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Silva LFO, Bodah BW, Lozano LP, Oliveira MLS, Korcelski C, Maculan LS, Neckel A. Nanoparticles containing hazardous elements and the spatial optics of the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite in Amazonian rivers: a potential tool to understand environmental impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27617-7. [PMID: 37193793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon River is the longest river in the world. The Tapajós River is a tributary to the Amazon. At their junction, a marked decrease in water quality is evident from negative impacts from the constant activity of clandestine gold mining in the Tapajós River watershed. The accumulation of hazardous elements (HEs), capable of compromising environmental quality across large regions is evident in the waters of the Tapajós. Sentinel-3B OLCI (Ocean Land Color Instrument) Level-2 satellite imagery with Water Full Resolution (WFR) of 300 m was utilized to detect the highest potential for the absorption coefficient of detritus and gelbstoff in 443 m-1 (ADG443_NN), chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN) and total suspended matter concentration (TSM_NN), at 25 points in the Amazon and Tapajós rivers (in 2019 and 2021). Physical samples of riverbed sediment collected in the field at the same locations were analyzed for NPs and ultra-fine particles to verify the geospatial findings. The riverbed sediment samples collected in the field were studied by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), following laboratory analytical procedures. The Sentinel-3B OLCI images, based on the Neural Network (NN) were calibrated by the European Space Agency (ESA), with a standard average normalization of 0.83 µg/mg, containing a maximum error of 6.62% applied to the sampled points. The analysis of the riverbed sediment samples revealed the presence of the following hazardous elements: As, Hg, La, Ce, Th, Pb, Pd, among several others. The Amazon River has significant potential to transport ADG443_NN (55.475 m-1) and TSM_NN (70.787 gm-3) in sediments, with the possibility of negatively impacting marine biodiversity, in addition to being harmful to human health over very large regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- CDLAC - Coleta de Dados Análises Laboratoriais E Científicas LTDA, Nova Santa Rita , 92480-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Doutorado Em Sociedade Natureza E Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- Yakima Valley College, Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, South16th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA, 98902, USA
- ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, 30499070-220, Brazil
| | - Liliana P Lozano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Doutorado Em Sociedade Natureza E Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- CDLAC - Coleta de Dados Análises Laboratoriais E Científicas LTDA, Nova Santa Rita , 92480-000, Brazil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Korcelski
- ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, 30499070-220, Brazil
- Universidade Do Minho, UMINHO, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Neckel A, Oliveira MLS, Maculan LS, Adelodun B, Toscan PC, Bodah BW, Moro LD, Silva LFO. Terrestrial nanoparticle contaminants and geospatial optics using the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite in the Tinto River estuary region of the Iberian Peninsula. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114525. [PMID: 36580843 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Tinto River is known globally for having a reddish color due to the high concentration of dissolved metals in its waters. The general objective of this study is to analyze the dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) and ultra-fine particles in terrestrial and geospatial suspended sediments (SSs) using Sentinel-3B OLCI (Ocean Land Color Instrument) satellite images; by examining water turbidity levels (TSM_NN), suspended pollution potential (ADG_443_NN) and presence of chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN). The images were collected in the estuary of the Tinto River, in the city of Nerva, Spanish province of Huelva, between 2019 and 2021. The following hazardous elements were identified in nanoparticles and ultra-fine particles by FE-SEM/EDS: As, Cd, Ni, V, Se, Mo, Pb, Sb and Sn. Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite images detected a 2019 TSM_NN of 23.47 g-3, and a 2021 reading of 16.38 g-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Neckel
- Atitus Educação, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 240103, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | | | - Brian William Bodah
- Atitus Educação, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil; Yakima Valley College, Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, South 16th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA 98902, USA; Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344, USA
| | | | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
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Yu Y, Dai W, Luan Y. Bio- and eco-corona related to plants: Understanding the formation and biological effects of plant protein coatings on nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120784. [PMID: 36462678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The thriving nano-enabled agriculture facilitates the interaction of nanomaterials with plants. Recently, these interactions and their biological effects are receiving increasing attention. Upon entering plants via leaves, roots, stems, and other organs, nanoparticles adsorb numerous biomolecules inside plants and form bio-corona. In addition, nanoparticles that enter plants through roots may have formed eco-corona with root exudates in the rhizosphere environment before contacting with plant exogenous proteins. The most significant biological effects of plant protein corona include changes in protein structure and function, as well as changes in nanoparticle toxicity and targeting ability. However, the mechanisms, particularly how protein corona affects plant protein function, plant development and growth, and rhizosphere environment properties, require further investigation. Our review summarizes the current understanding of the formation and biological effects of nanoparticle-plant protein corona and provides an outlook on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Dai
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaning Luan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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El-Bialy SM, El-Mahrouk ME, Elesawy T, Omara AED, Elbehiry F, El-Ramady H, Áron B, Prokisch J, Brevik EC, Solberg SØ. Biological Nanofertilizers to Enhance Growth Potential of Strawberry Seedlings by Boosting Photosynthetic Pigments, Plant Enzymatic Antioxidants, and Nutritional Status. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:302. [PMID: 36679014 PMCID: PMC9865313 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry production presents special challenges due the plants' shallow roots. The rooting stage of strawberry is a crucial period in the production of this important crop. Several amendments have been applied to support the growth and production of strawberry, particularly fertilizers, to overcome rooting problems. Therefore, the current investigation was carried out to evaluate the application of biological nanofertilizers in promoting strawberry rooting. The treatments included applying two different nanofertilizers produced biologically, nano-selenium (i.e., 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1) and nano-copper (i.e., 50 and 100 mg L-1), plus a control (untreated seedlings). The rooting of strawberry seedlings was investigated by measuring the vegetative growth parameters (root weight, seedling weight, seedling length, and number of leaves), plant enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity), and chlorophyll content and its fluorescence and by evaluating the nutritional status (content of nutrients in the fruit and their uptake). The results showed that the applied nanofertilizers improved the growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant content, and nutritional status of the seedlings compared to the control. A high significant increase in nutrient contents reached to more than 14-fold, 6-fold, 5-folf, and 4-fold for Cu, Mn, N, and Se contents, respectively, due to the applied nanofertilizers compared with the control. The result was related to the biological roles of both Se and CuO in activating the many plant enzymes. Comparing the Se with the CuO nanofertilizer, Cu had the strongest effect, which was shown in the higher values in all studied properties. This study showed that nanofertilizers are useful to stimulate strawberry seedling growth and most likely would also be beneficial for other horticultural crops. In general, the applied 100 ppm of biological nano-Se or nano-CuO might achieve the best growth of strawberry seedlings under growth conditions in greenhouses compared to the control. Along with the economic dimension, the ecological dimension of biological nanofertilizers still needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M. El-Bialy
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Taha Elesawy
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Kafr El-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Fathy Elbehiry
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Hassan El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béni Áron
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Prokisch
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eric C. Brevik
- College of Agricultural, Life, and Physical Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Svein Ø. Solberg
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2401 Elverum, Norway
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Neckel A, Osorio-Martinez J, Pinto D, Bodah BW, Adelodun B, Silva LFO. Hazardous elements present in coal nanoparticles in a Caribbean port region in Colombia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156363. [PMID: 35654187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scientific works examining coal-derived nanoparticles (NPs) containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) confined in marine suspended sediments (MSSs) in port regions worldwide is an understudied topic, despite the fact that coal NPs have tremendous negative impacts on marine estuaries. The general objective of this study is to analyze the NP levels of coal, including PTEs, contained within MSSs in the general vicinity of the largest Caribbean port in Colombia. The morphology, size, chemical composition, and agglomeration states of NPs within MSSs of the sampled beaches were calculated through modern electron microscopy. The methodology used to detect chemical elements, unfortunately with EDS, it is not possible to precisely specify the chemical elements of low atomic weight (e.g. H, O, F, etc.) Therefore, with the EDS available today, it is only possible to have an idea of the chemical composition of each detected particle. Thus, it was possible to obtain the average frequency of the chemical elements identified in the 23 analyzed sampling points. Through the results, more than one thousand particles were detected in the most abundant phases, thus, the most frequent particles in the results of this manuscript were described. Sample point 8, located closest to the coal export port, had a higher concentration of nano-toxic elements (Al, Fe, Si, K, Mg, K) most concerning for human health in addition to being harmful to marine life. This study suggests that public policies dealing with MSS pollution need to be discussed by public managers to avoid further and sustained environmental degradation. The need to create projects will subsidize legacy liabilities generated by coal in seaports in other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Osorio-Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria UFSM, 1000, Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Brian W Bodah
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil; Yakima Valley College, Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, South16th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA 98902, USA; Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344, USA
| | - Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 240103, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
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Recovery of Degraded Areas through Technosols and Mineral Nanoparticles: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources such as urban and agricultural runoff, fossil fuel combustion, domestic and industrial wastewater effluents, and atmospheric deposition generate large volumes of nutrient-rich organic and inorganic waste. In their original state under subsurface conditions, they can be inert and thermodynamically stable, although when some of their components are exposed to surface conditions, they undergo great physicochemical and mineralogical transformations, thereby mobilizing their constituents, which often end up contaminating the environment. These residues can be used in the production of technosols as agricultural inputs and the recovery of degraded areas. Technosol is defined as artificial soil made from organic and inorganic waste, capable of performing environmental and productive functions in a similar way to natural ones. This study presents results of international research on the use of technosol to increase soil fertility levels and recover degraded areas in some countries. The conclusions of the various studies served to expand the field of applicability of this line of research on technosols in contaminated spaces. The review indicated very promising results that support the sustainability of our ecosystem, and the improvement achieved with this procedure in soils is comparable to the hybridization and selection of plants that agriculture has performed for centuries to obtain better harvests. Thus, the use of a technosol presupposes a much faster recovery without the need for any other type of intervention.
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Neckel A, Oliveira MLS, Castro Bolaño LJ, Maculan LS, Moro LD, Bodah ET, Moreno-Ríos AL, Bodah BW, Silva LFO. Biophysical matter in a marine estuary identified by the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite and the presence of terrestrial iron (Fe) nanoparticles. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112925. [PMID: 34534938 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of marine matter using the Sentinel-3B OLCI (Ocean Land Color Instrument) satellite is the most advanced technique for evaluating: the absorption of colored detrital and dissolved material (ADG_443_NN), total suspended matter concentration (TSM_NN) and of chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN) on a global scale. The objective is to analyze ADG_443_NN, TSM_NN and CHL_NN using the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite and the presence of Fe-nanoparticles (NPs) + hazardous elements (HEs) in suspended sediments (SSs) in the maritime estuary of the Colombian city of Barranquilla. The study used the unpublished image of the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite in the evaluation of ADG_443_NN, TSM_NN and CHL_NN in 72 sampled points. Subsequently, 36 samples of SSs were carried out in the Magdalena River, in the identification of Fe-NPs by advanced electron microscopies. The Sentinel-3B satellite revealed particulate accumulations in OCE1 through the intensity of OLCI in ocean. There was also a high Fe-NPs intensity of SSs in the Magdalena channel, spreading contamination to large regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Universidad de Lima, Departamento de Ingeniería civil y Arquitectura, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco 1503, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Lauren J Castro Bolaño
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | - Leila Dal Moro
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Eliane Thaines Bodah
- State University of New York, Onondaga Community College, 4585 West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY 13215, USA; Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344, USA
| | - Andrea L Moreno-Ríos
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS 99070-220, Brazil; Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA 99344, USA
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
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Silva LFO, Pinto D, Oliveira MLS, Dotto GL. Dispersion of hazardous nanoparticles on beaches around phosphogypsum factories. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112493. [PMID: 34022554 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic occurring nanoparticles (NPs) have been one of the principal catalytic components of marine pollution throughout its history. The phosphogypsum (PG) factories present environmental risks and evident marine pollution in different parts of the world. Many of these factors continue to operate, however, some have already been abandoned by the private sector. The general objective of this manuscript is to analyze the real nanoparticles (NPs) present on a beach in southern Brazil to illustrate the need to create public policies and projects for environmental recovery. This work focused on real representative sampling of suspended sediments (SSs), and on a modern analytical procedure via advanced electron microscopes (field emission scanning electron microscope-FE-SEM and high resolution transmission electron microscope-HR-TEM coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis system-EDS) to analyze NPs containing hazardous elements (HEs). The results presented in this work demonstrate who the size, morphology, among other physical-geochemical characteristics influence in the adsorption of HEs by the NPs and their respective agglomerates. This study is of great importance for carrying out the application of advanced techniques and methods to better understand the formation and transport of NPs on beaches, which allows assisting in the management of waste from plaster factories on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Arquitectura, Universidad de Lima, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco 1503, Peru
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Roraima Avenue, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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