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Banaee M, Beitsayah A, Zeidi A, Haghi BN, Piccione G, Faggio C, Multisanti CR, Impellitteri F. Toxicity of cigarette butts (CBs) leachate on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Blood biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and metabolic profile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116514. [PMID: 38810286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic effects of different concentrations of cigarette butt leachate (CBL) (0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 µL L-1) on blood biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the biochemical profile of the liver and muscle of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) after 21 days. Increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma, and decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fish exposed to CBL, indicated cytotoxicity. Elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels, coupled with reduced total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the plasma, indicated impaired liver function in the fish. An increase in creatinine showed kidney damage. Increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities, along with the decrease in liver glutathione (GSH) content and total antioxidant capacity in the hepatocytes of fish exposed to CBL, indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation indicated heightened lipid peroxidation in CBL-exposed fish hepatocytes. Raman spectroscopy revealed altered biochemical profiles in fish liver and muscle post-CBL exposure. The results demonstrated that exposure to CBL led to a decrease in phospholipid levels, collagen destruction, changes in phenylalanine levels, and a decrease in the levels of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in fish liver and muscle tissue. Furthermore, the metabolites and compounds of cigarette butt juice were detectable in the liver and muscle tissue of fishes. In conclusion, this study showed that exposure to CBL can have adverse effects on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Amal Beitsayah
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Amir Zeidi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Behzad Nematdoost Haghi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Federica Impellitteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy.
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Zarei S, Ghafouri H, Vahdatiraad L, Heidari B, Sohrabi T. Enhancing resistance and cell survival in Acipenser ruthenus liver, gill, and kidney cells: The potential of heat shock protein inducers against PAH-benzo[a]pyrene stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9445-9460. [PMID: 38191735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The Caspian Sea has faced many environmental challenges, such as oil pollution. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a critical role in stress conditions and physiological changes caused by disease or injury. By evaluating the effects of various HSP inducers (HSPi), including Pro-Tex® (NOP: 800 mM), amygdalin (AMG: 80 mM), and a novel synthetic compound derived from pirano piranazole (SZ: 80 µm) on isolated cells from Sterlet Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) treated with 75% IC50 PAH-benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; B75). This study examines whether there is a correlation between exposure to the BaP pollutant and HSPs in fish. In vitro, after culturing cells from the liver, kidney, and gills, they were treated with HSPi compounds in the presence and absence of BaP. Western blotting was used to assess HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 expression patterns. A variety of enzyme activities were measured before (without treatment) and after treatment with HSPis and HSPi + B75, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity, specific enzyme activity for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant capacity, liver indicator enzymes, cortisol levels, and immunity parameters. When compared to the control group, cells treated with B75 showed the lowest AChE enzyme activity (p < 0.0001). CYP450 activity was highest in group B75, while HSPi caused the opposite effect (p < 0.0001). HSPi + B75 increased HSP levels and antioxidant parameters while decreasing cortisol and liver indicator enzymes (p < 0.0001). HSPi may be a powerful and reliable method for enhancing the resistance of A. ruthenus to BaP stresses before exposure. Treating cells with HSP-inducing compounds, such as NOP, AMG, and SZ, can assist them in managing stress and increase HSP (27, 70, and 90) protein expression. Furthermore, the study findings suggest that HSPis can also mitigate the adverse effects of stress, ultimately increasing cell survival and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
- Department of Marine Sciences, the Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Leila Vahdatiraad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Marine Sciences, the Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tooraj Sohrabi
- International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Xu Y, Tao C, Tong J, Luo Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Xu T. Uncovering SOD3 and GPX4 as new targets of Benzo[α]pyrene-induced hepatotoxicity through Metabolomics and Chemical Proteomics. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102930. [PMID: 37847980 PMCID: PMC10585396 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[α]pyrene (Bap) is recognized as a ubiquitous environmental pollutant among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) class. Previous studies have shown that the hepatotoxicity of Bap is mainly caused by its metabolites, although it remains unclear whether Bap itself induces such damage. This study integrated metabolomics and chemical proteomics approaches to comprehensively identify the potential target proteins affected by Bap in liver cells. The results from the metabolomics showed that the significant changed metabolites were related with cellular redox homeostasis. CEllular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) showed that Bap induced protein thermal displacement of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which are closely related to oxidative homeostasis. Further validation through in vitro CETSA and drug affinity response target stability (DARTS) revealed that Bap directly affected the stability of SOD3 and GPX4 proteins. The binding affinities of Bap to the potential target proteins were further evaluated using molecular docking, while the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) interaction measurements indicated nanomolar-level Kd values. Importantly, we found that Bap weakened the antioxidant capacity by destroying the activities of SOD3 and GPX4, which provided a new understanding of the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by Bap. Moreover, our provided workflow integrating metabolomics and label-free chemical proteomics, can be regarded as a practical way to identify the targets and inter-mechanisms for the various environmental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Yipeng Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Cimin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Tong
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yingjie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325899, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325899, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325899, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325899, China.
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Yue Y, Cai X, Lu C, Sechi LA, Solla P, Li S. Unraveling the prognostic significance and molecular characteristics of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238312. [PMID: 37908350 PMCID: PMC10613680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a prevalent subtype of kidney cancer that exhibits a complex tumor microenvironment, which significantly influences tumor progression and immunotherapy response. In recent years, emerging evidence has underscored the involvement of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-Bs), a crucial component of adaptive immunity, and their roles in ccRCC as compared to other tumors. Therefore, the present study endeavors to systematically explore the prognostic and molecular features of TIL-Bs in ccRCC. Methods Initially, xCell algorithm was used to predict TIL-Bs in TCGA-KIRC and other ccRCC transcriptomic datasets. The Log-Rank test and Cox regression were applied to explore the relationship of B-cells with ccRCC survival. Then, we used WGCNA method to identify important modules related to TIL-Bs combining Consensus subcluster and scRNA-seq data analysis. To narrow down the prospective biomarkers, a prognostic signature was proposed. Next, we explored the feature of the signature individual genes and the risk-score. Finally, the potential associations of signature with clinical phenotypes and drugs were investigated. Results Preliminary, we found ccRCC survival was negatively associated with TIL-Bs, which was confirmed by other datasets. Afterwards, ten co-expression modules were identified and a distinct ccRCC cluster was subsequently detected. Moreover, we assessed the transcriptomic alteration of B-cell in ccRCC and a relevant B-cell subtype was also pinpointed. Based on two core modules (brown, red), a 10-gene signature (TNFSF13B, SHARPIN, B3GAT3, IL2RG, TBC1D10C, STAC3, MICB, LAG3, SMIM29, CTLA4) was developed in train set and validated in test sets. These biomarkers were further investigated with regards to their differential expression and correlation with immune characteristics, along with risk-score related mutations and pathways. Lastly, we established a nomogram combined tumor grade and discovered underlying drugs according to their sensitivity response. Discussion In our research, we elucidated the remarkable association between ccRCC and B-cells. Then, we detected several key gene modules, together with close patient subcluster and B-cell subtype,which could be responsible for the TIL-Bs in ccRCC. Moreover, we proposed a 10-gene signature and investigated its molecular features from multiple perspectives. Overall, understanding the roles of TIL-Bs could aid in the immunotherapeutic approaches for ccRCC, which deserve further research to clarify the implications for patient prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Yue
- Department of Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Changhao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassarie, Sassari, Italy
| | - Shensuo Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kodzhahinchev V, Rachamalla M, Al-Dissi A, Niyogi S, Weber LP. Examining the subchronic (28-day) effects of aqueous Cd-BaP co-exposure on detoxification capacity and cardiac function in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106672. [PMID: 37672889 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP) in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). To this end, fish were exposed to either 1 or 10 μg/L Cd or 0.1 or 1 μg/L BaP in isolation, or a co-exposure containing a mixture of the two toxicants. Our results showed extensive modulation of the expression of key antioxidant genes (GPx, SOD1, catalase), detoxifying genes (MT1, MT2, CYP1A1) and a stress biomarker (HSP70) differing between control, single toxicant groups and co-exposure groups. We additionally carried out histopathological analysis of the gills, liver, and hearts of exposed animals, noting no differences in tissue necrosis or apoptosis. Finally, we carried out ultrasonographic analysis of cardiac function, noting a significant decrease of E-wave peak velocity and end diastolic volume in exposed fish. This in turn was accompanied by a decrease in stroke volume and ejection fraction, but not cardiac output in co-exposed fish. The present study is the first to demonstrate that a subchronic aqueous exposure to a Cd-BaP mixture can extensively modulate detoxification capacity and cardiac function in adult zebrafish in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Jamebozorgi FH, Abtahi B, Sharifpour I, Seyfabadi J, Rahmatabadi ZT, Nazemroaya S, Lari E. The effects of the water-soluble fractions of crude oil on liver and kidney tissues of Caspian Kutum juveniles, Rutilus frisii. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114675. [PMID: 36827769 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lethal and histopathological impacts of crude oil's Water-Soluble Fraction (WSF) on the liver and kidney tissues of juvenile Rutilus frisii were investigated. The LC50 96 h of WSF was calculated at 33.95 ppm. Fish exposed to two concentrations (0.1 LC50 and LC50) of WSF and control for 24 and 96 h were used for histopathological studies. Tissues in the control group and 0.1 LC50-24 h were healthy, and no specific damages were observed. With increasing exposure time (96 h) and concentration (LC50), damages' type, frequency, and intensity gradually increased. Cloudy swelling, loss of cell boundary, nuclei deformation, and congestion of blood vessels were found in the liver, enlarged glomeruli, reduced Bowman's space, and occlusion of the tubular lumen, were found in the kidney. It is demonstrated that the WSF of crude oil can cause severe damage to the tissues of juvenile Kutum, depending on the exposure concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrooz Abtahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Issa Sharifpour
- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Seyfabadi
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | | | - Samira Nazemroaya
- South of Iran Aquaculture Research Institute, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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Asl AG, Nabavi SMB, Rouzbahani MM, Alipour SS, Monavari SM. Persistent organic pollutants influence the marine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in surface sediments of Nayband National Park and Bay, Northern Persian Gulf, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:30254-30270. [PMID: 36422775 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Macroinvertebrate communities have been influenced by chemical substances, originated from petrochemical developments, that caused many problems in the marine biota. This study investigated the surface sediments of Nayband National Park and Bay (northern Persian Gulf) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in terms of their distribution, source, and impacts on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. To this end, a total of 180 surface sediment samples from 20 stations were collected using Van-Veen grab sampler during winter 2018. The concentration of PAHs, TPHs, total organic carbon (TOC). and total organic matter (TOM) were evaluated, and grain size measurements were conducted on sediment samples in this study. Benthic macroinvertebrates were then identified in terms of presence and distribution. The results indicated that coarse granulometric fractions of sands were prevalence in all samples stations. The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 47.57 to 657.68 ng/g and TPHs 5.72 to 42.16 µg/g dw. The risk of ΣPAHs and TPHs in the sediments was relatively low to moderate according to the sediment quality guidelines. Analysis of the results revealed a significant negative correlation between ΣPAHs (R-value = - 0.917; P < 0.01), TPHs (R-value = - 0.849; P < 0.01) and macrofaunal abundance. Findings demonstrated that the species richness and abundance were at the lowest levels in stations where concentrations of PAHs, TPHs, TOC, and TOM were in the highest values, suggesting that these contaminants could negatively influence the benthic organisms in Nayband National Park and Bay. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis showed that sedimentary habitats in Nayband National Park and Bay are being negatively affected by PAHs and TPHs, released from Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ). Moreover, the marine biotic index (AMBI) and Shannon-Weiner Diversity (H') results suggest that Nayband National Park and Bay can be classified as slightly to moderate polluted area. In conclusion, Northern Persian Gulf is significantly affected by oil industry developments and petrochemical activities. The unique ecosystem like Nayband National Park and Bay has been in a cautious status in terms of the PSEEZ pollutants and the levels of PAHs and TPHs concentration, warning that urgent environmental programs should be considered to protect the diversity and ecology of this valuable marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghanavati Asl
- Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | | | - Sima Sabz Alipour
- Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Nozari M, Esmaili-Sari A, Moradi AM, Bahramifar N, Taghavi L. Contamination, ecological, and health risk assessment of heavy metals and organophosphorus pesticides in single, double, and ratoon cropping of rice: a case study in Mazandaran, North of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:376. [PMID: 36757450 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals and organophosphorus pesticides in single, double, and ratoon cropping of rice in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. A total of 17 sampling locations in rice farms were selected and soil and rice samples were collected from farms in 5 counties of Mazandaran. Soil and rice samples were then transferred to the lab for further analysis. The concentration of pesticides and heavy metals was then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Mercury was analyzed using a Leco mercury analyzer. Target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), carcinogenic risk (CR), and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) in children and adults were used. Potential ecological risk also was used to test the possible hazards of heavy metals to the environment. Heavy metals concentration in rice and soil samples in different farming steps revealed different levels. THQ showed no considerable risk in consuming contaminated rice to adults and children considered, while TTHQ revealed potential non-carcinogenic risks. Ni had the most carcinogenic risks to target human groups, and TCR showed carcinogenicity for carcinogenic heavy metals in all stations. Findings showed no ecological risks of metals to the environment. In conclusion, rice farmers in Mazandaran use the lands multiple times during the year to increase the performance, function, quality, and quantity of rice, but the possible toxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides on consumers and the environment should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Nozari
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Esmaili-Sari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
| | - Ali Mashinchian Moradi
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Lobat Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Kazemi A, Esmaeilbeigi M, Sahebi Z, Shooshtari SJ. Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater quality and human health risk assessment of trace elements in the largest mining district of South Khorasan, Eastern Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81804-81829. [PMID: 35739445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The groundwater resources of mining areas have been in a challenging condition in terms of metal pollution and human health. Therefore, this study investigated the concentration of cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), and antimony (Sb) in groundwater samples (wells, qanats, and springs) in a heavily contaminated mining district, South Khorasan, Eastern Iran. Human health risk of the studied metals to target groups was assessed, and water quality of the studied groundwater was investigated in the study area. A total of 367 sampling sites (279 wells, 74 qanats, and 14 springs) in South Khorasan Province were selected to collect the groundwater samples from June to July 2020. Sampling was performed thrice for each sampling point, and hydrochemical parameters were evaluated using a portable multiparameter. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect the metal concentrations. Results showed an order of Se > Mo > Sn > Co > Sb, and hazard index (HI) demonstrated a warning condition for south of South Khorasan (drinking application), southwest of South Khorasan (Irrigation application), and east and center of South Khorasan (drinking-irrigation application). Hydrochemical parameters showed a classification of "Na + K type" and "Mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type" with an overall group of "Na-Cl-HCO3" for sampled waters. Ficklin-Caboi diagram depicted a classification of "near-neutral low metal," and Schoeller diagram classified studied groundwater as "good" for drinking and irrigation consumptions and "Na-Cl" type based on ion balance diagram. Based on the correlation analysis, positive relationships were recorded among EC, TDS, Cl-, Na+, sulfate, Ca2+, salt, total hardness, Mg2+, ammonia, and K+ measured in the water samples. In essence, arid regions of the world greatly rely upon groundwater resources for drinking and irrigation consumptions, and mining districts with a heavy load of active mines can be a serious threat to the groundwater quality and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
| | - Milad Esmaeilbeigi
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zahra Sahebi
- Arvin Zist Pooya Lab, Postal Code, 1563794747, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Joorabian Shooshtari
- Department of Nature Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
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10
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Li X, Sun CL, Xu Y, Shan SH, Zheng H, Guo XL, Hu JN. Construction of novel magnetic nanoparticles for enrichment of benzo(α)pyrene from edible oils followed by HPLC determination. Food Chem 2022; 386:132838. [PMID: 35509171 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for benzo(α)pyrene (Bαp) enrichment from an oil matrix was developed by using magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@dopamine/graphene oxide, Fe3O4@DA/GO) as extraction absorbents, and the chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized. Various parameters were investigated to optimize the extraction of Bαp from oils. Under optimal conditions (pH, 4; extraction time, 0.5 min; elution solvent, 1 mL; absorbent weight, 20 mg; elution time, 0.5 min), these nanoparticles showed excellent abilities to enrich Bαp from the saponified oil solution and were easily separated by a magnet. High-performance liquid chromatography plus fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was then applied to determine the Bαp content with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999). The detection limit was 0.13 µg/kg, while the limit of quantification was 0.42 µg/kg. The spiked recoveries of Bαp in oils ranged from 73.5% to 121%. Compared with previous reports, the proposed method displayed many advantages, including a high efficiency of oil matrix removal, short extraction time, and convenient extraction procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chang-Ling Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shi-Hui Shan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Han Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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11
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Esmaeilbeigi M, Behzadi Tayemeh M, Johari SA, Ghorbani F, Sourinejad I, Yu IJ. In silico modeling of the antagonistic effect of mercuric chloride and silver nanoparticles on the mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54733-54744. [PMID: 35306655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in silico modeling was designed to examine the antagonistic effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on response surface methodology (RSM). Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) with an average weight of 0.75 ± 0.16 g were used in this study. An interaction between HgCl2 and AgNPs was evaluated using DLS, TEM, and EDX mapping. In addition, RSM was applied to determine and predict the mortality rate of zebrafish induced by HgCl2 in the presence of non-lethal concentrations of AgNPs and to optimize dependent and independent variables. Following exposure to HgCl2, in vitro observations showed an increase in the hydrodynamic size of AgNPs and the formation of irregular nanoparticles. EDX mapping analysis also demonstrated the deposition of Hg ions on the surface of AgNPs, indicating the interaction between HgCl2 and AgNPs (i.e., the amalgamation of Hg and AgNPs). Moreover, in silico and in vivo findings illustrated that the mortality rate of zebrafish increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the mortality rate reduced greatly in the presence of AgNPs during 96-h exposure. Statistically significant correlation and regression were also observed for the mortality rate between the actual and predicted values based on the ANOVA results, showing that the proposed model fits well. The most critical conditions of mortality rate were occurred by HgCl2 concentration of 0.23 mg L-1 and AgNP concentration of 0.04 mg L-1 that yielding maximum fish mortality rate of 96.541%. Additionally, the obtained value for model desirability was equal to 1.000 (i.e., the highest possible value). In conclusion, this statistical model could accurately describe the relationship between independent and dependent variables, and consequently boost substantially the experimental design of ecotoxicological studies by reducing the number of model organisms, toxic and chemical substances, time, and budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Esmaeilbeigi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behzadi Tayemeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Farshid Ghorbani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, 6617715177, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Iman Sourinejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Il Je Yu
- HCT CO., LTD, Icheon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yazdanabdad TE, Forghaniha A, Emtyazjoo M, Ramezani M. Toxicity Effects of Engineered Iron Nanoparticles (Fe 3O 4) on the Growth, Cell Density, and Pigment Content of Chlorella vulgaris. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:155-167. [PMID: 35947144 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles released from synthesized thiourea catalyst on the biological aspects of Chlorella vulgaris. Fe3O4 concentrations (0, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg L-1) were used for the exposure tests. Biological parameters of C. vulgaris, including cell density, cell viability, and pigment content, were assessed. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors were evaluated for contaminated microalgae. Non-carcinogenic risks were then assessed using target hazard quotient (THQ) for potential risks in human consumptions. Findings showed that C. vulgaris cell number increased from 0 to 500 mg L-1 of Fe3O4 concentration. Chlorophyll a represented a time-dependent response, and greatest values were detected in 250 and 500 mg L-1 Fe3O4 at 4.2 and 4 mg/g, respectively. Chlorophyll b content showed a time-related manner in exposure to Fe3O4 with the highest values recorded at 250 mg L-1 after 96 h. Moreover, bioaccumulation displayed a dose-dependent response at 15,000 µg/g dw in 1000 mg L-1, whereas the lowest concentration was in the control group at 1700 µg/g dw. The bioconcentration factor showed a concentration-relevant decrease in all iron treatments and 10 mg L-1 of Fe3O4 represented the greatest BCF at 327.3611. Non-carcinogenic risks illustrated negligible hazard (THQ < 1) and the largest EDI and THQ were calculated in 1000 mg L-1 at 7.4332E-07 (mg kg-1 day-1) and 1.06189E-09, respectively. Together, iron is an essential trace element for biological purposes in aquatic systems, but in exceeding concentrations could impose toxicity effects to C. vulgaris populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Forghaniha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Emtyazjoo
- Department of Marine Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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13
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Nikokherad H, Esmaili-Sari A, Moradi AM, Bahramifar N, Mostafavi PG. Bioaccumulation capacity of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis exposed to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate: Bio- and health risk assessment approach. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Osanlou R, Emtyazjoo M, Banaei A, Hesarinejad MA, Ashrafi F. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers containing zeaxanthin and evaluation of physicochemical properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Shaabani Z, Esmaili-Sari A, Moradi AM, Taghavi L, Farsad F. Possible health risk assessment for heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, and fish species and Turkmen pregnant women's biomonitoring in Miankaleh Peninsula, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37187-37203. [PMID: 35032266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the human biomonitoring of heavy metals in the water, sediments, and tissues of mostly consumed fish species using Turkmen pregnant women's biomarkers in winter 2019, at the Miankaleh Peninsula, north of Iran. Metal concentrations were measured in various fish organs as well as pregnant women's blood, hair, and nail as biological indicators. For this purpose, a total of 20 water and sediment, 14 fish, and 16 human samples were collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, As, Hg, and Pb. Results showed metals with the highest concentrations as Cu and Cr in water (93.35 and 80.91 µg/l, respectively), Hg and Pb in sediment (7.40 µg/g for both), Cu and Pb in the liver (27.00 and 18.9 µg/g for C. carpio; 1414 and 31.7 µg/g for L. auratus), muscle (10.00 and 18.80 for C. carpio; 37.20 and 8.27 µg/g for L. auratus), and skin (26.40 and 9.90 for C. carpio; 10.80 and 11.74 µg/g for L. auratus). In addition, Cu, in pregnant women samples, had the highest values at 2.53 mg/l, 8.87, 36.46, and 29.04 µg/g for blood, hair, fingernail, and toenail, respectively. However, Co showed the lowest concentration in all studied samples. Fish liver and fingernail of pregnant women did reveal the highest heavy metal accumulation, whereas fish muscle and blood of pregnant women had the lowest accumulated heavy metals. The concentration of Hg in water, sediment, fish muscle, and women's blood and hair exceeded the limits suggested by various organizations. Therefore, this study highlighted that heavy metal concentration, in particular Hg, in water, sediments, and fish is a serious risk to the health of local inhabitants who rely on fisheries products and recommended that necessary information should be provided to warn Turkmen pregnant women in consumption of Hg-contaminated fish in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shaabani
- Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Esmaili-Sari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mashinchian Moradi
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Farsad
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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16
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Bianchi L, Casini S, Vantaggiato L, Di Noi A, Carleo A, Shaba E, Armini A, Bellucci F, Furii G, Bini L, Caliani I. A Novel Ex Vivo Approach Based on Proteomics and Biomarkers to Evaluate the Effects of Chrysene, MEHP, and PBDE-47 on Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074369. [PMID: 35410049 PMCID: PMC8998652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The principal aim of the present study was to develop and apply novel ex vivo tests as an alternative to cell cultures able to evaluate the possible effects of emerging and legacy contaminants in Caretta caretta. To this end, we performed ex vivo experiments on non-invasively collected whole-blood and skin-biopsy slices treated with chrysene, MEHP, or PBDE-47. Blood samples were tested by oxidative stress (TAS), immune system (respiratory burst, lysozyme, and complement system), and genotoxicity (ENA assay) biomarkers, and genotoxic and immune system effects were observed. Skin slices were analyzed by applying a 2D-PAGE/MS proteomic approach, and specific contaminant signatures were delineated on the skin proteomic profile. These reflect biochemical effects induced by each treatment and allowed to identify glutathione S-transferase P, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, mimecan, and protein S100-A6 as potential biomarkers of the health-threatening impact the texted toxicants have on C. caretta. Obtained results confirm the suitability of the ex vivo system and indicate the potential risk the loggerhead sea turtle is undergoing in the natural environment. In conclusion, this work proved the relevance that the applied ex vivo models may have in testing the toxicity of other compounds and mixtures and in biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Silvia Casini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Agata Di Noi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P. Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Enxhi Shaba
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Alessandro Armini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bellucci
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Giovanni Furii
- Centro Recupero Tartarughe Marine Legambiente, Molo di Ponente, 71043 Manfredonia, Italy;
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
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17
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Integration of Genotoxic Biomarkers in Environmental Biomonitoring Analysis Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach in Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758). TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030101. [PMID: 35324726 PMCID: PMC8950626 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is impacted by a variety of increasing pressures, such as contaminants, including genotoxic pollutants. The proposed multi-biomarker approach at a sub-individual level gives a complementary indicator to the chemical and ecological parameters of the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC). By integrating biomarkers of genotoxicity and erythrocyte necrosis in the sentinel fish species the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) through active biomonitoring of six stations of the Artois-Picardie watershed, north France, our work aimed to improve the already existing biomarker approach. Even if fish in all stations had high levels of DNA strand breaks, the multivariate analysis (PCA), followed by hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC), improved discrimination among stations by detecting an increase of nuclear DNA content variation (Etaing, St Rémy du Nord, Artres and Biache-St-Vaast) and erythrocyte necrosis (Etaing, St Rémy du Nord). The present work highlighted that the integration of these biomarkers of genotoxicity in a multi-biomarker approach is appropriate to expand physiological parameters which allow the targeting of new potential effects of contaminants.
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18
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Sharma K, Sharma P, Dhiman SK, Chadha P, Saini HS. Biochemical, genotoxic, histological and ultrastructural effects on liver and gills of fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to textile industry intermediate 2 ABS. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132103. [PMID: 34488055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study was planned to assess the acute toxicity of textile industry intermediate, 2 amino benzene sulfonate (2 ABS) through biochemical, genotoxic, histopathological and ultrastructural (SEM) analysis in liver and gills of fresh water fish Channa punctatus. The fish were subjected to two sublethal concentrations (2.83 mg/30 g b. w. and 5.66 mg/30 g b. w.) for 96 h. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) increment in the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) was observed followed by decline on CAT-SOD after 96 h of exposure in both the tissues, whereas increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed throughout the exposure period for both the concentrations. Comet assay also showed elevated tail length and % tail DNA throughout the exposure period, marking maximum damage after 96 h for both the tissues. Light microscopy divulged several anomalies including: infiltration of lymphocytes, sinusoidal dilations, necrosis, vacuolation in liver and secondary lamellae fusion, telangiectasia and epithelial uplifting in gills. The highest degree of tissue change (DTC) in liver (50.33 ± 0.88) and gill (42.33 ± 2.18) was recorded with the highest concentration after 96 h of exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also reaffirmed several alterations in liver and gills of fish. The findings of the present study inflict changes in liver and gills, marking the interference of 2 ABS with the normal functioning by suppressing the enzymatic activity, accelerating the lipid peroxidation, enhancing DNA damage and by disrupting normal architecture of liver and gills, making it toxic towards the fish even at sub-lethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Sharma
- Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Prince Sharma
- Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Shakti Kumar Dhiman
- Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180016, India.
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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