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van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Jonker MTO, Klaassen MA, Puts IC, Verbeeke G, Hoekema L, Foekema EM, Murk AJ. Temperate Versus Arctic: Unraveling the Effects of Temperature on Oil Toxicity in Gammarids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1627-1637. [PMID: 38837458 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Shipping activities are increasing with sea ice receding in the Arctic, leading to higher risks of accidents and oil spills. Because Arctic toxicity data are limited, oil spill risk assessments for the Arctic are challenging to conduct. In the present study, we tested if acute oil toxicity metrics obtained at temperate conditions reflect those at Arctic conditions. The effects of temperature (4 °C, 12 °C, and 20 °C) on the median lethal concentration (LC50) and the critical body residue (CBR) of the temperate invertebrate Gammarus locusta exposed to water accommodated fractions of a fuel oil were determined. Both toxicity metrics decreased with increasing temperature. In addition, data for the temperate G. locusta were compared to data obtained for Arctic Gammarus species at 4 °C. The LC50 for the Arctic Gammarus sp. was a factor of 3 higher than that for the temperate G. locusta at 4 °C, but its CBR was similar, although both the exposure time and concentration were extended to reach lethality. Probably, this was a result of the larger size and higher weight and total lipid content of Arctic gammarids compared to the temperate gammarids. Taken together, the present data support the use of temperate acute oil toxicity data as a basis for assessing risks in the Arctic region, provided that the effects of temperature on oil fate and functional traits (e.g., body size and lipid content) of test species are considered. As such, using the CBR as a toxicity metric is beneficial because it is independent of functional traits, despite its temperature dependency. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report CBRs for oil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1627-1637. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J van den Heuvel-Greve
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A Klaassen
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Isolde C Puts
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Arctic Research Center and Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gabrielle Verbeeke
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hoekema
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin M Foekema
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Hansen BH, Tarrant AM, Lenz PH, Roncalli V, Almeda R, Broch OJ, Altin D, Tollefsen KE. Effects of petrogenic pollutants on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods: From molecular mechanisms to population impacts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106825. [PMID: 38176169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Oil and gas industries in the Northern Atlantic Ocean have gradually moved closer to the Arctic areas, a process expected to be further facilitated by sea ice withdrawal caused by global warming. Copepods of the genus Calanus hold a key position in these cold-water food webs, providing an important energetic link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Due to their ecological importance, there is a concern about how accidental oil spills and produced water discharges may impact cold-water copepods. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the toxicity of petroleum on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods. We also review how recent development of high-quality transcriptomes from RNA-sequencing of copepods have identified genes regulating key biological processes, like molting, diapause and reproduction in Calanus copepods, to suggest linkages between exposure, molecular mechanisms and effects on higher levels of biological organization. We found that the available ecotoxicity threshold data for these copepods provide valuable information about their sensitivity to acute petrogenic exposures; however, there is still insufficient knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms of toxicity and the potential for long-term implications of relevance for copepod ecology and phenology. Copepod transcriptomics has expanded our understanding of how key biological processes are regulated in cold-water copepods. These advances can improve our understanding of how pollutants affect biological processes, and thus provide the basis for new knowledge frameworks spanning the effect continuum from molecular initiating events to adverse effects of regulatory relevance. Such efforts, guided by concepts such as adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), enable standardized and transparent characterization and evaluation of knowledge and identifies research gaps and priorities. This review suggests enhancing mechanistic understanding of exposure-effect relationships to better understand and link biomarker responses to adverse effects to improve risk assessments assessing ecological effects of pollutant mixtures, like crude oil, in Arctic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Petra H Lenz
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR-ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ole Jacob Broch
- SINTEF Ocean, Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, 7020 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Research Infrastructure SeaLab, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1433 Ås, Norway
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3
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Sørhus E, Sørensen L, Grøsvik BE, Le Goff J, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, Hansen BH, Thorsen A, Donald CE, van der Meeren T, Robson W, Rowland SJ, Rasinger JD, Vikebø FB, Meier S. Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114843. [PMID: 36965263 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos bind dispersed crude oil droplets to the eggshell and are consequently highly susceptible to toxicity from spilled oil. We established thresholds for developmental toxicity and identified any potential long-term or latent adverse effects that could impair the growth and survival of individuals. Embryos were exposed to oil for eight days (10, 80 and 300 μg oil/L, equivalent to 0.1, 0.8 and 3.0 μg TPAH/L). Acute and delayed mortality were observed at embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages with IC50 = 2.2, 0.39, and 0.27 μg TPAH/L, respectively. Exposure to 0.1 μg TPAH/L had no negative effect on growth or survival. However, yolk sac larvae showed significant reduction in the outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricle in the absence of other extracardiac morphological defects. Due to this propensity for latent sublethal developmental toxicity, we recommend an effect threshold of 0.1 μg TPAH/L for risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ADn'tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse 3, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - William Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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4
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Roy MA, Mohan A, Karasik Y, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA, Timme-Laragy AR. The Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Model as a Tool to Assess Drinking Water Treatment Efficacy for Freshwater Impacted by Crude Oil Spill. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2822-2834. [PMID: 36040130 PMCID: PMC9711864 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional approaches toward evaluating oil spill mitigation effectiveness in drinking water supplies using analytical chemistry can overlook residual hydrocarbons and treatment byproducts of unknown toxicity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to address this limitation by evaluating the reduction in toxicity to fish exposed to laboratory solutions of dissolved crude oil constituents treated with 3 mg/L ozone (O3 ) with or without a peroxone-based advanced oxidation process using 0.5 M H2 O2 /M O3 or 1 M H2 O2 /M O3 . Crude oil water mixtures (OWMs) were generated using three mixing protocols-orbital (OWM-Orb), rapid (OWM-Rap), and impeller (OWM-Imp) and contained dissolved total aromatic concentrations of 106-1019 µg/L. In a first experiment, embryos were exposed at 24 h post fertilization (hpf) to OWM-Orb or OWM-Rap diluted to 25%-50% of full-strength samples and in a second experiment, to untreated or treated OWM-Imp mixtures at 50% dilutions. Toxicity profiles included body length, pericardial area, and swim bladder inflation, and these varied depending on the OWM preparation, with OWM-Rap resulting in the most toxicity, followed by OWM-Imp and then OWM-Orb. Zebrafish exposed to a 50% dilution of OWM-Imp resulted in 6% shorter body length, 83% increased pericardial area, and no swim bladder inflation, but exposure to a 50% dilution of OWM-Imp treated with O3 alone or with 0.5 M H2 O2 /M O3 resulted in normal zebrafish development and average total aromatic destruction of 54%-57%. Additional aromatic removal occurred with O3 + 1 M H2 O2 /M O3 but without further attenuation of toxicity to zebrafish. This study demonstrates using zebrafish as an additional evaluation component for modeling the effectiveness of freshwater oil spill treatment methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2822-2834. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aarthi Mohan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yankel Karasik
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John E. Tobiason
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Reckhow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Carroll J, Frøysa HG, Vikebø F, Broch OJ, Howell D, Nepstad R, Augustine S, Skeie GM, Bockwoldt M. An annual profile of the impacts of simulated oil spills on the Northeast Arctic cod and haddock fisheries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114207. [PMID: 36228407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We simulate the combined natural and pollutant-induced survival of early life stages of NEA cod and haddock, and the impact on the adult populations in response to the time of a major oil spill in a single year. Our simulations reveal how dynamic ocean processes, controlling both oil transport and fate and the frequency of interactions of oil with drifting fish eggs and larvae, mediate the magnitude of population losses due to an oil spill. The largest impacts on fish early life stages occurred for spills initiated in Feb-Mar, concomitant with the initial rise in marine productivity and the earliest phase of the spawning season. The reproductive health of the adult fish populations was maintained in all scenarios. The study demonstrates the application of a simulation system that provides managers with information for the planning of development activities and for the protection of fisheries resources from potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoLynn Carroll
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Håvard G Frøysa
- Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Vikebø
- Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Daniel Howell
- Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Starrlight Augustine
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Morten Skeie
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mathias Bockwoldt
- Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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6
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Soloperto S, Altin D, Hallmann A, Skottene E, Hansen BH, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM. Oil-mediated oxidative-stress responses in a keystone zooplanktonic species, Calanus finmarchicus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151365. [PMID: 34742810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an ecologically important species in the North Atlantic, Norwegian and Barents seas. Accidental or continuous petroleum pollution from oil and gas production in these seas may pose a significant threat to this low trophic level keystone species. Responses related to oxidative stress, protein damage and lipid peroxidation were investigated in C. finmarchicus exposed to a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of a naphthenic North Atlantic crude oil. The exposure concentration corresponded to 50% of the 96 h LC50, and samples were obtained at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure initiation. Gene expressions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione synthetase, heat shock protein 70 and 90, ubiquitin and cytochrome P-450 330A1), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and concentrations of total glutathione and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Gene expression analyses showed no differences between controls and the exposed animals, however significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were found in the exposed group, suggests lipid peroxidation as main toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soloperto
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elise Skottene
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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7
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Hansen BH, Farkas J, Piarulli S, Vicario S, Kvæstad B, Williamson DR, Sørensen L, Davies EJ, Nordtug T. Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) embryos are highly sensitive to short-term 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1754-1761. [PMID: 34703771 PMCID: PMC8523877 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is one of the most widely produced anilines world-wide, used in plastic packaging, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and paints as well as being a degradation product of several pesticides. 3,4-DCA has been detected in freshwater, brackish and marine environments. Although freshwater toxicity thresholds exist, very little toxicological information is available on marine and cold-water species. In this study, we exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos (3-7 days post fertilization) to 3,4-DCA concentrations ranging from 8-747 μg/L for 4 days followed by a recovery period in clean sea water until 14 days post fertilization (dpf). The cod embryos were significantly more sensitive to acute 3,4-DCA exposure compared to other species tested and reported in the literature. At the highest concentration (747 μg/L), no embryos survived until hatch, and even at the lowest concentration (8 μg/L), a small, but significant increase in mortality was observed at 14 dpf. Delayed and concentration-dependent effects on surviving yolk-sac larvae, manifested as cardiac, developmental and morphometric alterations, more than a week after exposure suggest potential long-term effects of transient embryonic exposure to low concentrations of 3,4-DCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Vicario
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David R. Williamson
- SINTEF Ocean, 7465, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and System (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Norway
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8
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Colvin KA, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Lewis C, Galloway TS. Miniaturised marine tests as indicators of aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity: Potential applicability to oil spill assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112151. [PMID: 33601277 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assessing oil spill toxicity in real time is challenging due to dynamic field exposures and lack of simple, rapid, and sensitive tests. We investigated the relative sensitivity of two commercially available marine toxicity tests to aromatic hydrocarbons using the target lipid model (TLM). State of the art passive dosing in sealed vials was used to assess the sensitivity of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). Organisms were exposed to toluene, 1-methylnaphthalene and phenanthrene for 24 h. Toxicity results were analysed using the TLM to estimate the critical target lipid body burden and support comparison to empirical data for 79 other aquatic organisms. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of passive dosing to test small volumes and indicate that the two rapid cyst-based assays are insensitive in detecting hydrocarbon exposures compared to other aquatic species. Our results highlight the limitations of applying these tests for oil pollution monitoring and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | | | | | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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9
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De Vries P, Tamis J, Nahrgang J, Frantzen M, Jak R, Van Den Heuvel-Greve M, Klok C, Hemerik L. Quantifying the consequence of applying conservative assumptions in the assessment of oil spill effects on polar cod (Boreogadus saida) populations. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn order to assess the potential impact from oil spills and decide the optimal response actions, prediction of population level effects of key resources is crucial. These assessments are usually based on acute toxicity data combined with precautionary assumptions because chronic data are often lacking. To better understand the consequences of applying precautionary approaches, two approaches for assessing population level effects on the Arctic keystone species polar cod (Boreogadus saida) were compared: a precautionary approach, where all exposed individuals die when exposed above a defined threshold concentration, and a refined (full-dose-response) approach. A matrix model was used to assess the population recovery duration of scenarios with various but constant exposure concentrations, durations and temperatures. The difference between the two approaches was largest for exposures with relatively low concentrations and short durations. Here, the recovery duration for the refined approach was less than eight times that found for the precautionary approach. Quantifying these differences helps to understand the consequences of precautionary assumptions applied to environmental risk assessment used in oil spill response decision making and it can feed into the discussion about the need for more chronic toxicity testing. An elasticity analysis of our model identified embryo and larval survival as crucial processes in the life cycle of polar cod and the impact assessment of oil spills on its population.
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10
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Crude oil exposure reduces ice algal growth in a sea-ice mesocosm experiment. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Beyer J, Goksøyr A, Hjermann DØ, Klungsøyr J. Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105155. [PMID: 32992224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), metals, and many other constituents of environmental relevance. Risk-based regulation, greener offshore chemicals and improved cleaning systems have reduced environmental risks of PW discharges, but PW is still the largest operational source of oil pollution to the sea from the offshore petroleum industry. Monitoring surveys find detectable exposures in caged mussel and fish several km downstream from PW outfalls, but biomarkers indicate only mild acute effects in these sentinels. On the other hand, increased concentrations of DNA adducts are found repeatedly in benthic fish populations, especially in haddock. It is uncertain whether increased adducts could be a long-term effect of sediment contamination due to ongoing PW discharges, or earlier discharges of oil-containing drilling waste. Another concern is uncertainty regarding the possible effect of PW discharges in the sub-Arctic Southern Barents Sea. So far, research suggests that sub-arctic species are largely comparable to temperate species in their sensitivity to PW exposure. Larval deformities and cardiac toxicity in fish early life stages are among the biomarkers and adverse outcome pathways that currently receive much attention in PW effect research. Herein, we summarize the accumulated ecotoxicological knowledge of offshore PW discharges and highlight some key remaining knowledge needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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12
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Cresci A, Paris CB, Browman H, Skiftesvik AB, Shema S, Bjelland R, Durif CMF, Foretich M, Di Persia C, Lucchese V, Vikebø FB, Sørhus E. Effects of Exposure to Low Concentrations of Oil on the Expression of Cytochrome P4501a and Routine Swimming Speed of Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Larvae In Situ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13879-13887. [PMID: 32990430 PMCID: PMC7659032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of oil could impact survival of fish larvae in situ through subtle effects on larval behavior. During the larval period, Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are transported toward nursery grounds by ocean currents and active swimming, which can modify their drift route. Haddock larvae are sensitive to dispersed oil; however, whether exposure to oil during development impacts the ability of haddock larvae to swim in situ is unknown. Here, we exposed Atlantic haddock embryos to 10 and 80 μg oil/L (0.1 and 0.8 μg ∑PAH/L) of crude oil for 8 days and used a novel approach to measure its effect on the larval swimming behavior in situ. We assessed the swimming behavior of 138 haddock larvae in situ, in the North Sea, using a transparent drifting chamber. Expression of cytochrome P4501a (cyp1a) was also measured. Exposure to 10 and 80 μg oil/L significantly reduced the average in situ routine swimming speed by 30-40% compared to the controls. Expression of cyp1a was significantly higher in both exposed groups. This study reports key information for improving oil spill risk assessment models and presents a novel approach to study sublethal effects of pollutants on fish larvae in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cresci
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
- . Mobile: +47 485 06 296
| | - Claire B. Paris
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Howard
I. Browman
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun Bjelland
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M. F. Durif
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Matthew Foretich
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Camilla Di Persia
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Veronica Lucchese
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Frode B. Vikebø
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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13
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Defne Z, Aretxabaleta AL, Ganju NK, Kalra TS, Jones DK, Smith KEL. A geospatially resolved wetland vulnerability index: Synthesis of physical drivers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228504. [PMID: 31999806 PMCID: PMC6992177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing wetland vulnerability to chronic and episodic physical drivers is fundamental for establishing restoration priorities. We synthesized multiple data sets from E.B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey, to establish a wetland vulnerability metric that integrates a range of physical processes, anthropogenic impact and physical/biophysical features. The geospatial data are based on aerial imagery, remote sensing, regulatory information, and hydrodynamic modeling; and include elevation, tidal range, unvegetated to vegetated marsh ratio (UVVR), shoreline erosion, potential exposure to contaminants, residence time, marsh condition change, change in salinity, salinity exposure and sediment concentration. First, we delineated the wetland complex into individual marsh units based on surface contours, and then defined a wetland vulnerability index that combined contributions from all parameters. We applied principal component and cluster analyses to explore the interrelations between the data layers, and separate regions that exhibited common characteristics. Our analysis shows that the spatial variation of vulnerability in this domain cannot be explained satisfactorily by a smaller subset of the variables. The most influential factor on the vulnerability index was the combined effect of elevation, tide range, residence time, and UVVR. Tide range and residence time had the highest correlation, and similar bay-wide spatial variation. Some variables (e.g., shoreline erosion) had no significant correlation with the rest of the variables. The aggregated index based on the complete dataset allows us to assess the overall state of a given marsh unit and quickly locate the most vulnerable units in a larger marsh complex. The application of geospatially complete datasets and consideration of chronic and episodic physical drivers represents an advance over traditional point-based methods for wetland assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Defne
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Neil K. Ganju
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Tarandeep S. Kalra
- Integrated Statistics, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Jones
- Utah Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. L. Smith
- St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
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14
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Sherwood TA, Medvecky RL, Miller CA, Tarnecki AM, Schloesser RW, Main KL, Mitchelmore CL, Wetzel DL. Nonlethal Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Oiled Sediment Exposed Southern Flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma): Utility for Field-Base Monitoring Exposure and Potential Recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14734-14743. [PMID: 31765146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout resulted in the deposition of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the coastal sediments of the Gulf of Mexico. The immediate effects on an ecosystem from an oil spill are clearly recognizable, however the long-term chronic effects and recovery after a spill are still not well understood. Current methodologies for biomonitoring wild populations are invasive and mostly lethal. Here, two potential nonlethal biomonitoring tools for the assessment of PAH toxicity and induced biological alterations in the field, were identified using laboratory-validated methods. In this study, subadult southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) were chronically exposed to DWH surrogate oiled sediments for 35 days; a subset of these exposed flounder were then provided a clean nonexposure period to ascertain the utility of selected biomarkers to monitor recovery post exposure. After chronic exposure, there was an increase in gene expression of cytochrome P450 1A but not glutathione S-transferase. There was also a notable imbalance of oxidants to antioxidants, measured as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and their ratio in the blood. Evidence of subsequent oxidative damage due to chronic exposure was found through lipid peroxidation and DNA damage assessments of liver, gill, and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Sherwood
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Rebecca L Medvecky
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Christelle A Miller
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Andrea M Tarnecki
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Ryan W Schloesser
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Kevan L Main
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
| | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , 146 Williams Street , Solomons , Maryland 20688 , United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Mote Marine Laboratory , 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway , Sarasota , Florida 34236 , United States
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15
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Pančić M, Köhler E, Paulsen ML, Toxværd K, Lacroix C, Le Floch S, Hjorth M, Nielsen TG. Effects of oil spill response technologies on marine microorganisms in the high Arctic. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104785. [PMID: 31519452 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied how exposure to oil spill response technologies affect marine microorganisms during Arctic winter and spring. Microorganisms were exposed to chemically dispersed oil (DISP), in situ burnt oil (ISB), and natural attenuated oil (NATT) in mesocosms from February to May. We subsampled the mesocosms and studied the effects of oil in laboratory incubations as changes in biomass of the major functional groups: bacteria, heterotrophic-nanoflagellates, dinoflagellates, ciliates, pico- and nanophytoplankton, and diatoms over two 14-day periods. In winter, the majority of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remained encapsulated in the ice, and the low concentrations of PAHs in water led to minute changes in biomass of the investigated groups. In spring, however, when the PAHs were partially released from the melting ice, the biomass of many functional groups in DISP and NATT decreased significantly, while the changes in ISB were less pronounced. The overall biomass reduction, as observed in this study, could lead to a disrupted transfer of energy from the primary producers to the higher trophic levels in oil affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pančić
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eva Köhler
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Neustadswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Maria Lund Paulsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A/B, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kirstine Toxværd
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Camille Lacroix
- CEDRE, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | | | - Morten Hjorth
- Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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16
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Hansen BH, Salaberria I, Read KE, Wold PA, Hammer KM, Olsen AJ, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Nordtug T, Bardal T, Kjørsvik E. Developmental effects in fish embryos exposed to oil dispersions - The impact of crude oil micro-droplets. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 150:104753. [PMID: 31284099 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During accidental crude oil spills and permitted discharges of produced water into the marine environment, a large fraction of naturally occurring oil components will be contained in micron-sized oil droplets. Toxicity is assumed to be associated with the dissolved fraction of oil components, however the potential contribution of oil droplets to toxicity is currently not well known. In the present work we wanted to evaluate the contribution of oil droplets to effects on normal development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) through exposing embryos for 96 h to un-filtered (dispersions containing droplets) and filtered (water soluble fractions) dispersions in a flow-through system at dispersion concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 4.34 mg oil/L. After exposure, the embryos were kept in clean seawater until hatch when survival, development and morphology were assessed. The experiment was performed at two different stages of embryonic development to cover two potentially sensitive stages (gastrulation and organogenesis). Exposure of cod embryos to crude oil dispersions caused acute and delayed toxicity, including manifestation of morphological deformations in hatched larvae. Oil droplets appear to contribute to some of the observed effects including mortality, larvae condition (standard length, body surface, and yolk sac size), spinal deformations as well as alterations in craniofacial and jaw development. The timing of exposure may be essential for the development of effects as higher acute mortality was observed when embryos were exposed from the start of gastrulation (Experiment 1) than when exposed during organogenesis (Experiment 2). Even though low mortality was observed when exposed during organogenesis, concentration-dependent mortality was observed during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Ella Read
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Arvid Wold
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anders J Olsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tora Bardal
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin Kjørsvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Sørensen L, Hansen BH, Farkas J, Donald CE, Robson WJ, Tonkin A, Meier S, Rowland SJ. Accumulation and toxicity of monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in early life stages of cod and haddock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:212-220. [PMID: 31078960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of recent studies have documented the detrimental effects of crude oil exposure on early life stages of fish, including larvae and embryos. While polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly alkyl PAHs, are often considered the main cause of observed toxic effects, other crude oil derived organic compounds are usually overlooked. In the current study, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the body burden of a wide range of petrogenic compounds in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and cod (Gadus morhua) embryos that had been exposed to sublethal doses of dispersed crude oil. Several groups of alkylated monoaromatic compounds (e.g. alkyl tetralins, indanes and alkyl benzenes), as well as highly alkylated PAHs, were found to accumulate in the fish embryos upon crude oil exposure. To investigate the toxicity of the monoaromatic compounds, two models (1-isopropyl-4-methyltetralin and 1-isopropyl-4-methylindane) were synthesized and shown to bioaccumulate and cause delayed hatching in developing embryos. Minor developmental effects, including craniofacial and jaw deformations and pericardial edemas, were also observed at the highest studied concentrations of the alkylindane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - William J Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Andrew Tonkin
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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18
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Sardi AE, Augustine S, Olsen GH, Camus L. Exploring inter-species sensitivity to a model hydrocarbon, 2-Methylnaphtalene, using a process-based model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11355-11370. [PMID: 30798500 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We compared inter-species sensitivity to a model narcotic compound, 2-Methylnaphthalene, to test if taxonomical relatedness, feeding guilds, and trophic level govern species sensitivities on species distributed in different regions. We fitted a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model to survival patterns over time for 26 species using new and raw data from the literature. Species sensitivity distributions provided little insight into understanding patterns in inter-species sensitivity. The range of no-effect concentrations (NEC) obtained for 26 species showed little variation (mean 0.0081 mM; SD 0.009). Results suggest that the NEC alone does not explain the complexity of the species tolerances. The dominant rate constant and the derived time to observe an effect (t0), a function of concentration, might provide the means for depicting patterns in sensitivity and better ecotoxicological testing. When comparing the t0 functions, we observed that Arctic species have shorter time frames to start showing effects. Mollusks and second trophic level species took longer to build up a lethal body burden than the rest. Coupling our results with fate and transport models would allow forecasting narcotic compounds toxicity in time and thus improve risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana E Sardi
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
- Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Science & Safety, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Starrlight Augustine
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gro H Olsen
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Hansen BH, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Gardinali P, Booth A, Nordtug T. Partitioning of PAHs between Crude Oil Microdroplets, Water, and Copepod Biomass in Oil-in-Seawater Dispersions of Different Crude Oils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14436-14444. [PMID: 30481011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of oil microdroplets on the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between water and marine zooplankton was evaluated. The experimental approach allowed direct comparison of crude oil dispersions (containing both micro-oil droplets and water-soluble fraction; WSF) with the corresponding WSF (without oil droplets). Dispersion concentration and oil type have an impact on the PAH composition of WSFs and therefore affect dispersion bioavailability. Higher T-PAH body residues were observed in copepods treated with dispersions compared to the corresponding WSFs. PAHs with log Kow 3-4.5 displayed comparable accumulation factors between treatments; however, accumulation factors for less soluble PAHs (log Kow = 4.5-6) were higher for the WSF than for the dispersions, suggesting low bioavailability for components contained in oil droplets. The higher PAH body residue in dispersion exposures is assumed to result mainly from copepods grazing on oil droplets, which offers an alternative uptake route to passive diffusion. To a large degree this route is controlled by the filtration rates of the copepods, which may be inversely related to droplet concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Piero Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southeast Environmental Research Center , Florida International University , North Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Andy Booth
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
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20
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Carvalho PA, Meier S, Booth AM, Altin D, Farkas J, Nordtug T. Adhesion of mechanically and chemically dispersed crude oil droplets to eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:138-143. [PMID: 29859431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil accidentally spilled into the marine environment undergoes natural weathering processes that result in oil components being dissolved into the water column or present in particulate form as dispersed oil droplets. Oil components dissolved in seawater are typically considered as more bioavailable to pelagic marine organisms and the main driver of crude oil toxicity, however, recent studies indicate that oil droplets may also contribute. The adhesion of crude oil droplets onto the eggs of pelagic fish species may cause enhanced transfer of oil components via the egg surface causing toxicity during the sensitive embryonic developmental stage. In the current study, we utilized an oil droplet dispersion generator to generate defined oil droplets sizes/concentrations and exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to investigate if the potential for dispersed oil droplets to adhere onto the surface of eggs was species-dependent. The influence of a commercial chemical dispersant on the adhesion process was also studied. A key finding was that the adhesion of oil droplets was significantly higher for haddock than cod, highlighting key differences and exposure risks between the two species. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the differences in oil droplet adhesion may be driven by the surface morphology of the eggs. Another important finding was that the adhesion capacity of oil droplets to fish eggs is significantly reduced (cod 37.3%, haddock 41.7%) in the presence of the chemical dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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de Vries P, Tamis J, Hjorth M, Jak R, Falk-Petersen S, van den Heuvel-Greve M, Klok C, Hemerik L. How including ecological realism impacts the assessment of the environmental effect of oil spills at the population level: The application of matrix models for Arctic Calanus species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:264-274. [PMID: 30249456 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For oil spill responses, assessment of the potential environmental exposure and impacts of a spill is crucial. Due to a lack of chronic toxicity data, acute data is used together with precautionary assumptions. The effect on the Arctic keystone (copepod) species Calanus hyperboreus and Calanus glacialis populations is compared using two approaches: a precautionary approach where all exposed individuals die above a defined threshold concentration and a refined (full-dose-response) approach. For this purpose a matrix population model parameterised with data from the literature is used. Population effects of continuous exposures with varying durations were modelled on a range of concentrations. Just above the chronic No Observed Effect Concentration (which is field relevant) the estimated population recovery duration of the precautionary approach was more than 300 times that of the refined approach. With increasing exposure concentration and duration, the effect in the refined approach converges to the maximum effect assumed in the precautionary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline Tamis
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robbert Jak
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martine van den Heuvel-Greve
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Klok
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | - Lia Hemerik
- Wageningen University and Research, Biometris, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Wenning RJ, Robinson H, Bock M, Rempel-Hester MA, Gardiner W. Current practices and knowledge supporting oil spill risk assessment in the Arctic. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:289-304. [PMID: 30274718 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill response (OSR) in the Arctic marine environment conducted as part of operational planning and preparedness supporting exploration and development is most successful when knowledge of the ecosystem is readily available and applicable in an oil spill risk assessment framework. OSR strategies supporting decision-making during the critical period after a spill event should be explicit about the environmental resources potentially at risk and the efficacy of OSR countermeasures that best protect sensitive and valued resources. At present, there are 6 prominent methods for spill impact mitigation assessment (SIMA) in the Arctic aimed at supporting OSR and operational planning and preparedness; each method examines spill scenarios and identifies response strategies best suited to overcome the unique challenges posed by polar ecosystems and to minimize potential long-term environmental consequences. The different methods are grounded in classical environmental risk assessment and the net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) approach that emerged in the 1990s after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The different approaches share 5 primary assessment elements (oil physical and chemical properties, fate and transport, exposure, effects and consequence analysis). This paper highlights how the different Arctic methods reflect this common risk assessment framework and share a common need for oil spill science relevant to Arctic ecosystems. An online literature navigation portal, developed as part of the 5-year Arctic Oil Spill Response Technologies Joint Industry Programme, complements the different approaches currently used in the Arctic by capturing the rapidly expanding body of scientific knowledge useful to evaluating exposure, vulnerability and recovery of the Arctic ecosystem after an oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wenning
- Ramboll US, 136 Commercial Street, Suite 402, Portland, ME, 04101, United States.
| | - Hilary Robinson
- Ramboll US, 4350 N Fairfax Drive, Suite 300, Arlington, VA, 22203, United States
| | - Michael Bock
- Ramboll US, 136 Commercial Street, Suite 402, Portland, ME, 04101, United States
| | | | - William Gardiner
- Technical Services Branch, Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 4735 East Marginal Way South, Seattle, WA, 98134, United States
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23
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Øverjordet IB, Nepstad R, Hansen BH, Jager T, Farkas J, Altin D, Brönner U, Nordtug T. Toxicokinetics of Crude Oil Components in Arctic Copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9899-9907. [PMID: 29897747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of accidental oil spills in the Arctic is on the rise due to increased shipping and oil exploration activities, making it essential to calibrate parameters for risk assessment of oil spills to Arctic conditions. The toxicokinetics of crude oil components were assessed by exposing one lipid-poor (CIII) and one lipid-rich (CV) stage of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus to crude oil WSF (water-soluble fraction). Water concentrations and total body residues (BR), as well as lipid volume fractions, were measured at regular intervals during exposure and recovery. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and elimination rates ( ke) for 26 petrogenic oil components were estimated from one-compartment models fitted to the BR data. Our parameters were compared to estimations made by the OMEGA bioaccumulation model, which uses the octanol-water partitioning coefficient ( KOW) in QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) predictions. Our parameters for the lipid-poor CIIIs generally agreed with the OMEGA predictions, while neither the BCFs nor the kes for the lipid-rich CVs fitted within the realistic range of the OMEGA parameters. Both the uptake and elimination rates for the CVs were in general half an order of magnitude lower than the OMEGA predictions, showing an overestimation of these parameters by the OMEGA model.
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Carroll J, Vikebø F, Howell D, Broch OJ, Nepstad R, Augustine S, Skeie GM, Bast R, Juselius J. Assessing impacts of simulated oil spills on the Northeast Arctic cod fishery. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:63-73. [PMID: 29421135 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We simulate oil spills of 1500 and 4500m3/day lasting 14, 45, and 90days in the spawning grounds of the commercial fish species, Northeast Arctic cod. Modeling the life history of individual fish eggs and larvae, we predict deviations from the historical pattern of recruitment to the adult population due to toxic oil exposures. Reductions in survival for pelagic stages of cod were 0-10%, up to a maximum of 43%. These reductions resulted in a decrease in adult cod biomass of <3% for most scenarios, up to a maximum of 12%. In all simulations, the adult population remained at full reproductive potential with a sufficient number of juveniles surviving to replenish the population. The diverse age distribution helps protect the adult cod population from reductions in a single year's recruitment after a major oil spill. These results provide insights to assist in managing oil spill impacts on fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoLynn Carroll
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Frode Vikebø
- Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Howell
- Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Starrlight Augustine
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Morten Skeie
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Radovan Bast
- High Performance Computing Group, IT Department, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jonas Juselius
- High Performance Computing Group, IT Department, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Bejarano AC, Gardiner WW, Barron MG, Word JQ. Relative sensitivity of Arctic species to physically and chemically dispersed oil determined from three hydrocarbon measures of aquatic toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:316-322. [PMID: 28684107 PMCID: PMC6033333 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The risks to Arctic species from oil releases is a global concern, but their sensitivity to chemically dispersed oil has not been assessed using a curated and standardized dataset from spiked declining tests. Species sensitivity to dispersed oil was determined by their position within species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) using three measures of hydrocarbon toxicity: total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and naphthalenes. Comparisons of SSDs with Arctic/sub-Arctic versus non-Arctic species, and across SSDs of compositionally similar oils, showed that Arctic and non-Arctic species have comparable sensitivities even with the variability introduced by combining data across studies and oils. Regardless of hydrocarbon measure, hazard concentrations across SSDs were protective of sensitive Arctic species. While the sensitivities of Arctic species to oil exposures resemble those of commonly tested species, PAH-based toxicity data are needed for a greater species diversity including sensitive Arctic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Bejarano
- Research Planning, Inc., 1121 Park St., Columbia, SC 29201, United States.
| | - William W Gardiner
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 4735 East Marginal Way, Seattle, WA 98134, United States
| | - Mace G Barron
- USEPA, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States
| | - Jack Q Word
- Port Gamble Environmental Sciences, 152 Sunset Lane, Sequim, WA 98382, United States
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26
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Redman AD, Parkerton TF, Leon Paumen M, Butler JD, Letinski DJ, den Haan K. A re-evaluation of PETROTOX for predicting acute and chronic toxicity of petroleum substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2245-2252. [PMID: 28106281 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The PETROTOX model was developed to perform aquatic hazard assessment of petroleum substances based on substance composition. The model relies on the hydrocarbon block method, which is widely used for conducting petroleum substance risk assessments providing further justification for evaluating model performance. Previous work described this model and provided a preliminary calibration and validation using acute toxicity data for limited petroleum substance. The objective of the present study was to re-evaluate PETROTOX using expanded data covering both acute and chronic toxicity endpoints on invertebrates, algae, and fish for a wider range of petroleum substances. The results indicated that recalibration of 2 model parameters was required, namely, the algal critical target lipid body burden and the log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW ) limit, used to account for reduced bioavailability of hydrophobic constituents. Acute predictions from the updated model were compared with observed toxicity data and found to generally be within a factor of 3 for algae and invertebrates but overestimated fish toxicity. Chronic predictions were generally within a factor of 5 of empirical data. Furthermore, PETROTOX predicted acute and chronic hazard classifications that were consistent or conservative in 93 and 84% of comparisons, respectively. The PETROTOX model is considered suitable for the purpose of characterizing petroleum substance hazard in substance classification and risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2245-2252. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Josh D Butler
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
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27
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Sørensen L, Sørhus E, Nordtug T, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Giovanetti L, Karlsen Ø, Meier S. Oil droplet fouling and differential toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in embryos of Atlantic haddock and cod. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180048. [PMID: 28678887 PMCID: PMC5497984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of crude oil pollution on early life stages (ELS) of fish, including larvae and embryos, has received considerable attention in recent years. Of the organic components present in crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main class of compounds responsible for toxic effects in marine organisms. Although evidence suggests that they are more toxic, alkylated PAHs remain much less studied than their unsubstituted congeners. Recently, it was established that embryos of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are particularly sensitive to dispersed crude oil, and it was hypothesized that this was caused by direct interaction with crude oil droplets, which adhered to the chorion of exposed embryos. Such a phenomenon would increase the potential for uptake of less water-soluble compounds, including alkylated PAHs. In the current study, we compared the uptake of parent and alkylated PAHs in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock embryos exposed to dispersed crude oil at a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (10–600 μg oil/liter seawater). Although the species are biologically very similar, the cod chorion does not become fouled with oil droplets, even when the two species are exposed to dispersions of crude oil droplets under similar conditions. A close correlation between the degree of fouling and toxicological response (heart defects, craniofacial malformation) was observed. Oil droplet fouling in haddock led to both quantitative and qualitative differences in PAH uptake. Finally, kinetic data on a large suite of PAHs showed differential elimination, suggesting differential metabolism of unsubstituted versus alkylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John P. Incardona
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Giovanetti
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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28
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Mahaye N, Thwala M, Cowan DA, Musee N. Genotoxicity of metal based engineered nanoparticles in aquatic organisms: A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:134-160. [PMID: 28927524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants, but are generally found in very low concentrations and are therefore likely to exert sub-lethal effects on aquatic organisms. In this review, we: (i) highlight key mechanisms of metal-based ENP-induced genotoxicity, (ii) identify key nanoparticle and environmental factors which influence the observed genotoxic effects, and (iii) highlight the challenges involved in interpreting reported data and provide recommendations on how these challenges might be addressed. We review the application of eight different genotoxicity assays, where the Comet Assay is generally preferred due to its capacity to detect low levels of DNA damage. Most ENPs have been shown to cause genotoxic responses; e.g., DNA or/and chromosomal fragmentation, or DNA strand breakage, but at unrealistic high concentrations. The genotoxicity of the ENPs was dependent on the inherent physico-chemical properties (e.g. size, coating, surface chemistry, e.tc.), and the presence of co-pollutants. To enhance the value of published genotoxicity data, the role of environmental processes; e.g., dissolution, aggregation and agglomeration, and adsorption of ENPs when released in aquatic systems, should be included, and assay protocols must be standardized. Such data could be used to model ENP genotoxicity processes in open environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahaye
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Water Resources Competence Area, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Thwala
- Water Resources Competence Area, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N Musee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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29
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Brown KE, King CK, Kotzakoulakis K, George SC, Harrison PL. Assessing fuel spill risks in polar waters: Temporal dynamics and behaviour of hydrocarbons from Antarctic diesel, marine gas oil and residual fuel oil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:343-353. [PMID: 27389459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As part of risk assessment of fuel oil spills in Antarctic and subantarctic waters, this study describes partitioning of hydrocarbons from three fuels (Special Antarctic Blend diesel, SAB; marine gas oil, MGO; and intermediate grade fuel oil, IFO 180) into seawater at 0 and 5°C and subsequent depletion over 7days. Initial total hydrocarbon content (THC) of water accommodated fraction (WAF) in seawater was highest for SAB. Rates of THC loss and proportions in equivalent carbon number fractions differed between fuels and over time. THC was most persistent in IFO 180 WAFs and most rapidly depleted in MGO WAF, with depletion for SAB WAF strongly affected by temperature. Concentration and composition remained proportionate in dilution series over time. This study significantly enhances our understanding of fuel behaviour in Antarctic and subantarctic waters, enabling improved predictions for estimates of sensitivities of marine organisms to toxic contaminants from fuels in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Brown
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; Human Impacts and Remediation, Antarctic Conservation and Management Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia.
| | - Catherine K King
- Human Impacts and Remediation, Antarctic Conservation and Management Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia
| | | | - Simon C George
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Peter L Harrison
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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30
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Hansen BH, Jager T, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Nordtug T. Acute toxicity of dispersed crude oil on the cold-water copepod Calanus finmarchicus: Elusive implications of lipid content. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:549-57. [PMID: 27484137 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1171981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, acute toxicity data were used from two previously reported studies where cold-water copepods were exposed to mechanically dispersed (MD) and chemically (CD) dispersed oil. In one of these studies, concentration-dependent mortality was observed, whereas no apparent relationship between exposure concentration and mortality was found in the other. The only marked difference between the studies is that copepods in the first experiment displayed a lower lipid sac volume (on average) than in the second one. In this study additional biometric data on lipid content were utilized and observed effects and toxicokinetics modeling applied in order to investigate whether differences in sensitivity between copepod cohorts might be explained by differences in lipid content. Results suggest that although a considerable lipid sac might retard toxicokinetics, the observed differences in lipid volume are not sufficient to explain differences in toxicity. Further, there are no apparent indications that acute toxic stress leads to lipid depletion, or that acute increased mortality rate selectively affects lipid-poor individuals. It is conceivable that other potential explanations exist, but the causal relationship between lipid content and increased mortality frequency remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- a SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Ida B Øverjordet
- a SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Anders J Olsen
- d Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Biology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- a SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- a SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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31
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Comparative study of electrochemical wastewater treatment processes for bilge water as oily wastewater: A kinetic approach. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Sørhus E, Edvardsen RB, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, van der Meeren T, Thorsen A, Harman C, Jentoft S, Meier S. Unexpected interaction with dispersed crude oil droplets drives severe toxicity in Atlantic haddock embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124376. [PMID: 25923774 PMCID: PMC4414579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity resulting from exposure to oil droplets in marine fish embryos and larvae is still subject for debate. The most detailed studies have investigated the effects of water-dissolved components of crude oil in water accommodated fractions (WAFs) that lack bulk oil droplets. Although exposure to dissolved petroleum compounds alone is sufficient to cause the characteristic developmental toxicity of crude oil, few studies have addressed whether physical interaction with oil micro-droplets are a relevant exposure pathway for open water marine speices. Here we used controlled delivery of mechanically dispersed crude oil to expose pelagic embryos and larvae of a marine teleost, the Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Haddock embryos were exposed continuously to two different concentrations of dispersed crude oil, high and low, or in pulses. By 24 hours of exposure, micro-droplets of oil were observed adhering and accumulating on the chorion, accompanied by highly elevated levels of cyp1a, a biomarker for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. Embryos from all treatment groups showed abnormalities representative of crude oil cardiotoxicity at hatch (5 days of exposure), such as pericardial and yolk sac edema. Compared to other species, the frequency and severity of toxic effects was higher than expected for the waterborne PAH concentrations (e.g., 100% of larvae had edema at the low treatment). These findings suggest an enhanced tissue uptake of PAHs and/or other petroleum compounds from attached oil droplets. These studies highlight a novel property of haddock embryos that leads to greater than expected impact from dispersed crude oil. Given the very limited number of marine species tested in similar exposures, the likelihood of other species with similar properties could be high. This unanticipated result therefore has implications for assessing the ecological impacts of oil spills and the use of methods for dispersing oil in the open sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ørjan Karlsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sluppen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje van der Meeren
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø, Norway
| | | | | | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
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33
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Hansen BH, Salaberria I, Olsen AJ, Read KE, Øverjordet IB, Hammer KM, Altin D, Nordtug T. Reproduction dynamics in copepods following exposure to chemically and mechanically dispersed crude oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3822-3829. [PMID: 25658869 DOI: 10.1021/es504903k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting reports on the contribution of chemical dispersants on crude oil dispersion toxicity have been published. This can partly be ascribed to the influence of dispersants on the physical properties of the oil in different experimental conditions. In the present study the potential contribution of dispersants to the reproductive effects of dispersed crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) was isolated by keeping the oil concentrations and oil droplet size distributions comparable between parallel chemically dispersed (CD, dispersant:oil ratio 1:25) and mechanically dispersed oil (MD, no dispersant) exposures. Female copepods were exposed for 96 h to CD or MD in oil concentration range of 0.2-5.5 mg·L(-1) (THC, C5-C36) after which they were subjected to a 25-day recovery period where production of eggs and nauplii were compared between treatments. The two highest concentrations, both in the upper range of dispersed oil concentrations reported during spills, caused a lower initial production of eggs/nauplii for both MD and CD exposures. However, copepods exposed to mechanically dispersed oil exhibited compensatory reproduction during the last 10 days of the recovery period, reaching control level of cumulative egg and nauplii production whereas females exposed to a mixture of oil and dispersant did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- †Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- †Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders J Olsen
- ‡Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Ella Read
- †Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Karen M Hammer
- †Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- †Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
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Klok C, Nordtug T, Tamis JE. Estimating the impact of petroleum substances on survival in early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua) using the dynamic energy budget theory. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 101:60-68. [PMID: 25244299 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the impact of accidental oil-spills on cod fisheries a model framework is developed in which a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model is applied to assess mortality caused by petroleum substances in early life stages. In this paper we report on a literature search and DEB analyses, aiming for cod specific DEB-parameters. Furthermore, we explored the relevance of Fathead minnow DEB-parameters as surrogate by comparing LC50 values calculated from DEB-parameters with literature. Cod specific DEB-parameters could not be estimated based on available literature. LC50 values calculated from Fathead minnow DEB-parameters were higher than literature LC50 for early life stages of fish. Applying an extrapolation factor of 50 to the DEB-parameters resulted in LC50 values that were below literature irrespective of life stage. Therefore, we propose to use the last as an estimate for early life stages in cod and recommend relevant experiments with individual petroleum substances on cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Klok
- IMARES, Ambachtsweg 8A, P.O. Box 57, 1879AB Den Helder, The Netherlands.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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