1
|
Lincoln S, Chowdhury P, Posen PE, Robin RS, Ramachandran P, Ajith N, Harrod O, Hoehn D, Harrod R, Townhill BL. Interaction of climate change and marine pollution in Southern India: Implications for coastal zone management practices and policies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166061. [PMID: 37543339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and marine litter are inextricably linked, and their interaction manifests differently depending on the specific environmental and biological characteristics, and other human activities taking place. The negative impacts resulting from those synergistic interactions are threatening coastal and marine ecosystems and the many goods and services they provide. This is particularly pervasive in the coastal zone of the Indian subcontinent. India is already experiencing severe climate change impacts, which are projected to worsen in the future. At the same time, the country is gripped by a litter crisis that is overwhelming authorities and communities and hindering the country's sustainable development goals. The coastal environment and communities of the southern states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. While these state governments and authorities are stepping up efforts to improve the management of their coastal zones, the scale and severity of these issues are mounting. Here we review the combined effects of climate change and marine litter pollution in Southern India, focusing on the Gulf of Mannar Reserve in Tamil Nadu and the Malabar Coast in Kerala. Finally, we discuss effective management options that could help improve resilience and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lincoln
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Piyali Chowdhury
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Paulette E Posen
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - R S Robin
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Purvaja Ramachandran
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Nithin Ajith
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Olivia Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Danja Hoehn
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony L Townhill
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Begum M, Kumar CS, Naik S, Pradhan U, Panda US, Mishra P. Indian coastal waters: a concoction of sewage indicator bacteria! An assessment on recreational beaches. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:455. [PMID: 34212216 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal water quality assessment is important to maintain a healthy environment for various uses including fisheries and recreation. Microbial populations are used as biological indicators of contamination to monitor water quality and are considered by the government to be one of the critical features for issuing safety guidelines. Different bacterial groups (pathogenic, vibrio and faecal) from five major recreational beaches of Chennai, India, were monitored for the assessment of coastal water quality. Faecal coliforms (FC) were high at all the beaches, with up to 4.2 × 105 CFU/mL and exceeding the normal standard limits of 100 CFU/100 mL set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India. Rainfall was found to have a role in the variability and distribution of indicator and pathogenic bacteria. The seasonal dry period witnessed elevated FC, while dilution in the wet period reduced Escherichia coli-like organisms (ECLO). High microbial counts were detected near the beach situated close to the river mouth, mainly due to discharges of untreated domestic sewage and industrial wastes. Similarly, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) was also high, 0.32 to 10.32 mg/L. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranged from 2.21 to 134.53 μmol/L and inorganic phosphate (IP) ranged from 0 to 57.53 μmol/L. These values indicated the presence of significant untreated sewage in the coastal water. This study revealed that Chennai coastal waters carry high levels of faecal and pathogenic bacteria, detrimental for recreational and other contact activities. The quantitative and qualitative analyses will be useful for modelling and prediction of coastal water quality and management of other recreational beaches in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmuna Begum
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Saravana Kumar
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Anna University Campus, Guindy, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Subrat Naik
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umakanta Pradhan
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Sankar Panda
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patterson Edward JK, Jayanthi M, Malleshappa H, Immaculate Jeyasanta K, Laju RL, Patterson J, Diraviya Raj K, Mathews G, Marimuthu AS, Grimsditch G. COVID-19 lockdown improved the health of coastal environment and enhanced the population of reef-fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112124. [PMID: 33652256 PMCID: PMC7862902 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in the impact of human-induced factors is capable of enhancing the environmental health. In view of COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns were imposed in India. Travel, fishing, tourism and religious activities were halted, while domestic and industrial activities were restricted. Comparison of the pre- and post-lockdown data shows that water parameters such as turbidity, nutrient concentration and microbial levels have come down from pre- to post-lockdown period, and parameters such as dissolved oxygen levels, phytoplankton and fish densities have improved. The concentration of macroplastics has also dropped from the range of 138 ± 4.12 and 616 ± 12.48 items/100 m2 to 63 ± 3.92 and 347 ± 8.06 items/100 m2. Fish density in the reef areas has increased from 406 no. 250 m-2 to 510 no. 250 m-2. The study allows an insight into the benefits of effective enforcement of various eco-protection regulations and proper management of the marine ecosystems to revive their health for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Jayanthi
- Department of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu, Saidapet, Chennai, India
| | - H Malleshappa
- State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority-TN, Saidapet, Chennai, India
| | | | - R L Laju
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, India
| | | | - K Diraviya Raj
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, India
| | - G Mathews
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, India
| | - A S Marimuthu
- Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Ramanathapuram, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sathishkumar RS, Sundaramanickam A, Sahu G, Mohanty AK, Ramesh T, Khan SA. Intense bloom of the diatom Hemidiscus hardmanianus (Greville) in relation to water quality and plankton communities in Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111757. [PMID: 33272587 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports a dense bloom of the marine-diatom Hemidiscus hardmanianus observed off the Tuticorin coast in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India. The surface water discoloration (pale green) was observed during a coastal survey conducted in the initial period of the northeast monsoon (October 2018). The bloom extended over an area of approximately 5 km2 around the Tuticorin harbor. Distribution and relative abundance of the phytoplankton and zooplankton species together with the water quality and Chlorophyll-a were studied in the area of bloom. H. hardmanianus density was maximum (10.57 × 104 cells L-1) in the bloom site, which was almost 97% of the total phytoplankton population. The present report is the first record of H. hardmanianus bloom in the Gulf of Mannar. The chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana was also observed in strong numbers (802 and 432 cells L-1), which has been rarely reported from the Indian coastal waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Sathishkumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India..
| | - A Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India..
| | - Gouri Sahu
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A K Mohanty
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Ramesh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ajmal Khan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Z, Li H, Ye Z, Wen J, Hu Y, Liu Y. Application of modified water quality index (WQI) in the assessment of coastal water quality in main aquaculture areas of Dalian, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111285. [PMID: 32469747 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a modified water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the water quality in south coastal aquaculture area of Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Four main culture areas with 40 sampling stations were covered. Ten variables were selected for principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), and the major factors affecting water quality were identified. The PCA results showed that these factors were mainly associated with nutrients, natural conditions and organic matter. The modified WQI was calculated to identify the classes of water quality and to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes among the sampling areas. The results revealed that the water quality generally performed the worst in June, and the best in October. The modified WQI proved to be a useful method for water quality classification and characterizing spatial and temporal changes in Dalian aquaculture areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, China, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Dalian Ocean University, #52. Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, China, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Dalian Ocean University, #52. Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, China, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Dalian Ocean University, #52. Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, China, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Dalian Ocean University, #52. Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, China, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Dalian Ocean University, #52. Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao Y, Xu H, Li L, Niu C. Immune defense parameters of wild fish as sensitive biomarkers for ecological risk assessment in shallow sea ecosystems: A case study with wild mullet (Liza haematocheila) in Liaodong Bay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110337. [PMID: 32120173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is important to the health management of an ecosystem. Biomarkers are particularly relevant because they are direct indicators of any toxic effects on organisms and are cheaper to use compared with chemical indicators, especially for extremely low-level organic contaminants. Fish can be significantly affected by pollutants, given their high trophic levels in aquatic food chains. Their immune function is closely related to their survival. The present study compared immune function-related parameters of wild mullet (Liza haematocheila) samples from low (Jinzhou) and high (Yingkou) polluted sites during the pre-winter (PW) and pre-breeding (PB) periods in Liaodong Bay, to evaluate the effect of water pollution on fish health and to explore potential biomarkers of coast water pollution. Compared with Jinzhou mullet, there was a significantly higher level of hematocrit in Yingkou mullet, but a significantly lower serum lysozyme level (P < 0.001), indicating that these fish were immunosuppressed. Significant differences occurred in the spleen between the two site populations. The abnormal: normal fish ratio in Yingkou L. haematochila was significantly higher than that of Jinzhou L. haematochila (2.5 times of that of Jinzhou during PB and nine times during PW). The splenic index of male Yingkou L. haematochila was 47.2% higher than that of Jinzhou L. haematochila in PW (P = 0.001). Moreover, histological observations showed that the spleen of the former was more congestive, with increased numbers (39.6% more) of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) and changes in pigments (hemosiderin 8.3% higher and melanin 29.4% higher), compared with the latter. The splenic MMC area of Yingkou L. haematochila was significantly smaller than that of Jinzhou L. haematochila (P < 0.05) in PB, but showed no clear difference in PW (P > 0.05). Splenic MMC number was significantly higher in individual Yingkou L. haematochila with abnormal livers compared with normal Yingkou L. haematochila during both sampling periods. The splenic MMC area in abnormal livers was approximately four times those of normal individuals during PB in Yingkou L. haematochila. The number of splenic melanomacrophages (MM) in abnormal livers was approximately nine times those of the normal livers during PW. There were also differences in pigments in normal Yingkou individuals compared with normal Jinzhou samples during PW (melanin 29.4% higher and hemosiderin 8.3% higher). Based on these results, we suggest that serum lysozyme activity, splenic MM number and MMC (both number and area), and melanin of local fish have potential as sensitive biomarkers for the assessment of coastal water pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Li Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Cuijuan Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viji R, Shrinithivihahshini ND, Santhanam P, Balakrishnan S, Yi Y, Rajivgandhi G. Biomonitoring of the environmental indicator and pathogenic microorganisms assortment in foremost pilgrimage beaches of the Bay of Bengal, Southeast coast, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110548. [PMID: 31550576 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed to monitoring the ecological indicator and pathogenic microorganism diversity in pilgrimage places beach sand on the Bay of Bengal coast. The samples were collected from three locations and four different sites, and were analyzed by following standard methods. The results clearly indicates, ritual activities were highly contaminated in the beach sand qualities, and exceeded with the standard permissible limit of WHO, USEPA, EU, CPCB beach sand recreational and other contacts activities including pH (11%), TBC (100%), TCB (97%), FCB (88%), TEB (75%), E. coli (75%), disease-causing possible level of Klebsiella (84%), Shigella (75%), Salmonella (63%) and Vibrio (56%). The statistical tools were applied to find the strong evidence. The current study pointed out the major effects on the diffusion of potentially pathogenic microorganisms along the shoreline provided useful information for the setup of measures for public health protection in the Bay of Bengal coast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Viji
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Nirmaladevi D Shrinithivihahshini
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Marine Planktonology & Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Balakrishnan
- Marine Aquarium & Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Digha 721 428, West Bengal, India
| | - Yujun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Govindan Rajivgandhi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nong X, Shao D, Xiao Y, Zhong AH. Spatio-temporal Characterization Analysis and Water Quality Assessment of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122227. [PMID: 31238589 PMCID: PMC6617191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a data matrix of 20 indicators (6960 observations) was obtained from 29 water quality monitoring stations of the Middle Route (MR) of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (SNWDPC). Multivariate statistical techniques including analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to understand and identify the interrelationships between the different indicators and the most contributive sources of anthropogenic and natural impacts on water quality. The water quality index (WQI) was used to assess the classification and variation of water quality. The distributions of the indicators revealed that six heavy-metal indicators including arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) were within the Class I standard, while the As, Pb, and Cd displayed spatial variation. Moreover, some physicochemical indicators such as dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (as BOD5), and total phosphorus (TP) had spatio-temporal variability. The correlation analysis result demonstrated that As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Se, Pb, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) had high correlation coefficients. The PCA result extracted three principal components (PC) accounting for 82.67% of the total variance, while the first PC was indicative of the mixed sources of anthropogenic and natural contributions, the second and the third PCs were mainly controlled by human activities and natural sources, respectively. The calculation results of the WQI showed an excellent water quality of the MR of the SNWDPC where the values of the stations ranged from 10.49 to 17.93, while Hg was the key indicator to determine the WQI > 20 of six stations, which indicated that the Hg can be the main potential threat to water quality and human health in this project. The result suggests that special attention should be paid to the monitoring of Hg, and the investigation and supervision within the areas of high-density human activities in this project should be taken to control the impacts of urban and industrial production and risk sources on water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Dongguo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Girardi V, Mena KD, Albino SM, Demoliner M, Gularte JS, de Souza FG, Rigotto C, Quevedo DM, Schneider VE, Paesi SO, Tarwater PM, Spilki FR. Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:298-308. [PMID: 30240914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and human mastadenovirus species C and F (HAdV-C and HAdV-F) were evaluated in water samples from Belo Stream. For HAdV-C and F, the infectivity was assessed by integrated cell culture quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (ICC-qPCR). Samples were collected monthly (May/2015 to April/2016) at four sites. Viral analyses were performed for both ultracentrifuge-concentrated and unconcentrated samples. For site P4 (used for recreational purposes), QMRA was applied to estimate health risks associated with exposure to E. coli and HAdV-C and F. TC and E. coli were present throughout the collection period. EV and RV were not detected. HAdV-C were present in 8.51% (1.89E + 06 to 2.28E + 07 GC (Genomic Copies)/L) and 21.27% (2.36E + 05 to 1.29E + 07 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For HAdV-F were 12.76% (2.77E + 07 to 3.31E + 08 GC/L) and 48.93% (1.10E + 05 to 4.50E + 08 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For unconcentrated samples, infectivity for HAdV-C was detected in 37.20% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 25.58% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, infectivity was detected in 6.97% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 6.97% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For concentrated samples, HAdV-C infectious was observed in 17.02% (1st ICC-qPCR) and in 8.51% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, were present in 8.51% for both 1st and 2nd ICC-qPCR. Statistical analyzes showed significant difference between the collection sites when analyzed the molecular data of HAdV-F, data of TC and E. coli. Correlation tests showed direct correlation between HAdV-F with E. coli and TC. E. coli concentrations translated to the lowest estimates of infection risks (8.58E-05 to 2.17E-03). HAdV-F concentrations were associated with the highest infection risks at 9.99E-01 and for group C, 1.29E-01 to 9.99E-01. These results show that commonly used bacterial indicators for water quality may not infer health risks associated with viruses in recreational freshwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
| | - Kristina D Mena
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Suelen M Albino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, no 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G de Souza
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Quevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Vania E Schneider
- Instituto de Saneamento Ambiental (ISAM), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Suelen O Paesi
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoslett J, Massara TM, Malamis S, Ahmad D, van den Boogaert I, Katsou E, Ahmad B, Ghazal H, Simons S, Wrobel L, Jouhara H. Surface water filtration using granular media and membranes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1268-1282. [PMID: 29929294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant growth of the human population is expected in the future. Hence, the pressure on the already scarce natural water resources is continuously increasing. This work is an overview of membrane and filtration methods for the removal of pollutants such as bacteria, viruses and heavy metals from surface water. Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) can be highly effective in eliminating bacteria and/or act as pre-treatment before Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis (NF/RO) to reduce the possibility of fouling. However, MF/UF membranes are produced through relatively intensive procedures. Moreover, they can be modified with chemical additives to improve their performance. Therefore, MF/UF applicability in less developed countries can be limited. NF shows high removal capability of certain contaminants (e.g. pharmaceutically active compounds and ionic compounds). RO is necessary for desalination purposes in areas where sea water is used for drinking/sanitation. Nevertheless, NF/RO systems require pre-treatment of the influent, increased electrical supply and high level of technical expertise. Thus, they are often a highly costly addition for countries under development. Slow Sand Filtration (SSF) is a simple and easy-to-operate process for the retention of solids, microorganisms and heavy metals; land use is a limiting factor, though. Rapid Sand Filtration (RSF) is an alternative responding to the need for optimized land use. However, it requires prior and post treatment stages to prevent fouling. Especially after coating with metal-based additives, sand filtration can constitute an efficient and sustainable treatment option for developing countries. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbs organic compounds that were not filtered in previous treatment stages. It can be used in conjunction with other methods (e.g. MF and SSF) to face pollution that results from potentially outdated water network (especially in less developed areas) and, hence, produce water of acceptable drinking quality. Future research can focus on the potential of GAC production from alternative sources (e.g. municipal waste). Given the high production/operation/maintenance cost of the NF/RO systems, more cost-effective but equally effective alternatives can be implemented: e.g. (electro)coagulation/flocculation followed by MF/UF, SSF before/after MF/UF, MF/UF before GAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hoslett
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Theoni Maria Massara
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Simos Malamis
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Darem Ahmad
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Inge van den Boogaert
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Evina Katsou
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Balsam Ahmad
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Heba Ghazal
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Stefaan Simons
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Luiz Wrobel
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hussam Jouhara
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Viji R, Shrinithivihahshini ND, Ranjeetha R, Santhanam P, Narayanan PSR, Balakrishnan S. Assessment of environmental parameters with special emphasis on avifaunal breeding season in the coastal wetland of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Southeast coast of India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:233-238. [PMID: 29886942 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the hydrographic parameters and the population level of microbial indicators in wetland ecosystems and their effects on bird breeding habitat in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Water samples were collected during the bird breeding seasons at five different stations in the sanctuaries, and samples were analyzed by standard methods. Results were compared with CPCB and USEPA standards and clearly denoted that the water quality is not suitable for bird feeding and breeding habitat. One-way ANOVA showed a strong evidence (p < 0.01) of risk for birds breeding in this habitat. As a result of salt pan chemical industries, aquaculture continues to have a major effect on the homogenization and breeding habitat of avian species. Urgent action is needed to prohibit the unregulated economical activities and to regulate water quality monitoring to strictly follow the wildlife conservation rules and regulations. This effective action will help in maintaining species diversity and composition of historical monuments to provide suitable breeding sites in the sanctuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Viji
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Nirmaladevi D Shrinithivihahshini
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Ranjeetha
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Marine Planktonology & Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palani Swamy Ram Narayanan
- Environmental Impact Assessment and Climate Change Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Balakrishnan
- Marine Aquarium & Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Digha 721 428, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|