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de Macedo GHRV, da Silva Castro J, de Jesus WB, Costa ALP, do Carmo Silva Ribeiro R, de Jesus Roland Pires S, de Cássia Mendonça Miranda R, da Cunha Araújo Firmo W, da Silva LCN, Costa Filho RND, Carvalho Neta RNF, Pinheiro Sousa DBP. Histological biomarkers and microbiological parameters of an estuarine fish from the Brazilian Amazon coast as potential indicators of risk to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:626. [PMID: 38884864 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract, skin, and muscles of Sciades herzbergii; detect histopathological changes in the gill and liver; and use these biomarkers for the assessment of potential risks to human health. Fish were sampled during the rainy and dry seasons at two points in São Marcos Bay, Maranhão, Brazil: Ilha dos Caranguejos (IC) and Porto Grande (PG). Isolation and quantification were carried out using COLItest®. Colonies were subjected to identification and phenotypic investigation of antimicrobial resistance using Vitek®. Gill and liver samples were subjected to routine histological examination. The results indicated the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, the latter of which showed phenotypic resistance to norfloxacin and gentamicin. Fish caught at PG exhibited more extensive gill and liver damage than fish caught at IC. The findings suggest that histological changes in target organs of S. herzbergii may be influenced by infection with pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas da Silva Castro
- Coordination of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Maranhão, Balsas, Maranhão, 65800-000, Brazil
| | - Wanda Batista de Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the Legal Amazon (REDE BIONORTE), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65085-580, Brazil
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Nunes BZ, Ribeiro VV, Garcia Y, Lourenço RA, Castro ÍB. Chemical contamination affecting filter-feeding bivalves in no-take marine protected areas from Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121102. [PMID: 38759561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are zones geographically delimited under pre-defined management goals, seeking to reduce anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. Despite this, in recent years reports of MPAs affected by chemical contamination has grown. Therefore, this study addresses this critical issue assessing legacy and current chemical contamination in filter-feeder bivalves obtained in very restrictive no-take MPAs from Brazil. The detected pollutants encompass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Despite protective measures, bivalves from nine MPAs exhibited high LABs (13.2-1139.0 ng g-1) and DDTs levels (0.1-62.3 ng g-1). PAHs were present in low concentrations (3.1-29.03 ng g-1), as PCBs (0.7-6.4 ng g-1), hexachlorobenzene (0.1-0.2 ng g-1), and Mirex (0.1-0.3 ng g-1). Regardless of the sentinel species, MPAs and management categories, similar accumulation patterns were observed for LABs, DDTs, PAHs, and PCBs. Based on the limits proposed by Oslo Paris Commission, the measured levels of PAHs, PCBs and were below the environmental assessment criteria. Such findings indicate the no biological effects are expected to occur. However, they are higher considering background conditions typically measured in remote or pristine areas and potential simultaneous exposure. Such findings indicate an influence of anthropogenic sources, emphasizing the urgency for monitoring programs guiding strategic management efforts to safeguard these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Zachello Nunes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Yonara Garcia
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.
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3
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Souza IDC, Morozesk M, Azevedo VC, Griboff J, Elliott M, Matsumoto ST, Monferrán MV, Wunderlin DA, Fernandes MN. Integrating chemical and biological data by chemometrics to evaluate detoxification responses of a neotropical bivalve to metal and metalloid contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139730. [PMID: 37574089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves represent a challenge in monitoring studies due to their physical and chemical conditions under constant marine and anthropogenic influences. This study investigated metals/metalloids whole-body bioaccumulation (soft tissues) and the risk associated with their uptake, biochemical and morphological detoxification processes in gills and metals/metalloids immobilisation in shells of the neotropical sentinel oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae from two Brazilian estuarine sites. Biochemical and morphological responses indicated three main mechanisms: (1) catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione played important roles as the first defence against reactive oxygen species; (2) antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, glutathione S-transferase, metallothionein prevent protein damage and (3) metals/metalloids sequestration into oyster shells as a mechanism of oyster detoxification. However, the estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and hazard index showed that the human consumption of oysters would not represent a human health risk. Among 14 analysed metals/metalloids, chemometrics indicate that Mn, As, Pb, Zn and Fe overload the antioxidant system leading to morphological alterations in gills. Overall, results indicated cellular vacuolization and increases in mucous cell density as defence mechanisms to prevent metals/metalloids accumulation and the reduction in gill cilia; these have long-term implications in respiration and feeding and, consequently, for growth and development. The integration of data from different sites and environmental conditions using chemometrics highlights the main biological patterns of detoxification from a neotropical estuarine bivalve, indicating the way in which species can cope with metals/metalloids contamination and its ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara da C Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (DCF/UFSCar), Ave. Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (DBV/UFES), Ave. Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Morozesk
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (DCF/UFSCar), Ave. Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius C Azevedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Julieta Griboff
- Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, and CONICET, CIBICI, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende Esq. Haya de La Torre S/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Michael Elliott
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; International Estuarine & Coastal Specialists (IECS) Ltd. Leven, HU17 5LQ, UK.
| | - Silvia T Matsumoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (DBV/UFES), Ave. Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Magdalena V Monferrán
- Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, and CONICET, CIBICI, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende Esq. Haya de La Torre S/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cdad. Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Daniel A Wunderlin
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cdad. Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marisa N Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (DCF/UFSCar), Ave. Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Noleto KS, Mendes DCS, Carvalho IFS, Ribeiro DLS, Santos DMS, Ferreira APM, Marques ALB, Carvalho Neta RNF, Tchaicka L, Torres Júnior JRS. Aquatic pollutants are associated with reproductive alterations and genotoxicity in estuarine fish (Sciades herzbergii - Bloch, 1794) from the Amazon Equatorial Coast. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e267996. [PMID: 36541982 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.267996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estuaries are constantly subject to continuous environmental impacts of human activities, such as fisheries, port or industry, and domestic sewage, with fish being one of the most affected aquatic animals, reflecting the impacts directly on their bodies. Thus, the aim of this study was to carry out the biomonitoring of an estuary located on the Amazonian Equatorial Coast through analysis of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in the water, in addition to trace metals, histopathological alterations and analysis of erythrocyte micronuclei in Sciades herzbergii. S. herzbergii was used as a model species, due to its estuarine-resident behavior. Gonad and gill samples were subjected to histopathological evaluations. The quantification of trace metals was performed in samples of skeletal muscles of the animals collected, where concentrations of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) were found. Except for Cadmium (Cd), all the concentrations were above the recommended limits. The PAHs analysis revealed the presence of Naphthalene and Acenaphthene in the water samples Histopathological and genotoxic analyses revealed of lesions in 100% of the study specimens. Thus, the histological and genotoxic alterations found in 100% of S. herzbergii specimens captured in São José Bay-MA are potentially associated with PAH concentrations present in the water. These results are potentially associated with the presence of PAH and trace metals, both in water and in animal tissues, inferring a general scenario of environmental contamination which directly implies a risk to the health and survival of the local biota. This study shows the relevance of continuous biomonitoring of estuarine ecosystems, in order to guide authorities regarding sewage management and ensure the evolutionary development of estuarine species, especially fishes of importance in the local cuisine, therefore related to human food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Noleto
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - D C S Mendes
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - I F S Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - D L S Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - D M S Santos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - A P M Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - A L B Marques
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - R N F Carvalho Neta
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - L Tchaicka
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - J R S Torres Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Takio N, Yadav M, Yadav HS. Catalase-mediated remediation of environmental pollutants and potential application – a review. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1932838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nene Takio
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Itanagar, India
| | - Meera Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Itanagar, India
| | - Hardeo Singh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Itanagar, India
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Duarte J, Pereira C, Costa P, Almeida A. Bacteriophages with Potential to Inactivate Aeromonas hydrophila in Cockles: In Vitro and In Vivo Preliminary Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060710. [PMID: 34204770 PMCID: PMC8231581 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrent emergence of infection outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption is of extreme importance for public health. The present study investigated the potential application of phages AH-1, AH-4, and AH-5 to inactivate Aeromonas hydrophila, a causative agent of infections in humans associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. The inactivation of A. hydrophila was assessed in vitro, using a liquid culture medium, and in vivo, using artificially contaminated cockles with A. hydrophila ATCC 7966. In the in vitro experiments, all phages were effective against A. hydrophila, but phage AH-1 (with a maximum reduction of 7.7 log colonies forming units CFU/mL) was more effective than phages AH-4 and AH-5 (with reductions of 4.9 and 4.5 log CFU/mL, respectively). The cocktails AH-1/AH-4, AH-1/AH-5, AH-4/AH-5, and AH-1/AH-4/AH-5 were slightly more effective than the single phage suspensions. The phages presented a low emergence rate of phage-resistant mutants. When artificially contaminated cockles were treated in static seawater with phage AH-1, around 44% of the added A. hydrophila (1.0 log CFU/g) was inactivated. The results of this study suggest that phage therapy can be an effective alternative to control human pathogenic bacteria during depuration.
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Lu M, Yang J, Wang Z, Song J, Hu Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Xu Y, Zhu P. Cloning and expression of the ChGstα and ChGstκ genes in the gills of Crassostrea hongkongensis under nanoparticulate and ionic Zn stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 244:109007. [PMID: 33610816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate and ionic Zn have potential impacts on the detoxification systems of organisms, and Gst genes play key roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics. In this study, we cloned the ChGstα and ChGstκ genes of C. hongkongensis, and studied their expression in gills under nanoparticulate and ionic Zn stress. The results showed that the coding sequences of the ChGstα and ChGstκ genes were 684 and 675 bp, respectively, and had no signal peptide; ChGstα was cytoplasmic, while ChGstκ was mitochondrial. The two genes were expressed in all 8 tested samples, with the most abundant expression observed in hemocytes for ChGstα and digestive glands for ChGstκ. After ZnCl2 or ZnoNP challenge, the expression of ChGstα decreased significantly in the ZnCl2 groups, and its expression was higher in the ZnoNP groups than in the ZnCl2 groups. The expression of ChGstκ was significantly decreased in the ZnCl2 and ZnoNP groups, and its expression was higher in the ZnoNP groups than in the ZnCl2 groups except at 3 h post metal Zn stress, which suggested that ChGstα and ChGstκ were more sensitive to ZnoNP than ZnCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, PR China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Pengliang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, PR China.
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Noleto KS, de Oliveira SRS, Lima IMA, de Jesus WB, da Silva Castro J, de Santana TC, de Lima Cardoso R, Jorge MB, Santos DMS, de Souza Torres-Júnior JR, Fortes Carvalho Neta RN. Biochemical and Histological Biomarkers in Crassostrea sp. (Bivalvia, Ostreidae) for Environmental Monitoring of a Neotropical Estuarine Area (São José Bay, Northeastern Brazil). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:614-621. [PMID: 33609170 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare biochemical and histological biomarkers in oysters to identify impacted areas in a Brazilian port region. Oysters belonging to the Crassostrea genus were collected in two points in São José Bay (Brazil): (A1) Curupu Island (control area) and (A2) Braga Port (impacted area). Digestive glands from oysters were used to analyze the enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase and Catalase. The gills were used for standard histology analyses. Water samples were collected for metal analyses. Our results indicated that there was a change in the activity of oyster GST and CAT enzymes, especially in A2. Histological gill analysis indicated more frequent changes in A2. The analyzed metals presented higher values in A2. The results of this study suggest that enzymatic alterations, histological changes and higher metal values are indicative of initial stress caused by contaminants in São José Bay, especially in the port region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Saldanha Noleto
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Maranhão (Ufma), Avenue of Portugueses 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Suelen Rosana Sampaio de Oliveira
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Maranhão (Ufma), Avenue of Portugueses 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Ione Marly Arouche Lima
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate animal Science program, State University of Maranhão (Uema), University City Paulo, VI s/n, Cidade Operária, Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Wanda Batista de Jesus
- Department of Biology, Postgraduate Program in Aquatic Resources and Fisheries, State University of Maranhão (Uema), University City Paulo, VI s/n, Cidade Operária, Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Jonatas da Silva Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University (UniNiltonLins), Av. Nilton Lins, 3259, Parque das Laranjeiras, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Thiago Campos de Santana
- Department of Biology, Postgraduate Program in Aquatic Resources and Fisheries, State University of Maranhão (Uema), University City Paulo, VI s/n, Cidade Operária, Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Rayssa de Lima Cardoso
- São Paulo StateUniversity (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenue Three March, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Maranhão (Ufma), Avenue of Portugueses 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Débora Martins Silva Santos
- Department of Biology, Postgraduate Program in Aquatic Resources and Fisheries, State University of Maranhão (Uema), University City Paulo, VI s/n, Cidade Operária, Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - José Ribamar de Souza Torres-Júnior
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Maranhão (Ufma), Avenue of Portugueses 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho Neta
- Department of Biology, Postgraduate Program in Aquatic Resources and Fisheries, State University of Maranhão (Uema), University City Paulo, VI s/n, Cidade Operária, Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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