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Zimmermann EA, DeVet T, Cilla M, Albiol L, Kavaseri K, Andrea C, Julien C, Tiedemann K, Panahifar A, Alidokht SA, Chromik R, Komarova SV, Reinhardt DP, Zaslansky P, Willie BM. Tissue material properties, whole-bone morphology and mechanical behavior in the Fbn1 C1041G/+ mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Matrix Biol Plus 2024; 23:100155. [PMID: 39049903 PMCID: PMC11267061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2024.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in FBN1. In bone, the protein fibrillin-1 is found in the extracellular matrix where it provides structural support of elastic fiber formation, stability for basement membrane, and regulates the bioavailability of growth factors. Individuals with MFS exhibit a range of skeletal complications including low bone mineral density and long bone overgrowth. However, it remains unknown if the bone phenotype is caused by alteration of fibrillin-1's structural function or distortion of its interactions with bone cells. To assess the structural effects of the fibrillin-1 mutation, we characterized bone curvature, microarchitecture, composition, porosity, and mechanical behavior in the Fbn1 C1041G/+ mouse model of MFS. Tibiae of 10, 26, and 52-week-old female Fbn1 C1041G/+ and littermate control (LC) mice were analyzed. Mechanical behavior was assessed via in vivo strain gauging, finite element analysis, ex vivo three-point bending, and nanoindentation. Tibial bone morphology and curvature were assessed with micro computed tomography (μCT). Bone composition was measured with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging. Vascular and osteocyte lacunar porosity were assessed by synchrotron computed tomography. Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice exhibited long bone overgrowth and osteopenia consistent with the MFS phenotype. Trabecular thickness was lower in Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice but cortical bone microarchitecture was similar in Fbn1 C1041G/+ and LC mice. Whole bone curvature was straighter below the tibio-fibular junction in the medial-lateral direction and more curved above in LC compared to Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice. The bone matrix crystallinity was 4 % lower in Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice compared to LC, implying that mineral platelets in LCs have greater crystal size and perfection than Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice. Structural and mechanical properties were similar between genotypes. Cortical diaphyseal lacunar porosity was lower in Fbn1 C1041G/+ mice compared to LC; this was a result of the average volume of an individual osteocyte lacunae being smaller. These data provide valuable insights into the bone phenotype and its contribution to fracture risk in this commonly used mouse model of MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Zimmermann
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Taylor DeVet
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Cilla
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laia Albiol
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyle Kavaseri
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christine Andrea
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Julien
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kerstin Tiedemann
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Arash Panahifar
- BioMedical Imaging and Therapy Beamline, Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sima A. Alidokht
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard Chromik
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Svetlana V. Komarova
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, CC3 -Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina M. Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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2
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Reiner E, Weston F, Pleshko N, Querido W. Application of Optical Photothermal Infrared (O-PTIR) Spectroscopy for Assessment of Bone Composition at the Submicron Scale. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1311-1324. [PMID: 37774686 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231201427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of bone structure and strength is mineralized collagen fibrils at the submicron scale (∼500 nm). Recent advances in optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy allow the investigation of bone composition with unprecedented submicron spatial resolution, which may provide new insights into factors contributing to underlying bone function. Here, we investigated (i) whether O-PTIR-derived spectral parameters correlated to standard attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral data and (ii) whether O-PTIR-derived spectral parameters, including heterogeneity of tissue, contribute to the prediction of proximal femoral bone stiffness. Analysis of serially demineralized bone powders showed a significant correlation (r = 0.96) between mineral content quantified using ATR and O-PTIR spectroscopy, indicating the validity of this technique in assessing bone mineralization. Using femoral neck sections, the principal component analysis showed that differences between O-PTIR and ATR spectra were primarily attributable to the phosphate ion (PO4) absorbance band, which was typically shifter toward higher wavenumbers in O-PTIR spectra. Additionally, significant correlations were found between hydrogen phosphate (HPO4) content (r = 0.75) and carbonate (CO3) content (r = 0.66) quantified using ATR and O-PTIR spectroscopy, strengthening the validity of this method to assess bone mineral composition. O-PTIR imaging of individual trabeculae at 500 nm pixel resolution illustrated differences in submicron composition in the femoral neck from bones with different stiffness. O-PTIR analysis showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.71) between bone stiffness and mineral maturity, reflective of newly formed bone being an important contributor to bone function. Finally, partial least squares regression analysis showed that combining multiple O-PTIR parameters (HPO4 content and heterogeneity, collagen integrity, and CO3 content) could significantly predict proximal femoral stiffness (R2 = 0.74, error = 9.7%) more accurately than using ATR parameters. Additionally, we describe new findings in the effects of bone tissue orientation in the O-PTIR spectra. Overall, this study highlights a new application of O-PTIR spectroscopy that may provide new insights into molecular-level factors underlying bone mechanical competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Weston
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kemppainen AV, Finnilä MA, Heikkinen A, Härönen H, Izzi V, Kauppinen S, Saarakkala S, Pihlajaniemi T, Koivunen J. The CMS19 disease model specifies a pivotal role for collagen XIII in bone homeostasis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5866. [PMID: 35393492 PMCID: PMC8990013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the COL13A1 gene result in congenital myasthenic syndrome type 19 (CMS19), a disease of neuromuscular synapses and including various skeletal manifestations, particularly facial dysmorphisms. The phenotypic consequences in Col13a1 null mice (Col13a1−/−) recapitulate the muscle findings of the CMS19 patients. Collagen XIII (ColXIII) is exists as two forms, a transmembrane protein and a soluble molecule. While the Col13a1−/− mice have poorly formed neuromuscular junctions, the prevention of shedding of the ColXIII ectodomain in the Col13a1tm/tm mice results in acetylcholine receptor clusters of increased size and complexity. In view of the bone abnormalities in CMS19, we here studied the tubular and calvarial bone morphology of the Col13a1−/− mice. We discovered several craniofacial malformations, albeit less pronounced ones than in the human disease, and a reduction of cortical bone mass in aged mice. In the Col13a1tm/tm mice, where ColXIII is synthesized but the ectodomain shedding is prevented due to a mutation in a protease recognition sequence, the cortical bone mass decreased as well with age and the cephalometric analyses revealed significant craniofacial abnormalities but no clear phenotypical pattern. To conclude, our data indicates an intrinsic role for ColXIII, particularly the soluble form, in the upkeep of bone with aging and suggests the possibility of previously undiscovered bone pathologies in patients with CMS19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kemppainen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - M A Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Heikkinen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Härönen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Izzi
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, 00130, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Kauppinen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Pihlajaniemi
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Koivunen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Dada RS, Hayanga JW, Abbas Khan MA, Toker A, Hayanga HK. A 36-Year-Old Female With Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly and Pectus Excavatum Requiring Fourth-Time Redo Surgical Correction. Cureus 2021; 13:e16701. [PMID: 34466327 PMCID: PMC8397513 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) is a rare connective tissue disorder that has several phenotypic similarities to Marfan syndrome. Among the phenotypic characteristics of patients with CCA, severe kyphoscoliosis and thoracic cage abnormalities are commonly reported. In this case report, we describe a patient with coexisting CCA and severe pectus excavatum requiring multiple surgical repairs. The impact severe scoliosis and pectus excavatum in isolation have on cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology can be significant, and their effects can be profound concomitantly. These defects have the propensity of causing restrictive lung disease and external cardiac compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Dada
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Jeremiah W Hayanga
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Mir Ali Abbas Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anesthesiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Alper Toker
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Heather K Hayanga
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anesthesiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
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5
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Creecy A, Damrath JG, Wallace JM. Control of Bone Matrix Properties by Osteocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:578477. [PMID: 33537002 PMCID: PMC7848033 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.578477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes make up 90-95% of the cellular content of bone and form a rich dendritic network with a vastly greater surface area than either osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteocytes are well positioned to play a role in bone homeostasis by interacting directly with the matrix; however, the ability for these cells to modify bone matrix remains incompletely understood. With techniques for examining the nano- and microstructure of bone matrix components including hydroxyapatite and type I collagen becoming more widespread, there is great potential to uncover novel roles for the osteocyte in maintaining bone quality. In this review, we begin with an overview of osteocyte biology and the lacunar-canalicular system. Next, we describe recent findings from in vitro models of osteocytes, focusing on the transitions in cellular phenotype as they mature. Finally, we describe historical and current research on matrix alteration by osteocytes in vivo, focusing on the exciting potential for osteocytes to directly form, degrade, and modify the mineral and collagen in their surrounding matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John G. Damrath
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph M. Wallace,
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Osterix regulates corticalization for longitudinal bone growth via integrin β3 expression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 30022046 PMCID: PMC6052162 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticalization, coalescence of trabecular bone into the metaphyseal cortex, is important for the longitudinal growth of long bones. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling corticalization. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying corticalization, we analyzed osteoblast-specific Osterix-knockout mice (Col-OMT). In control mice, corticalization was initiated after 7 postnatal days, and the number of osteoblasts in the peripheral spongiosa was increased compared to the number in the central spongiosa. In contrast, in Col-OMT mice, corticalization was delayed, and the number of osteoblasts in peripheral zones was unchanged compared to the central zone. Furthermore, femoral length was decreased in Col-OMT mice at 1 month. Because Col-OMT mice exhibited impaired matrix coalescence and osteoblast migration, we evaluated integrin signaling in Col-OMT mice. Osterix bound to the Itgb3 promoter and increased transcription of the Itgb3 gene in osteoblast cells. Interestingly, the inner and outer cortical bones were separated in Itgb3-null mice at postnatal day 7. In Itgb3-null mice, the number of osteoblasts in peripheral zones was not changed, and the femoral length was decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that Osterix regulates corticalization for longitudinal bone growth via the control of integrin β3 expression in osteoblasts. Our findings imply that the ability to control osteoblast function during corticalization may help in the treatment of short stature.
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Amoroso G, Ventura T, Cobcroft JM, Adams MB, Elizur A, Carter CG. Multigenic Delineation of Lower Jaw Deformity in Triploid Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168454. [PMID: 27977809 PMCID: PMC5158070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower jaw deformity (LJD) is a skeletal anomaly affecting farmed triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) which leads to considerable economic losses for industry and has animal welfare implications. The present study employed transcriptome analysis in parallel with real-time qPCR techniques to characterise for the first time the LJD condition in triploid Atlantic salmon juveniles using two independent sample sets: experimentally-sourced salmon (60 g) and commercially produced salmon (100 g). A total of eleven genes, some detected/identified through the transcriptome analysis (fbn2, gal and gphb5) and others previously determined to be related to skeletal physiology (alp, bmp4, col1a1, col2a1, fgf23, igf1, mmp13, ocn), were tested in the two independent sample sets. Gphb5, a recently discovered hormone, was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in LJD affected fish in both sample sets, suggesting a possible hormonal involvement. In-situ hybridization detected gphb5 expression in oral epithelium, teeth and skin of the lower jaw. Col2a1 showed the same consistent significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation in LJD suggesting a possible cartilaginous impairment as a distinctive feature of the condition. Significant (P < 0.05) differential expression of other genes found in either one or the other sample set highlighted the possible effect of stage of development or condition progression on transcription and showed that anomalous bone development, likely driven by cartilage impairment, is more evident at larger fish sizes. The present study improved our understanding of LJD suggesting that a cartilage impairment likely underlies the condition and col2a1 may be a marker. In addition, the involvement of gphb5 urges further investigation of a hormonal role in LJD and skeletal physiology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Amoroso
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Cobcroft
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Smaldone S, Clayton NP, del Solar M, Pascual G, Cheng SH, Wentworth BM, Schaffler MB, Ramirez F. Fibrillin-1 Regulates Skeletal Stem Cell Differentiation by Modulating TGFβ Activity Within the Marrow Niche. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:86-97. [PMID: 26189658 PMCID: PMC5776390 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A full understanding of the microenvironmental factors that control the activities of skeletal stem cells (also known as mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) in the adult bone marrow holds great promise for developing new therapeutic strategies to mitigate age-related diseases of bone and cartilage degeneration. Bone loss is an understudied manifestation of Marfan syndrome, a multisystem disease associated with mutations in the extracellular matrix protein and TGFβ modulator fibrillin-1. Here we demonstrate that progressive loss of cancellous bone in mice with limbs deficient for fibrillin-1 (Fbn1(Prx1-/-) mice) is accounted for by premature depletion of MSCs and osteoprogenitor cells combined with constitutively enhanced bone resorption. Longitudinal analyses of Fbn1(Prx1-/-) mice showed incremental bone loss and trabecular microarchitecture degeneration accompanied by a progressive decrease in the number and clonogenic potential of MSCs. Significant paucity of marrow fat cells in the long bones of Fbn1(Prx1-/-) mice, together with reduced adipogenic potential of marrow stromal cell cultures, indicated an additional defect in MSC differentiation. This postulate was corroborated by showing that an Fbn1-silenced osteoprogenitor cell line cultured in the presence of insulin yielded fewer than normal adipocytes and exhibited relatively lower PPARγ levels. Consonant with fibrillin-1 modulation of TGFβ bioavailability, cultures of marrow stromal cells from Fbn1(Prx1-/-) limb bones showed improper overactivation of latent TGFβ. In line with this finding, systemic TGFβ neutralization improved bone mass and trabecular microarchitecture along with normalizing the number of MSCs, osteoprogenitor cells, and marrow adipocytes. Collectively, our findings show that fibrillin-1 regulates MSC activity by modulating TGFβ bioavailability within the microenvironment of marrow niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Smaldone
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria del Solar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gemma Pascual
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Smaldone S, Ramirez F. Fibrillin microfibrils in bone physiology. Matrix Biol 2015; 52-54:191-197. [PMID: 26408953 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The severe skeletal abnormalities associated with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) underscore the notion that fibrillin assemblies (microfibrils and elastic fibers) play a critical role in bone formation and function in spite of representing a low abundance component of skeletal matrices. Studies of MFS and CCA mice have correlated the skeletal phenotypes of these mutant animals with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms that reflect the contextual contribution of fibrillin-1 and -2 scaffolds to TGFβ and BMP signaling during bone patterning, growth and metabolism. Illustrative examples include the unique role of fibrillin-2 in regulating BMP-dependent limb patterning and the distinct impact of the two fibrillin proteins on the commitment and differentiation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Collectively, these findings have important implication for our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that drive age- and injury-related processes of bone degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Smaldone
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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11
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Morgan S, Poundarik AA, Vashishth D. Do Non-collagenous Proteins Affect Skeletal Mechanical Properties? Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:281-91. [PMID: 26048282 PMCID: PMC4527887 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable mechanical behavior of bone is attributed to its complex nanocomposite structure that, in addition to mineral and collagen, comprises a variety of non-collagenous matrix proteins or NCPs. Traditionally, NCPs have been studied as signaling molecules in biological processes including bone formation, resorption, and turnover. Limited attention has been given to their role in determining the mechanical properties of bone. Recent studies have highlighted that NCPs can indeed be lost or modified with aging, diseases, and drug therapies. Homozygous and heterozygous mice models of key NCP provide a useful approach to determine the impact of NCPs on bone morphology as well as matrix quality, and to carry out detailed mechanical analysis for elucidating the pathway by which NCPs can affect the mechanical properties of bone. In this article, we present a systematic analysis of a large cohort of NCPs on bone's structural and material hierarchy, and identify three principal pathways by which they determine bone's mechanical properties. These pathways include alterations of bone morphological parameters crucial for bone's structural competency, bone quality changes in key matrix parameters (mineral and collagen), and a direct role as load-bearing structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deepak Vashishth
- Address correspondence to: Deepak Vashishth, PhD, Director of Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies Rm 2213, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180, USA, Phone: 518-276-2296,
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12
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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Approach to Investigating Congenital Skeletal Abnormalities in Livestock. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:851-61. [PMID: 25910781 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815579999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital skeletal abnormalities may be genetic, teratogenic, or nutritional in origin; distinguishing among these different causes is essential in the management of the disease but may be challenging. In some cases, teratogenic or nutritional causes of skeletal abnormalities may appear very similar to genetic causes. For example, chondrodysplasia associated with intrauterine zinc or manganese deficiency and mild forms of hereditary chondrodysplasia have very similar clinical features and histologic lesions. Therefore, historical data are essential in any attempt to distinguish genetic and acquired causes of skeletal lesions; as many animals as possible should be examined; and samples should be collected for future analysis, such as genetic testing. Acquired causes of defects often show substantial variation in presentation and may improve with time, while genetic causes frequently have a consistent presentation. If a disease is determined to be of genetic origin, a number of approaches may be used to detect mutations, each with advantages and disadvantages. These approaches include sequencing candidate genes, single-nucleotide polymorphism array with genomewide association studies, and exome or whole genome sequencing. Despite advances in technology and increased cost-effectiveness of these techniques, a good clinical history and description of the pathology and a reliable diagnosis are still key components of any investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K G Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Achilleos A, Huffman NT, Marcinkiewicyz E, Seidah NG, Chen Q, Dallas SL, Trainor PA, Gorski JP. MBTPS1/SKI-1/S1P proprotein convertase is required for ECM signaling and axial elongation during somitogenesis and vertebral development†. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2884-98. [PMID: 25652402 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis), which impairs development of the caudal region of the body, occurs with a frequency of about 2 live births per 100 000 newborns although this incidence rises to 1 in 350 infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes. The lower back and limbs can be affected as well as the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The axial skeleton is formed during embryogenesis through the process of somitogenesis in which the paraxial mesoderm periodically segments into bilateral tissue blocks, called somites. Somites are the precursors of vertebrae and associated muscle, tendons and dorsal dermis. Vertebral anomalies in caudal regression syndrome may arise through perturbation of somitogenesis or, alternatively, could result from defective bone formation and patterning. We discovered that MBTPS1/SKI-1/S1P, which proteolytically activates a class of transmembrane transcription factors, plays a critical role in somitogenesis and the pathogenesis of lumbar/sacral vertebral anomalies. Conditional deletion of Mbtps1 yields a viable mouse with misshapen, fused and reduced number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae, under-developed hind limb bones and a kinky, shortened tail. We show that Mbtps1 is required to (i) maintain the Fgf8 'wavefront' in the presomitic mesoderm that underpins axial elongation, (ii) sustain the Lfng oscillatory 'clock' activity that governs the periodicity of somite formation and (iii) preserve the composition and character of the somitic extracellular matrix containing fibronectin, fibrillin2 and laminin. Based on this spinal phenotype and known functions of MBTPS1, we reason that loss-of-function mutations in Mbtps1 may cause the etiology of caudal regression syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole T Huffman
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and the UMKC Center of Excellence in the Study of Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, Sch. Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | | | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada and
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and the UMKC Center of Excellence in the Study of Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, Sch. Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and the UMKC Center of Excellence in the Study of Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, Sch. Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jeff P Gorski
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and the UMKC Center of Excellence in the Study of Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, Sch. Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA,
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15
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Mandair GS, Morris MD. Contributions of Raman spectroscopy to the understanding of bone strength. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:620. [PMID: 25628882 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is increasingly commonly used to understand how changes in bone composition and structure influence tissue-level bone mechanical properties. The spectroscopic technique provides information on bone mineral and matrix collagen components and on the effects of various matrix proteins on bone material properties as well. The Raman spectrum of bone not only contains information on bone mineral crystallinity that is related to bone hardness but also provides information on the orientation of mineral crystallites with respect to the collagen fibril axis. Indirect information on collagen cross-links is also available and will be discussed. After a short introduction to bone Raman spectroscopic parameters and collection methodologies, advances in in vivo Raman spectroscopic measurements for animal and human subject studies will be reviewed. A discussion on the effects of aging, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis and therapeutic agents on bone composition and mechanical properties will be highlighted, including genetic mouse models in which structure-function and exercise effects are explored. Similarly, extracellular matrix proteins, proteases and transcriptional proteins implicated in the regulation of bone material properties will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Mandair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
The ability of bone to resist fracture is determined by the combination of bone mass and bone quality. Like bone mass, bone quality is carefully regulated. Of the many aspects of bone quality, this review focuses on biological mechanisms that control the material quality of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM). Bone ECM quality depends upon ECM composition and organization. Proteins and signaling pathways that affect the mineral or organic constituents of bone ECM impact bone ECM material properties, such as elastic modulus and hardness. These properties are also sensitive to pathways that regulate bone remodeling by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Several extracellular proteins, signaling pathways, intracellular effectors, and transcription regulatory networks have been implicated in the control of bone ECM quality. A molecular understanding of these mechanisms will elucidate the biological control of bone quality and suggest new targets for the development of therapies to prevent bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S-1155, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA,
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17
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Hang F, Gupta HS, Barber AH. Nanointerfacial strength between non-collagenous protein and collagen fibrils in antler bone. J R Soc Interface 2013; 11:20130993. [PMID: 24352676 PMCID: PMC3899868 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antler bone displays considerable toughness through the use of a complex nanofibrous structure of mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs) bound together by non-collagenous proteins (NCPs). While the NCP regions represent a small volume fraction relative to the MCFs, significant surface area is evolved upon failure of the nanointerfaces formed at NCP-collagen fibril boundaries. The mechanical properties of nanointerfaces between the MCFs are investigated directly in this work using an in situ atomic force microscopy technique to pull out individual fibrils from the NCP. Results show that the NCP-fibril interfaces in antler bone are weak, which highlights the propensity for interface failure at the nanoscale in antler bone and extensive fibril pullout observed at antler fracture surfaces. The adhesion between fibrils and NCP is additionally suggested as being rate dependent, with increasing interfacial strength and fracture energy observed when pullout velocity decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hang
- Department of Materials, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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18
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Hanifi A, McGoverin C, Ou YT, Safadi F, Spencer R, Pleshko N. Differences in infrared spectroscopic data of connective tissues in transflectance and transmittance modes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 779:41-9. [PMID: 23663670 PMCID: PMC3900307 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) has been used extensively to characterize the composition and orientation of macromolecules in thin tissue sections. Earlier and current studies of normal and polarized FT-IRIS data have primarily used tissues sectioned onto infrared transmissive substrates, such as salt windows. Recently, the use of low-emissivity ("low-e") substrates has become of great interest because of their low cost and favorable infrared optical properties. However, data are collected in transflectance mode when using low-e slides and in transmittance mode using salt windows. In the current study we investigated the comparability of these two modes for assessment of the composition of connective tissues. FT-IRIS data were obtained in transflectance and transmittance modes from serial sections of cartilage, bone and tendon, and from a standard polymer, polymethylmethacrylate. Both non-polarized and polarized FTIR data differed in absorbance, and in some cases peak position, between transflectance and transmittance modes. However, the FT-IRIS analysis of the collagen fibril orientation in cartilage resulted in the expected zonal arrangement of fibrils in both transmittance and transflectance. We conclude that numerical comparison of FT-IRIS-derived parameters of tissue composition should account for substrate type and data collection mode, while analysis of overall tissue architecture may be more invariant between modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hanifi
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Cushla McGoverin
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Ya-Ting Ou
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Fayez Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Richard Spencer
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
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19
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Abstract
Bone mineral density alone cannot reliably predict fracture risk in humans and laboratory animals. Therefore, other factors including the quality of organic bone matrix components and their interactions may be of crucial importance to understanding of fragility fractures. Emerging research evidence shows, that in addition to collagen, certain noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) play a significant role in the structural organization of bone and influence its mechanical properties. However, their contribution to bone strength still remains largely undefined. Collagen and NCPs undergo different post-translational modifications, which alter the quality of the extracellular matrix and the response of bone to mechanical load. The primary focus of this overview is on NCPs that, together with collagen, contribute to structural and mechanical properties of bone. Current information on several mechanisms through which some NCPs influence bone's resistance to fracture, including the role of nonenzymatic glycation, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna E. Sroga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA.
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA.
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