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Immunotoxicity in Ascidians: Antifouling Compounds Alternative to Organotins—V. the Case of Dichlofluanid. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dichlofluanid has long been employed as a fungicide in agriculture and has been massively introduced in antifouling paints for boat hulls over the last two decades. One of the most important toxic effects of antifoulants is represented by immunosuppression in marine invertebrates, which can be analysed in vitro with a number of short-term toxicity assays on haemocytes. Among bioindicators, the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is a useful candidate; it is a filter-feeding organism living in the water-sediment interface that is found worldwide and is sensitive to antifouling xenobiotics. Dichlofluanid adversely affects both immunocyte lines (phagocyte and cytotoxic lines) after exposure to sublethal concentrations. At 0.05 μM (16.65 μg/L), dichlofluanid induced haemocyte apoptosis and cell shrinkage with a decrease in both motility and phagocytosis. At the lowest concentration (0.01 μM, 3.33 μg/L), inhibition of pivotal enzymatic activities of phagocytes and cytotoxic cells occurred. At the highest concentration (0.1 μM, 33.3 μg/L), dichlofluanid increased glutathione oxidation, leading to stress conditions. The effects of dichlofluanid on immune defence responses are similar to those of organometal-based antifoulants (i.e., organotin compounds and zinc pyrithione), and its use in coastal areas requires attention.
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Lin W, Li X, Yang M, Lee K, Chen B, Zhang BH. Brominated Flame Retardants, Microplastics, and Biocides in the Marine Environment: Recent Updates of Occurrence, Analysis, and Impacts. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:167-211. [PMID: 30471656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) may pose adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and human health. Based on the analysis of publications filed in recent years, this paper provides a comprehensive overview on three prominent groups of ECs, i.e., brominated flame retardants, microplastics, and biocides. It includes detailed discussions on: (1) the occurrence of ECs in seawater, sediment, and biota; (2) analytical detection and monitoring approaches for these target ECs; and (3) the biological impacts of the ECs on humans and other trophic levels. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field and remaining knowledge gaps to address, to enable the assessment of risk and support the development of regulations and mitigation technologies for the control of ECs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Min Yang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Baiyu Helen Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Ansanelli G, Parrella L, Di Landa G, Massanisso P, Schiavo S, Manzo S. Risk assessment of selected priority pollutants coming from boating activities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:435. [PMID: 27344560 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the risk posed to aquatic organisms in the coastal waters of Albania and Apulia (Italy) by two priority pollutants (PPs), Irgarol 1051 and Diuron, used as biocides in antifouling paints on boat hulls. With this aim, we carried out an extensive 3-year monitoring in ports and marinas along the coasts of both countries, which showed a widespread occurrence of both PPs, with Irgarol 1051 concentrations usually being lower than the Diuron ones. The measured concentrations were compared with regulatory Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) (Directive 2008/105/EC) and used to perform a probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA), for a thorough evaluation of the potential adverse effects upon marine ecosystem. Irgarol 1051 amounts above the Annual Average Concentration (AA-EQS, 2.5 ng/L) were often detected in Apulia and, less frequently, in Albania. Moreover, in Apulia, sometimes the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC-EQS, 16 ng/L) was exceeded. In Apulia, where levels exceeded MAC/AA-EQS, ERA found not negligible probabilities of exceeding the toxicity level (6-18 %). A less critical situation was observed for Diuron whose levels were always below the MAC-EQS (1800 ng/L) in both countries and, in Albania, also below the AA-EQS (200 ng/L). On the other hand, in Apulia, this limit was exceeded in some locations. Correspondingly, ERA determined a not negligible risk in these sites (probability of exceedance 4-7 %).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Parrella
- Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II"-CRIAcq, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Schiavo
- ENEA C.R. Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Manzo
- ENEA C.R. Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Manzo S, Schiavo S, Aleksi P, Tabaku A. Application of a toxicity test battery integrated index for a first screening of the ecotoxicological threat posed by ports and harbors in the southern Adriatic Sea (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:7127-7139. [PMID: 25012145 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ports and harbors may represent a threat for coastal ecosystems due to pollutant inputs, especially those derived from maritime activities. In this study, we report a first assessment of the ecotoxicological threat posed by six ports and harbors of opposite coastal regions, Apulia and Albania, in the southern Adriatic Sea (Italy). A bioassay battery consisting of four different species representing different trophic levels, algae Dunaliella tertiolecta, bacteria Vibrio fischeri, crustacean Artemia salina, and echinoids Paracentrotus lividus, has been used to assess sediment elutriates, pore waters, and sediment suspensions. Two different approaches of toxicity data integration, worst case and integrated index, have been used to determine the most appropriate procedure for the investigated sites. All sites with the worst case approach showed high toxicity levels. The chronic test with algae was the most sensitive identifying the highest effects in the battery. This effect can be attributable to contaminants derived from antifouling paints. The sediments, evaluated with V. fischeri test, often showed toxicity not found in the aqueous matrices of the same sites and that can be mainly linked to organic compounds. The test battery used in this study allowed us to perform a preliminary screening of the ecotoxicological risk of the studied area. In fact, the species utilized for toxicity tests responded differently to the investigated samples, showing different sensitivity. The test battery integrated index did not allow highlighting the differences among the sites and showed a general high ecotoxicological risk. A larger number of tests with higher sensitivity together with a tailored attribution of weights to endpoints and matrices will improve the final site evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055-Portici, Naples, Italy,
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Kim NS, Shim WJ, Yim UH, Hong SH, Ha SY, Han GM, Shin KH. Assessment of TBT and organic booster biocide contamination in seawater from coastal areas of South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 78:201-208. [PMID: 24295595 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seawater samples from major enclosed bays, fishing ports, and harbors of Korea were analyzed to determine levels of tributyltin (TBT) and booster biocides, which are antifouling agents used as alternatives to TBT. TBT levels were in the range of not detected (nd) to 23.9 ng Sn/L. Diuron and Irgarol 1051, at concentration ranges of 35-1360 ng/L and nd to 14 ng/L, respectively, were the most common alternative biocides present in seawater, with the highest concentrations detected in fishing ports. Hot spots were identified where TBT levels exceeded environmental quality targets even 6 years after a total ban on its use in Korea. Diuron exceeded the UK environmental quality standard (EQS) value in 73% of the fishing port samples, 64% of the major bays, and 42% of the harbors. Irgarol 1051 levels were marginally below the Dutch and UK EQS values at all sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Sook Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
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Gallo A, Tosti E. Adverse effect of antifouling compounds on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3554-68. [PMID: 24065165 PMCID: PMC3806468 DOI: 10.3390/md11093554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization and embryo development that occur in sea water are sensitive to xenobiotics from anthropogenic sources. In this work, we evaluated the influence of two antifouling biocides, tributyltin (TBT) and diuron, on the reproductive mechanisms of the marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. By using electrophysiological techniques, we examined the impact of these compounds on the electrical properties of the mature oocytes and of events occurring at fertilization. With different toxicity assays, we studied the effect of the two biocides on the gametes by evaluating fertilization rate and embryo development. Results show that sodium (Na⁺) currents were significantly reduced by either of the two biocides, whereas conductance was significantly increased. The fertilization current frequency and amplitude, fertilization rate and larval development were affected only by TBT. This study suggests that: (i) the two biocides affect either the electrical properties of the oocyte plasma membrane and the reproductive success representing a risk factor for the survival of the species exposed to environmental pollution; (ii) the ascidian Ciona intestinalis may represent a good model organism to test toxicity of marine pollutants. Possible mechanisms of action of the two biocides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Tosti
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples 80121, Italy; E-Mail:
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Giráldez I, Chaguaceda E, Bujalance M, Morales E. Determination of five booster biocides in seawater by stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractBooster biocides are organic compounds that are added to antifouling copper-based paints to improve their efficacy. Due to their widespread use, they are common pollutants of marine ecosystems. Some of these compounds show acute and chronic toxic effects in non-targeted organisms at concentrations as low as ng L−1. The determination of these compounds is therefore important, and for some, which are prioritized in the EU water framework directive, a necessity. Because of their low concentrations and the matrix effect, these contaminants often require a suitable sample preparation step (extraction/pre-concentration) prior to chromatographic determination. The aim of the present article is to review extraction and chromatographic methodologies related to the determination of common booster biocides in marine samples published in the scientific literature. These methodologies include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), single drop microextraction (SDME), Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) as extraction methods, and both gas and liquid chromatography as determination techniques.
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Biological fate of Diuron and Sea-nine® 211 and their effect on primary microbial activities in slurries of a contaminated sediment from Venice Lagoon. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Plouguerné E, Ioannou E, Georgantea P, Vagias C, Roussis V, Hellio C, Kraffe E, Stiger-Pouvreau V. Anti-microfouling activity of lipidic metabolites from the invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:52-61. [PMID: 19468792 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The purification of the chloroform extract from the brown invasive macroalga Sargassum muticum, through a series of chromatographic separations, yielded 12 fractions that were tested against strains of bacteria, microalgae, and fungi involved in marine biofilm formation. The chemical composition of four (a, c, g, and k) out of the six fractions that exhibited anti-microfouling activity was investigated. Fraction a contained saturated and unsaturated linear hydrocarbons (C12-C27). Arachidonic acid was identified as the major metabolite in fraction c whereas fraction g contained mainly palmitic, linolenic, and palmitoleic acids. Fraction k was submitted to further purification yielding the fraction kAcaF1e that was composed of galactoglycerolipids, active against the growth of two of the four bacterial strains (Shewanella putrefaciens and Polaribacter irgensii) and all tested fungi. These promising results, in particular the isolation and the activity of galactoglycerolipids, attest the potential of the huge biomass of S. muticum as a source of new environmentally friendly antifouling compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Plouguerné
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, EA LEBHAM 3877, European Institute for Marine Sciences (IUEM), Place N. Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Tsoukatou M, Maréchal JP, Hellio C, Novaković I, Tufegdzic S, Sladić D, Gašić MJ, Clare AS, Vagias C, Roussis V. Evaluation of the activity of the sponge metabolites avarol and avarone and their synthetic derivatives against fouling micro- and macroorganisms. Molecules 2007; 12:1022-34. [PMID: 17873837 PMCID: PMC6149471 DOI: 10.3390/12051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene hydroquinone avarol (1) was isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea avara, whereas the corresponding quinone, avarone (2), was obtained by oxidation of avarol, and the significantly more lipophilic compounds [3'-(p-chloro-phenyl)avarone (3), 3',4'-ethylenedithioavarone (4), 4'-isopropylthioavarone (5), 4'-tert-butylthioavarone (6), 4'-propylthioavarone (7), 4'-octylthioavarone (8)] were obtained by nucleophilic addition of thiols or p-chloroaniline to avarone. All these compounds were tested, at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 microg/mL, for their effect on the settlement of the cyprid stage of Balanus amphitrite, for toxicity to both nauplii and cyprids and for their growth inhibitory activity on marine bacteria (Cobetia marina, Marinobacterium stanieri, Vibrio fischeri and Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis) and marine fungi (Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera, Asteromyces cruciatus, Lulworthia uniseptata and Monodictys pelagica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoukatou
- University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, GR 15771, Greece; E-mails: ;
| | - Jean Philippe Maréchal
- Newcastle University, School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.; E-mail: ;
- Observatoire de Milieu Marin Martiniquais, 3 Avenue Condorcet, 97200 Fort de France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Claire Hellio
- Portsmouth University, School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K.; E-mail:
| | - Irena Novaković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; E-mails: ; ; ;
| | - Srdan Tufegdzic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; E-mails: ; ; ;
| | - Dusan Sladić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; E-mails: ; ; ;
| | - Miroslav J. Gašić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; E-mails: ; ; ;
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- Newcastle University, School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.; E-mail: ;
| | - Constantinos Vagias
- University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, GR 15771, Greece; E-mails: ;
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, GR 15771, Greece; E-mails: ;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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