almundarij
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, PO Box 6622, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diane Lorton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duparcq M, Jean O, Verjat A, Jaravel L, Jacquet D, Robles Guerrero F, Féron C, Rödel HG. Differences between fast and slow explorers in short-term tail temperature responses to handling in a rodent of wild origin. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|