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Zhu J, Yu Z, He L, Jiang Y, Cao X, Song X. The molecular mechanisms and environmental effects of modified clay control algal blooms in aquacultural water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 337:117715. [PMID: 36934499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modified clay (MC) technology is an effective method for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs). Based on field experience, a bloom does not continue after treatment with MC, even though the residual HAB biomass accounts for 20-30% of the initial biomass. Laboratory studies using unialgal cultures have found that MC could inhibit the growth of the residual algal cells to prevent HABs. Nevertheless, the phytoplankton in field waters is diverse. Therefore, unclassified complex mechanisms may exist. To illustrate the molecular mechanisms through which MC controls HABs in the field and verify the previous laboratory findings, a series of experiments and bioinformatics analyses were conducted using bloom waters from aquacultural ponds. The results showed that a 72.29% removal efficiency of algal biomass could effectively control blooms. The metatranscriptomic results revealed that the number of downregulated genes (131,546) was greater than that of upregulated genes (24,318) at 3 h after MC addition. Among these genes, several genes related to DNA replication were downregulated; however, genes involved in DNA repair were upregulated. Metabolism-related pathways were the most significantly upregulated (q < 0.05), including photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. The results also showed that MC reduced most of the biomass of the dominant phytoplankton species, likely by removing apical dominance, which increased the diversity and stability of the phytoplankton community. In addition to reducing the pathogenic bacterial density, MC reduced the concentrations of PO43- (96.22%) and SiO32- (66.77%), thus improving the aquaculture water quality, altering the phytoplankton community structure (the proportion of Diatomea decreased, and that of Chlorophyta increased), and inhibiting phytoplankton growth. These effects hindered the rapid development of large phytoplankton biomasses and allowed the community structure to remain stable, reducing HAB threats. This study illustrates the molecular mechanisms through which MC controls HABs in the field and provides a scientific method for removing HABs in aquacultural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Song W, Song X, Cheng R, Chi L, Zhu J, Yu Z. Uncovering the regulation effect of modified clay on toxin production in Alexandrium pacificum: From physiological insights. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131516. [PMID: 37146321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As a common dinoflagellate, Alexandrium pacificum can produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). It can be removed from water by Polyaluminium chloride modified clay (PAC-MC), but it is unclear whether PAC-MC can prevent PSTs content and toxicity from increasing and whether PAC-MC can stimulate PSTs biosynthesis by A. pacificum. Effect of PAC-MC on PSTs and the physiological mechanism were analysed here. The results showed total PSTs content and toxicity decreased respectively by 34.10 % and 48.59 % in 0.2 g/L PAC-MC group at 12 days compared with control group. And the restriction of total PSTs by PAC-MC was mainly achieved via inhibition of algal cell proliferation, by affecting A. pacificum physiological processes and changing phycosphere microbial community. Meanwhile, single-cell PSTs toxicity did not increase significantly throughout the experiment. Moreover, A. pacificum treated with PAC-MC tended to synthesize sulfated PSTs such as C1&2. Mechanistic analysis showed that PAC-MC induced upregulation of sulfotransferase sxtN (related to PSTs sulfation), and functional prediction of bacterial community also showed significant enrichment of "sulfur relay system" after PAC-MC treatment, which might also promote PSTs sulfation. The results will provide theoretical guidance for the application of PAC-MC to field control of toxic Alexandrium blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ruihong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lianbao Chi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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3
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Wang C, Wang R, Hu L, Xi M, Wang M, Ma Y, Chen J, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Gao P. Metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with allelochemical effects of linoleic acid on Karenia mikimotoi. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130815. [PMID: 36669412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) shows great potential in inhibiting the growth of multiple red tide microalgae by disturbing algal physio-biochemical processes. However, our knowledge on the mechanisms of algal mortality at metabolic level remains limited. Herein, the response of K. mikimotoi to LA was evaluated using metabolomics, stable isotope techniques (SIT), and physiological indicators. Results showed that 100 μg/L LA promoted the growth of K. mikimotoi, which was significantly inhibited by 500 μg/L LA, along with a significant reduction of photosynthetic pigments and a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). SIT showed that LA entered algal cells, and 56 isotopologues involved in ferroptosis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and porphyrin metabolism were identified. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 90 and 111 differential metabolites (DEMs) belonging to 11 metabolic pathways under the 500 μg/L and 100 μg/L LA exposure, respectively. Among them, 34 DEMs were detected by SIT. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that 500 μg/L LA significantly promoted ferroptosis, and significantly inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, presenting changes opposite to those observed in 100 μg/L LA-treated K. mikimotoi. Overall, this study revealed the metabolic response of K. mikimotoi to LA, enriching our understanding on the allelochemical mechanism of LA on K. mikimotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Lijun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Muchen Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yujiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
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Ding N, Fei Q, Xiao D, Zhang H, Yin H, Yuan C, Lv H, Gao P, Zhang Y, Wang R. Highly efficient and recyclable Z-scheme heterojunction of Ag 3PO 4/g-C 3N 4 floating foam for photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae under visible light. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137773. [PMID: 36621690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have frequently occurred worldwide, causing marine ecosystems and human health risks. As an advanced and green oxidation technology, photocatalysis has potential to remove red tide algae using solar energy. Herein, in this work, Z-scheme photocatalysts of Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 (APCN) floating foam with different mass ratios were fabricated for the algae inactivation. Under visible light irradiation, the 0.10APCN (0.10 mM AgNO3) composite photocatalyst could cause 91.8% of the loss in Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi) cell viability following 24 h and the removal rate of algae could reach to 86% after five successive cycles. The underlying mechanism of photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae is proposed in this system. The photosynthetic efficiency of harmful algae is inhibited with the decrease of photosynthetic pigments, which are inactivated by the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (superoxide radical •O2- and hydroxyl radical •OH) produced in Z-scheme photocatalytic system of the Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 heterojunction under visible light. Meanwhile, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (i.e. POD, APX and SOD) are up-regulating with the overproduction of ROS going into the algae, causing the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of algae. This work not only reveals the mechanisms of photocatalytic inactivation of harmful algae, but also guides the design the construction of high active composite photocatalysts, and thus provides theoretical and practical significance for highly efficient and recyclable prospect of controlling of harmful algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Fei
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Hongfei Yin
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunyu Yuan
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Huijun Lv
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Peike Gao
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzheng Zhang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Renjun Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
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Yang Y, Chen H, Lu J. Inactivation of algae by visible-light-driven modified photocatalysts: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159640. [PMID: 36302431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms have raised great concerns due to their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Recently, visible light-driven (VLD) photocatalysis has attracted attention for algae inactivation owing to its unique characteristics of low cost, mechanical stability, and excellent removal efficiency. However, the low utilization of visible light and the high complexation rate of electron-hole (e--h+) pairs are essential drawbacks of conventional photocatalysts. Scientific efforts have been devoted to modifying VLD photocatalysts to enhance their antialgal activity. This review concisely summarizes the anti-algae performance of the latest modified VLD photocatalysts. The summary of the mechanisms in VLD photocatalytic inactivation demonstrates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative damage to algal cells and photocatalytic degradation of released organic matter. In addition, the factors, such as photocatalyst dosage, algal concentration and species, and the physicochemical properties of different water matrices, such as pH, natural organic matter, and inorganic ions, affecting the efficacy of VLD catalytic oxidation for algae removal are briefly outlined. Thereafter, this review compiles perspectives on the emerging field of VLD photocatalytic inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jinfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Ren X, Yu Z, Song X, Zhu J, Wang W, Cao X. Effects of modified clay on the formation of Phaeocystis globosa colony revealed by physiological and transcriptomic analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155985. [PMID: 35597349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Phaeocystis globosa is commonly observed in global temperate and tropical oceans, and colonies of P. globosa exhibit a dominant morphotype during blooms. The use of polyaluminium chloride modified clay (PAC-MC) is an effective mitigation strategy for P. globosa blooms. Although previous studies have found that PAC-MC can stimulate P. globosa colony formation at low concentrations and inhibit it at higher concentrations, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively compared the physiochemical indices and transcriptomic response of residual P. globosa cells after treatment with two concentrations of PAC-MC. The results showed that PAC-MC induced oxidative stress, photosynthetic inhibition, and DNA damage in residual cells. Moreover, it could activate antioxidant responses and enhance the repair of photosynthetic structure and DNA damage in cells. The biosynthesis of polysaccharides was enhanced and genes associated with cell motility were down-regulated after treatment with PAC-MC, resulting in the accumulation of colonial matrixes. After treatment with a low concentration of PAC-MC (0.1 g/L), the residual cells were slightly stressed, including physical damage, oxidative stress and other damage, and polysaccharide synthesis was enhanced to promote colony formation to alleviate environmental stress. Moreover, the damage to residual cells was slight; thus, normal cell function provided abundant energy and matter for colony formation. After treatment with a high concentration of PAC-MC (0.5 g/L), the residual cells suffered severe damage, which disrupted normal physiological processes and inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. The present study elucidated the concentration-dependent mechanism of PAC-MC affecting the formation of P. globosa colonies and provided a reference for the application of PAC-MC to control P. globosa blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzheng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Transcriptome profiles of genes related to growth and virulence potential in Vibrio alginolyticus treated with modified clay. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127095. [PMID: 35728394 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is a globally distributed opportunistic pathogen that causes different degrees of disease in various marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp and shellfish. At present, vibriosis caused by V. alginolyticus has a wide epidemic range and causes frequent outbreaks, resulting in substantial losses in aquaculture. According to previous studies, modified clay (MC) could effectively flocculate and reduce the density of Vibrio in water, but it is still unknown whether MC inhibits growth and how it affects virulence in bottom flocs. Here, we studied the response mechanism of V. alginolyticus in flocs treated with MC at the transcriptome level and verified the transcriptomic data combined with relevant physiological experiments and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) for the first time. It was found that the morphology of Vibrio in the MC flocs changed, the membrane function was damaged, the antioxidant system was activated, and the material and energy metabolism also changed. In addition, MC could inhibit the expression of virulence factors of V. alginolyticus; for example, flagella, pilus, siderophores, quorum sensing, and other related genes were significantly downregulated. In general, MC effectively inhibited the growth of Vibrio and reduced its virulence potential in flocs, which could provide theoretical support for a new model of healthy aquaculture.
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Hu L, Wang R, Wang M, Wang C, Xu Y, Wang Y, Gao P, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Liu Y, Chen J. The inactivation effects and mechanisms of Karenia mikimotoi by non-metallic elements modified TiO 2 (SNP-TiO 2) under visible light. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153346. [PMID: 35077793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an advanced oxidation technology, photocatalytic treatment of red tide algae pollution was potential of great research prospects. However, the most commonly used photocatalyst TiO2 can only use ultraviolet light with short wavelength because of its wide band gap. In this study, the non-metallic elements S, N and P were added into the TiO2 (SNP-TiO2) lattice by hydrothermal synthesis, and the inactivation effects and mechanisms of Karenia mikimotoi were studied under visible light. The particle size of the obtained photocatalyst was about 10 nm. There were obvious characteristic peaks at the (101) (004) (200) (105) (211) (204) interface and included NO bond, PO bond and SO bond. The incorporation of S, N and P reduced the band gap of TiO2 from 3.2 eV to 3.08 eV, which showed the integrity of the doping process. S0.7N1.4P0.05-TiO2 was full of excellent photocatalytic activity, the continuous inhibition effect was the most obvious. When exposed to 200 mg/L for 96 h, the growth inhibition rate (IR) was 81.8%. Photocatalytic process led to membrane damage of algal cells and collapse of photosynthetic system, caused oxidative stress response and accelerated algal cell inactivation. The study indicated that non-metallic elements modified TiO2 (SNP-TiO2) was full of potential of in treating red tide outbreak pollution under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuling Xu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
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Zhang P, Song X, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Shen H, Yu Z. Assessing the Effect of Modified Clay on the Toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi Using Marine Medaka ( Oryzias melastigma) as a Model Organism. TOXICS 2022; 10:105. [PMID: 35324730 PMCID: PMC8949556 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi could threaten the survival of marine life, and modified clay (MC) is considered a promising method for the control of harmful algal blooms. Here, using marine medaka as the model organism, the toxicity of K. mikimotoi before and after MC disposal was investigated. The results showed that only a certain density of intact K. mikimotoi cells could cause obvious damage to fish gills and lead to rapid death. A systematic analysis of morphology, physiology, and molecular biology parameters revealed that the fish gills exhibited structural damage, oxidative damage, osmotic regulation impairment, immune response activation, and signal transduction enhancement. MC can flocculate K. mikimotoi rapidly in water and reduce its toxicity by reducing the density of intact algae cells and hemolytic toxicity. The results indicate that MC is an effective and safe method for controlling K. mikimotoi blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huihui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
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10
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Ji H, Yu Z, He L, Zhu J, Cao X, Song X. Programmed cell death induced by modified clay in controlling Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:123-134. [PMID: 34607661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified clay (MC), an effective material used for the emergency elimination of algal blooms, can rapidly reduce the biomass of harmful algal blooms (HABs) via flocculation. After that, MC can still control bloom population through indirect effects such as oxidative stress, which was initially proposed to be related to programmed cell death (PCD) at molecular level. To further study the MC induced cell death in residual bloom organisms, especially identifying PCD process, we studied the physiological state of the residual Prorocentrum donghaiense. The experimental results showed that flocculation changed the physiological state of the residual cells, as evidenced by growth inhibition and increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, this research provides biochemical and ultrastructural evidence showing that MC induces PCD in P. donghaiense. Nuclear changes were observed, and increased caspase-like activity, externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation were detected in MC-treated groups and quantified. And the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in both MC-treated groups. Besides, the features of MC-induced PCD in a unicellular organism were summarized and its concentration dependent manner was proved. All our preliminary results elucidate the mechanism through which MC can further control HABs by inducing PCD and suggest a promising application of PCD in bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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11
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Zhu J, Yu Z, He L, Cao X, Ji H, Song X. Mechanism by Which MC Controls Harmful Algal Blooms Revealed by Cell Morphology of Aureococcus anophagefferens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111191. [PMID: 34769710 PMCID: PMC8583585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of field experience, a bloom does not continue after treatment with modified clay (MC), even though the residual harmful algal bloom (HAB) biomass accounts for 20–30% of the initial cells. This interesting phenomenon indicates that, in addition to causing flocculation, MC can inhibit the growth of residual cells. Here, from a cell morphology perspective, Aureococcus anophagefferens was used as a model organism to explore this scientific issue and clarify the mechanism by which MC mitigates harmful algal blooms (HABs). The results showed that, at an ~70% removal efficiency, neutral clay (NC) could not effectively inhibit the growth of residual cells, although it caused various forms of damage to residual cells, such as cell deformation, cell breakage, decreased extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), increased cell membrane permeability, and increased cytoplasmic granularity, due to physical collisions. After modification, some physical and chemical properties of the clay particle surface were changed; for example, the surface electrical properties changed from negative to positive, lamellar spacing increased, hardness decreased, adhesion chains increased, adhesion improved, and the number of absorption sites increased, enhancing the occurrence of chemical and electrochemical effects and physical collisions with residual cells, leading to severe cell deformation and chemical cell breakage. Thus, MC effectively inhibited the growth of residual cells and controlled HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-82898581
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hena Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (L.H.); (X.C.); (H.J.); (X.S.)
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Ren X, Yu Z, Qiu L, Cao X, Song X. Effects of Modified Clay on Phaeocystis globosa Growth and Colony Formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910163. [PMID: 34639465 PMCID: PMC8507688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa is a globally distributed harmful algal blooms (HABs) species dominated by the colonial morphotype, which presents dramatic environmental hazards and poses a threat to human health. Modified clay (MC) can effectively flocculate HAB organisms and prevent their subsequent growth, but the effects of MC on colony-dominated P. globosa blooms remain uncertain. In this paper, a series of removal and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate the growth, colony formation and colony development of P. globosa cells after treatment with MC. The results show that the density of colonies was higher at MC concentrations below 0.2 g/L compared to those in the control, indicating the role of P. globosa colonies in resistance to environmental stress. Concentrations of MC greater than 0.2 g/L could reduce the density of solitary cells and colonies, and the colony diameter and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content were also decreased. The adsorption of MC to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and the cell damage caused by collision may be the main mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. These results elucidate that the treatment with an appropriate concentration of MC may provide an effective mitigation strategy for P. globosa blooms by preventing their growth and colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzheng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-82898587
| | - Lixia Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Wang W, Liao P, Li G, Chen H, Cen J, Lu S, Wong PK, An T. Photocatalytic inactivation and destruction of harmful microalgae Karenia mikimotoi under visible-light irradiation: Insights into physiological response and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111295. [PMID: 33971128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by Karenia mikimotoi have frequently happened in coastal waters worldwide, causing serious damages to marine ecosystems and economic losses. Photocatalysis has potential to in-situ inhibit algal growth using sustainable sunlight. However, the inactivation and detoxification mechanisms of microalgae in marine environment have not been systematically investigated. In this work, for the first time, visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of K. mikimotoi was attempted using g-C3N4/TiO2 immobilized films as a model photocatalyst. The inactivation efficiency could reach 64% within 60 min, evaluated by real-time in vivo chlorophyll-a fluorometric method. The immobilized photocatalyst films also exhibited excellent photo-stability and recyclability. Mechanisms study indicated photo-generated h+ and 1O2 were the dominant reactive species. Algal cell rupture process was monitored by fluorescent microscope combined with SEM observation, which confirmed the damage of cell membrane followed by the leakage of the intracellular components including the entire cell nucleus. The physiological responses regarding up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity (i.e. CAT and SOD), intracellular ROSs level and lipid peroxidation were all observed. Moreover, the intracellular release profile and acute toxicity assessment indicated the toxic K. mikimotoi was successfully detoxified, and the released organic matter had no cytotoxicity. This work not only provides a potential new strategy for in-situ treatment of K. mikimotoi using sunlight at sea environments, but also creates avenue for understanding the inactivation and destruction mechanisms of marine microalgae treated by photocatalysis and the toxicity impacts on the marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingyi Cen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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