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Lange ID, Razak TB, Perry CT, Maulana PB, Prasetya ME, Irwan, Lamont TA. Coral restoration can drive rapid reef carbonate budget recovery. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1341-1348.e3. [PMID: 38460511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Restoration is increasingly seen as a necessary tool to reverse ecological decline across terrestrial and marine ecosystems.1,2 Considering the unprecedented loss of coral cover and associated reef ecosystem services, active coral restoration is gaining traction in local management strategies and has recently seen major increases in scale. However, the extent to which coral restoration may restore key reef functions is poorly understood.3,4 Carbonate budgets, defined as the balance between calcium carbonate production and erosion, influence a reef's ability to provide important geo-ecological functions including structural complexity, reef framework production, and vertical accretion.5 Here we present the first assessment of reef carbonate budget trajectories at restoration sites. The study was conducted at one of the world's largest coral restoration programs, which transplants healthy coral fragments onto hexagonal metal frames to consolidate degraded rubble fields.6 Within 4 years, fast coral growth supports a rapid recovery of coral cover (from 17% ± 2% to 56% ± 4%), substrate rugosity (from 1.3 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.1) and carbonate production (from 7.2 ± 1.6 to 20.7 ± 2.2 kg m-2 yr-1). Four years after coral transplantation, net carbonate budgets have tripled and are indistinguishable from healthy control sites (19.1 ± 3.1 and 18.7 ± 2.2 kg m-2 yr-1, respectively). However, taxa-level contributions to carbonate production differ between restored and healthy reefs due to the preferential use of branching corals for transplantation. While longer observation times are necessary to observe any self-organization ability of restored reefs (natural recruitment, resilience to thermal stress), we demonstrate the potential of large-scale, well-managed coral restoration projects to recover important ecosystem functions within only 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines D Lange
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.
| | - Tries B Razak
- Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia; School of Coral Reef Restoration (SCORES), Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Chris T Perry
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | | | - Irwan
- Mars Sustainable Solutions, Makassar 90224, Indonesia
| | - Timothy Ac Lamont
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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2
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Edmunds PJ. Coral recruitment: patterns and processes determining the dynamics of coral populations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1862-1886. [PMID: 37340617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Coral recruitment describes the addition of new individuals to populations, and it is one of the most fundamental demographic processes contributing to population size. As many coral reefs around the world have experienced large declines in coral cover and abundance, there has been great interest in understanding the factors causing coral recruitment to vary and the conditions under which it can support community resilience. While progress in these areas is being facilitated by technological and scientific advances, one of the best tools to quantify recruitment remains the humble settlement tile, variants of which have been in use for over a century. Here I review the biology and ecology of coral recruits and the recruitment process, largely as resolved through the use of settlement tiles, by: (i) defining how the terms 'recruit' and 'recruitment' have been used, and explaining why loose terminology has impeded scientific advancement; (ii) describing how coral recruitment is measured and why settlement tiles have value for this purpose; (iii) summarizing previous efforts to review quantitative analyses of coral recruitment; (iv) describing advances from hypothesis-driven studies in determining how refuges, seawater flow, and grazers can modulate coral recruitment; (v) reviewing the biology of small corals (i.e. recruits) to understand better how they respond to environmental conditions; and (vi) updating a quantitative compilation of coral recruitment studies extending from 1974 to present, thus revealing long-term global declines in density of recruits, juxtaposed with apparent resilience to coral bleaching. Finally, I review future directions in the study of coral recruitment, and highlight the need to expand studies to deliver taxonomic resolution, and explain why time series of settlement tile deployments are likely to remain pivotal in quantifying coral recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA
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3
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Borbee EM, Ayu IP, Carvalho P, Restiana E, Setiawan F, Subhan B, Humphries AT, Madduppa H, Lane CE. Rubble fields shape planktonic protist communities in Indonesia at a local scale. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12954. [PMID: 36401815 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Coral Triangle encompasses nearly 30% of the world's coral reefs and is widely considered the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Destructive fishing practices and natural disturbances common to this region damage reefs leaving behind fields of coral rubble. While the impacts of disturbances in these ecosystems are well documented on metazoans, we have a poor understanding of their impact on microbial communities at the base of the food web. We use metabarcoding to characterize protist community composition in sites of varying fisheries management schemes and benthic profiles across the island of Lombok, Indonesia. Our study shows that rubble coverage and net primary productivity are the strongest explainers of variation in protist communities across Lombok. More specifically, rubble fields are characterized by increases in small heterotrophic protists, including ciliates and cercozoans. In addition to shifts in heterotrophic protist communities, we also observed increases in diatom relative abundance in rubble fields, which corresponded to sites with higher net primary productivity. These results are the first to characterize protist communities in tropical marine rubble fields and provide insight on environmental factors potentially driving these shifts on a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Borbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Inna Puspa Ayu
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Institut Pertainian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Paul Carvalho
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ester Restiana
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Institut Pertainian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Fisheries, University of Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Fahkrizal Setiawan
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Institut Pertainian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Beginer Subhan
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Institut Pertainian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Austin T Humphries
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hawis Madduppa
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Institut Pertainian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Christopher E Lane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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4
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Srisuwan W, Sabhasri C, Chansue N, Haetrakul T. Using biomimicry and bibliometric mapping to guide design and production of artificial coral reefs. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 180:105685. [PMID: 36037647 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, artificial reefs are being installed to simultaneously attract recreational divers and protect deteriorating natural reefs. This study uses a bibliometric review of artificial coral reefs to identify five clusters as gate criteria for artificial reef design. These clusters enable the conceptualization and testing of artificial reefs for optimum integration of sociotechnical requirements, biological integrity, and ecological marine health. The five clusters are: (1) applications, solutions, and performance; (2) management, technology, and science; (3) calcification, biomineralization, chemistry, and ocean acidification; (4) coral species survival, mortality, and photosynthesis; and (5) artificial reef development, and coral and fish recruitment. The six biomimicry design stages are: define, biologize, discover, abstract, emulate, and evaluate. The 3D printing and hard corals design attracted a large number of planula larvae and different inhabitant corals, and a high species diversity in the surrounding waters. Practical implications include biomimicry-based means for coral reef restoration and recreational ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warut Srisuwan
- Technopreneurship and Innovation Management Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Chaloem Rajakumari 60 Building, 10(th) Floor, Phayathai Rd., Phatumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chayodom Sabhasri
- Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nantarika Chansue
- Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center of Excellence (VMARCE), Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanida Haetrakul
- Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center of Excellence (VMARCE), Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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5
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Reverter M, Helber SB, Rohde S, de Goeij JM, Schupp PJ. Coral reef benthic community changes in the Anthropocene: Biogeographic heterogeneity, overlooked configurations, and methodology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1956-1971. [PMID: 34951504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-random community changes are becoming more frequent in many ecosystems. In coral reefs, changes towards communities dominated by other than hard corals are increasing in frequency, with severe impacts on ecosystem functioning and provision of ecosystem services. Although new research suggests that a variety of alternative communities (i.e. not dominated by hard corals) exist, knowledge on the global diversity and functioning of alternative coral reef benthic communities, especially those not dominated by algae, remains scattered. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 523 articles, we analyse the different coral reef benthic community changes reported to date and discuss the advantages and limitations of the methods used to study these changes. Furthermore, we used field cover data (1116 reefs from the ReefCheck database) to explore the biogeographic and latitudinal patterns in dominant benthic organisms. We found a mismatch between literature focus on coral-algal changes (over half of the studies analysed) and observed global natural patterns. We identified strong biogeographic patterns, with the largest and most biodiverse biogeographic regions (Western and Central Indo-Pacific) presenting previously overlooked soft-coral-dominated communities as the most abundant alternative community. Finally, we discuss the potential biases associated with methods that overlook ecologically important cryptobenthic communities and the potential of new technological advances in improving monitoring efforts. As coral reef communities inevitably and swiftly change under changing ocean conditions, there is an urgent need to better understand the distribution, dynamics as well as the ecological and societal impacts of these new communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Reverter
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Stephanie B Helber
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jasper M de Goeij
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
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6
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Koester A, Ford AK, Ferse SCA, Migani V, Bunbury N, Sanchez C, Wild C. First insights into coral recruit and juvenile abundances at remote Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260516. [PMID: 34874982 PMCID: PMC8651144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral recruitment and successive growth are essential for post-disturbance reef recovery. As coral recruit and juvenile abundances vary across locations and under different environmental regimes, their assessment at remote, undisturbed reefs improves our understanding of early life stage dynamics of corals. Here, we first explored changes in coral juvenile abundance across three locations (lagoon, seaward west and east) at remote Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles) between 2015 and 2019, which spanned the 2015/16 global coral bleaching event. Secondly, we measured variation in coral recruit abundance on settlement tiles from two sites (lagoon, seaward reef) during August 2018-August 2019. Juvenile abundance decreased from 14.1 ± 1.2 to 7.4 ± 0.5 colonies m-2 (mean ± SE) during 2015-2016 and increased to 22.4 ± 1.2 colonies m-2 during 2016-2019. Whilst juvenile abundance increased two- to three-fold at the lagoonal and seaward western sites during 2016-2018 (from 7.7-8.3 to 17.3-24.7 colonies m-2), increases at the seaward eastern sites occurred later (2018-2019; from 5.8-6.9 to 16.6-24.1 colonies m-2). The composition of coral recruits on settlement tiles was dominated by Pocilloporidae (64-92% of all recruits), and recruit abundance was 7- to 47-fold higher inside than outside the lagoon. Recruit abundance was highest in October-December 2018 (2164 ± 453 recruits m-2) and lowest in June-August 2019 (240 ± 98 recruits m-2). As Acroporid recruit abundance corresponded to this trend, the results suggest that broadcast spawning occurred during October-December, when water temperature increased from 26 to 29°C. This study provides the first published record on coral recruit abundance in the Seychelles Outer Islands, indicates a rapid (2-3 years) increase of juvenile corals following a bleaching event, and provides crucial baseline data for future research on reef resilience and connectivity within the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koester
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Seychelles Islands Foundation, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Amanda K. Ford
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Sebastian C. A. Ferse
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Valentina Migani
- Institute for Ecology, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nancy Bunbury
- Seychelles Islands Foundation, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Sanchez
- Seychelles Islands Foundation, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Wild
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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7
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Guan Y, Hohn S, Wild C, Merico A. Vulnerability of global coral reef habitat suitability to ocean warming, acidification and eutrophication. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5646-5660. [PMID: 32713061 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are threatened by global and local stressors. Yet, reefs appear to respond differently to different environmental stressors. Using a global dataset of coral reef occurrence as a proxy for the long-term adaptation of corals to environmental conditions in combination with global environmental data, we show here how global (warming: sea surface temperature; acidification: aragonite saturation state, Ωarag ) and local (eutrophication: nitrate concentration, and phosphate concentration) stressors influence coral reef habitat suitability. We analyse the relative distance of coral communities to their regional environmental optima. In addition, we calculate the expected change of coral reef habitat suitability across the tropics in relation to an increase of 0.1°C in temperature, an increase of 0.02 μmol/L in nitrate, an increase of 0.01 μmol/L in phosphate and a decrease of 0.04 in Ωarag . Our findings reveal that only 6% of the reefs worldwide will be unaffected by local and global stressors and can thus act as temporary refugia. Local stressors, driven by nutrient increase, will affect 22% of the reefs worldwide, whereas global stressors will affect 11% of these reefs. The remaining 61% of the reefs will be simultaneously affected by local and global stressors. Appropriate wastewater treatments can mitigate local eutrophication and could increase areas of temporary refugia to 28%, allowing us to 'buy time', while international agreements are found to abate global stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- Systems Ecology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sönke Hohn
- Systems Ecology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Wild
- Department Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 2), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Agostino Merico
- Systems Ecology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physics & Earth Sciences, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
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8
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Quimpo TJR, Ligson CA, Manogan DP, Requilme JNC, Albelda RL, Conaco C, Cabaitan PC. Fish farm effluents alter reef benthic assemblages and reduce coral settlement. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:111025. [PMID: 32275570 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish farming in coastal areas is a rapidly growing industry. However, unregulated fish farming practices that release massive amounts of unconsumed feed and fecal material into the water column, can result in a nutrient-enriched environment that extends to nearby reef systems. To understand the impact of fish farm effluent on coral settlement, we tested the settlement rate of Pocillopora acuta larvae on artificial substrates conditioned for 12 weeks at three sites with increasing distance (2-10 km) from fish farms in Bolinao, Philippines. Sites far from the fish farms had higher biofilm and crustose coralline algae cover. In contrast, the site closest to the fish farms, where nutrient levels were higher, had greater sediment and turf algae cover. Tiles conditioned at the farther sites promoted higher (6-8%) larval settlement whereas tiles from the nearer site had lower settlement (3%). These findings show that fish farm effluents can indirectly affect coral settlement on adjacent reefs by promoting growth of other biota that may inhibit larval settlement and by reducing the availability of suitable substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Joseph R Quimpo
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Charlon A Ligson
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Dana P Manogan
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Jeremiah Noelle C Requilme
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Ritzelle L Albelda
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Patrick C Cabaitan
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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9
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Wong CWM, Conti-Jerpe I, Raymundo LJ, Dingle C, Araujo G, Ponzo A, Baker DM. Whale Shark Tourism: Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 63:282-291. [PMID: 30515531 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reef-based tourism has been developing rapidly in recent decades yet its impacts on reef ecosystems are often overlooked. In Tan-awan, Oslob, Philippines, whale sharks are attracted to the shallow reefs where they are provisioned up to 50 tons y-1 of feed and this phenomenon in turn attracts >300,000 y-1 visitors. Given the intensive provisioning and concentrating tourism activities, we hypothesized that the whale shark tourism-impacted site (IS) will have greater impacts on reef degradation and higher anthropogenic nitrogen pollution level compared to its reference site (RS). Ecological surveys revealed that relative to the RS, the IS had 36% higher relative abundance of Pocillopora and Porites coral over other genera, >2.5-fold lower coral density, and 20% higher macroalgal cover, which we concluded are signs of reef degradation. Also, we conducted stable nitrogen isotope analysis on gorgonian skeletons to trace nitrogen sources at both sites through time. Although an average 1‰ isotope enrichment found in the IS relative to the RS could indicate anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the IS, this enrichment was consistent over time and existed before the tourism developed. Despite that, we cautioned against the imminent threat of local eutrophication caused by the continued inputs of nitrogen derived from provisioning and tourism activities. In summary, this study provided the first documentation of the impacts of provisioned whale shark tourism on the local reefs in Tan-awan and established an ecological baseline for future comparisons. Such assessments can offer important information on reef health, coastal development, and tourism management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Martin Wong
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Inga Conti-Jerpe
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Laurie J Raymundo
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU, 96923, USA
| | - Caroline Dingle
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gonzalo Araujo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, Barangay Tejero, Jagna, Bohol, 6308, Philippines
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, Barangay Tejero, Jagna, Bohol, 6308, Philippines
| | - David M Baker
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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10
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Heery EC, Hoeksema BW, Browne NK, Reimer JD, Ang PO, Huang D, Friess DA, Chou LM, Loke LHL, Saksena-Taylor P, Alsagoff N, Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Vo ST, Bos AR, Gumanao GS, Syed Hussein MA, Waheed Z, Lane DJW, Johan O, Kunzmann A, Jompa J, Taira D, Bauman AG, Todd PA. Urban coral reefs: Degradation and resilience of hard coral assemblages in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:654-681. [PMID: 30301085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Given predicted increases in urbanization in tropical and subtropical regions, understanding the processes shaping urban coral reefs may be essential for anticipating future conservation challenges. We used a case study approach to identify unifying patterns of urban coral reefs and clarify the effects of urbanization on hard coral assemblages. Data were compiled from 11 cities throughout East and Southeast Asia, with particular focus on Singapore, Jakarta, Hong Kong, and Naha (Okinawa). Our review highlights several key characteristics of urban coral reefs, including "reef compression" (a decline in bathymetric range with increasing turbidity and decreasing water clarity over time and relative to shore), dominance by domed coral growth forms and low reef complexity, variable city-specific inshore-offshore gradients, early declines in coral cover with recent fluctuating periods of acute impacts and rapid recovery, and colonization of urban infrastructure by hard corals. We present hypotheses for urban reef community dynamics and discuss potential of ecological engineering for corals in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza C Heery
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Bert W Hoeksema
- Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicola K Browne
- Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bentley Campus, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - James D Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan; Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Put O Ang
- Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Daniel A Friess
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Loke Ming Chou
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Lynette H L Loke
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Poonam Saksena-Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Nadia Alsagoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Thamasak Yeemin
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Makamas Sutthacheep
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Si Tuan Vo
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Cau Da, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Arthur R Bos
- Department of Biology, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Girley S Gumanao
- Marine Biology Department, Davao del Norte State College, New Visayas, 8105 Panabo City, the Philippines
| | - Muhammad Ali Syed Hussein
- Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zarinah Waheed
- Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - David J W Lane
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Singapore
| | - Ofri Johan
- Research Institute for Ornamental Fish Culture, Jl. Perikanan No. 13, Pancoran Mas, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat 16436, Indonesia
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jamaluddin Jompa
- Department of Marine Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Daisuke Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Andrew G Bauman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Peter A Todd
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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Williams SL, Sur C, Janetski N, Hollarsmith JA, Rapi S, Barron L, Heatwole SJ, Yusuf AM, Yusuf S, Jompa J, Mars F. Large‐scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Williams
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California—Davis PO Box 247, Bodega Bay CA 94923‐2047 U.S.A
| | - Christine Sur
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Graduate Group in Ecology University of California—Davis PO Box 247, Bodega Bay California 94923‐2047 U.S.A
| | - Noel Janetski
- Jl. Kima 10 Kav A‐6 Daya Biringkanay, Makassar South Sulawesi 90241 Indonesia
| | - Jordan A. Hollarsmith
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Graduate Group in Ecology University of California—Davis PO Box 247, Bodega Bay California 94923‐2047 U.S.A
| | - Saipul Rapi
- Jl. Kima 10 Kav A‐6 Daya Biringkanay, Makassar South Sulawesi 90241 Indonesia
| | - Luke Barron
- Jl. Kima 10 Kav A‐6 Daya Biringkanay, Makassar South Sulawesi 90241 Indonesia
| | - Siobhan J. Heatwole
- Jl. Kima 10 Kav A‐6 Daya Biringkanay, Makassar South Sulawesi 90241 Indonesia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Andi M. Yusuf
- Jl. Kima 10 Kav A‐6 Daya Biringkanay, Makassar South Sulawesi 90241 Indonesia
| | - Syafyudin Yusuf
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries Hasanuddin University Makassar South Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Jamaluddin Jompa
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries Hasanuddin University Makassar South Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Frank Mars
- Mars, Inc. 6885 Elm St., McLean VA 22101 U.S.A
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SEAMANCORE: A spatially explicit simulation model for assisting the local MANagement of COral REefs. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Coral Recruit-Algae Interactions in Coral Reef Lagoons Are Mediated by Riverine Influences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1351854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coral recruit and algae abundance and diversity were studied in Kenyan reefs to determine the influence of terrestrial discharge (nutrients and sediments) and the recovery potential of coral reefs after disturbances. Reefs affected by sediments and nutrients were found to have high total, turf, and macroalgae but reduced coralline algae abundance and coral recruit density. Interestingly, this response was found to be the greatest in reefs close to nutrient sources relative to “pristine” reefs and those affected simultaneously by sediments and nutrients. Further, enhanced levels of brown algae and pocilloporid recruits were observed in reefs affected by terrestrial run-off whereas acroporid recruit, coralline, and calcareous algae abundance was high in reefs under low terrestrial input. Our results show that whereas increased sediment levels negatively affect coral recruit density individually, their interaction with nutrients improves recruit density in reefs simultaneously affected by sediment and nutrients. These findings suggest that the assessment of local factors that enhance inhibitory and those that suppress promotional processes involved in coral settlement and recruitment is an important aspect to consider in the conservation and management of coral reefs in the face of local anthropogenic stress as well as future climate disturbance dynamics and their interaction.
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Bauman AG, Guest JR, Dunshea G, Low J, Todd PA, Steinberg PD. Coral settlement on a highly disturbed equatorial reef system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127874. [PMID: 25992562 PMCID: PMC4439049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes occurring early in the life stages of corals can greatly influence the demography of coral populations, and successful settlement of coral larvae that leads to recruitment is a critical life history stage for coral reef ecosystems. Although corals in Singapore persist in one the world’s most anthropogenically impacted reef systems, our understanding of the role of coral settlement in the persistence of coral communities in Singapore remains limited. Spatial and temporal patterns of coral settlement were examined at 7 sites in the southern islands of Singapore, using settlement tiles deployed and collected every 3 months from 2011 to 2013. Settlement occurred year round, but varied significantly across time and space. Annual coral settlement was low (~54.72 spat m-2 yr-1) relative to other equatorial regions, but there was evidence of temporal variation in settlement rates. Peak settlement occurred between March–May and September–November, coinciding with annual coral spawning periods (March–April and October), while the lowest settlement occurred from December–February during the northeast monsoon. A period of high settlement was also observed between June and August in the first year (2011/12), possibly due to some species spawning outside predicted spawning periods, larvae settling from other locations or extended larval settlement competency periods. Settlement rates varied significantly among sites, but spatial variation was relatively consistent between years, suggesting the strong effects of local coral assemblages or environmental conditions. Pocilloporidae were the most abundant coral spat (83.6%), while Poritidae comprised only 6% of the spat, and Acroporidae <1%. Other, unidentifiable families represented 10% of the coral spat. These results indicate that current settlement patterns are reinforcing the local adult assemblage structure (‘others’; i.e. sediment-tolerant coral taxa) in Singapore, but that the replenishment capacity of Singapore’s reefs appears relatively constrained, which could lead to less resilient reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Bauman
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - James R. Guest
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn Dunshea
- Ecological Marine Services, Burnett Heads, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffery Low
- National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter A. Todd
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Steinberg
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Jessen C, Voolstra CR, Wild C. In situ effects of simulated overfishing and eutrophication on settlement of benthic coral reef invertebrates in the Central Red Sea. PeerJ 2014; 2:e339. [PMID: 24765573 PMCID: PMC3994645 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Central Red Sea, healthy coral reefs meet intense coastal development, but data on the effects of related stressors for reef functioning are lacking. This in situ study therefore investigated the independent and combined effects of simulated overfishing through predator/grazer exclusion and simulated eutrophication through fertilizer addition on settlement of reef associated invertebrates on light-exposed and -shaded tiles over 4 months. At the end of the study period invertebrates had almost exclusively colonized shaded tiles. Algae were superior settling competitors on light-exposed tiles. On the shaded tiles, simulated overfishing prevented settlement of hard corals, but significantly increased settlement of polychaetes, while simulated eutrophication only significantly decreased hard coral settlement relative to controls. The combined treatment significantly increased settlement of bryozoans and bivalves compared to controls and individual manipulations, but significantly decreased polychaetes compared to simulated overfishing. These results suggest settlement of polychaetes and hard corals as potential bioindicators for overfishing and eutrophication, respectively, and settlement of bivalves and bryozoans for a combination of both. Therefore, if the investigated stressors are not controlled, phase shifts from dominance by hard corals to that by other invertebrates may occur at shaded reef locations in the Central Red Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jessen
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology , Bremen , Germany
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal , Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Wild
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology , Bremen , Germany ; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen , Germany
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