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Ni X, Hong H, Xu H, Qi M, Xu S. Exposure to Trimethyltin Chloride Induces Pyroptosis and Immune Dysfunction in Grass Carp CIK Cells by Activating the NF-κB Pathway Through Oxidative Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39004893 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is a highly toxic organotin pollutant frequently found in aquatic environments, posing a significant threat to the ecological system. The kidney plays a vital role in the body's detoxification processes, and TMT present in the environment tends to accumulate in the kidneys. However, it remained unclear whether exposure to different doses of TMT could induce pyroptosis and immune dysfunction in grass carp kidney cells (CIK cells). For this purpose, after assessing the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMT on CIK cells, we established a model for exposure of CIK cells at varying concentrations of TMT. CIK cells were treated with various doses of TMT (2.5, 5, 10 μM) for 24 h. Oxidative stress levels were measured using kits and fluorescence methods, whereas the expression of related genes was verified through western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results indicated that TMT exposure led to oxidative stress, with increased levels of ROS, H2O2, MDA, and GSH, and inhibited activities of T-AOC, SOD, and CAT. It activated the NF-κB pathway, leading to the upregulation of NF-κB p65, NF-κB p50, GSDMD, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1. Furthermore, TMT exposure also resulted in increased expression of cytokines (IL-18, IL-6, IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides (LEAP2, HEPC, and β-defensin). In summary, exposure to TMT induces dose-dependent oxidative stress that activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to pyroptosis and immune dysfunction in grass carp CIK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haozheng Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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2
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Mil-Homens M, Almeida CMR, Dias S, Soares W, van Gaever P, de Stigter H, Santos MM, Santana A, Freitas M, Abrantes F, Caetano M. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT & MBT) in short sediment cores of the SW Portuguese Shelf (western Iberian Margin, NE Atlantic). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165872. [PMID: 37517731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns and temporal trends of the butyltin compounds tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) were investigated in a set of sediment samples collected along the SW Portuguese continental shelf. This region did not reach the Good Environmental Status (GES) in accordance with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) during a first evaluation carried out in 2012. Overall, MBT and DBT were the predominant organotin species detected, but high concentrations of TBT were found in and around disposal sites for dredge sludge derived from the dredging in navigation channels, harbours, and shipyard facilities of the Tagus and Sado estuaries. Although Portuguese regulations for monitoring sediment quality in relation to dredging activities consider only PAH, PCB and HCB, they also dictate that other organic contaminants such as butyltin compounds (BTs) should be monitored if suspicion of high values exists, but no action limits are defined for these (MAOTDR, 2007). Without action limits, the monitoring recommendation given in the regulations is not put into practice. Considering their toxicity, BT derivates should be integrated in the legislation, because they represent an environmental threat in the relocation of dredged material, especially when derived from harbour and shipyards areas. Based on this study, we recommend giving more attention to the amounts and impacts of BTs in sediments at dredged material disposal sites (DMDS) and their surroundings. Or even better, in order to be more efficient, monitoring should be done at the source of the dredged materials and not at the sink. In case it is not done, the monitoring of concentrations of TBT (and other BTs) in sediments and organisms, including imposex studies, at all Portuguese sites for disposal of dredged material receiving slightly to strongly contaminated dredged material must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Mil-Homens
- IPMA, Divisão de Oceanografia e Ambiente Marinho, Instituto Português Do Mar da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Dias
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Warley Soares
- IPMA, Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto Português Do Mar da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Piet van Gaever
- NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, Landsdiep 4, 1797SZ 't Horntje - Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Henko de Stigter
- NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, Landsdiep 4, 1797SZ 't Horntje - Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Santana
- CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Freitas
- IPMA, Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto Português Do Mar da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Fátima Abrantes
- IPMA, Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto Português Do Mar da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- IPMA, Divisão de Oceanografia e Ambiente Marinho, Instituto Português Do Mar da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Moscoso-Pérez CM, Fernández-González V, Moreda-Piñeiro J, López Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Organotin compounds in seafood by ultrasonic assisted extraction and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:219-233. [PMID: 37458108 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2207538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Although restricting environmental quality values for organotin compounds (OTs) are set by Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament, marine environment remains being affected due to maritime circulation at global scale. Fish and seafood accumulate OTs, making fish and seafood consumption the main source of OTs in humans. Because of the fish and seafood matrices complexity and the required low limits of detection, a robust and fast procedure for the quantification of OTs in fish and seafood, using ultrasound-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was validated and applied. Detection (2.7 µg Sn kg-1) and quantification (8.0 µg Sn kg-1) limits, repeatability and intermediate precision (<10%), accuracy by analysing ERM®-CE477 Mussel Tissue and analytical recoveries (65-122%) were assessed. Multivariate analysis shown that the matrix effect for some OTs displayed good negative correlation with the fat and protein content. Health risk assessment of OTs intake revealed no serious risk for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Maria Moscoso-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López Mahía
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), A Coruña, Spain
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4
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The organotin contaminants in food: Sources and methods for detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100154. [PMID: 34805970 PMCID: PMC8585625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotin compounds in low doses have toxic effects. These components may contaminate food. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the type and level of organotin in food that are mainly contaminated with these compounds, as well as common detection methods. The research studies with keywords Organotin, Tributyltin, TBT, Food, Detection, Contamination, and Pollution were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, regardless of publication time. Two author independently investigated the publications. A number of 123 studies were obtained and only 9 articles were finally selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. Studies were selected which organotin components were detected in the food matrix. The important data were extracted. Meta-analysis was calculated for the amount of TBT in seafood. The most important of these compounds are TBT, TPhT, Dibutyltin (DBT) and di-n-octyltin (DOT). Surveys were conducted on three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Contaminated foods reportedly included seafood and edible oils, according to studies. TBT was investigated more than other tin components in food. The overall average estimate for TBT in seafood was estimated at 182.33 ng/g that This amount was more than maximum limit. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to treat the wastewater so that these harmful compounds do not reach the water of sea.
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5
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Quintas PY, Arias AH, Alvarez MB, Domini CE, Garrido M, Marcovecchio JE. Distribution of Butyltin Compounds in the Coastal Environment of the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:307-323. [PMID: 34268597 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates for the first time the distribution and accumulation of butyltin compounds (BTs) in different compartments such as seawater, sediments, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and mussels (Brachidontes rodriguezii) in the Bahía Blanca estuary. The samples were collected from six sampling sites with different anthropogenic impacts. A better visualization and interpretation of data was achieved using chemometric tools (Tucker4 model), which made it possible to reveal the main relationships among the variables. This analysis showed the presence of BTs in all the estuarine environmental compartments, even in sites with low human intervention. The relationships found among BTs levels, seasons, and environmental matrices show the importance of biological processes such as phytoplankton blooms and remobilization of sediments (by tidal dynamics and/or periodic dredging) in BTs distribution and degradation. In addition, partition coefficients showed that mussels mainly bioaccumulate tributyltin from sediment, water and, to a lesser extent, SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Quintas
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Domini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariano Garrido
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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6
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Hydrogen for Maritime Application—Quality of Hydrogen Generated Onboard Ship by Electrolysis of Purified Seawater. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maritime transport is investigating several options to reduce its greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions. An experimental ship, Energy Observer, is using excess renewable energy to generate onboard hydrogen by electrolysis of purified seawater. As a promising option for storing energy, it can provide on-demand energy to the ship through a hydrogen fuel cell (FC). As hydrogen FCs lifetime and performance are correlated to hydrogen quality, the hydrogen produced onboard needs to be monitored. This study assesses the probability of contaminants presence for this electrolyser, using purified seawater and supports the results with a hydrogen fuel quality analysis from the Energy Observer ship. It demonstrates that an electrolyser using onboard purified seawater can generate hydrogen of a quality compliant with ISO 14687:2019. Additional contaminants (i.e., ions, heavy metal) were also measured. The study highlights the potential contaminants to be monitored and future research on new contaminants from seawater to further develop hydrogen fuel for maritime applications.
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7
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Romanelli G, Berto D, Calace N, Amici M, Maltese S, Formalewicz M, Campanelli A, Marini M, Magaletti E, Scarpato A. Ballast water management system: Assessment of chemical quality status of several ports in Adriatic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 147:86-97. [PMID: 29361280 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant treatment of ballast water (BW) is commonly used in BW systems in order to minimize the transport of alien species. The release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) associated to the treatment of BW and cross-contamination of butyltin (BT) compounds through BW discharge is a topic of environmental concern. A chemical port baseline survey has been conducted in seven ports of the Adriatic Sea. Analysis have been performed on transplanted mussels, surface sediment, seawater, BW. Results showed an evidence of BT contamination, particularly in sediments, probably related to their illegal usage or to intensive shipping activities. Therefore, BW may act as a vector and contribute to re-buildup of BT contamination in the coastal regions. A baseline set of data concerning DBPs is provided, showing the preferential distribution of these compounds in the marine environment that will be useful for future considerations on monitoring and assessment of chemical contamination associated with BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romanelli
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - D Berto
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy.
| | - N Calace
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - M Amici
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - S Maltese
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - M Formalewicz
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - A Campanelli
- Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - M Marini
- Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - E Magaletti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - A Scarpato
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
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Quintas PY, Alvarez MB, Arias AH, Garrido M, Marcovecchio JE. Spatiotemporal distribution of organotin compounds in the coastal water of the Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7601-7613. [PMID: 30659490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several areas within the Bahía Blanca estuary (BBE), with different maritime traffic intensity, were studied in order to confirm the presence and assess the distribution of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) in the water column. The organotin compounds (OTCs) were determined in the water samples-taken in summer, autumn, winter, and spring of 2014-by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction with hexane. The incidence of TBT throughout the whole sampling period indicated a continuous presence of this compound to the study area. However, in accordance with the butyltin degradation index (BDI), TBT was not recently introduced in the BBE. Furthermore, the average TBT levels exceeded the international guideline established by the Oslo-Paris commission (0.62 ng Sn L-1). As a result, certain biological effects could be expected to occur in sensitive species such as mussels. While DBT were below the detection limit in the 75% of the samples analyzed, MBT was detected in all the samples and no significant differences were found among the concentrations measured in the different seasons (Kruskal-Wallis test, p > 0.05). In addition, no correlations were found among the OTCs levels and the evaluated physiochemical parameters (Spearman coefficient, p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Quintas
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Mónica B Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariano Garrido
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN)-FRBB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino (FASTA), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Veiga K, Pedro CA, Ferreira SMF, Gonçalves SC. Monitoring metal pollution on coastal lagoons using Cerastoderma edule-a report from a moderately impacted system in Western Portugal (Óbidos Lagoon). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2710-2721. [PMID: 30484047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this monitoring program was to evaluate the contamination in the intertidal environment of Óbidos Lagoon by the metals Cd, Pb, and Ni on water, sediments, and on biological samples, using the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (common name: cockle) as a biomonitor. Since C. edule is an edible mollusc, the risk of their consumption by humans from this lagoon was also evaluated. The study was performed in a restricted area of the lagoon-the ML station-where human activities, such as shellfish harvesting, intersect with the natural processes occurring in this system. The results obtained revealed that the water samples were polluted with Cd and Pb with concentrations (0.00025 mg l-1 and 0.0072 mg l-1) above the maximum legislated on the Directive 2008/105/EC, while for Ni, this occurred only on one of the seasons sampled (summer 2010: 0.029 mg l-1). The sediments were not contaminated with Cd and Ni, and the contamination detected for the metal Pb, allowed the classification of this station as an unpolluted site ([Pbmin] = 7.477 mg.kg-1 and [Pbmax] = 19.875 mg.kg-1). On biological samples, comparing the results of metal contaminations with the values of the maximum levels fixed by European Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 and USFDA, all the results were below the legal value. Therefore, during the period of study, the consumption of this bivalve by humans was safe. Also, BAF and CF calculations suggest that C. edule can be used as a biomonitor to determine the source of the contaminations. This study supported the use of C. edule as a biomonitor to assess the contamination by the metals Pb and Ni at the Óbidos Lagoon and allowed to predict the potential transfer of metals to higher trophic levels with potential impacts on the natural and human communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Veiga
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Carmen A Pedro
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Susana M F Ferreira
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia C Gonçalves
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal.
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Lahbib Y, Abidli S, Trigui-El Menif N. First assessment of the effectiveness of the international convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships in Tunisia using imposex in Hexaplex trunculus as biomarker. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:17-23. [PMID: 29571360 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The global ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) forced in September 2008 was ratified in Tunisia as late as June 2011. In this context, the present study aims to highlight the consequences of TBT contamination by monitoring 22 Tunisian sites before (2007) and after the ban (2012 and 2016) using as biomarker the occurrence of imposex in Hexaplex trunculus. From 2004 to 2016, complete recovery from imposex was reported in 11 sites. All average imposex indices calculated for each sampling year also decreased: imposex incidence from 61 to 27%, VDSI from 2 to 0.7, and RPLI from 15.7 to 1.6%. Ecological Quality Ratios (EQR) revealed that the sampling sites are in moderate to good ecological status. Overall, the present study confirms the effectiveness of the enacted legislation in reducing the impact of TBT pollution along the Tunisian coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Lahbib
- Département de Biologie, Groupe de Malacologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (GMFA), Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Département de la Formation Technique et Appliquée, Institut Supérieur des Métiers du Patrimoine de Tunis, Université de Tunis, 10, Rue de Kélibia, Beb El Khadra, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sami Abidli
- Département de Biologie, Groupe de Malacologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (GMFA), Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Trigui-El Menif
- Département de Biologie, Groupe de Malacologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (GMFA), Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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11
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Laranjeiro F, Sánchez-Marín P, Oliveira IB, Galante-Oliveira S, Barroso C. Fifteen years of imposex and tributyltin pollution monitoring along the Portuguese coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:411-421. [PMID: 28986082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
IMO's Anti-Fouling Systems convention banned the use of organotin-based antifouling systems in 2008 as the ultimate effort to stop tributyltin (TBT) inputs into the marine environment. One of the hazardous effects of TBT is imposex (the superimposition of male sexual characters onto gastropod females), a phenomenon that may cause female sterility and the gastropod populations decline. Despite previous European Union legislation had already been shown effective in reducing the imposex levels along the Portuguese coast, this study intends to confirm these decreasing trends after 2008 and describe the global evolution in the last 15 years. Imposex levels were assessed in two bioindicators - the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus and the netted-whelk Nassarius reticulatus (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) - in 2011 and 2014, and the results were compared with previous years. Both species showed progressive decreasing trends in imposex levels over the last 15 years; median values of the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) fell from 3.96 to 0.78 in N. lapillus and from 3.39 to 0.29 in N. reticulatus. The temporal/spatial evolution of imposex suggests an apparent shift of TBT hotspots, being now restricted to fishing ports and marinas in detriment of large commercial harbours where TBT levels fell rapidly. Butyltins were measured in the whole tissues of N. lapillus females collected in 2014: monobutyltin (MBT) varied from < DL (detection limit: 1 ng Sn/g) to 13 ng Sn/g dw, dibutyltin (DBT) from 2.2 to 27 ng Sn/g dw and TBT from 1.5 to 55 ng Sn/g dw. Although TBT body burden has declined over time, the butyltin degradation index ([MBT]+[DBT])/[TBT] exhibited values < 1 in c. a. 90% of the sites assessed, suggesting that recent TBT inputs are still widespread in the Portuguese coast eventually due to illegal use of TBT antifouling systems and TBT desorption from sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Laranjeiro
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Benta Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Galante-Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barroso
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Quintas PY, Arias AH, Oliva AL, Domini CE, Alvarez MB, Garrido M, Marcovecchio JE. Organotin compounds in Brachidontes rodriguezii mussels from the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:518-527. [PMID: 28783602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Levels of tributyltin and its breakdown compounds, including the first record of monobutyltin (MBT) in history for Latin America, were determined in native mussels (Brachidontes rodriguezii) by means of CG-MS, after extraction/derivatization assisted by ultrasound. The samples were collected in 2013 in Bahía Blanca Estuary (Argentina) at 6 sites, which reflect different levels of maritime activities. Total butyltins (TBts = TBT+ DBT+ MBT) levels ranged from 19.64 to 180.57ng Sn g-1 dry weight. According to the Oslo-Paris commission, the results indicated that 73.9% of mussels could be under biological effects risks associated with TBT pollution. In accordance with the calculated bioaccumulation factors, approximately 56% of samples appeared to have accumulated TBT through the sediments. All sampling sites were shown to be impacted by organotin compounds (OTCs) showing variable levels through seasons, which could be related with the variation of the water temperature. Degradation index analyses suggested aged inputs of TBT possibly under a general degradation process at the area of study. In addition, the occurrence of DBT and MBT could not be uniquely attributed to the degradation pathway of the TBT; in fact, results outlined the possible contribution of some punctual and diffuse sources at the area such as proximity to plastic industries, industrial effluents, sewage outlets and domestic wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Quintas
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ana L Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Alvarez
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariano Garrido
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN)-FRBB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino (FASTA), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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13
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Sousa ACA, Coelho SD, Pastorinho MR, Taborda-Barata L, Nogueira AJA, Isobe T, Kunisue T, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Levels of TBT and other selected organotin compounds in duplicate diet samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:19-23. [PMID: 27621089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are ubiquitous contaminants with a broad range of applications ranging from biocides and pesticides to catalysts for the production of polyurethane foams and silicones. The deleterious effects of some OTs (particularly tributyltin - TBT) upon wildlife and experimental animals are well documented and include endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and metabolic dysfunction in which obesity is included. However, virtually no data on the current human exposure levels is available. In order to bridge this gap, we quantified for the first time the levels of OTs in duplicate diet samples from members of the University of Aveiro in Portugal. OTs were detected in 32% of the 28 diet samples analyzed, at relatively low levels. TBT and monobutyltin were detected only in two samples and dibutyltin was detectable in three samples. Dioctyltin was quantified in four samples and monooctyltin in three samples. Phenyltins were below the detection limit in all the diet samples analyzed. Overall, for the vast majority of the samples (89%), the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of organotins through food were much lower than the established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). Hence, for the majority of the participants the risk associated with food ingestion is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A Sousa
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sónia D Coelho
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - M Ramiro Pastorinho
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Luís Taborda-Barata
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Cova da Beira Hospital, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - António J A Nogueira
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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14
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Tornero V, Hanke G. Chemical contaminants entering the marine environment from sea-based sources: A review with a focus on European seas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:17-38. [PMID: 27444857 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants reach the marine environment mostly directly from land-based sources, but there are cases in which they are emitted or re-mobilized in the marine environment itself. This paper reviews the literature, with a predominant focus on the European environment, to compile a list of contaminants potentially released into the sea from sea-based sources and provide an overview of their consideration under existing EU regulatory frameworks. The resulting list contains 276 substances and for some of them (22 antifouling biocides, 32 aquaculture medicinal products and 34 warfare agents) concentrations and toxicity data are additionally provided. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Descriptor 8, together with the Water Framework Directive and the Regional Sea Conventions, provides the provisions against pollution of marine waters by chemical substances. This literature review should inform about the current state of knowledge regarding marine contaminant sources and provide support for setting-up of monitoring approaches, including hotspots screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tornero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Water Resources Unit, Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Georg Hanke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Water Resources Unit, Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
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15
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Anastasiou TI, Chatzinikolaou E, Mandalakis M, Arvanitidis C. Imposex and organotin compounds in ports of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic: Is the story over? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1315-1329. [PMID: 27425438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds are toxic substances released into the marine environment from antifouling paints. Sixty-two years following their first application and 9years after the complete ban on their use as biocides in 2003 (EC No. 782/2003), their negative impact on mollusks was still evident, as illustrated by imposex (i.e. the masculinization of female gastropods). This phenomenon is widely used to investigate tributyltin (TBT) pollution, with Hexaplex trunculus and Nassarius nitidus being considered as sensitive bioindicators. H. trunculus specimens and sediment samples collected from the ports of Cagliari (Sardinia), El Kantaoui (Tunisia) and Olhão (Portugal), along with N. nitidus individuals from the port of Faro (Portugal), were used for the assessment of imposex intensity and organotin pollution in these areas. High imposex frequency and organotin concentrations (TBT, triphenyltin (TPhT) and their degradation products) were observed, especially in Sardinia, implying that these chemicals remain a significant pollution issue in the specific Mediterranean ports. Moreover, the highly significant relationship established between penis length of imposex-affected females H. trunculus and TBT/TPhT concentrations offers a rapid and nonsacrificial proxy model for assessing the impact of organotins in coastal environments. Finally, the complementary use of more than one TBT bioindicator is advised in order to obtain more accurate results in detailed monitoring studies of TBT pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla I Anastasiou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece.
| | - Eva Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece.
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece.
| | - Christos Arvanitidis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece.
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16
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Oliveira IB, Groh KJ, Stadnicka-Michalak J, Schönenberger R, Beiras R, Barroso CM, Langford KH, Thomas KV, Suter MJF. Tralopyril bioconcentration and effects on the gill proteome of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:198-210. [PMID: 27295630 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling (AF) systems are used worldwide as one of the most cost-effective ways of protecting submerged structures against heavy biofouling. The emergence of environmentally friendly AF biocides requires knowledge on their environmental fate and toxicity. In this study we measured the bioconcentration of the emerging AF biocide tralopyril (TP) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and investigated the effects of TP on the mussel gill proteome following acute (2days) and chronic (30days) exposure, as well as after a 10-day depuration period. The experiments were carried out with 1μg/L TP; blank and solvent (5×10(-5)% DMSO) controls were also included. Proteomics analysis was performed by mass spectrometry-based multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Differentially expressed proteins were identified using a label-free approach based on spectral counts and G-test. Our results show that TP is rapidly accumulated by mussels at concentrations up to 362ng/g dw (whole tissues), reaching steady-state condition within 13days. Ten days of depuration resulted in 80% elimination of accumulated TP from the organism, suggesting that a complete elimination could be reached with longer depuration times. In total, 46 proteins were found to be regulated in the different exposure scenarios. Interestingly, not only TP but also DMSO alone significantly modulated the protein expression in mussel gills following acute and chronic exposure. Both compounds regulated proteins involved in bioenergetics, immune system, active efflux and oxidative stress, often in the opposite way. Alterations of several proteins, notably several cytoskeletal ones, were still observed after the depuration period. These may reflect either the continuing chemical effect due to incomplete elimination or an onset of recovery processes in the mussel gills. Our study shows that exposure of adult mussels to sublethal TP concentration results in the bioconcentration of this biocide in the tissues and modulates the expression of several proteins that may intervene in important metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Oliveira
- Biology department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ECIMAT, University of Vigo, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlos M Barroso
- Biology department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Bernardini C, Zannoni A, Bertocchi M, Bianchi F, Salaroli R, Botelho G, Bacci ML, Ventrella V, Forni M. Deleterious effects of tributyltin on porcine vascular stem cells physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:38-44. [PMID: 26965667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vascular functional and structural integrity is essential for the maintenance of the whole organism and it has been demonstrated that different types of vascular progenitor cells resident in the vessel wall play an important role in this process. The purpose of the present research was to observe the effect of tributyltin (TBT), a risk factor for vascular disorders, on porcine Aortic Vascular Precursor Cells (pAVPCs) in term of cytotoxicity, gene expression profile, functionality and differentiation potential. We have demonstrated that pAVPCs morphology deeply changed following TBT treatment. After 48h a cytotoxic effect has been detected and Annexin binding assay demonstrated that TBT induced apoptosis. The transcriptional profile of characteristic pericyte markers has been altered: TBT 10nM substantially induced alpha-SMA, while, TBT 500nM determined a significant reduction of all pericyte markers. IL-6 protein detected in the medium of pAVPCs treated with TBT at both doses studied and with a dose response. TBT has interfered with normal pAVPC functionality preventing their ability to support a capillary-like network. In addition TBT has determined an increase of pAVPC adipogenic differentiation. In conclusion in the present paper we have demonstrated that TBT alters the vascular stem cells in terms of structure, functionality and differentiating capability, therefore effects of TBT in blood should be deeply explored to understand the potential vascular risk associated with the alteration of vascular stem cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria (GVM) Care & Research - Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation, Lugo, Ravenna, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems at the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Salaroli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliana Botelho
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DEVET, UNICENTRO - Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Laranjeiro F, Sánchez-Marín P, Barros A, Galante-Oliveira S, Moscoso-Pérez C, Fernández-González V, Barroso C. Triphenyltin induces imposex in Nucella lapillus through an aphallic route. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:127-131. [PMID: 27016628 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) was used until recently as a biocide in antifouling systems and nowadays is still applied as an agriculture pesticide in some countries. This compound is known to cause imposex (the imposition of male characters in females of gastropod molluscs) in a very limited number of species, when compared with tributyltin (TBT), the universally recognized imposex-causing agent. In this study, we tested if TPT could induce imposex in females of the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus. Experimental groups of 40 females were injected with a volume of 2μL/g of soft tissue wet weight (ww) of one of the following treatments, using DMSO as a solvent carrier: DMSO (solvent control); 1μg/g ww of TBT (positive control); 0.2, 1 and 5μg/g ww of TPT and a non-injected group (negative control). Concentrations were confirmed in the organism tissues by means of chemical analyses of a pool of 10 specimens at T0 and then after the imposex analysis at T56days. After 8-week trial, results pointed out statistically significant differences between treatments, with both TPT and TBT positively inducing imposex. However, imposex development in TPT-injected females differed from that of TBT, since females that developed imposex presented an aphallic condition (no penis development) while the TBT-treated females developed standard imposex (with penis formation). These results suggest that TPT and TBT act differently in the sequential process of female masculinization, casting new insights about the hypothetical pathways underlying imposex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Laranjeiro
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Barros
- Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Galante-Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Barroso
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Al-shatri MA, Nuhu AA, Basheer C, Al-Arfaj A, Al-Tawabini B. Assessment of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin Compounds and Their Main Degradation Products in Saudi Coastal waters. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-015-1673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Borges AR, López-Serrano Oliver A, Gallego-Gallegos M, Muñoz-Olivas R, Rodrigues Vale MG, Cámara C. Transformation of tributyltin in zebrafish eleutheroembryos (Danio rerio). Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:317-23. [PMID: 25312380 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Organotin compounds are highly versatile group of organometallic chemicals used in industrial and agricultural applications. Their endocrine-disrupting effects are well known and their extensive uses as biocide materials, e.g., in antifouling paints, for many years have led to serious environmental problems. So far, attention has mainly been given to tributyltin pollution in water, sediments, and marine organisms because of its highly toxic effects and high accumulation levels at very low concentrations. In this study, we will focus on the conversion of tributyltin after it is absorbed by zebrafish eleutheroembryos, presented here as an alternative model to adult fish for describing bioconcentration. A simplified analytical extraction procedure based on the use of an assisted ultrasonic probe and derivatization by ethylation, followed by gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) is proposed. This classical methodology for organotin determination has been validated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ZGF-AAS) in terms of total tin content. The speciation analysis results show that zebrafish eleutheroembryos absorb high amounts of tributyltin and convert it into monobutyltin and likely in inorganic tin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rocha Borges
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Institute, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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Lopes-Dos-Santos RMA, Galante-Oliveira S, Lopes E, Almeida C, Barroso C. Assessment of imposex and butyltin concentrations in Gemophos viverratus (Kiener, 1834), from São Vicente, Republic of Cabo Verde (Africa). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10671-10677. [PMID: 24878557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work constitutes the first assessment of tributyltin (TBT) pollution levels in the Republic of Cabo Verde (Africa) and proposes the marine gastropod Gemophos viverratus (Kiener, 1834) as a new bioindicator of TBT pollution in the Macaronesia and west coast of Africa. Specimens were collected between August and October 2012 along a gradient of naval traffic in São Vicente Island. The results clearly indicate an increase of imposex levels (percentage of females affected with imposex, 0-100 %; vas deferens sequence index, 0-4.1; relative penis length index, 0-54.6 %) and female TBT contamination (from 5 to 37 ngSn g(-1) dry weight (dw)) from outside to inside the harbour of Porto Grande Bay and identify this area as the focus of TBT pollution in the island. The butyltin degradation index for G. viverratus tissues ranged between 1.3 and 2.2, which being above 1 suggests that a considerable part of TBT inputs to the bay may not be very recent. Sterile females were found inside the harbour with an incidence up to 21.4 %. Considering the existence of a planktonic veliger stage in the life cycle of G. viverratus, it is expected that recruitment of newborn individuals can be supplied from unaffected breeding females inside and outside the Porto Grande Bay, resulting in a reduced impact of TBT pollution on population abundance. G. viverratus is very promising to be used as a simple, inexpensive and efficient novel tool for TBT pollution biomonitoring in the Macaronesia and west coast of Africa, a region for which there is an astonishing lack of information concerning levels and ecological impacts of TBT pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M A Lopes-Dos-Santos
- Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Hu Y, Gong X, Xu Y, Song X, Liu H, Deng X, Ru S. Risk assessment of butyltins based on a fugacity-based food web bioaccumulation model in the Jincheng Bay mariculture area: I. Model development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1994-2001. [PMID: 24943870 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A fugacity-based model was developed to simulate the bioaccumulation of butyltins in the food web of the Jincheng Bay mariculture area. The predicted biological tissue residues of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) were 0.04-17.09, 0.14-53.54, and 0.27-108.77 ng-Sn g(-1), respectively, and the predicted values in six mollusca agreed well with the measured ones. The lipid-normalized concentrations did not significantly increase across trophic levels, indicating no biomagnification across aquatic food webs. These results were highly consistent with those observed both in the laboratory and field, which had been reported in numerous references. The explanation, from calculating their flux equilibrium in the food web, was that butyltins were primarily taken in via respiration from the water column by marine organisms. The sensitivities of the model parameters were analyzed, revealing that the hydrophobicity of butyltins played the dominant role in their bioaccumulation phenomena. The verified model predictions of the biotic tissue concentrations of the butyltins could be readily applied to perform internal ecological risk and human health risk assessments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Hu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Organotin Compounds from Snails to Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Sousa ACA, Oliveira IB, Laranjeiro F, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Cunha MR, Barroso CM. Organotin levels in Nazaré canyon (west Iberian Margin, NE Atlantic) and adjacent coastal area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:422-426. [PMID: 22155119 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and high concentrations (μg g(-1) range) in sediments from different coastal areas around the world have been reported. However, few reports have described the OTs contamination status in the offshore and deep sea environment. This work investigated organotin levels in Nazaré canyon for the first time. Levels of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), diphenyltin (DPT), triphenyltin (TPT), dioctyltin (DOT) and trioctyltin (TOT) were quantified in sediment samples from the upper flanks of the canyon and from the adjacent coastal area. TBT levels detected in the canyon flanks are about two to three orders of magnitude lower than those found in the coastal area. Nevertheless, when quantifiable, TBT levels in the canyon samples were higher than the Environmental Assessment Criteria set for TBT in sediments by the OSPAR Commission indicating that at those locations negative ecological impacts are likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A Sousa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Furdek M, Vahčič M, Ščančar J, Milačič R, Kniewald G, Mikac N. Organotin compounds in seawater and Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels along the Croatian Adriatic Coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:189-199. [PMID: 22225913 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, data on the level of organotin compounds (OTCs) in seawater and mussels collected along the entire Croatian Adriatic Coast are presented. The samples were collected in 2009 and 2010 at 48 locations representing different levels of maritime activities, including marinas, ports and reference sites. Butyltins (BuTs) were found in all analyzed samples, representing >97% of OTCs, and ranged from 0.46 to 27.98 ng Sn L(-1) in seawater and from <6 to 1675 ng Sn g(-1) in mussels. The results indicate a recent input of TBT, with the highest concentrations of BuTs found in the marinas. It appears that the Adriatic coast is still polluted with TBT despite the fact that TBT-containing antifouling paints have been banned in Croatia since 2008. It is questionable how much TBT pollution decreased since 2005, when a high incidence of imposex was established in the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Furdek
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kucuksezgin F, Aydin-Onen S, Gonul LT, Pazi I, Kocak F. Assessment of organotin (butyltin species) contamination in marine biota from the Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1984-8. [PMID: 21764084 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment continues to be adversely affected by tributyltin (TBT) release from maritime traffic. Therefore the concentrations of TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were measured in barnacles, mussels and fish along the Eastern Aegean coastline. The average concentrations of TBT ng Sn g⁻¹ were found to be 235 in fish, 116 in mussels and 635 in barnacles. The highest concentrations of TBT, DBT and MBT were observed in the barnacles which had been sampled in marinas and harbors. All mussels sampled showed values of TBT+DBT, which were below the "tolerable average residue level (TARL)" as currently accepted. This indicates a lack of risk to the consumer. However, 7 out of the 15 fish sampled displayed TBT+DBT levels above the TARL, which indicates that a fish consumer group may be at risk. Barnacles have high potential as biomonitors for the presence of organotin in the Aegean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kucuksezgin
- Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
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Guðmundsdóttir LÓ, Ho KKY, Lam JCW, Svavarsson J, Leung KMY. Long-term temporal trends (1992-2008) of imposex status associated with organotin contamination in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus along the Icelandic coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:500-507. [PMID: 21388643 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus as a biomonitor, we evaluated the organotin contamination along the Icelandic coast over nearly two decades. In 2008, adult dogwhelks collected from 30 locations were examined for imposex status. In 2009, tissue concentrations of six organotin species in dogwhelks from 16 of the 30 locations were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tributyltin was the most predominant residue ranging from 2.07 to 70.38 μg kg(-1) dw, while triphenyltin was also detected at concentrations up to 22.79 μg kg(-1) dw. Higher total organotin concentrations and imposex indices were observed at locations near large harbours (Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður). By comparing the current imposex results with those of previous surveys (1992-2003), we found that recovery was slow near the large harbours, but more apparent near the smaller harbours. We also observed a notable increase in imposex at several northwest sites implying incessant input of organotins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovísa Ó Guðmundsdóttir
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marine Biology Centre, University of Iceland, Aragata 9, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Galante-Oliveira S, Oliveira I, Ferreira N, Santos JA, Pacheco M, Barroso C. Nucella lapillus L. imposex levels after legislation prohibiting TBT antifoulants: temporal trends from 2003 to 2008 along the Portuguese coast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:304-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gas-phase chemiluminescence with ozone oxidation for the determination of total tin in environmental samples using flow injection hydride generation and cryotrapping. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 677:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sousa A, Laranjeiro F, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Barroso CM. Imposex and organotin prevalence in a European post-legislative scenario: temporal trends from 2003 to 2008. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:566-573. [PMID: 19656548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Imposex levels and organotin tissue concentrations were assessed in Nassarius reticulatus females collected between June and August 2008 at 23 sites along the Portuguese coast. Females with imposex were present at all sampling sites with highest levels inside main harbors. Imposex parameters across sampling stations varied between 6.3% and 100% for %I, 0.2-4.4 for VDSI, 0.1-7.8mm for FPL, 0.3-88.9% for RPLI and 0.0-1.1 for AOS. TBT levels varied between 3.5 and 380 ngSng(-1) dw, representing an average proportion of 50.4% of total butyltins (summation operator BTs=MBT+DBT+TBT). Sterile females were detected at two locations. Highly significant correlations between imposex and TBT levels were found. The efficacy of the EU legislation banning the use of TBT-based antifouling paints since 2003 (EC Regulation 782/2003) was evaluated by comparing the levels of imposex observed in 2008 with those reported for 2003. OTs tissue concentrations were also determined in preserved samples collected in 2003. There was a decrease in imposex and TBT tissue contamination between 2003 and 2008 indicating that a decline in TBT pollution has occurred in the Portuguese coast since the implementation of the legislation. Considering that the EC Regulation 782/2003 is an anticipation of the IMO AFS Convention, a global scale decrease in TBT pollution can be expected in the near future. Despite the rapid amelioration in the Portuguese coast, TBT pollution is still a problem as the Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) proposed by OSPAR Commission was not achieved in 91% of the surveyed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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