1
|
Ying Z, Chen S, Zhang C, Liao Q, Yuan F, Feng D, Wang S, Liu Q, Hao Z. Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil PAHs under different ecosystem habitats in the Liaohe River Estuary Wetlands, Northeastern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2025; 210:117289. [PMID: 39613515 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
The vertical distribution, sources and influencing factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil across ecosystem habitats were investigated around the Liaohe River Estuary (LRE) Wetland. The concentration of Ʃ16PAHs ranged from 41.0 to 435.4 ng g-1 dw, with a predominance of low molecular weight PAHs. Overall, PAHs and physicochemical properties of soil decreased with depth. Vegetation was found to increase soil PAHs. Additionally, soil physicochemical properties also regulated PAHs concentration, particularly for PAHs with high molecular weight. Among the habitats, total organic carbon was the key influencing factor for Suaeda heteroptera, while specific surface area was crucial for Phragmites australis. Results of characteristic ratio method and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs in LRE primarily originate petroleum, coal and biomass combustion. In summary, vegetation colonization significantly affected the distribution, sources, and controlling factors of PAHs. These findings are meaningful for management of soil PAHs across various ecosystem habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200441, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qihang Liao
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dawei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhe Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Han B, Wang G, Zheng L, Lu Z. Distribution characteristics, source analysis and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the western Honghai Bay of China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 208:117001. [PMID: 39303551 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The distribution characteristics and risk levels of PAHs in surface sediment in the Honghai Bay of China are studied in this paper. The results showed that the concentration of total PAHs in this area ranged from 100.65 ng·g-1 to 241.31 ng·g-1, with an average concentration of 158.83 ng·g-1. The tricyclic PAHs were the main components in the detected PAHs. PAH pollution levels in this region were low and moderate as compared with adjacent areas. Traceability results showed that the sediment PAHs mainly originate from coal and biomass combustion. PAHs concentrations at some stations were above the Environmental Quality Reference Level. The PAHs toxicity and ecological risk level in surface sediments in the area was determined to be low to moderate by toxicity equivalence testing and risk entropy value assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Liu
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Bin Han
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Gui Wang
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Hong X, Song H, Zhang T, Chen K, Chu J. Exploring source-specific ecological risks of PAHs near oil platforms in the Yellow River Estuary, Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116870. [PMID: 39173476 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The Yellow River Estuary (YRE) is one of highly remarkable regions profoundly impacted by human activities, with numerous oil platforms dispersed throughout. In this area, offshore oil exploitation may pose significant ecological risks. To comprehensively evaluate the quantitative impacts of oil field exploitation on the marine coastal ecosystem, this study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks associated with 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater and sediment near oil platforms in the YRE. We found that 1) The concentrations of PAHs decreased from the surface seawater to sediments; 2) The ecological risk level of PAHs in seawater exceeded that in sediments; 3) terrestrial sources (combustion), rather than offshore oil drilling activities, significantly influenced regional ecological risks through processes of atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. These findings provide essential data for future estuarine research efforts while supporting mitigation measures aimed at addressing marine environmental pollution related to oil production activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Xuguang Hong
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Hongjun Song
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Kan Chen
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China.
| | - Jiansong Chu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng X, Mao L, Peng M, Cai Y, Wang T, Luo Z, Kumar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal rivers in Jiangsu Province, China: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and human impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133576. [PMID: 38278070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is the ultimate sink for all pollutants, rivers are important channels for land-based pollutants to enter the oceans. Riverine transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to coastal seas in China poses environmental threats. This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of PAHs in coastal rivers in Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province of China, with the aim of identifying their likely sources, concentrations, and influencing factors. Surface sediments were taken from the Xinyanggang River (XYR) and the Sheyang River (SYR). The concentrations of Ʃ16PAHs in river sediments were measured on average 477.05 ng/g dry weight (dw), with values varying from 2.18 to 6351.42 ng/g, indicating a moderate pollution level, with a dominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The XYR exhibited significantly higher PAHs concentrations compared to the SYR. The key sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions (47.87%), coal and natural gas combustion (35.07%). Geographically weighted regression and redundancy analysis linked PAHs pollution to distinct land use patterns and socioeconomic indicators, highlighting urban land as the major contributor, driven by high urbanization and industrialization (70.91%). In XYR, industrial activities and transport emissions were major contributors, while in SYR, agricultural activities predominantly influenced PAHs pollution. Urgent mitigation strategies are needed to reduce PAHs pollution in river sediments, mitigating ecological and human risks associated with these contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mo Peng
- Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Sun T, Li F, Ji C, Wu H. Risk assessment of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater of typical bays in the Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116030. [PMID: 38266481 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The ecological risks of trace metals (Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) and PAHs in seawater from three typical bays of the Bohai Sea (the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizhou Bay) were comprehensively assessed by recompiling 637 sites. Results highlighted that scrutiny should be given to the ecological risks of Cu (3.80 μg/L) in the Bohai Bay and Hg (0.23 μg/L) in the Laizhou Bay. Conversely, the Liaodong Bay exhibited negligible ecological risks related to trace metals. The risks of ΣPAHs in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizhou Bay were moderate, with mean concentrations of 368.16 ng/L, 731.93 ng/L, and 187.58 ng/L, respectively. The source allocation of trace metals and PAHs required consideration of spatial variability and anthropogenic factors, which greatly affected the distribution and composition of these pollutants. The combined ecological risks in the Bohai Bay (6.80 %) and Laizhou Bay (5.43 %) deserved more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Y, Wang J, Xin M, Wang B, Lin C. Spatial distribution and partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water and sediment of the southern Bohai Sea: Yellow River and PAH property influences. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120873. [PMID: 37980864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The marginal Bohai Sea, connected to the northwestern Pacific Ocean, is threatened by human activity. The Yellow River, the second largest river in China, drains large amounts of water, silts, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the southern Bohai Sea; however, to what extent the Yellow River inputs influence the spatial distributions and partitions of PAHs in the southern Bohai Sea is not well known. Therefore, this study collected surface water, bottom water, and sediment samples from the southern Bohai Sea and analyzed them to examine the spatial distributions and partitions of 15 priority PAHs. The results showed that PAH concentrations ranged from 26.9 to 50.1 ng L-1 in surface water, 18.8 to 44.1 ng L-1 in bottom water, and 7.4 to 143.9 ng g-1 in sediment, with higher proportions of four-, five-, and six-ring PAHs in sediment than in water. PAH inputs from the Yellow River and sea coastal currents determined the spatial distribution of PAH concentrations in water and sediment, with an overall decrease from the estuary to the southeast. However, the solid dilution effect of input silts from the Yellow River and the liquid dilution effect of water from the Yellow River and Yellow Sea led to lower PAH concentrations in the water and sediment of the southern Bohai Sea than those in other areas of the Bohai Sea. PAH exchange between the atmosphere and seawater led to significantly higher individual PAH concentrations (except for acenaphthylene) in the surface water than in the bottom water, with ratios significantly related to the PAH n-octanol-water partition coefficient, organic carbon-water partition coefficient, and Henry's law constants. These parameters also determined PAH partitioning between the bottom water and sediment. Individual and total PAH concentrations in the sediment were significantly correlated with organic matter, clay, and silt contents. Therefore, the partitions and spatial distributions of PAHs in the southern Bohai Sea comprehensively depend on PAH properties, PAH inputs from the Yellow River and the atmosphere, sea currents, and seawater and sediment properties. The ecological risks posed by individual PAHs in both water and sediment were negligible or acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Cao
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan X, An J, Zhang Y, Wei S, He W, Zhou Q. Photochemical degradation in natural attenuation of characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons (C 10-C 40) in crude oil polluted soil by simulated long term solar irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132259. [PMID: 37633018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation process plays an important role in the natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in oil contaminated soil. The photodegradation characteristics of PHs (C10-C40) in topsoil of crude oil contaminated soil irradiated by simulated sunlight in 280 d without microbial action were investigated. The results showed that photodegradation rate of PHs was increased with increasing the light intensity and decreased with increasing the initial concentration of PHs. Moreover, the photodegradation capacity of tested PHs was relevant to the length of carbon chain. The photodegradation rates of C10-C20 were higher than that of C21-C40 in photoperiod. C21-C40 showed an obvious trend of photodegradation after 56 d, although their photodegradation rates were less than 20% at the early stage. And, the redundancy analysis indicated that lighting time was the primary factor for photodegradation of PHs under abiotic conditions. The photodegradation rate was well interpreted by a two-stage, first-order kinetic law with a faster initial photolysis rate. The EPR spectrums showed that simulated solar irradiation accelerated the generation of superoxide radicals, which could react with PHs in soil. Also, the function groups in PHs polluted soil were changed after light exposure, which might imply the possible photodegradation pathway of PHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Yanzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Zhang Z, Huang W, Liu H, Zhang R, Jiao H, Sun A, Chen J, Shi X. Environmental profile, potential sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a typical coastal bay and outer bay area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3. [PMID: 37264168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present and accumulate in multimedia environments. The pollution characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, potential sources, influencing factors, and ecological risks of 16 PAHs were investigated in the water-sediment system of the Hangzhou Bay and outer bay area (HZB and OBA, respectively). The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) were 220 ± 97.0 and 130 ± 36.0 ng/L in the seawater and 343 ± 179 and 505 ± 415 μg/kg (dry weight) in the sediments of the HZB and OBA, respectively. The pollution level of PAHs in the HZB seawater was higher than that in the OBA seawater, but the opposite result was found in the sediments. Moreover, ∑PAHs exhibited high temporal variability in the HZB seawater (rainy season > dry season), whereas ∑PAHs in the sediments showed no significant difference between seasons. The molecular diagnostic ratio method was used to identify pollution sources and showed that the PAHs in seawater came from different pollution sources (fuel combustion and petroleum), whereas the PAHs in the sediments originated from coincident sources (mixed combustion). Correlation analysis revealed that temperature was positively related to ∑PAHs, whereas salinity was negatively related to seawater ∑PAHs values. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that the potential for adverse ecological effects was low to moderate in seawater but moderate to high in the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jiao
- College of Biological and Environment Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao M, Fan J, Guo C, Chen M, Lv J, Sun W, Xi B, Xu J. Comprehensive investigation and risk assessment of organic contaminants in Yellow River Estuary using suspect and nontarget screening strategies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107843. [PMID: 36822001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) include numerous chemicals that may pose known and unknown risks to the ecosystem, and identification and risk ranking of these compounds is essential for the environmental management. In this study, liquid and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS and GC-QTOF-MS) were used to characterize the occurrence of CECs in the surface water of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE). A total of 295 and 315 chemicals were identified by LC-QTOF-MS and GC-QTOF-MS, respectively. The occurrence of two compounds, erucamide and 2-phenylquinoline, was for the first time reported in the aquatic environment in YRE. The concentrations of 121 CECs, including 35 antibiotics, 49 pesticides and veterinary, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 21 phthalic acid esters were further quantified by target analysis, which showed the detection of 99 compounds in the surface water in the range of 7.07-4611.26 ng/L. Ecological risks of pollutants based on the risk quotient (RQ) method revealed that 13 pollutants posed ecological risks to the aquatic ecosystem (RQ > 1), and pesticides (n = 12) were the main risk contributors. Here, all CECs data sets were finally transformed and ranked in the framework of the toxicological priority index (ToxPi), and a total of 81 priority control pollutants were identified in the surface water of YRE. This study highlighted the necessity of suspect and nontarget screening for CECs in estuaries, and revealed the importance of localized contamination sources in urban and agricultural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingpu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiapei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Teodora Ciucure C, Geana EI, Lidia Chitescu C, Laurentiu Badea S, Elena Ionete R. Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters and sediments from Olt River dam reservoirs in Romania. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137024. [PMID: 36323388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study provides important data on the distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in surface waters and sediments collected from dam reservoirs on middle and lower course of the Olt River, the main tributary of the Danube, until the discharge into the Black Sea. A wide variation range of total PAHs concentrations in water (from 1.3 to 46.2 ng/L) and sediment (from 1.78 to 614.04 μg/kg) samples was emphasized by the results. The highest average PAHs concentration in water was recorded in the cold season and the lowest in the summer. In sediments, no differences were observed depending on the sampling period. Spatial distribution of PAHs in waters and sediments was correlated with the main anthropogenic activities along the river course. Regardless of the method used to attribute PAH sources (diagnostic ratios of specific PAHs, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis), it was confirmed that the potential anthropogenic sources of PAHs were both pyrogenic (incomplete combustion of biomass and coal) and pyrolytic (incomplete combustion of liquid fossil fuels and vehicle exhaust emissions), with a dominant pyrolytic input. Ecological risk assessment based on environmental quality standards, mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-Q), toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and risk quotient (RQ) methods indicated potentially low ecological risks from PAHs. The ecological status of the Olt river waters poses no potential risk, and pollution of surface sediments can be classified as low polluted, except for two sites near industrial activities classified as moderately polluted. Therefore, a regular monitoring of PAHs concentration in the waters and sediments should be performed to prevent further contamination of PAHs in the studied area, especially in densely populated industrial areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Teodora Ciucure
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania.
| | - Carmen Lidia Chitescu
- Dunarea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 35 A.I. Cuza Str., 800010, Galaţi, Romania
| | - Silviu Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
| | - Roxana Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Zheng X, Wang Y, Lin H, Zhang H. Evaluation of phenanthrene removal from soil washing effluent by activated carbon adsorption using response surface methodology. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Jabali Y, Iaaly A, Millet M. Environmental occurrence, spatial distribution, and source identification of PAHs in surface and groundwater samples of Abou Ali River-North Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:714. [PMID: 34637012 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses the concentrations, spatial distribution, compositional patterns, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the dissolved aqueous phase along the Abou Ali River course. The 16 priority PAHs, listed by the USEPA, were investigated in surface- and groundwater samples for 2 years starting August 2015 and ending in March 2017. Statistical analysis was done by using the ANOVA test at p < 0.05. The spatial distribution analysis and illustration were done using the ARC GIS software. The total PAHs concentration in surface and groundwater samples varied between not detected to 15.162 ng mL-1 and not detected to 0.635 ng mL-1, respectively. The highest concentration of PAHs in surface water was observed at site S16, downstream of the river. However, the absence of PAHs was noticed at sites S1 and S2 of the upstream. The contamination levels of PAHs were found to be high in surface water samples, and low in groundwater samples. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs were the most abundant species among others in surface water samples, whereas the 3-ring PAHs were the most abundant in groundwater. Pyrogenic inputs deriving from fuel combustion, incineration, and miscellaneous burning were found to be the main PAH sources in surface and groundwater without ignoring the contribution of petrogenic inputs in some areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Jabali
- Institut de Chimie Et Procedes Pour L'Energie, L'Environnement Et La Sante (ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS), Groupe de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphere, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Balamand, Kelhat-El Koura, Lebanon
| | - Amal Iaaly
- Geographic Information System Center, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Balamand, Kelhat-El Koura, Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie Et Procedes Pour L'Energie, L'Environnement Et La Sante (ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS), Groupe de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphere, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Applications of Biocatalysts for Sustainable Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous, teratogenic and mutagenic, and have gained significant attention in recent years due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. Phenolic compounds appear in petroleum refinery wastewater from several sources, such as the neutralized spent caustic waste streams, the tank water drain, the desalter effluent and the production unit. Therefore, effective treatments of such wastewaters are crucial. Conventional techniques used to treat these wastewaters pose several drawbacks, such as incomplete or low efficient removal of phenols. Recently, biocatalysts have attracted much attention for the sustainable and effective removal of toxic chemicals like phenols from wastewaters. The advantages of biocatalytic processes over the conventional treatment methods are their ability to operate over a wide range of operating conditions, low consumption of oxidants, simpler process control, and no delays or shock loading effects associated with the start-up/shutdown of the plant. Among different biocatalysts, oxidoreductases (i.e., tyrosinase, laccase and horseradish peroxidase) are known as green catalysts with massive potentialities to sustainably tackle phenolic contaminants of high concerns. Such enzymes mainly catalyze the o-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of environmentally related contaminants into their corresponding o-diphenols. This review covers the latest advancement regarding the exploitation of these enzymes for sustainable oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater, and suggests a way forward.
Collapse
|
14
|
A Review on the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The petroleum industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries and is projected to grow faster in the coming years. The recent environmental activities and global requirements for cleaner methods are pushing the petroleum refining industries for the use of green techniques and industrial wastewater treatment. Petroleum industry wastewater contains a broad diversity of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, phenol, ammonia, sulfides, and other organic composites, etc. All of these compounds within discharged water from the petroleum industry exist in an extremely complicated form, which is unsafe for the environment. Conventional treatment systems treating refinery wastewater have shown major drawbacks including low efficiency, high capital and operating cost, and sensitivity to low biodegradability and toxicity. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) method is one of the methods applied for petroleum refinery wastewater treatment. The objective of this work is to review the current application of AOP technologies in the treatment of petroleum industry wastewater. The petroleum wastewater treatment using AOP methods includes Fenton and photo-Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalysis, ozonation, and biological processes. This review reports that the treatment efficiencies strongly depend on the chosen AOP type, the physical and chemical properties of target contaminants, and the operating conditions. It is reported that other mechanisms, as well as hydroxyl radical oxidation, might occur throughout the AOP treatment and donate to the decrease in target contaminants. Mainly, the recent advances in the AOP treatment of petroleum wastewater are discussed. Moreover, the review identifies scientific literature on knowledge gaps, and future research ways are provided to assess the effects of these technologies in the treatment of petroleum wastewater.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jain M, Majumder A, Ghosal PS, Gupta AK. A review on treatment of petroleum refinery and petrochemical plant wastewater: A special emphasis on constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 272:111057. [PMID: 32854876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum refinery and petrochemical plants (PRPP) are one of the major contributors to toxic and recalcitrant organic polluted water, which has become a significant concern in the field of environmental engineering. Several contaminants of PRPP wastewater are genotoxic, phytotoxic, and carcinogenic, thereby imposing detrimental effects on the environment. Many biological processes were able to achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranging from 60% to 90%, and their retention time usually ranged from 10 to 100 days. These methods were not efficient in removing the petroleum hydrocarbons present in PRPP wastewater and produced a significant amount of oily sludge. Advanced oxidation processes achieved the same COD removal efficiency in a few hours and were able to break down recalcitrant organic compounds. However, the associated high cost is a significant drawback concerning PRPP wastewater treatment. In this context, constructed wetlands (CWs) could effectively remove the recalcitrant organic fraction of the wastewater because of the various inherent mechanisms involved, such as phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, microbial degradation, sorption, etc. In this review, we found that CWs were efficient in handling large quantities of high strength PRPP wastewater exhibiting average COD removal of around 80%. Horizontal subsurface flow CWs exhibited better performance than the free surface and floating CWs. These systems could also effectively remove heavy oil and recalcitrant organic compounds, with an average removal efficiency exceeding 80% and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, modifications by varying the aeration system, purposeful hybridization, and identifying the suitable substrate led to the enhanced performance of the systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Jain
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Ghosal
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characterizing the Variation of Dissolvable PAHs in Receiving Water in a Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term wastewater and reclaimed water irrigation systems constitute the major processes in local water circulation, which concomitantly introduce plenty of undesirable substances that can threaten water quality, ecosystem functions and human health. At the Southeast Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region (SRWIR) of Beijing, wastewater irrigation was adopted from 1969 to 2002, and second-treated effluents (reclaimed water) has been used thereafter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most ubiquitously detected contaminant in wastewater and reclaimed water and are reported to be carcinogenic. Hence, we measured the concentrations of dissolved sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs in surface water and groundwater at the SRWIR to characterize their spatial and temporal variations, and to clarify the role of reclaimed water to natural water. The concentration of 16 individual PAHs in reclaimed water, rivers and groundwater varied from 339.4 to 636.2 ng/L, 359.1 to 3,435.0 ng/L and 216.5 to 488,205.2 ng/L, respectively. The lower aromatic rings of PAHs prevailed in aquatic environments rather than the higher ones. Thereinto, naphthalene was the predominant isomer within the highest concentration reached to 486,600 µg/L. The groundwater samples had higher PAHs concentrations at Tongzhou district which attributed to the higher vulnerability of aquifer. Additionally, strong correlations between PAHs and total nitrogen, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity suggested those potential factors affecting the photo degradation and/or biodegradation of PAHs. The relationship identified between PAHs concentrations and physical and chemical indices would help us to enhance the understanding migration and transformation of PAHs spatially and temporally, enable us to assess the potential risks of the environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms and human water supplies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Fan B, Li J, Wang X, Li W, Cui L, Liu Z. Development of human health ambient water quality criteria of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and risk assessment in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126590. [PMID: 32443271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed in various environmental media and have thus attracted extensive attention worldwide. To prevent and control PAH pollution in China, the study of ambient water quality criteria (AWQC), human health risks, and aquatic ecological risk is critical. There are no reports to date on the human health AWQC of PAHs in China. Therefore, this study first derived the human health AWQC values of 12 PAHs based on exposure data and bioaccumulation factor in China. We found that local exposure parameters and other relevant factors were key during the development of AWQC in different countries and regions, which led to differences with the reference value recommended by USEPA. Based on the incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR), hazard quotients (HQ) and potentially affected fraction (PAF) methods, the health and ecological risks of 16 PAHs were assessed subsequently. And the results are as follows: the non-carcinogenic PAHs' health risks ranged from 1.01 × 10-10 to 1.60 × 10-9, and carcinogenic PAH health risks ranged from 5.03 × 10-7 to 4.74 × 10-5. The toxic effects of 8 PAHs on aquatic organisms exhibited the following order: benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) > anthracene (Ant) > pyrene (Pye) > phenanthrene (Phe) > fluoranthene (Flua) > acenaphthene (Ace) > fluorene (Flu) > naphthalene (Nap). Among these, the ecological risks posed by Ant and BaP were the highest, according to the HQ and PAF methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Liang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang W, Zhang H, Lang Y, Li Z. Pollution status of PAHs in surface sediments from different marginal seas along China Mainland: A quantitative evaluation on a national scale. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114431. [PMID: 32251980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest coastal countries in the world, which have all kinds of marginal systems. Studies have reported the sedimentary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution status, including their concentrations, sources and risks, in localized marginal systems, which showed significant differences. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of their pollution in marginal systems along China Mainland is urgently needed on a national scale. In the present study, the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in surface sediments from 62 different marginal systems along China Mainland were reviewed. Their sources were identified and apportioned, and the health risks and ecological risks were also evaluated. As a result, the total sedimentary PAHs varied in a wide range of 4-3700 ng/g, with the lowest values observed in Kenting National Park in East China Sea and the highest values observed in Daliao River estuary in Bohai Sea. Their concentrations suggested that they were not contaminated-weakly contaminated in most study areas, but were contaminated-heavily contaminated in some pollution hot-spots. Source identification and apportion suggested that the sedimentary PAHs were mainly originated from coal combustion, vehicular emission, natural gas combustion and petrogenic source, but the coal combustion and vehicular emission contributed most to their emission (>90%). Risk assessment suggested that the carcinogenic risks were lower than the upper limit of the acceptable range (10-4), which were acceptable at a large spatial scale. However, for sediments from Qinhuangdao coastal wetland, Daliao River estuary and Yangpu Bay, their carcinogenic risks were higher than 10-4, which will pose high carcinogenic risks for adults. The non-carcinogenic risks were acceptable in all marginal systems with values lower than the safety guideline (<1). In the ecological risk assessment, their concentrations in some pollution hot-spots were higher than the safety guidelines (effects range low, ERL), suggesting a higher potential ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | | | - Yinhai Lang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Zhengyan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie Z, Gao L, Liang Z, Chen J, Li S, Zhu A, Wu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Wang Z. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:401-415. [PMID: 32008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin's topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Xie
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Aiping Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang C, Zou Y, Yu L, Lv Y. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from the tail-reaches of the Yellow River Estuary, China: PCA model, PMF model, and mean ERM quotient analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9780-9789. [PMID: 31927736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and the mean effects range-median quotient (MERM-Q) models were employed to determine occurrence levels, sources, and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Yellow River Estuary, China. Due to the grain size of sediments, cumulative effects, and distribution of oil fields, the total concentration of the 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs (T-PAHs) measured in sediments along transects in the offshore area was 119.51 ± 39.58 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), which is notably higher than that measured in rivers (75.00 ± 12.56 ng g-1 dw) and estuaries (67.94 ± 10.20 ng g-1 dw). PAH levels decreased seaward along all the studied transects in coastal Bohai Bay. Multivariate statistical analyses supported that PAHs in sediments were principally derived from coal and biomass combustion, oil pollution, and vehicular emissions. Based on the MERM-Q (0.0050 ± 0.0017), PAHs were at low potential of ecotoxicological contamination level. These results provide helpful information for protecting water resources and serving sustainable development in Construction of Ecological Civilization in the Yellow River Delta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanmei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangju Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun Y, Zhang S, Lan J, Xie Z, Pu J, Yuan D, Yang H, Xing B. Vertical migration from surface soils to groundwater and source appointment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in epikarst spring systems, southwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:616-627. [PMID: 31128508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the transfer process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the karst terrain is of great importance to their ecological risk assessments, however, the impact of the vertical transfer of the soil PAHs on the underground water is largely unknown in the karst system. Here, the vertical distribution and the seasonal variation of 16 PAHs in the soils and the water of 4 epikarst spring catchments in Southwest China were investigated. The total concentration of the PAHs ranged within 61-3285 ng g-1 in the soils, and 341-4969 ng L-1 in the spring water. The vertical distribution of the PAHs in soils varied with ring numbers and altitude of the catchment. PAHs concentrations were linearly related with the total organic carbon (TOC) at different depths in the catchments 563-783 m above the sea level (A.S.L.). However, no correlation with TOC was observed in the catchment of a high altitude (2090 m A.S.L.), because the large water flux led to the fast migration of the 2-3 rings PAHs in soils. The PAHs in soils and springs were mainly derived from the combustion of grass/wood/coal, closely related with the primary fossil fuels used in this area. This study demonstrate that the groundwater was heavily polluted by PAHs in the karst terrains of Southwest China, due to the vertical transfer of PAHs from the surface soils, and effective protection was urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, Guilin, 541004, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States; Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiacheng Lan
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Zhenglan Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junbing Pu
- Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Daoxian Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China; Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu J, Liu YJ, Liu Z, Zhang A, Liu Y. Source apportionment of soil PAHs and human health exposure risks quantification from sources: the Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base, China as case study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:617-632. [PMID: 30027363 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base is widely known for its rich mineral resources and multi-type fossil chemical industry, yet little is known regarding the level of contaminants. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial distributions and potential exposure risk of ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in this region and apportions PAHs source and source-oriented risk using two mathematical models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model coupling human health exposure risk. Results showed that ∑16PAHs concentrations ranged from 110 to 4934 μg/kg dw in 38 soil sampling sites. Compared with PCA-MLR model, PMF model is preferred method for source apportionment. Source apportionment results derived from PMF model indicated that the dominant contribution to ∑16PAHs was from coal-derived sources (34% for coke oven emissions and 33% coal combustion source), followed by wood combustion (22%) and vehicular emission (11%). The human health exposure risk of each source category was quantitatively calculated for three exposure routes by combining the total carcinogenic risk (Total-CR) and total hazard index (Total-HI) values with identified source contributions. The results showed that increased Total-CR was highly apportioned from coke oven emissions source and coal combustion was identified as the major cause of increased Total-HI, even though it was less contributed to ∑16PAHs. Moreover, the distributions of Total-CR and Total-HI apportionment for each source were significantly influenced by land utilization types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yong Jun Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Aining Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Petroleum and Environment Engineering, Yanan University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fu XW, Li TY, Ji L, Wang LL, Zheng LW, Wang JN, Zhang Q. Occurrence, sources and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around oil wells in the border regions between oil fields and suburbs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:276-284. [PMID: 29627411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical region where oil fields generally overlap cities and towns, leading to complex soil contamination from both the oil fields and human activities. To clarify the distribution, speciation, potential sources and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of border regions between oil fields and suburbs of the YRD, 138 soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected among 12 sampling sites located around oil wells with different extraction histories. The 16 priority control PAHs (16PAHs), as selected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were extracted via an accelerated solvent extraction and detected by GC-MS. The results showed that soils of the study area were generally polluted by the 16PAHs. Among these pollutions, chrysene and phenanthrene were the dominant components, and 4-ring PAHs were the most abundant. A typical temporal distribution pattern of the 16PAHs was revealed in soils from different sampling sites around oil wells with different exploitation histories. The concentrations of total 16PAHs and high-ring PAHs (HPAHs) both increased with the extraction time of the nearby oil wells. Individual PAH ratios and PCA method revealed that the 16PAHs in soil with newly developed oil wells were mainly from petroleum pollutants, whereas PAHs in soils around oil wells with a long exploitation history were probably from petroleum contamination; combustion of petroleum, fuel, and biomass; and degradation and migration of PAHs from petroleum. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the health risks of the 7 carcinogenic PAHs and 9 non-carcinogenic PAHs in the study area. The results indicated that ingestion and dermal contact were the predominant pathways of exposure to PAH residues in soils. Both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic burden of the 16PAHs in soils of the oil field increased significantly with exploitation time of nearby oil wells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Tian-Yuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Li-Wen Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Ning Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071422. [PMID: 29986385 PMCID: PMC6068901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals exposure is related to a variety of diseases and cancer development, posing a great health risk to humans. In this study, water samples were collected from nine important water sources in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces to determine the degree of PAHs and heavy metals contamination. Overall, the total contents of 16 PAHs and heavy metals were found within the permissible levels. In human health risk assessment, the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) presented a much lower level than the guideline values announced by Chinese Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), demonstrating that the PAHs contamination level in drinking water was mostly acceptable. For heavy metals, the Chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) or hazard index (HI) suggested that the water quality in nine water sources was desirable and did not present a risk to human health.
Collapse
|