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Braga CR, Richard KN, Gardner H, Swain G, Hunsucker KZ. Investigating the Impacts of UVC Radiation on Natural and Cultured Biofilms: An assessment of Cell Viability. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1348. [PMID: 37317322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are conglomerates of cells, water, and extracellular polymeric substances which can lead to various functional and financial setbacks. As a result, there has been a drive towards more environmentally friendly antifouling methods, such as the use of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation. When applying UVC radiation, it is important to understand how frequency, and thus dose, can influence an established biofilm. This study compares the impacts of varying doses of UVC radiation on both a monocultured biofilm consisting of Navicula incerta and field-developed biofilms. Both biofilms were exposed to doses of UVC radiation ranging from 1626.2 mJ/cm2 to 9757.2 mJ/cm2 and then treated with a live/dead assay. When exposed to UVC radiation, the N. incerta biofilms demonstrated a significant reduction in cell viability compared to the non-exposed samples, but all doses had similar viability results. The field biofilms were highly diverse, containing not only benthic diatoms but also planktonic species which may have led to inconsistencies. Although they are different from each other, these results provide beneficial data. Cultured biofilms provide insight into how diatom cells react to varying doses of UVC radiation, whereas the real-world heterogeneity of field biofilms is useful for determining the dosage needed to effectively prevent a biofilm. Both concepts are important when developing UVC radiation management plans that target established biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra R Braga
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Kailey N Richard
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Geoffrey Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Dong K, Chen J, Wu H. Assessing the effectiveness of filtration + UV-C radiation for the treatment of simulated ballast water at various holding times. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2564-2576. [PMID: 37257110 PMCID: wst_2023_146 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the issue of invasive alien species brought on by ballast water has drawn increasing attention, and advances in ballast water treatment technologies have been made. One of the most popular combined ballast water treatment technologies utilized in ballast water management systems (BWMSs) globally is filtration + UV-C radiation. During the actual voyage of the ship, ballast water is treated by the BWMS and then enters the dark ballast tanks until the ballast water is discharged. Marine organisms are able to complete DNA damage caused by UV radiation in dark ballast tanks. Therefore, the length of holding time affects the effectiveness of the BWMS in treating ballast water. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of filtration + UV-C irradiation treatment at different holding times for the removal or inactivation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations during simulated ballast water treatment. Results indicate that the holding time after the filtration + UV-C radiation treatment increased the inactivating efficacy, especially for zooplankton in natural seawater. For phytoplanktons in ballast water, the strongest impact on the treatment efficacy was reached with a holding time of 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China E-mail: ; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China E-mail: ; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kairui Dong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China E-mail: ; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianwu Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China E-mail: ; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China E-mail: ; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Li S, Tao Y, Zhan XM, Dao GH, Hu HY. UV-C irradiation for harmful algal blooms control: A literature review on effectiveness, mechanisms, influencing factors and facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137986. [PMID: 32222502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-C irradiation has drawn much attention in recent years as a candidate for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs). In this review, we have collated the recent knowledge about the UV-C irradiation technique for suppressing HABs, including the effectiveness, mechanisms, influencing factors, growth recovery pattern, and UV-C irradiation facilities. Most microalgal species have been proved to be effectively suppressed by UV-C irradiation and the suppression effects had positive correlation with UV-C dose. However, the effectiveness on difference algal species varied dramatically. The understanding for growth suppression mechanisms upon UV-C irradiation has been significantly deepened beyond pyrimidine dimers. The suppression effects on algal cell density were the results of UV-induced damage on nucleic acid, light harvesting and electron transfer and transportation, nitrogen fixation and assimilation, toxin synthesis, settle ability, antioxidative capacity and cellular membrane integrity. While several influencing factors, such as algal sensitivities, UV transmittance (UVT), salinity, pH, and microalgal growth recovery should be paid attention to in practical application. UV-C facilities with high maturity, especially flow-through reactors, make it possible to develop ship-born UV-C facilities and put UV-C irradiation technique into real practice on controlling HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Li
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Min Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Guo-Hua Dao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Romero-Martínez L, Rivas-Zaballos I, Moreno-Andrés J, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Effect of the length of dark storage following ultraviolet irradiation of Tetraselmis suecica and its implications for ballast water management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134611. [PMID: 31810674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the recent biological standards established by the Ballast Water Management Convention requires the application of ballast water treatment systems; ultraviolet irradiation is a frequently used option. However, organisms can repair the damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation primarily with photo-repair mechanisms that are dependent on the availability of light. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of dark storage following ultraviolet irradiation on the viability of the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Results showed that one day of dark storage after ultraviolet irradiation enhanced the inactivation rate by 50% with respect to the absence of dark storage and increased up to the 84% with five days of dark storage. These results are consistent with photorepair, mostly in the first two days, prevented in the dark. The dose required to inactivate a determined ratio of organisms was correlated with the length of the dark post-treatment according to an inverse proportional function. This correlation may help to optimize the operation of ultraviolet ballast water treatment systems. Further, the results show that growth assays can detect organisms that are capable of repair after treatment with UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Castro MCTD, Veldhuis MJW, Fileman TW, Hall-Spencer JM. Different approaches and limitations for testing phytoplankton viability in natural assemblies and treated ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:172-179. [PMID: 30503423 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is recognised as an unintentional efficient pathway for spreading non-native species, harmful organisms and pathogens. In 2004, a unique IMO Convention was adopted to control and minimize this transfer in ship's ballast water. This Convention entered into force on 8th September 2017. However, unlikely the majority of IMO Conventions, the Ballast Water Management Convention requires ships to comply with biological standards (e.g. concentration of organisms per unit of volume in ballast water discharges). This study aimed to apply different techniques developed to measure concentrations of viable phytoplankton in natural and treated ballast water samples and compare them with the established flow cytometry method and vital staining microscopy. Samples were collected in the English Channel over one year and on-board during ballast water shipboard efficacy tests. Natural abundance of live phytoplankton varied from 23% to 89% of the total, while for cells larger than 10 μm (a size defined by the BWM Convention) the percentage varied from 3% to 60%. An overall good correlation was seen between the measurements taken with the two fluorometers and in comparison with the flow cytometry analysis, as found in previous studies. Analysis of treated ballast water samples showed a large variation in the number of viable cells, however indicating a low level of risk on all occasions for regulatory purposes. One of the key aspects to bear in mind when sampling and analysing for compliance is to be aware of the limitations of each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia T de Castro
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Directorate of Ports and Coasts, Navy of Brazil, Rua Teófilo Otoni, 4, CEP 20090-070 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Timothy W Fileman
- PML Applications Ltd, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda City, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
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6
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Wang Z, Liang W, Guo X, Liu L. Inactivation of Scrippsiella trochoidea cysts by different physical and chemical methods: Application to the treatment of ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:150-158. [PMID: 29421082 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of heating, ultraviolet (UV), ultrasound (US), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and freshwater, and the combined treatments on inactivation of cysts of Scrippsiella trochoidea and cysts in sediment suspension were studied. Heating was the most efficient way to inactivate cyst germination, and cysts were completely inactivated at 38°C for 5h. UV, US, and freshwater efficiently inhibited but could not completely inactivate cyst germination. Effects of heating, UV, and US on cyst germination decreased for cysts in sediment, and germination rates increased by 6.7-48% compared to the same treatment for cysts without sediment. H2O2 significantly inhibited cyst germination, but complete inactivation occurred at high concentration for long duration (100mg/L, 6d). The combined treatments were more effective, especially the combinations of heating and UV. The results suggested that heating might be a feasible way for ballast water treatment especially after combined with filtration and UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Weibiao Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Rantalankila M, Koivistoinen H, Sarvasidze L, Sillanpää ME. Inactivation of Asterionellopsis glacialis in seawater using combinations of deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Olsen RO, Hoffmann F, Hess-Erga OK, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Hoell IA. Ultraviolet radiation as a ballast water treatment strategy: Inactivation of phytoplankton measured with flow cytometry. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:270-275. [PMID: 26719070 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates different UV doses (mJ/cm(2)) and the effect of dark incubation on the survival of the algae Tetraselmis suecica, to simulate ballast water treatment and subsequent transport. Samples were UV irradiated and analyzed by flow cytometry and standard culturing methods. Doses of ≥400 mJ/cm(2) rendered inactivation after 1 day as measured by all analytical methods, and are recommended for ballast water treatment if immediate impairment is required. Irradiation with lower UV doses (100-200 mJ/cm(2)) gave considerable differences of inactivation between experiments and analytical methods. Nevertheless, inactivation increased with increasing doses and incubation time. We argue that UV doses ≥100 mJ/cm(2) and ≤200 mJ/cm(2) can be sufficient if the water is treated at intake and left in dark ballast tanks. The variable results demonstrate the challenge of giving unambiguous recommendations on duration of dark incubation needed for inactivation when algae are treated with low UV doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Hoffmann
- University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway.
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Badve MP, Bhagat MN, Pandit AB. Microbial disinfection of seawater using hydrodynamic cavitation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Olsen RO, Hess-Erga OK, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Tobiesen A, Hoell IA. Flow cytometric applicability to evaluate UV inactivation of phytoplankton in marine water samples. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:279-285. [PMID: 25960276 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of microbes is of importance to prevent the spread of pathogens and non-indigenous species in the environment. Here we test the applicability of using flow cytometry (FCM) to evaluate inactivation of the phytoplankter Tetraselmis suecica after UV irradiation and labeling with the esterase substrate 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM). Non-irradiated and UV irradiated samples were analyzed with the plate count technique and FCM for 24 days. The numbers of colony forming units were used as a standard to develop a FCM protocol. Our protocol readily distinguishes live and dead cells, but challenges were encountered when determining whether UV damaged cells are dying or repairable. As damaged cells can represent a risk to aquatic organisms and/or humans, this was taken into account when developing the FCM protocol. In spite of the above mentioned challenges we argue that FCM represents an accurate and rapid method to analyze T. suecica samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49 B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - August Tobiesen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
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Stehouwer PP, Buma A, Peperzak L. A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2094-2104. [PMID: 25704551 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spread of aquatic invasive species through ballast water is a major ecological and economical threat. Because of this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set limits to the concentrations of organisms allowed in ballast water. To meet these limits, ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) were developed. The main techniques used for ballast water treatment are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochlorination (EC). In this study, phytoplankton regrowth after treatment was followed for six BWTSs. Natural plankton communities were treated and incubated for 20 days. Growth, photosystem II efficiency and species composition were followed. The three UV systems all showed similar patterns of decrease in phytoplankton concentrations followed by regrowth. The two EC and the chlorine dioxide systems showed comparable results. However, UV- and chlorine-based treatment systems showed significantly different responses. Overall, all BWTSs reduced phytoplankton concentrations to below the IMO limits, which represents a reduced risk of aquatic invasions through ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Paul Stehouwer
- a Department of Biological Oceanography , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB , Den Burg Texel , The Netherlands
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Feng D, Xu S, Liu G. Application of immobilized TiO2 photocatalysis to improve the inactivation of Heterosigma akashiwo in ballast water by intense pulsed light. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 125:102-107. [PMID: 25522854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water exotic discharge has been identified as a leading vector for marine species invasion. Here immobilized TiO2 photocatalysis is introduced to improve the performance of intense pulsed light. For intense pulsed light/TiO2 photocatalysis, a typical inactivation of 99.89±0.46% can be achieved under treatment condition of 1.78 L min(-1) flow rate, 300 V pulse peak voltage, 15 Hz pulse frequency and 5 ms pulse width. Moreover, within tested 220-260 V peak voltage, 18.37-40.51% elevation in inactivation is observed in comparison with intense pulsed light treatment alone. The rough energy consumption of the tested intense pulsed light/TiO2 treatment system is about 1.51-2.51 times higher than that of the typical commercial UV ballast water treatment system. The stability of the photocatalytic reactivity and intactness of loaded TiO2 film is proved within 20-d's test, while local erosion on stainless steel support is observed after 30-d's test. The results indicate that intense pulsed light/TiO2 photocatalysis is likely to be a competitive ballast water treatment technique, while further measures is needed to reduce the energy consumption and ensure the performance of TiO2 film in a long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolun Feng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Shihong Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Maritime College, Shandong Jiaotong University, Shandong Province 264200, PR China
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