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O'Grady I, O'Sullivan J. Alcohol consumption modulates Candida albicans-induced oral carcinogenesis and progression. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:293-304. [PMID: 37806338 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the impact of low levels of alcohol consumption on the interaction of the oral cavity with Candida albicans, a species that is commonly found at higher levels in the oral cavities of regular alcohol consumers, patients with pre-malignant diseases, and patients with existing oral cancer (OC). METHODS The gingival squamous cell carcinoma cell line, Ca9-22, was subjected to low-level ethanol exposure before co-culture with heat-inactivated C. albicans (HICA). We performed cell viability assays, measured reactive oxygen species, and used Western blot analysis for cell death markers to examine the effect of ethanol and HICA on cells. Scratch assays and anchorage-independent growth assays were used to determine cell behavioral changes. RESULTS The results showed that ethanol in combination with HICA exacerbated cell death and cell cycle disruption, delayed NF-κB signaling, increased TIMP-2 secretion, and subsequently decreased MMP-2 secretion when compared to exposure to HICA alone. Conversely, both ethanol and HICA independently increased proliferation of Ca9-22 cells in scratch assays, and in combination, increased their capacity for anchorage-independent growth. CONCLUSION Low levels of ethanol may provide protective effects against Candida-induced inflammatory oral carcinogenesis or OC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O'Grady
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jeff O'Sullivan
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Fusco-Almeida AM, de Matos Silva S, dos Santos KS, de Lima Gualque MW, Vaso CO, Carvalho AR, Medina-Alarcón KP, Pires ACMDS, Belizario JA, de Souza Fernandes L, Moroz A, Martinez LR, Ruiz OH, González Á, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Alternative Non-Mammalian Animal and Cellular Methods for the Study of Host-Fungal Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:943. [PMID: 37755051 PMCID: PMC10533014 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study of fungal pathogenesis, alternative methods have gained prominence due to recent global legislation restricting the use of mammalian animals in research. The principle of the 3 Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) is integrated into regulations and guidelines governing animal experimentation in nearly all countries. This principle advocates substituting vertebrate animals with other invertebrate organisms, embryos, microorganisms, or cell cultures. This review addresses host-fungus interactions by employing three-dimensional (3D) cultures, which offer more faithful replication of the in vivo environment, and by utilizing alternative animal models to replace traditional mammals. Among these alternative models, species like Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio share approximately 75% of their genes with humans. Furthermore, models such as Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor demonstrate similarities in their innate immune systems as well as anatomical and physiological barriers, resembling those found in mammalian organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Samanta de Matos Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Kelvin Sousa dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Marcos William de Lima Gualque
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Carolina Orlando Vaso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Angélica Romão Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Kaila Petrolina Medina-Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Ana Carolina Moreira da Silva Pires
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Jenyffie Araújo Belizario
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Lígia de Souza Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrei Moroz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Luis R. Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Group University of Antioquia, Corporation for Biological Research, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Ángel González
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
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Yu D, Liu Z. The research progress in the interaction between Candida albicans and cancers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988734. [PMID: 36246294 PMCID: PMC9554461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, which tends to infect the host with defective immune function including cancer patients. A growing number of studies have shown that C. albicans infection increases the host susceptibility to cancer such as oral, gastric, and colorectal cancer. Cancer and anti-cancer treatment may also affect the colonization of C. albicans. C. albicans may promote the development of cancer by damaging mucosal epithelium, inducing the production of carcinogens, triggering chronic inflammation including Th17 cell-mediated immune response. In this article, we aim to elaborate the interaction between C. albicans and cancers development and summarize the potential molecular mechanisms, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalang Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiping Liu,
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Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang L. Role of the microbiome in oral cancer occurrence, progression and therapy. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105638. [PMID: 35718272 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity, like other digestive or mucosal sites, contains a site-specific microbiome that plays a significant role in maintaining health and homeostasis. Strictly speaking, the gastrointestinal tract starts from the oral cavity, with special attention paid to the specific flora of the oral cavity. In healthy people, the microbiome of the oral microenvironment is governed by beneficial bacteria, that benefit the host by symbiosis. When a microecological imbalance occurs, changes in immune and metabolic signals affect the characteristics of cancer, as well as chronic inflammation, disruption of the epithelial barrier, changes in cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, genomic instability, angiogenesis, and epithelial barrier destruction and metabolic regulation. These pathophysiological changes could result in oral cancer. Rising evidence suggests that oral dysbacteriosis and particular microbes may play a positive role in the evolution, development, progression, and metastasis of oral cancer, for instance, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through direct or indirect action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Santos DSF, Peralta-Mamani M, Brandão FS, Andrade FB, Cruvinel T, Santos PSDS. Could polyhexanide and chlorine dioxide be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine? A systematic review. SAO PAULO MED J 2022; 140:42-55. [PMID: 34932779 PMCID: PMC9623834 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0776.r1.18052021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of oral microbiota balance is the simplest way to prevent infectious oral diseases, through controlling dental biofilm. Combined use of mouthwash and mechanical removal has been shown to be a very effective way for this. OBJECTIVES To identify clinical studies comparing the antimicrobial effect and possible adverse effects and/or side effects of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes with those of mouthwashes containing chlorine dioxide and/or polyhexanide, for controlling oral microbiota. DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review designed by the stomatology sector of postgraduation in applied dental sciences of Bauru Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using online databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Science Direct) up to April 8, 2020. The search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS The studies included comprised eight articles published between 2001 and 2017. A total of 295 young adults, adults and elderly people were evaluated (males 44.75% and females 55.25%). Three articles compared polyhexanide with chlorhexidine and five articles compared chlorine dioxide with chlorhexidine. No studies comparing all three mouthwashes were found. The concentrations of the study solutions were quite varied, and all rinses had an antimicrobial effect. In four studies, it was stated that no side effects or adverse effects had been found. Three studies did not address these results and only one study addressed side effects and/or adverse effects. CONCLUSION Mouthwashes containing chlorine dioxide and polyhexanide are viable alternatives to chlorhexidine, since they reduce oral biofilm and have little or no reported side or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne Simões Ferreira Santos
- DDS. Dentist and Master’s Student, Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
| | - Mariela Peralta-Mamani
- DDS, MSc. Dentist and Doctoral Student, Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
| | - Felipe Suaki Brandão
- DDS, MSc. Dentist and Doctoral Student, Department of Dentistry, Dentistry School, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá (PR), Brazil.
| | - Flaviana Bombarda Andrade
- DDS, PhD. Dentist and Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- DDS, PhD. Dentist and Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- DDS, PhD. Dentist and Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
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6
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Isolation, characterization and regulation of moonlighting proteases from Candida glabrata cell wall. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liao M, Cheng L, Zhou XD, Ren B. [Research progress of Candida albicans on malignant transformation of oral mucosal diseases]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:431-437. [PMID: 32865364 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the head and neck, and is one of the world's top ten malignancies. Microbial infection is an important risk factor of oral cancer. Candida albicans is the most popular opportunistic fungal pathogen. Epidemiological studies have shown that Candida albicans is closely tied to oral malignancy. Animal experimentation have also proven that infection of Candida albicans can promote the development of oral epithelial carcinogenesis. The current studies have revealed several mechanisms involved in this process, including destroying the epithelial barrier, producing carcinogenic substances (nitrosamines, acetaldehyde), inducing chronic inflammation, activating immune response, etc. However, current researches on mechanisms are still inadequate, and some hypotheses remain controversial. Here, we review the findings related to Candida albicans' effect on the malignant transformation of oral mucosa, hoping to provide reference for deep research and controlling oral cancer clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Dhawan U, Wang WL, Gautam B, Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Hsiao PC, Tu HL, Yu HH. Mechanotactic Activation of TGF-β by PEDOT Artificial Microenvironments Triggers Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900165. [PMID: 32293138 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is integral for cells to acquire metastatic properties, and ample evidence links it to bioorganic framework of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hydroxymethyl-functionalized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polymer (PEDOT-OH) enables construction of diverse nanotopography size and morphologies and is therefore exploited to engineer organic artificial microenvironments bearing nanodots from 300 to 1000 nm in diameter to understand spatiotemporal EMT regulation by biophysical components of the TME. MCF-7 breast cancer cells are cultured on these artificial microenvironments, and temporal regulation of cellular morphology and EMT markers is investigated. The results show that upon physical stimulation, cells on 300 nm artificial microenvironments advance to EMT and display a decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein secretion. In contrast, cells on 500 nm artificial microenvironments are trapped in EMT-imbalance. Interestingly, cells on 1000 nm artificial microenvironments resemble those on control surfaces. Upon further investigation, it is found that EMT induction is triggered via transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and ECM cleaving protein, matrix metalloproteinease-9. Immunostaining EMT proteins highlighted that EMT induction is achieved through attenuation of cell-cell and cell-microenvironment adhesions. The physical stimulation-induced TGF-β perturbation can have a profound impact on the understanding of tumor-promoting signaling cascades originated by cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udesh Dhawan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Li Wang
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bhaskarchand Gautam
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Taiwan International graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science and technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300, ROC
| | - Jayakrishnan Aerathupalathu Janardhanan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Taiwan International graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science and technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300, ROC
| | - Po-Chiang Hsiao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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Tabatabaei F, Moharamzadeh K, Tayebi L. Three-Dimensional In Vitro Oral Mucosa Models of Fungal and Bacterial Infections. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:443-460. [PMID: 32131719 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and ex vivo oral mucosa equivalents have been used for oral disease modeling and investigation of the mechanisms of oral bacterial and fungal infections. This review was conducted to analyze different studies using 3D oral mucosa models for the evaluation of the interactions of different microorganisms with oral mucosa. In this study, based on our inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected and analyzed. Different types of 3D oral mucosa models of bacterial and fungal infections were discussed in terms of the biological system used, culture conditions, method of infection, and the biological endpoints assessed in each study. The critical analysis revealed some contradictory reports in this field of research in the literature. Challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models were further discussed, suggesting possible future directions in microbiomics, including the use of oral mucosa-on-a-chip. The potential use of these 3D tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents on bacteria and oral mucosa was also addressed. This review concluded that there were many aspects that would require optimization and standardization with regard to using oral mucosal models for infection by microorganisms. Using new technologies-such as microfluidics and bioreactors-could help to reproduce some of the physiologically relevant conditions and further simulate the clinical situation. Impact statement Tissue-engineered or commercial models of the oral mucosa are very useful for the study of diseases that involve the interaction of microorganisms and oral epithelium. In this review, challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models, the potential use of these three-dimensional tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents, and future directions in microbiomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Tabatabaei
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Perduns R, Volk J, Plum M, Gutzki F, Kaever V, Geurtsen W. Effects of HEMA on Nrf2-related gene expression using a newly developed 3D co-culture model of the oral mucosa. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1214-1226. [PMID: 31146961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is a component of many resin-modified materials and elutes from dental restorations into the oral cavity. Objective of our investigation was to determine the impact of HEMA on oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2) and gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in a newly established 3D co-culture model (3D-CCM) and to analyze the permeability of OKF6/TERT2 cells for HEMA. METHODS Well-characterized 3D-CCMs, consisting of confluent OKF6/TERT2 cells on cell culture inserts above HGF-containing collagen gels, were treated supra-epithelial with HEMA. Mass spectrometry was used to measure the supra- and sub-epithelial distribution of HEMA after 24 h. The impact of HEMA on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target genes was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Mass spectrometry showed that HEMA was evenly distributed above and below the keratinocyte layer after 24 h. Analyzed target genes of Nrf2 were induced in both cell types on the mRNA-level but less pronounced in HGFs. On the protein-level, both cell types showed similar effects: At 5 mM HEMA, heme oxygenase-1 was induced 5.1-fold in OKF6/TERT2 cells and 4.1-fold in HGFs. NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1 was approximately induced 1.85-fold in both cell types. SIGNIFICANCE Our 3D-CCM is suitable to analyze the biocompatibility of dental materials due to an improved simulation of the oral mucosa compared to monolayer cultures. Our results indicate that HEMA is able to penetrate a dense layer of keratinocytes and to activate the cellular oxidative defense response. This may be due to the activation of the Nrf2-pathway in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Perduns
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Joachim Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Melanie Plum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Gutzki
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Khadija B, Abbasi A, Khan S, Nadeem M, Badshah L, Faryal R. Isolation of pathogenic Candida species from oral cavity of postpartum females, and its association with obstetric and dental problems. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:40-46. [PMID: 30905714 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate pathogenic Candida spp. Colonization in oral cavity of postpartum females and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and dental issues. METHODS Saliva samples and clinico-demographic data were collected from 267 postpartum females along with 54 non-pregnant females (Jan 2016-March 2018). Isolation of Candida was carried out by using standard microbiological methods and different virulence factors (Esterase activity, phospholipase activity and biofilm formation) were evaluated. RESULTS Candidacolonization was high in postpartum females (p<0.001, OR = 4.28). This colonization was not significant among females with APOs, however, one to three folds risk was seen with different obstetric and dental factors. High esterase activity was seen among Candida isolates from postpartum females in comparison to control group (p = 0.01). Phospholipase activity of C.albicans isolates from this group was also high (p = 0.001). Majority of the Candida isolates (66.87%) from postpartum females were biofilm formers. Increase in antifungal activity was seen among isolates from postpartum females, with 85% isolates resistant to Fluconazole and Voriconazole (p<0.001) and Amphotericin B resistance was present in 64.38% isolates (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Postpartum females are more susceptible to oral Candida colonization, which exhibit enhanced virulence characteristics and its carriage are associated with increased risk for development of APOs and dental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Khadija
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Khan
- Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Meera Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lal Badshah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Kang J, He Y, Hetzl D, Jiang HQ, Jun MK, Jun MS, Khng M, Cirillo N, McCullough MJ. A Candid Assessment of the Link between Oral <i>Candida</i> Containing Biofilms and Oral Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.62012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Calenic B, Greabu M, Caruntu C, Tanase C, Battino M. Oral keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells: specific markers, molecular signaling pathways and potential uses. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:68-82. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bonvicini F, Antognoni F, Iannello C, Maxia A, Poli F, Gentilomi GA. Relevant and selective activity of Pancratium illyricum L. against Candida albicans clinical isolates: a combined effect on yeast growth and virulence. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:409. [PMID: 25338676 PMCID: PMC4213485 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Alkaloids present in plants of the Amaryllidaceae family are secondary metabolites of high biological interest, possessing a wide range of pharmacological activities. In the search for new plant-derived compounds with antimicrobial activities, two alkaloid extracts obtained from bulbs and leaves of Pancratium illyricum L., a plant of the Amarillydaceae family, were tested for their effect on bacterial and yeast growth. Methods The broth microdilution susceptibility test was applied to study the effect of plant extracts on the growth of reference bacterial strains and Candida albicans reference and clinical isolates strains. Extracts obtained from the different parts of the plant were tested and compared with the pure components identified in the extracts. Since matrix metalloproteinase enzymes play a role in the dissemination process of Candida albicans, the effect of the bulb extract and pure alkaloids on in vitro collagenase activity was tested. Cell viability test was carried out on human embryo lung fibroblasts (HEL 299). Results Whilst both extracts did not show any inhibitory activity against neither Gram positive nor Gram negative bacteria, a strong antifungal activity was detected, in particular for the bulb extract. All clinical isolates were susceptible to the growth inhibitory activity of the bulb extract, with endpoint IC50 values ranging from 1.22 to 78 μg/mL. The pure alkaloids lycorine and vittatine, identified as components of the extract, were also assayed for their capacity of inhibiting the yeast growth, and lycorine turned very active, with endpoint IC50 values ranging from 0.89 to 28.5 μg/mL. A potent inhibition of the in vitro collagenase activity was found in the presence of the bulb extract, and this effect was much higher than that exerted by the pure alkaloids. Viability of cell lines tested was not affected by the extract. Conclusions Taken together, results suggest that the extract of Pancratium illyricum may act as antifungal agent both directly on the yeast growth and by altering the tissue invasion process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-409) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kinikoglu B, Damour O, Hasirci V. Tissue engineering of oral mucosa: a shared concept with skin. J Artif Organs 2014; 18:8-19. [PMID: 25326194 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-014-0798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered oral mucosa, in the form of epithelial cell sheets or full-thickness oral mucosa equivalents, is a potential solution for many patients with congenital defects or with tissue loss due to diseases or tumor excision following a craniofacial cancer diagnosis. In the laboratory, it further serves as an in vitro model, alternative to in vivo testing of oral care products, and provides insight into the behavior of the oral mucosal cells in healthy and pathological tissues. This review covers the old and new generation scaffold types and materials used in oral mucosa engineering; discusses similarities and differences between oral mucosa and skin, the methods developed to reconstruct oral mucosal defects; and ends with future perspectives on oral mucosa engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beste Kinikoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, 34742, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the predominant cause of both superficial and invasive forms of candidiasis. C. albicans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals as a result of either immunodeficiency or intervention therapy, which highlights the importance of host immune defences in preventing fungal infections. The host defence system utilises a vast communication network of cells, proteins, and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues, which constitute innate and adaptive immunity. Over the last decade the identity of many key molecules mediating host defence against C. albicans has been identified. This review will discuss how the host recognises this fungus, the events induced by fungal cells, and the host innate and adaptive immune defences that ultimately resolve C. albicans infections during health.
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Feller L, Khammissa RAG, Chandran R, Altini M, Lemmer J. Oral candidosis in relation to oral immunity. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:563-9. [PMID: 24118267 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symptomatic oral infection with Candida albicans is characterized by invasion of the oral epithelium by virulent hyphae that cause tissue damage releasing the inflammatory mediators that initiate and sustain local inflammation. Candida albicans triggers pattern-recognition receptors of keratinocytes, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells, stimulating the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23. These cytokines induce the differentiation of Th17 cells and the generation of IL-17- and/or IL-22-mediated antifungal protective immuno-inflammatory responses in infected mucosa. Some immune cells including NKT cells, γδ T cells and lymphoid cells that are innate to the oral mucosa have the capacity to produce large quantities of IL-17 in response to C. albicans, sufficient to mediate effective protective immunity against C. albicans. On the other hand, molecular structures of commensal C. albicans blastoconidia, although detected by pattern-recognition receptors, are avirulent, do not invade the oral epithelium, do not elicit inflammatory responses in a healthy host, but induce regulatory immune responses that maintain tissue tolerance to the commensal fungi. The type, specificity and sensitivity of the protective immune response towards C. albicans is determined by the outcome of the integrated interactions between the intracellular signalling pathways of specific combinations of activated pattern-recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2). IL-17-mediated protective immune response is essential for oral mucosal immunity to C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feller
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kimori H, Yamamoto K, Yamachika S, Tsurumoto A, Kamikawa Y, Sasao M, Morito M, Saito I, Ohshima T, Maeda N, Nakagawa Y. Factors associated with the presence of atrophic tongue in patients with dry mouth. Gerodontology 2013; 32:13-7. [PMID: 23718267 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify factors associated with atrophic tongue in patients with dry mouth. METHODS Discriminant analysis was performed in 1265 patients with dry mouth to identify factors that might influence the risk of developing atrophic tongue. The dependent variable was the presence of atrophic tongue, while patient age, resting saliva flow rate, stimulated saliva flow rate and Candida colony-forming units (CFU) were used as the independent variables. RESULTS The standardised linear discriminant coefficients showed that Candida CFU, stimulated saliva flow rate and age were significantly associated with the presence of atrophic tongue. The following linear discriminant function was obtained: z = 0.024 × age - 0.63 × (resting saliva flow rate) - 0.81 × (stimulated saliva flow rate) + 0.002 × Candida CFU - 0.611. CONCLUSION High Candida CFU, low stimulated saliva flow rate and advanced age were identified as closely associated factors for the risk of development of atrophic tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kimori
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Disruption of the ECM33 gene in Candida albicans prevents biofilm formation, engineered human oral mucosa tissue damage and gingival cell necrosis/apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:398207. [PMID: 22665950 PMCID: PMC3361342 DOI: 10.1155/2012/398207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated that ΔCaecm33 double mutant showed reduced biofilm formation and causes less damage to gingival mucosa tissues. This was confirmed by the reduced level of necrotic cells and Bax/Bcl2 gene expression as apoptotic markers. In contrast, parental and Caecm33 mutant strains decreased basement membrane protein production (laminin 5 and type IV collagen). We thus propose that ECM33 gene/protein represents a novel target for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by Candida.
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Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Feldman M, Tanabe S, Howell A, Grenier D. Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit the adherence properties of Candida albicans and cytokine secretion by oral epithelial cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:6. [PMID: 22248145 PMCID: PMC3273432 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral candidiasis is a common fungal disease mainly caused by Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) on pathogenic properties of C. albicans as well as on the inflammatory response of oral epithelial cells induced by this oral pathogen. METHODS Microplate dilution assays were performed to determine the effect of AC-PACs on C. albicans growth as well as biofilm formation stained with crystal violet. Adhesion of FITC-labeled C. albicans to oral epithelial cells and to acrylic resin disks was monitored by fluorometry. The effects of AC-PACs on C. albicans-induced cytokine secretion, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation and kinase phosphorylation in oral epithelial cells were determined by immunological assays. RESULTS Although AC-PACs did not affect growth of C. albicans, it prevented biofilm formation and reduced adherence of C. albicans to oral epithelial cells and saliva-coated acrylic resin discs. In addition, AC-PACs significantly decreased the secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 by oral epithelial cells stimulated with C. albicans. This anti-inflammatory effect was associated with reduced activation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of specific signal intracellular kinases. CONCLUSION AC-PACs by affecting the adherence properties of C. albicans and attenuating the inflammatory response induced by this pathogen represent potential novel therapeutic agents for the prevention/treatment of oral candidiasis.
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Bars PL, Soueidan A. Distribution Patterns of E-Cadherin, Type VII Collagen and Fibronectin in Denture-Related Stomatitis: A Preliminary Study. Open Dent J 2012; 6:14-22. [PMID: 22291862 PMCID: PMC3267086 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601206010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of epithelial E-cadherin, basement membrane type VII collagen, and underlying connective tissues fibronectin were investigated immunohistochemically and compared in normal palatal mucosa and in denture-related stomatitis (DRS) derivatives using monoclonal antibodies.Biopsies of palatal mucosa were obtained from twelve patients enrolled in this study, 8 with type II DRS and 4 with healthy mucosa.Our findings bring to the fore, using the expression of three components (E-cadherin, collagen type VII, fibronectin), the continuities of the disorder among epithelial, basement membrane and connective tissue in the case of DRS. In type II denture-related stomatitis, we found an expression of E-cadherinin all the strata of epithelia, and the diffuse and strong expression of type VII collagen at the interface between connective tissue and epithelial cells with discontinuities in BM. The strong expression of fibronectin in underlying connective tissue with penetration in some areas of the palatal mucosa may be an early consequence of advanced DRS. Nevertheless; no single change is pathognomonic of this inflammatory process.In normal tissues (healthy clinical aspect), E-cadherin was found to be restricted to the upper strata of the epithelia, and type VII collagen revealed thin linear staining in the basement membrane and fibronectin in underlying connective tissue combined epithelia.In the case of denture-related stomatitis DRS, these three markers reflect the immunohistological modifications from the superficial layer of the epithelium to the lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Bars
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université de Nantes 1, Place Alexis Ricordeau 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Assem Soueidan
- Department of Periodontology, ERT 2004Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France
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Mucosal immunity and Candida albicans infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:346307. [PMID: 21776285 PMCID: PMC3137974 DOI: 10.1155/2011/346307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between mucosal surfaces and microbial microbiota are key to host defense, health, and disease. These surfaces are exposed to high numbers of microbes and must be capable of distinguishing between those that are beneficial or avirulent and those that will invade and cause disease. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in these discriminatory processes has recently begun to expand as new studies bring to light the importance of epithelial cells and novel immune cell subsets such as T(h)17 T cells in these processes. Elucidating how these mechanisms function will improve our understanding of many diverse diseases and improve our ability to treat patients suffering from these conditions. In our voyage to discover these mechanisms, mucosal interactions with opportunistic commensal organisms such as the fungus Candida albicans provide insights that are invaluable. Here, we review current knowledge of the interactions between C. albicans and epithelial surfaces and how this may shape our understanding of microbial-mucosal interactions.
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Roberts CL, Morris JM, Rickard KR, Giles WB, Simpson JM, Kotsiou G, Bowen JR. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of treatment of asymptomatic candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth [ACTRN12610000607077]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11:19. [PMID: 21396091 PMCID: PMC3061957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of preterm birth remains one of the most important challenges in maternity care. We propose a randomised trial with: a simple Candida testing protocol that can be easily incorporated into usual antenatal care; a simple, well accepted, treatment intervention; and assessment of outcomes from validated, routinely-collected, computerised databases. Methods/Design Using a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint (PROBE) study design, we aim to evaluate whether treating women with asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis early in pregnancy is effective in preventing spontaneous preterm birth. Pregnant women presenting for antenatal care <20 weeks gestation with singleton pregnancies are eligible for inclusion. The intervention is a 6-day course of clotrimazole vaginal pessaries (100 mg) and the primary outcome is spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks gestation. The study protocol draws on the usual antenatal care schedule, has been pilot-tested and the intervention involves only a minor modification of current practice. Women who agree to participate will self-collect a vaginal swab and those who are culture positive for Candida will be randomised (central, telephone) to open-label treatment or usual care (screening result is not revealed, no treatment, routine antenatal care). Outcomes will be obtained from population databases. A sample size of 3,208 women with Candida colonisation (1,604 per arm) is required to detect a 40% reduction in the spontaneous preterm birth rate among women with asymptomatic candidiasis from 5.0% in the control group to 3.0% in women treated with clotrimazole (significance 0.05, power 0.8). Analyses will be by intention to treat. Discussion For our hypothesis, a placebo-controlled trial had major disadvantages: a placebo arm would not represent current clinical practice; knowledge of vaginal colonisation with Candida may change participants' behaviour; and a placebo with an alcohol preservative may have an independent affect on vaginal flora. These disadvantages can be overcome by the PROBE study design. This trial will provide definitive evidence on whether screening for and treating asymptomatic candidiasis in pregnancy significantly reduces the rate of spontaneous preterm birth. If it can be demonstrated that treating asymptomatic candidiasis reduces preterm births this will change current practice and would directly impact the management of every pregnant woman. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000607077
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Roberts
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW Australia.
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IL-12 and related cytokines: function and regulatory implications in Candida albicans infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:686597. [PMID: 21052539 PMCID: PMC2968417 DOI: 10.1155/2011/686597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 is a cytokine with links to both innate and adaptive immunity systems. In mice, its deletion leads to acute susceptibility to oral infection with the yeast Candida albicans, whereas such mice are resistant to systemic disease. However, it is an essential component of the adaptive response that leads to the generation of Th1-type cytokine responses and protection against disseminated disease. This paper presents an overview of the role of IL-12 in models of systemic and mucosal infection and the possible relationships between them.
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Pärnänen P, Meurman JH, Sorsa T. The effects of Candida proteinases on human proMMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Mycoses 2010; 54:325-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yuan X, Mitchell BM, Wilhelmus KR. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases during experimental Candida albicans keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:737-42. [PMID: 19171647 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during the inception and progression of experimental keratomycosis. METHODS Scarified corneas of adult BALB/c mice were topically inoculated with Candida albicans strain SC5314 and monitored for disease severity. Infected and mock-infected corneas were compared at 1 day post inoculation (p.i.) with a murine gene microarray. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) determined MMP and TIMP levels at 1, 3, and 7 days p.i. for infected, mock-infected, and normal corneas. Immunostaining localized target proteins at 1 day p.i. RESULTS Eyes inoculated with C. albicans developed corneal infection with a mean clinical score of 8.2+/-0.8 at 1 day p.i. Compared to controls at 1 day p.i., MMP-8, -9, -10, -12, -13, -19, and TIMP-1 were significantly upregulated from fivefold to 375-fold by microarray and from threefold to 78-fold by real-time RT-PCR. Upregulated MMPs and TIMP-1 in the corneal epithelium and stroma of infected eyes correlated with the influx of acute inflammatory cells. Neither MMP-8 nor -13 expression was affected by mechanical trauma, but both increased >100-fold during the week after the onset of fungal keratitis. TIMP-1 expression rose from 21-fold more than controls at 1 day to 46-fold at 7 days p.i. by RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional and translational levels of MMP-8, -9, -13, and TIMP-1 increase during the early stages of C. albicans keratitis, confirming findings for MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in other infectious keratitis models and suggesting roles for MMP-8 and -13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Yuan
- Sid W. Richardson Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Jin L, Yoshida M, Nakamura T, Ishikawa H, Wakabayashi G, Tanabe M, Kawachi S, Shinoda M, Saikawa Y, Wada N, Kameyama K, Kumai K, Kubota T, Sano K, Nagao K, Amagai M, Kitagawa Y, Kitajima M. Candida albicans infection delays duodenal ulcer healing in cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2878-85. [PMID: 18622701 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A low curability of ulcers infected with Candida has been reported in the literature. The aim of the study reported here was to investigate experimentally whether Candida infection affects the healing of ulcers. Candida albicans (the Candida group) or saline (the control group) was administered intragastrically into rats with a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. The duodenal lesions, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assessed. On Day 7 post-administration, 70.4% rats of the Candida group had a duodenal ulcer compared with 33.3% in the control group (P < 0.05). The duodenal ulcer in the Candida group was significantly larger and deeper than that in the control group. The number of VEGF-A- and PCNA-positive cells was smaller and the area of VEGF-A expression was lower in the Candida group. Using a rat model, we have demonstrated that Candida infection can delay the wound healing process of duodenal ulcers by means of a low expression of VEGF-A and PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxue Jin
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Laflamme C, Rouabhia M. Effect of BMP-2 and BMP-7 homodimers and a mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 homodimers on osteoblast adhesion and growth following culture on a collagen scaffold. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:015008. [PMID: 18458495 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/1/015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we studied the involvement of BMP-2 and BMP-7 as homodimers and as a mixture of homodimers in bone regeneration using an engineered bone model. The engineered bone model consisted of a collagen scaffold populated with osteoblasts that acted as a carrier for the BMPs. BMP-2, BMP-7 and a mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 were used at final concentrations of 10 and 100 ng ml(-1). Osteoblasts seeded onto a collagen scaffold were cultured for 24 h before being stimulated with the BMPs. Four days later, osteoblast adhesion to and growth on the scaffold were assessed. Osteocalcin, IL-6, metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and protease inhibitor (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) mRNA and protein levels were measured. Our results showed that the BMP-2, BMP-7 and a mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 all promoted osteoblast growth on the collagen scaffold, with the mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 enhancing the most growth. BMP-2 and the mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 enhanced osteocalcin (an osteoblast differentiation marker) mRNA expression and protein secretion, likely via the IL-6 pathway given that IL-6 secretion was upregulated by BMP-7 and a mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7. BMPs promote extracellular matrix production by inhibiting MMP-2 mRNA and increasing TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions and protein secretions. BMP-2, BMP-7 and the mixture of BMP-2/BMP-7 could promote bone regeneration via different mechanisms involving IL-6 and MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Laflamme
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Andrian E, Mostefaoui Y, Rouabhia M, Grenier D. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases by Porphyromonas gingivalis in an engineered human oral mucosa model. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:56-62. [PMID: 17226791 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the remodeling and turnover of periodontal tissue and their activity is tightly regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Disturbances in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs may result in excessive tissue destruction. We previously used an engineered human oral mucosa (EHOM) model to demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological agent of periodontitis, infiltrates connective tissue and induces significant loss of attachment of the stratified epithelium from the basement membrane. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on the expression and production of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 by oral fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The EHOM model was infected with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or its derivative gingipain-null mutant (KDP128) for different periods of time. MMP and TIMP mRNA expression was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, while protein secretion into the culture medium was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. P. gingivalis significantly up-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression by oral epithelial cells. This MMP gene activation was paralleled by TIMP-2 gene activation. However, only MMP-9 mRNA expression was significantly enhanced by the gingipain-null mutant. At 8 and 24 h post-infection, P. gingivalis increased significantly the MMP-9 protein level compared to the uninfected EHOM model. The present study reports the ability of P. gingivalis to regulate MMP and TIMP production by oral cells, a phenomenon that may contribute to tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisoa Andrian
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Moharamzadeh K, Brook IM, Van Noort R, Scutt AM, Thornhill MH. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa: a review of the scientific literature. J Dent Res 2007; 86:115-24. [PMID: 17251509 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered oral mucosal equivalents have been developed for clinical applications and also for in vitro studies of biocompatibility, mucosal irritation, disease, and other basic oral biology phenomena. This paper reviews different tissue-engineering strategies used for the production of human oral mucosal equivalents, their relative advantages and drawbacks, and their applications. Techniques used for skin tissue engineering that may possibly be used for in vitro reconstruction of human oral mucosa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, United Kingdom.
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Cortez KJ, Lyman CA, Kottilil S, Kim HS, Roilides E, Yang J, Fullmer B, Lempicki R, Walsh TJ. Functional genomics of innate host defense molecules in normal human monocytes in response to Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2353-65. [PMID: 16552065 PMCID: PMC1418921 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2353-2365.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus induces the release of innate immune-related molecules from phagocytic cells early in the course of infection. Little is known, however, about the complex expression profiles of the multiple genes involved in this response. We therefore investigated the kinetics of early gene expression in human monocytes (HMCs) infected with conidia of A. fumigatus using DNA microarray analysis. Total RNA from HMCs at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h was extracted, linearly amplified, hybridized onto Affymetrix HG133 Plus 2.0 gene chips, and analyzed with an Affymetrix scanner. Changes in gene expression were calculated as a ratio of those expressed by infected versus control HMCs. Aspergillus fumigatus induced differential regulation of expression in 1,827 genes (P < 0.05). Genes encoding cytokines and chemokines involved in host defense against A. fumigatus, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-8, CXCL2, CCL4, CCL3, and CCL20, as well as the opsonin long pentraxin 3, were up-regulated during the first 2 to 6 h, coinciding with an increase in phagocytosis. Simultaneously, genes encoding CD14, ficolin1, and MARCO were down-regulated, and genes encoding IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 were up-regulated. Up-regulation of the genes encoding heat shock proteins 40 and 110 and connexins 26 and 30 may point to novel molecules whose role in the pathogenesis of aspergillosis has not been previously reported. Verification of the transcriptional profiling was obtained for selected genes by reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme immunoassay. Thus, A. fumigatus conidia induced a coordinated expression of genes important in host defense and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoll J Cortez
- Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Rm. 1-5250, Bethesda, MD 20892-1882, USA
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