1
|
Ouyang H, Chen J, Lin L, Zheng H, Xie C, Wang C, Wang Z. Metabarcoding and co-occurrence network reveal significant effects of mariculture on benthic eukaryotic microalgal community: A case study in Daya Bay of the South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116832. [PMID: 39128232 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Benthic eukaryotic microalgae were analyzed by metabarcoding the partial 18S rRNA gene in Daya Bay bi-monthly in 2021. Altogether 941 eukaryotic microalgal OTUs were detected, belonging to 27 classes of 8 phyla. Dinophyta and Chlorophyta were the dominant phyla. Microalgal community in the mariculture zone differed significantly from those in non-mariculture zone, reflected by low alpha diversity indexes and increasing abundance and richness of chlorophytes and correspondingly decreasing of dinoflagellates. The abundant occurrences of the pico- and nano-sized taxa such as the chlorophyte Picochlorum in the mariculture zone suggested that nutrient enrichment might result in the miniaturization of the benthic eukaryotic microalgae. The co-occurrence network suggested more negative interactions between taxa in the mariculture zone. A total of 41 algal bloom and/or harmful algal bloom (HAB) species were detected in this study, suggesting a high potential risk of HABs in Daya Bay, especially for the recurrent bloom species Scrippsiella acuminata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ouyang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiazhuo Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lanping Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hu Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Changliang Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Liu L, Tang Y, Li A, Liu C, Xie C, Xiao L, Lu S. Phytoplankton community and HAB species in the South China Sea detected by morphological and metabarcoding approaches. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102297. [PMID: 36195422 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The southern Chinese coast is one of the most developed regions in China and is an area where harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred frequently. In this study, differences in the phytoplankton community between microscopic observations and 18S rDNA metabarcoding were compared in 89 surface water samples collected from the southern Chinese coast and the western South China Sea (SCS). This is the first report investigating the phytoplankton community and HAB species using a combination of morphological and metabarcoding approaches in this sea area. There were substantial differences in phytoplankton community structure detected by the two methods. Microscopic observation revealed diatom predominance in the phytoplankton community, while metabarcoding indicated dinoflagellate dominance. The phytoplankton community structure obtained by microscopic observation better reflects the real situation in the water column. Metabarcoding annotated more species than morphospecies observed by microscopy. Haptophyta and Cryptophyta were the specific phyla detected in metabarcoding but were missed in microscopy due to their small size. Conversely, some taxa were found in microscopic analysis alone, such as species in Dinophysis, Prorocentrum, and Scrippsiella, suggesting some biases during metabarcoding and gaps in sequence databases. Metabarcoding is superior for detecting morphologically cryptic, small-sized and HAB taxa, such as unarmored dinoflagellates, nanosized hatophytes and chlorophytes, as well as multiple species in Alexandrium, Pseudonitzschia, and Chaetoceros in our study. A total of 62 HAB taxa were identified in this study, including blooming and potentially toxic species. Diatom abundances generally decreased southward, while those of dinoflagellates and haptophytes showed the opposite trend. Chlorophytes were mainly distributed in coastal waters, especially in the Pearl River Estuary. Phytoplankton community structures were shaped by nutrients and salinity, and phosphorus was the most limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The phytoplankton community in the western SCS showed unique characteristics away from those in the coastal sea areas. The results suggest that the combination of morphological and metabarcoding approaches comprehensively reveals the phytoplankton community structure and diversity of HAB species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yali Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Changliang Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang WJ, Lin ZR, Zhang QC, Geng HX, Sun HX, Tang XX, Yu RC. An investigation on bloom dynamics of Alexandrium catenella and A. pacificum and toxin accumulation in shellfish along the coast of Qinhuangdao, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114058. [PMID: 36057151 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium comprises most of the toxic bloom-forming species producing paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in the sea. Recently, repeated paralytic shellfish poisoning episodes have been recorded in Qinhuangdao located at the west coast of the Bohai Sea. To elucidate the relationship between toxic Alexandrium blooms and the poisoning episodes, a year-round investigation was carried out in this region from July 2020 to July 2021. Two qPCR assays were used to detect A. catenella and A. pacificum, and LC-MS/MS was applied to analyze PSTs in phytoplankton and shellfish samples. The blooms of A. catenella and A. pacificum were found in April and July, respectively, and PST content in three bivalves exhibited notable increase following the bloom of A. catenella. The results revealed bloom dynamics of the two toxic Alexandrium species in the Bohai Sea for the first time, and further confirmed A. catenella as the causative agent of poisoning episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jiao Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuo-Ru Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui-Xia Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Xi Tang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Li S, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Pan L, Huang B, Huang K, Chen X, Zhao Q, Jiang T, Liu J. Dietary exposure assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins through shellfish consumption in Shenzhen population, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10222-10234. [PMID: 34514541 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by certain marine dinoflagellates accumulate in filter-feeding marine bivalves. We used LC-MS/MS to detect and quantify 13 PSTs in 188 shellfish samples of 14 species collected from Shenzhen city's Buji seafood wholesale market from March 2019 to February 2020. Twenty-six of 188 shellfish samples (13.8%) were PSTs detectable. Within 14 species, 10 out of 34 noble clam Chlamys nobilis samples contain detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 29.4%. Seven out of 17 samples from Nan'ao island contained detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 41.2% among 11 origins. Samples containing PSTs were concentrated in spring and winter, with the highest levels in March>December>January. Among PSTs detected, C1 was dominant. Acute dietary exposure assessment for Shenzhen residents were based on mean adult body weight, 99th percentile daily shellfish consumption of Shenzhen food consumption survey 2008 and maximum PSTs concentration for each shellfish species. The outcome for Chlamys nobilis was 2.4~3.7-fold higher than recommended ARfDs. Mean PSTs concentration, P99, and mean shellfish consumption were used to assess chronic dietary exposure. The results were lower than recommended ARfDs. In conclusion, residents in Shenzhen are at risk for acute PSTs poisoning, while relatively safe from chronic PSTs exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenpan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liubo Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, No. 601 Shipai Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Huang
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qionghui Zhao
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiu Jiang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, No. 601 Shipai Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Ji Y, Zhang L, Qiu J, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhuang Y, Chen T, Li Y, Niu B, Li A. Spatial distribution and source of biotoxins in phytoplankton from the South China Sea, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126285. [PMID: 34119973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins severely threaten ecosystem health and mariculture. This study investigates the spatial distribution and source of diverse phycotoxins in the South China Sea (SCS), during four 2019/2020 cruises. Saxitoxin (STX) and okadaic acid (OA) -groups, azaspiracids, cyclic imines, pectenotoxins (PTX), yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA) toxins were analyzed in microalgal samples. PTX2 occurred with the highest (93.5%) detection rate (DR) during all cruises, especially in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in June 2019. Homo-yessotoxin (hYTX) and DA were found during three cruises in August 2020, and high DR of hYTX (67.7%, 29.3%) and DA (29.0%, 29.3%) in the PRE and Guangdong coast, respectively, in June 2019 and 2020, peaking at concentrations of 777 pg hYTX L-1 and 38514 pg DA L-1. The phycotoxin distribution demonstrated that DA-producing microalgae gathered close to the PRE and Guangdong coast, while hYTX-producing microalgae distributed relatively far offshore. Microalgae producing PTX2- and STX-group toxins were more widely living in the SCS. High-throughput sequencing results suggested that Alexandrium pacificum and Gonyaulax spinifera were responsible for STX-group toxins and hYTX, respectively, while Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata was the main source of DA. Widely distributed PTX2, hYTX, and DA were reported for the first time in the SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunyun Zhuang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tianying Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Biaobiao Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Fan C, Shen X. Combined Effects of Temperature and Toxic Algal Abundance on Paralytic Shellfish Toxic Accumulation, Tissue Distribution and Elimination Dynamics in Mussels Mytilus coruscus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060425. [PMID: 34204290 PMCID: PMC8235259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of increasing seawater surface temperature (SST) and toxic algal abundance (TAA) on the accumulation, tissue distribution and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels. Mytilus coruscus were fed with the PSTs-producing dinoflagellate A. catenella under four simulated environment conditions. The maximum PSTs concentration was determined to be 3548 µg STX eq.kg−1, which was four times higher than the EU regulatory limit. The increasing SST caused a significant decline in PSTs levels in mussels with rapid elimination rates, whereas high TAA increased the PSTs concentration. As a result, the PSTs toxicity levels decreased under the combined condition. Additionally, toxin burdens were assessed within shellfish tissues, with the highest levels quantified in the hepatopancreas. It is noteworthy that the toxin burden shifted towards the mantle from gill, muscle and gonad at the 17th day. Moreover, variability of PSTs was measured, and was associated with changes in each environmental factor. Hence, this study primarily illustrates the combined effects of SST and TAA on PSTs toxicity, showing that increasing environmental temperature is of benefit to lower PSTs toxicity with rapid elimination rates.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Q, Yang Q, Wu W. Ensuring seafood safe to spoon: a brief review of biosensors for marine biotoxin monitoring. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2495-2507. [PMID: 33287557 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1854170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With harmful algal blooms, marine food poisoning caused by marine biotoxins frequently occurs and is life-threatening if severe. However, the conventional detection methods of marine toxins have a few limitations: low sensitivity and high-cost. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fast and sensitive on-site detection method for real seafood sample. Biosensors based on aptamers, antibodies, and cells have been applied in marine toxins monitoring. This review presents the classification and toxic effects of marine toxins, and recent biosensor for marine toxin detection. In addition, we have compared the superiority and limitation of these biosensors. Finally, challenges and opportunities of biosensors in food safety detection were discussed. Considering the excellent results achieved by the aptasensor in the field of detection, it seems ready to be put into practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yao J, Jin W, Li D, Xu D, Wen S, Liu R, Liang Y, Lu S. Geographical distribution and seasonal variation in paralytic shellfish toxins in the coastal water of the South China Sea. Toxicon 2019; 168:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Shin HH, Li Z, Kim ES, Park JW, Lim WA. Which species, Alexandrium catenella (Group I) or A. pacificum (Group IV), is really responsible for past paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea? HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:31-39. [PMID: 28962988 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) caused the deaths of four people in coastal area of Korea, mainly Jinhae-Masan Bay and adjacent areas, in April 1986 and in 1996. The PSP outbreaks were caused by the consumption of mussels, Mytilus edulis. The organism that caused PSP was identified, from morphological data only, as Alexandrium tamarense which is recently renamed as A. catenella, however recent studies have shown that the morphological diagnostic characteristics used to identify Alexandrium species have uncertainties and molecular tools and other criteria should be considered as well. The organism that caused past PSP outbreaks and incidents in Korea therefore need to be carefully reconsidered. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the species really responsible for past outbreaks of PSP in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. The temporal production and fluxes of the resting cysts of Alexandrium species were investigated for one year (from March 2011 to February 2012) using a sediment trap, and the morphology and phylogeny of vegetative cells germinated from the resting cysts were analysed. The production of Alexandrium species peaked in August and November, when temporal discrepancies were found in the water temperature (22.4 and 22.7°C in August, 19.1 and 19.6°C in November) and salinity (29.5 and 26.1 psu in August, 30.5 and 31.8 psu in November). The morphological data revealed that Alexandrium species germinated from resting cysts collected in August have a ventral pore on the 1' plate, whereas the 1' plate in Alexandrium species germinated from resting cysts collected in November lacks a ventral pore. Molecular phylogenetic data for the vegetative cells from the germination experiments allowed the August and November peaks to be assigned to Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV), respectively. This indicates that the production of resting cysts of A. catenella can be enhanced by relatively high water temperature. This result is not consistent with those of previous studies that A. catenella responsible for PSP outbreaks was found at relatively low water temperature. In addition, large subunit ribosomal sequences data revealed that A. pacificum isolates from Korea were closely related to those from Australia, Japan and New Zealand where the PSP toxicity of shellfish and blooms occurred in the 1990s, indicating that the introduction of toxic dinoflagellates were related to ballast water from bulk-cargo shipping. Based on these results, we concluded that past PSP outbreaks in Jinhae-Masan Bay of Korea could have been caused by A. pacificum rather than by A. catenella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhun Li
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Song Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Park
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu X, Wang Z, Guo X, Gu Y, Liang W, Liu L. Impacts of metal contamination and eutrophication on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages along the Guangdong coast of southern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:239-249. [PMID: 28526199 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-one surface sediment samples were collected from eleven sea areas along the Guangdong coast in southern China. Biogenic elements, metals and dinoflagellate cysts were analyzed. Twenty-one cyst taxa in 12 genera were identified. The cyst concentrations ranged between 14 and 250 cysts/g, with an average of 69 cysts/g. The low cyst production was caused by coarse sediments, high sedimentation rates, and high anthropogenic disturbances. Biogenic elements were comparable with those reported. However, the metal concentrations were far lower than the sediment quality guidelines. Both biogenic elements and metals were higher in the Mid Coast and lower in the Western Coast. Eutrophication slightly enhanced the productivity of autotrophic dinocysts, and cysts of Scrippsiella indicated eutrophication. Cd had inhibitory effects on cyst production. Alexandrium and Diplopsalis cysts were sensitive to metal contamination; however, Gyrodinium, Pheopolykrikos, and Lingulodinium cysts had high resistance to metal contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yangguang Gu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weibiao Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Yu RC, Kong FZ, Chen ZF, Dai L, Gao Y, Zhang QC, Wang YF, Yan T, Zhou MJ. Paralytic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton and shellfish samples collected from the Bohai Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 115:324-331. [PMID: 28007383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton and shellfish samples collected periodically from 5 representative mariculture zones around the Bohai Sea, Laishan (LS), Laizhou (LZ), Hangu (HG), Qinhuangdao (QHD) and Huludao (HLD), were analysed for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Toxins were detected in 13 out of 20 phytoplankton samples, and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins (C1/2) were predominant components of PSTs in phytoplankton samples with relatively low toxin content. However, two phytoplankton samples with high PST content collected from QHD and LS had unique toxin profiles characterized by high-potency carbamoyl toxins (GTX1/4) and decarbamoyl toxins (dcGTX2/3 and dcSTX), respectively. PSTs were commonly found in shellfish samples, and toxin content ranged from 0 to 27.6nmol/g. High level of PSTs were often found in scallops and clams. Shellfish from QHD in spring, and LZ and LS in autumn exhibited high risks of PST contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Li Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association, Beijing 100860, PR China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Tian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li FL, Li ZX, Guo MM, Wu HY, Zhang TT, Song CH. Investigation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Lingshan Bay, Yellow Sea, China, using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1367-73. [PMID: 27295385 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of toxin contamination in shellfish (i.e., prior to harvest) would be of considerable advantage to fish farmers, researchers and food safety administrators. In 2004, a solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) technique was developed to study algal toxins in New Zealand shellfish harvesting areas. In subsequent years, the basic idea have been further developed. Using a SPATT method, an investigation into diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) was conducted over a 10.5-month period in 2012 in shellfish farming areas in Lingshan Bay (Yellow Sea, China). This paper discusses the relationship among DSTs in toxic algae, seawater and contaminated shellfish. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 toxins were found in this shellfish farming area from summer to autumn. In shellfish the maximum concentrations of OA and DTX1 were 81 and 41 ng g(-1) respectively. PTX2 was very low. The maximum levels of OA and DTX1 in seawater were 165 and 56 ng g(-1) respectively, and were detected on June, separated by a 14-day period. Shellfish had accumulated the highest levels of OA and DTX1 recorded in this study. Comparison of the variations in DST levels in seawater showed there to be about 2 weeks for administrators to warn of the potential for toxin contamination in shellfish. Further research to explore the relationship between the variables of seawater temperature, sunlight and salinity, and DSTs in shellfish may help to establish a more suitable model for forecasting DST contamination in shellfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhao-Xin Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Meng-Meng Guo
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cai-Hu Song
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b College of Food Science and Technology , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai , China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han M, Lee H, Anderson DM, Kim B. Paralytic shellfish toxin production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (Chinhae Bay, Korea) in axenic, nutrient-limited chemostat cultures and nutrient-enriched batch cultures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:34-43. [PMID: 26874747 PMCID: PMC6437782 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of Alexandrium pacificum (formerly Alexandrium tamarense) are common in Chinhae Bay (Korea), presumably linked to anthropogenic eutrophication. Here we examine PSP toxin content and composition in axenic chemostat and batch cultures of A. pacificum using growth conditions that differed according to dilution rate, nutrient limitations, and enrichments. Phosphate (P)-limited cells in chemostat cultures had higher toxin content and a toxin composition that differed from that of nitrogen (N)-limited cells at the highest growth rates. Therefore, toxin composition changes do occur in axenic cultures of A. pacificum following extended growth under steady state conditions. In nutrient-limited batch cultures that received N and P enrichment, the N-enriched cultures showed a more diverse toxin profile than the P-enriched cells; the toxin content of N-enriched cells was lower than in the P-enriched cultures. We infer the following order for the biosynthesis of individual toxins: C1, C2>GTX3>GTX1>neoSTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myungsoo Han
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Haeok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA
| | - Baikho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Lu L, Shu L, Chen J, Zou B, Zhou Q, Gu Y, Zhao J, Lin X. Association between the Hygiene Index Values of Live Fresh Aquatic Products and Food-Borne Diarrhea in the Population of the Ningbo Area in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9154-68. [PMID: 26258783 PMCID: PMC4555271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the association of the hygiene index values of live fresh aquatic products and food-borne diarrhea in the population of the Ningbo area in China. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), histamine (HIS), indole, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesic and diarrhetic shellfish poisons (PSP, NSP, ASP, and DSP, respectively) in the samples of live fresh aquatic products and food-borne diarrhea cases in six studied districts were analyzed. Results indicate that the incidence rate of food-borne diarrhea is related to the hygiene index values. Aside from VBN, the main risk factors related to food-borne diarrhea in edible aquatic products include DSP (in marine fish, shrimp, and other shellfishes), NSP, and ASP (in marine shrimp and crab). Hygiene index values among different species were significantly different. No significant difference in the monitoring index values was found among the six different studied districts. The reported cases of food-borne diarrhea were positively associated with VBN and DSP in aquatic products in Haishu, Jiangbei, Zhenhai, and Beilun, as well as VBN and NSP in aquatic products in Jiangdong and Yinzhou. In conclusion, VBN, DSP, NSP, and ASP are important risk factors for the occurring of food-borne diarrhea in the population of the Ningbo area in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Jiangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Jiangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Liye Shu
- Jiangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Jiangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Baobo Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xialu Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of Ministry of Health, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao Y, Yu RC, Chen JH, Zhang QC, Kong FZ, Zhou MJ. Distribution of Alexandrium fundyense and A. pacificum (Dinophyceae) in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:210-219. [PMID: 26026250 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the distribution of two closely related, causative species of paralytic shellfish poisoning – Alexandrium fundyense and A. pacificum – within the Yellow Sea (YS) and Bohai Sea (BS). These two Alexandrium species are distinguished for the first time in a regional field study using species-specific, quantitative PCR (qPCR) based assays. Both qPCR assays target the large subunit ribosomal DNA gene and were used to analyze net-concentrated phytoplankton samples collected in May 2012. A. fundyense was mainly distributed in YS, while A. pacificum was confined to an area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary. The different distribution of the two species is interpreted as evidence of their distinct bloom ecology. Expanded efforts implementing these assays offer the ability to discriminate the dynamics of A. fundyense and A. pacificum blooms and provide a more sound basis for monitoring toxic Alexandrium species in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen JH, Yu RC, Gao Y, Kong FZ, Wang YF, Zhang QC, Kang ZJ, Yan T, Zhou MJ. Tracing the origin of paralytic shellfish toxins in scallopPatinopecten yessoensisin the northern Yellow Sea. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1933-45. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.838644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Chen T, Xu X, Wei J, Chen J, Miu R, Huang L, Zhou X, Fu Y, Yan R, Wang Z, Liu B, He F. Food-borne disease outbreak of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning due to toxic mussel consumption: the first recorded outbreak in china. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65049. [PMID: 23724121 PMCID: PMC3660377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This investigation was undertaken in response to an outbreak of suspected shellfish poisoning in Zhejiang Province, China. The objectives of this project were to confirm the outbreak and to identify the aetiology, source and mode of transmission. METHODS A probable case was defined as an individual with diarrhea (≥3 times/day) plus at least one of the following symptoms: fever (≥37.5°C), vomiting, or abdominal pain after consuming seafood between May 23(rd) and May 28(th), 2011. Using a case-control study design, we compared exposures to suspected seafood items and cooking methods between 61 probable cases and 61 controls. RESULTS Over 220 suspected or probable cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) were identified (incidence of 18 cases per 100,000). The case control study revealed that 100% of cases and 18% of controls had eaten mussels during the exposure period (OR = ∞, χ(2) = 84.72,P = 0.000). The number of mussels consumed was related to DSP risk (P = 0.004, χ2 test for trend). Consumption of other seafood items was not associated with disease. The frequency of diarrhea and vomiting were positively correlated with the number of mussels consumed (r = 0.424 and r = 0.562, respectively). The frequency of vomiting and the incubation period were significantly correlated with the total time the mussels were boiled (r = 0.594 and r = -0.336, respectively). Mussels from 3 food markets and one family contained Okadaic acid (OA) and Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). CONCLUSIONS This outbreak was attributed to the consumption of mussels contaminated by DSP-toxins (OA and DTX-1) which are produced by different species of dinoflagellates (toxic microalgae) from the genus Dinophysis or Prorocentrum. Suspension of mussel sales and early public announcements were highly effective in controlling the outbreak, although oversight of seafood quality should be a priority to prevent future contamination and outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingrui Chen
- Cangnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cangnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuqing Xu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Wei
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Renchao Miu
- Cangnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cangnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Huang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Fu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyao Liu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin H, Nagashima Y, Jiang P, Qin X, Lu Y, Zhang C. Screening for toxicity and resistance to paralytic shellfish toxin of shore crabs inhabiting at Leizhou peninsula, China. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 78:48-52. [PMID: 22542566 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The situation of the environment contaminated by paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) in Leizhou peninsula, China, has attracted more attention since seafood poisoning occurred occasionally. In this study, we examined the toxicities of shore crab Leptodius exaratus, Thalamita crenata and Metopograpsus latifrons by mouse assay, resistance to PST by lethal test injection with PST, and discussed the toxicity neutralization of their hemolymph. The results showed 12% of shore crabs possessed toxicity of 4.3-4.4 MU/g. The 100% lethal dose of PST for M. latifrons was about 2 times of those for the other two crab species. The hemolymphs of the crabs were all able to neutralize PST and tetrodotoxin (TTX) toxicity in different extent. The above results indicate shore crabs at this area are exposed to an environment potentially contaminated with PST and/or TTX, and the toxicity neutralizing efficacy of their hemolymph directly affects their resistance to the toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|