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Pantaleoni A, Sarasini F, Russo P, Passaro J, Giorgini L, Bavasso I, Santarelli ML, Petrucci E, Valentini F, Bracciale MP, Marrocchi A. Facile and Bioinspired Approach from Gallic Acid for the Synthesis of Biobased Flame Retardant Coatings of Basalt Fibers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19099-19107. [PMID: 38708227 PMCID: PMC11064428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A sustainable, bioinspired approach to functionalize basalt fibers with an innovative gallic acid (GA)-iron phenyl phosphonate complex (BF-GA-FeP), for the purpose of improving the flame retardancy in composite materials, is developed. BFs were at first pretreated with O3, obtaining surface free hydroxyl groups that allowed the subsequent covalent immobilization of biosourced GA units on the fiber through ester linkages. Phenolic -OH groups of the GA units were then exploited for the complexation of iron phenyl phosphonate, resulting in the target-complex-coated BF fiber (BF-GA-FeP). Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses of BF-GA-FeP highlighted an increase in iron content, modification of fiber morphology, and occurrence of phosphorus, respectively. BFs, modified with a low amount of the developed complex, were used to reinforce a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix in the production of a biocomposite (PLA/BF-FeP). PLA/BF-FeP showed a higher thermal stability than neat PLA and PLA reinforced with untreated BFs (PLA/BF), as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The cone calorimeter test highlighted several advantages for PLA/BF-FeP, including a prolonged time to ignition, a reduced time to flame out, an 8% decrease in the peak heat release rate, and a 15% reduced fire propagating index compared to PLA/BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pantaleoni
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Pietro Russo
- Institute
for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Institute
for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Irene Bavasso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Santarelli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Petrucci
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Federica Valentini
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Bracciale
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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2
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Khan A, Sapuan SM, Siddiqui VU, Zainudin ES, Zuhri MYM, Harussani MM. A review of recent developments in kenaf fiber/polylactic acid composites research. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127119. [PMID: 37776930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Kenaf fiber has recently garnered exponential interest as reinforcement in composite materials across diverse industries owing to its superior mechanical attributes, ease of manufacture, and inherent biodegradability. In the discourse of this review, various methods of manufacturing kenaf/Polylactic acid (PLA) composites have been discussed meticulously, as delineated in recently published scientific literatures. This paper delves into the chemical modification of kenaf fiber, examining its consequential impact on tensile strength and thermal stability of the kenaf/PLA composites. Further, this review illuminates the role of innovative 3D printing techniques and fiber orientation in augmenting the mechanical robustness of the kenaf/PLA composites. Simultaneously, recent insightful explorations into the acoustic properties of the kenaf/PLA composites, underscoring their potential as sustainable alternative to conventional materials have been reviewed. Serving as a comprehensive repository of knowledge, this review paper holds immense value for researchers aiming to utilize the capabilities of kenaf fiber reinforced PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 4300, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Vasi Uddin Siddiqui
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y M Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M M Harussani
- Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8552, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Suwanniroj A, Suppakarn N. Water Hyacinth Fiber as a Bio-Based Carbon Source for Intumescent Flame-Retardant Poly (Butylene Succinate) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4211. [PMID: 37959891 PMCID: PMC10647722 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, flame-retardant poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites were developed utilizing a bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. Water hyacinth fiber (WHF) was used as a bio-based carbon source, while ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as both an acid source and a blowing agent. Effects of WHF:APP weight ratio and total IFR content on the thermal stability and flammability of WHF/APP/PBS composites were investigated. The results demonstrated that the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite with a WHF to APP ratio of 1:2 and a total IFR content of 45 wt% had a maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.8% and acquired good flame retardancy, with a UL-94 V-0 rating without polymer-melt dripping. Additionally, its peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were, respectively, 53% and 42% lower than those of the neat PBS. Char residue analysis revealed that the optimal WHF:APP ratio and total IFR content promoted the formation of a high graphitized intumescent char with a continuous and dense structure. In comparison to the neat PBS, the tensile modulus of the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite increased by 163%. Findings suggested the possibility of employing WHF, a natural fiber, as an alternative carbon source for intumescent flame-retardant PBS composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anothai Suwanniroj
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nitinat Suppakarn
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Mu W, Chen X, Li S, Sun Y, Wang Q, Na J. Mechanical Performances Analysis and Prediction of Short Plant Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3222. [PMID: 37571116 PMCID: PMC10422309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) exhibits excellent mechanical properties and environmental friendliness and, therefore, has a wide range of applications. This study investigated the mechanical properties of three short plant fiber-reinforced PLA composites (flax, jute, and ramie) using mechanical testing and material characterization techniques (SEM, FTIR, and DSC). Additionally, we propose a methodology for predicting the mechanical properties of high-content short plant fiber-reinforced composite materials. Results indicate that flax fibers provide the optimal reinforcement effect due to differences in fiber composition and microstructure. Surface pretreatment of the fibers using alkali and silane coupling agents increases the fiber-matrix interface contact area, improves interface performance, and effectively enhances the mechanical properties of the composite. The mechanical properties of the composites increase with increasing fiber content, reaching the highest value at 40%, which is 38.79% higher than pure PLA. However, further increases in content lead to fiber agglomeration and decreased composite properties. When the content is relatively low (10%), the mechanical properties are degraded because of internal defects in the material, which is 40.42% lower than pure PLA. Through Micro-CT technology, the fiber was reconstructed, and it was found that the fiber was distributed mainly along the direction of injection molding, and the twin-screw process changes the shape and length of the fiber. By introducing the fiber agglomeration factor function and correcting the Halpin-Tsai criterion, the mechanical properties of composite materials with different contents were successfully predicted. Considering the complex stress state of composite materials in actual service processes, a numerical simulation method was established based on transversely isotropic material using the finite element method combined with theoretical analysis. The mechanical properties of high-content short plant fiber-reinforced composite materials were successfully predicted, and the simulation results showed strong agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Mu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianglin Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingxin Na
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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5
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Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020300. [PMID: 36679181 PMCID: PMC9866757 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion-injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m-2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
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6
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Jiang D, Xu H, Lv S, Jiang D, Cui S, Sun S, Song X, He S, Zhang J. Properties of flame-retardant leaf fiber cement-based composites at high temperatures. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12175. [PMID: 36561702 PMCID: PMC9764191 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardant modification of leaf fibers was carried out to solve the technical problem of poor fire resistance of plant fibers and improve the utilization rate of urban fallen leaves in building materials. The modification scheme adopts three flame retardants, i.e., ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (MH), and aluminum hydroxide (ATH), and two covering layers, i.e., pure acrylic polymer lotion and water glass (Na2O · nSiO2) solution. The modified leaf fiber's combustion behavior and pyrolysis properties were tested and analyzed. The physical and mechanical characteristics, as well as the thermal insulation qualities, of leaf fiber cement-based composites (LFCC) were studied at high temperatures. The findings revealed that the three flame retardants had an effect on the chemical structure of leaf fibers. In comparison to leaf fibers without flame-retardant modification, flame-retardant-modified leaf fibers have a much greater thermal stability. and its LOI is greater than 27.0%, which is a fire-retardant material. Except for the sample with water glass as the modified cover layer, at high temperatures, the composite flame-retardant fiber LFCC's mass-loss rate is lower compared with fibers without flame-retardant modification or fibers modified with only one kind of flame-retardant. In the composite flame-retardant modified fiber LFCC, the samples with better strength at high temperature are those with ATH replacing 30% and 50% MH. The thermal conductivity of LFCC is negatively correlated with the range of temperature change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demin Jiang
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Haodong Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Shuchen Lv
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Di Jiang
- College of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Suping Cui
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Xiaoruan Song
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Shiqin He
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Jingzong Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
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7
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Li S, Yu L, Xiong J, Xiong Y, Bi S, Quan H. Facile Fabrication of Superhydrophobic and Flame-Retardant Coatings on Cotton Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235314. [PMID: 36501707 PMCID: PMC9736095 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrophilicity and inherent flammability of cotton textiles severely limit their usage. To solve these drawbacks, a superhydrophobic and flame-retardant (SFR) coating made of chitosan (CH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and TiO2-SiO2-HMDS composite was applied to cotton fabric using simple layer-by-layer assembly and dip-coating procedures. First, the fabric was alternately immersed in CH and APP water dispersions, and then immersed in TiO2-SiO2-HMDS composite to form a CH/APP@TiO2-SiO2-HMDS coating on the cotton fabric surface. SEM, EDS, and FTIR were used to analyze the surface morphology, element composition, and functional groups of the cotton fabric, respectively. Vertical burning tests, microscale combustion calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analyses were used to evaluate the flammability, combustion behavior, thermal degradation characteristics, and flame-retardant mechanism of this system. When compared to the pristine cotton sample, the deposition of CH and APP enhanced the flame retardancy, residual char, heat release rate, and total heat release of the cotton textiles. The superhydrophobic test results showed that the maximal contact angle of SFR cotton fabric was 153.7°, and possessed excellent superhydrophobicity. Meanwhile, the superhydrophobicity is not lost after 10 laundering cycles or 50 friction cycles. In addition, the UPF value of CH/APP@TiO2-SiO2-HMDS cotton was 825.81, demonstrating excellent UV-shielding properties. Such a durable SFR fabric with a facile fabrication process exhibits potential applications for both oil/water separation and flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation, Discharge Reduction and Cleaner Production (ERC), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- High-Tech Organic Fibers Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Luyan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shuguang Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (H.Q.)
| | - Heng Quan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (H.Q.)
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Kong F, Nie B, Han C, Zhao D, Hou Y, Xu Y. Flame Retardancy and Thermal Property of Environment-Friendly Poly(lactic acid) Composites Based on Banana Peel Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5977. [PMID: 36079358 PMCID: PMC9457241 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Banana peel powder (BPP) was used to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bio-based composites and the flame retardancy was enhanced by introducing silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP). The results showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA containing 15 wt % BPP was 22.1% and just passed the UL-94 V-2 rate. Moreover, with the introduction of 5 wt % MCAPP and 15 wt % BPP, the PLA composite had a higher LOI value of 31.5%, and reached the UL-94 V-0 rating, with self-extinguishing and anti-dripping abilities. The PLA/M5B15 also had a lower peak heat release rate (296.7 kW·m-2), which was 16% lower than that of the PLA/B15 composite. Furthermore, the synergistic effects between MCAPP and BPP impart better thermal stability to PLA composites. According to the investigation of the char residue and pyrolysis gaseous products, MCAPP with BPP addition is beneficial to the formation of a higher quality char layer in the solid phase but also plays the flame retardant effect in the gas phase. This work provides a simple and efficient method to solve the high cost and flammability issues of PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbei Kong
- School of Resource and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baisheng Nie
- School of Resource and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Dynamics and Control, School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Resource and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- School of Resource and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxuan Xu
- School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
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9
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Suwanniroj A, Suppakarn N. Influence of glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly (butylene succinate) (
PBS‐
g
‐GMA
) on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of water hyacinth fiber/ammonium polyphosphate/poly (butylene succinate) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anothai Suwanniroj
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nitinat Suppakarn
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
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10
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Structure and Morphology of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Heterogeneous Shish-Kebab Structure Induced by Poly(lactic acid) Nanofibers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Chen J, Huang W, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhang W, Huang J. Facile Preparation of Chitosan-Based Composite Film with Good Mechanical Strength and Flame Retardancy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071337. [PMID: 35406210 PMCID: PMC9002840 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve on the poor strength and flame retardancy of a chitosan (CS)-based functional film, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was taken as the reinforced material and both ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) as the flame-retardant additives in the CS matrix to prepare the CS/CNF/APP/BPEI composite film by simple drying. The resulting composite film showed good mechanical strength, with a tensile strength reaching 71.84 Mpa due to the high flexibility of CNF and the combination of CS, CNF and BPEI through strong hydrogen bonding interactions. The flame retardant-performance of the composite film greatly enhanced the limit oxygen index (LOI), up to 32.7% from 27.6% for the pure film, and the PHRR intensity decreased to 28.87 W/g from 39.38% in the micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) test due to the ability of BPEI to stimulate the decomposition of APP, releasing non-flammable gases such as CO2, N2, NH3, etc., and forming a protective phosphating layer to block the entry of O2. Based on the good flame retardancy, mechanical strength and transparency, the CS/CNF/APP/BPEI composite film has a great potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- China Bamboo Charcoal Museum, Lishui 323300, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Zenan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingda Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.C.); (W.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.H.)
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12
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Xia L, Pang F, Wei F, Jian R. The effect of Tris‐phosphaphenanthrene based phosphonate on the flame retardance, thermal decomposition, and crystallization of bio‐based poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fu‐Qu Pang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fang‐Fang Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Rong‐Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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13
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Chen Y, Wu X, Li M, Qian L, Zhou H. Mechanically Robust and Flame-Retardant Polylactide Composites Based on In Situ Formation of Crosslinked Network Structure by DCP and TAIC. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:308. [PMID: 35054714 PMCID: PMC8782028 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of intumescent flame retardant to PLA can greatly improve the flame retardancy of the material and inhibit the dripping, but the major drawback is the adverse impact of the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, we found that the flame retardant and mechanical properties of the materials can be improved simultaneously by constructing a cross-linked structure. Firstly, a cross-linking flame-retardant PLA structure was designed by adding 0.9 wt% DCP and 0.3 wt% TAIC. After that, different characterization methods including torque, melt flow rate, molecular weight and gel content were used to clarify the formation of crosslinking structures. Results showed that the torque of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 307% and the melt flow rate decreased by 77.8%. The gel content of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA was 30.8%, indicating the formation of cross-linked structures. Then, the mechanical properties and flame retardant performance were studied. Results showed that, compared with FRPLA, the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 34.8%, 82.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The flame retardancy test results showed that 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA had a very high LOI (the limiting oxygen index) value of 39.2% and passed the UL94 V-0 level without dripping. Finally, the crosslinking reaction mechanism, flame retardant mechanism and the reasons for the improvement of mechanical properties were studied and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
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14
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Yue X, Li Y, Li J, Xu Y. Improving fire behavior and smoke suppression of
flame‐retardant PBS
composites using lignin chelate as carbonization agent and catalyst. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yue
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yu Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jian Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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15
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Zhang L, Chai W, Li W, Semple K, Yin N, Zhang W, Dai C. Intumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26990-27006. [PMID: 34693119 PMCID: PMC8529600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weisheng Chai
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kate Semple
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ningning Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Li W, Zhang L, Chai W, Yin N, Semple K, Li L, Zhang W, Dai C. Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2167. [PMID: 34209000 PMCID: PMC8271951 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) with improved flame retardancy and minimal decline in strength properties. Chitosan (CS) as an adhesion promoter improved the interfacial compatibility between graft-modified bamboo charcoal (BC-m) and PLA leading to enhanced tensile properties by 11.11% and 8.42%, respectively for tensile strength and modulus. At 3 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m, the crystallinity of the composite increased to 38.92%, or 43 times that of pure PLA (0.9%). CS promotes the reorganization of the internal crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significantly improved material retention of PLA composites in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Residue rate for 5 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m was 29.42% which is 55.1% higher than the theoretical value of 18.97%. Flammability tests (limiting oxygen index-LOI and UL-94) indicated significantly improved flame retardancy and evidence of cooperation between CS and BC-m, with calculated cooperative effectiveness index(Ce) >1. From CONE tests, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 26.9% and 30.5%, respectively, for 3% CS + 20% BC-m in PLA compared with adding 20% BC-m alone. Analysis of carbon residue morphology, chemical elements and structure suggest CS and BC-m form a more stable char containing pyrophosphate. This char provides heat insulation to inhibit complete polymer pyrolysis, resulting in improved flame retardancy of PLA composites. Optimal mix may be recommended at 20% BC-m + 3% CS to balance compatibility, composite strength properties and flame retardance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Weisheng Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Ningning Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Kate Semple
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Lu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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17
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da Silva TT, da Silveira PHPM, Ribeiro MP, Lemos MF, da Silva AP, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Kenaf Fiber ( Hibiscus cannabinus) Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122016. [PMID: 34203077 PMCID: PMC8235200 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is one of the most investigated and industrially applied natural fibers for polymer composite reinforcement. However, relatively limited information is available regarding its epoxy composites. In this work, both thermal and chemical properties were, for the first time, determined in kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites. Through XRD analysis, a microfibrillar angle of 7.1° and crystallinity index of 44.3% was obtained. The FTIR analysis showed the functional groups normally found for natural lignocellulosic fibers. TMA analysis of the composites with 10 vol% and 20 vol% of kenaf fibers disclosed a higher coefficient of thermal expansion. The TG/DTG results of the epoxy composites revealed enhanced thermal stability when compared to plain epoxy. The DSC results corroborated the results obtained by TGA, which indicated a higher mass loss in the first stage for kenaf when compared to its composites. These results might contribute to kenaf fiber composite applications requiring superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuane Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos
- Brazilian Navy Research Institute—IPqM, Materials Technology Group; Rua Ipiru, 02, Cacuia, Rio de Janeiro 21931-095, Brazil; (M.F.L.)
| | - Ana Paula da Silva
- Brazilian Navy Research Institute—IPqM, Materials Technology Group; Rua Ipiru, 02, Cacuia, Rio de Janeiro 21931-095, Brazil; (M.F.L.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
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18
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Mbakop RS, Brouillette F, Lebrun G. Effect of phosphorylation on the planar compaction of reinforcements made of unidirectional flax fibres supported by a thin flax fibre mat. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Stéphane Mbakop
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
| | - François Brouillette
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
| | - Gilbert Lebrun
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
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19
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Combination of Corn Pith Fiber and Biobased Flame Retardant: A Novel Method toward Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101562. [PMID: 34068074 PMCID: PMC8152498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some crop by-products are considered to be promising materials for the development of novel biobased products for industrial applications. The flammability of these alternatives to conventional materials is a constraint to expanded applications. Polylactide (PLA) composites containing a combination of oxidized corn pith fiber (OCC) and a biobased flame retardant (PA-THAM) have been prepared via an in situ modification method. SEM/EDS, FTIR and TGA were performed to establish that PA-THAM was coated onto the surface of OCC. The mechanical properties, thermal stability and fire behavior of PLA-based biocomposites were investigated. The incorporation of 5 phr PA-THAM imparted biocomposite good interfacial adhesion and increased decomposition temperature at 10% mass loss by 50 °C. The flame retardant properties were also improved, as reflected by an increased LOI value, a UL-94 V-2 rating, reduction of PHRR, and increased formation of char residue. Therefore, the introduction of 5 phr PA-THAM can maintain a good balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of this PLA/OCC system.
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20
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Hasan KMF, Horváth PG, Bak M, Alpár T. A state-of-the-art review on coir fiber-reinforced biocomposites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10548-10571. [PMID: 35423548 PMCID: PMC8695778 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The coconut (Cocos nucifera) fruits are extensively grown in tropical countries. The use of coconut husk-derived coir fiber-reinforced biocomposites is on the rise nowadays due to the constantly increasing demand for sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, and recyclable materials. Generally, the coconut husk and shells are disposed of as waste materials; however, they can be utilized as prominent raw materials for environment-friendly biocomposite production. Coir fibers are strong and stiff, which are prerequisites for coir fiber-reinforced biocomposite materials. However, as a bio-based material, the produced biocomposites have various performance characteristics because of the inhomogeneous coir material characteristics. Coir materials are reinforced with different thermoplastic, thermosetting, and cement-based materials to produce biocomposites. Coir fiber-reinforced composites provide superior mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, which make them outstanding materials as compared to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. However, the mechanical performances of coconut fiber-reinforced composites could be enhanced by pretreating the surfaces of coir fiber. This review provides an overview of coir fiber and the associated composites along with their feasible fabrication methods and surface treatments in terms of their morphological, thermal, mechanical, and physical properties. Furthermore, this study facilitates the industrial production of coir fiber-reinforced biocomposites through the efficient utilization of coir husk-generated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Faridul Hasan
- Simonyi Károly Faculty of Engineering, University of Sopron Sopron Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Bak
- Simonyi Károly Faculty of Engineering, University of Sopron Sopron Hungary
| | - Tibor Alpár
- Simonyi Károly Faculty of Engineering, University of Sopron Sopron Hungary
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21
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Yoon CK, Ko SJ, Jeon JH, Lee WI. Effect of ammonium polyphosphate and acrylic acid on
NaCl
treated electrospun
PLA
microfiber mat. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ki Yoon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Se Jun Ko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Ho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo Il Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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22
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Wang D, Guo J, Su M, Sun J, Zhang S, Yang W, Gu X, Li H. The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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23
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Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Injection-Molded Green Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Based on Poly(lactic acid)-Maleinized Linseed Oil System and Sheep Wool. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091514. [PMID: 31533307 PMCID: PMC6780267 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to modify polymers is that of introducing fibers in a matrix to produce a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Consequently, the aim of this work was to study the compatibility effect of four coupling agents on wool FRP properties, using poly(lactic acid) plasticized with maleinized linseed oil as polymer matrix. The content of wool assessed was 1 phr. The compatibilizers were (3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl)-trimethoxysilane, trimethoxy (2-(7-oxabicyclo (4.1.0)hept-3-yl) ethyl) silane, tris(2-methoxyethoxy)(vinyl) silane and titanium (IV) (triethanolaminate)isopropoxide. Initially, wool was modified with coupling agents in an acetone/water (50/50) solution. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile and flexural properties, hardness by Shore D measurement and impact resistance by Charpy’s energy. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted to evaluate the interaction among components and the effect of the coupling agents on the thermal properties of the original material. Color, wettability and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe physical and microstructural properties. Modification of fibers allows achieving improved mechanical properties and changes the thermal properties of the FRPs slightly. Coupling agent treatment helps to formulate PLA–MLO and sheep wool materials and to improve their performance, thereby creating a broader spectrum of applications for PLA maintaining the bio-based character of the material.
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24
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Bachtiar EV, Kurkowiak K, Yan L, Kasal B, Kolb T. Thermal Stability, Fire Performance, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Fabric-Reinforced Polymer Composites with Different Fire Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040699. [PMID: 30995829 PMCID: PMC6523417 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ALH) with different mass contents were used as fire retardants (FRs) on plant-based natural flax fabric-reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI), and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL)-94 horizontal and vertical tests were carried out for evaluating the effectiveness of these FR treatments. Flat-coupon tensile test was performed to evaluate the effects of FR treatment on the mechanical properties of the FFRP composites. For both fire retardants, the results showed that the temperature of the thermal decomposition and the LOI values of the composites increased as the FR content increases. Under the UL-94 vertical test, the FFRP composites with 20% and 30% APP (i.e., by mass content of epoxy polymer matrix) were self-extinguished within 30 and 10 s following the removal of the flame without any burning drops, respectively. However, the mechanical tensile tests showed that the APP treated FFRP composites reduced their elastic modulus and strength up to 24% and 18%, respectively. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) for morphology examination showed an effective coating of the flax fibres with the FRs, which improved the flame retardancy of the treated composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Valentine Bachtiar
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
| | - Katarzyna Kurkowiak
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Libo Yan
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Bohumil Kasal
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kolb
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
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25
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Wang B, Hina K, Zou H, Cui L, Zuo D, Yi C. Mechanical, Biodegradation and Morphological Properties of Sisal Fiber Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1578486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Kanza Hina
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hantao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Danying Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Changhai Yi
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textile of New Textile Materials (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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26
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Liu X, Sun J, Zhang S, Guo J, Tang W, Li H, Gu X. Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan microencapsulated melamine polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and water resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Rabe S, Sanchez-Olivares G, Pérez-Chávez R, Schartel B. Natural Keratin and Coconut Fibres from Industrial Wastes in Flame Retarded Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12030344. [PMID: 30678293 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rabe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ricardo Pérez-Chávez
- CIATEC, A.C. Center of Applied Innovation in Competitive Technologies, 37545 Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Jia L, Tong B, Li D, Zhang W, Yang R. Crystallization and flame‐retardant properties of polylactic acid composites with polyhedral octaphenyl silsesquioxane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Bin Tong
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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29
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Efficient polymeric phosphorus flame retardant: flame retardancy, thermal property, and physical property on polylactide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Hamad K, Kaseem M, Ayyoob M, Joo J, Deri F. Polylactic acid blends: The future of green, light and tough. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Pan D, Wu Y, Wu B, Kui C, Ji L, Zhu J. A Novel Approach for Water-Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Pan
- Materials Genome Institute; Shanghai University; Shangda Road 99 Shanghai 200444 P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Chen Kui
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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32
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Awale RJ, Ali FB, Azmi AS, Puad NIM, Anuar H, Hassan A. Enhanced Flexibility of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid/Starch Blends Using Epoxidized Palm Oil as Plasticizer. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E977. [PMID: 30960902 PMCID: PMC6404079 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) has always limited its usage, although it has good mechanical strength. In this study, flexibility of PLA/starch (PSt) blend was enhanced using epoxidized palm oil (EPO) as the green plasticizer. The PLA/starch/EPO (PSE) blends were prepared while using the solution casting method by fixing the content of starch and varying ratio of EPO. The thermal properties, such as glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and crystallization temperature (Tcc) were decreased by increasing the amount of EPO into PSt, indicating that EPO increases the chain mobility. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that thermal degradation resistance of PSE was higher when compared to PSt. The mechanical testing revealed that EPO at all contents improved the mechanical properties, such as increment of the elongation-at-break and impact strength. Whereas, dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the addition of filler into PLA decreased the storage modulus of PLA. The carbonyl group of the aliphatic ester remained the same in the PSE blends. The morphological study verified the ductility of PSE blends surface when compared to the brittle surface of PSt. As for the soil burial tests, EPO accelerated the degradation of blends. From these results, it can be concluded that EPO improved the flexibility of PLA blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Jama Awale
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Fathilah Binti Ali
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Azlin Suhaida Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Illi Mohamad Puad
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hazleen Anuar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Azman Hassan
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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33
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Yaoke D, Yuan Z, Wang J. Synthesis of a phosphorus-containing trisilanol POSS and its application in RTV composites. E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel trisilanol polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-containing phosphorus (DPCP-TPOSS) was synthesized from trisilanolphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (TPOSS) and diphenyl chlorophosphate. DPCP-TPOSS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then a novel type of room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV)/DPCP-TPOSS composite was prepared. Properties such as swelling behavior, tensile strength, elongation at break, thermal stability and flame retardance were researched and compared. Results showed that RTV/DPCP-TPOSS-3 and RTV/DPCP-TPOSS-5 composites exhibited the best tensile strength and elongation at break, 4.5 MPa and 427%, which was 25% and 32% higher than that of pure RTV. TGA tests demonstrated that RTV/DPCP-TPOSS-3 owned the highest char residues, 39.7%. Tmax of RTV composites was increased from 531.9°C to 557°C with the incorporation of DPCP-TPOSS. Moreover, the addition of DPCP-TPOSS led to considerably increase of the fire-retardant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yaoke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhanglin Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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34
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Zhang S, Jin X, Gu X, Chen C, Li H, Zhang Z, Sun J. The preparation of fully bio-based flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites containing casein. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang City Henan Province 464000 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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35
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Anuar H, Nur Fatin Izzati AB, Sharifah Nurul Inani SM, Siti Nur E’zzati MA, Siti Munirah Salimah AB, Ali FB, Manshor MR. Impregnation of Cinnamon Essential Oil into Plasticised Polylactic Acid Biocomposite Film for Active Food Packaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41783-017-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Wang W, Peng Y, Zammarano M, Zhang W, Li J. Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate to Aluminum Hydroxide Mass Ratio on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110615. [PMID: 30965918 PMCID: PMC6418642 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two halogen-free inorganic flame retardants, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were added to wood-flour/polypropylene composites (WPCs) at different APP to ATH mass ratios (APP/ATH ratios), with a constant total loading of 30 wt % (30% by mass). Water soaking tests indicated a low hygroscopicity and/or solubility of ATH as compared to APP. Mechanical property tests showed that the flexural properties were not significantly affected by the APP/ATH ratio, while the impact strength appeared to increase with the increasing ATH/APP ratio. Cone calorimetry indicated that APP appeared to be more effective than ATH in reducing the peak of heat release rate (PHRR). However, when compared to the neat WPCs, total smoke release decreased with the addition of ATH but increased with the addition of APP. Noticeably, WPCs containing the combination of 20 wt % APP and 10 wt % ATH (WPC/APP-20/ATH-10) showed the lowest PHRR and total heat release in all of the formulations. WPCs combustion residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the organic volatiles that were produced during the thermal decomposition of WPCs. WPC/APP-20/ATH-10 showed the most compact carbonaceous residue with the highest degree of graphitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Yao Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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37
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Shi X, Jiang S, Hu Y, Peng X, Yang H, Qian X. Phosphorylated chitosan-cobalt complex: A novel green flame retardant for polylactic acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Shi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230027 China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- Key Lab Firefighting & Rescuing Technology, Ministry of Public Security; Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy; Xichang Road 220 Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 China
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38
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Laaziz SA, Raji M, Hilali E, Essabir H, Rodrigue D, Bouhfid R, Qaiss AEK. Bio-composites based on polylactic acid and argan nut shell: Production and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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39
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Sypaseuth FD, Gallo E, Çiftci S, Schartel B. Polylactic acid biocomposites: approaches to a completely green flame retarded polymer. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBasic paths towards fully green flame retarded kenaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid (K-PLA) biocomposites are compared. Multicomponent flame retardant systems are investigated using an amount of 20 wt% such as Mg(OH)2 (MH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG), and combinations with silicon dioxide or layered silicate (LS) nanofillers. Adding kenaf fibers and flame retardants increases the E modulus up to a factor 2, although no compatibilizer was used at all. Thus, in particular adding EG and MH decreases the strength at maximum elongation, and kenaf fibers, MH, and EG are crucial for reducing the elongation to break. The oxygen index is improved by up to 33 vol% compared to 17 vol% for K-PLA. The HB classification of K-PLA in the UL 94 test is outperformed. All flame retarded biocomposites show somewhat lower thermal stability and increased amounts of residue. MH decreases the fire load significantly, and the greatest reduction in peak heat release rate is obtained for K-PLA/15MH/5LS. Synergistic effects are observed between EG and APP (ratio 2:1) in flammability and fire properties. Synergistic multicomponent systems containing EG and APP, or MH with adjuvants offer a promising route to green flame retarded natural fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni D. Sypaseuth
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuela Gallo
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serhat Çiftci
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Effects of bridged DOPO derivatives on the thermal stability and flame retardant properties of poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Debeli DK, Guo J, Li Z, Zhu J, Li N. Treatment of ramie fiber with different techniques: the influence of diammonium phosphate on interfacial adhesion properties of ramie fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Xu L, Lei C, Xu R, Zhang X, Zhang F. Synergistic effect on flame retardancy and thermal behavior of polycarbonate filled with α-zirconium phosphate@gel-silica. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Lei
- Department of Polymer Materials; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Research and Development; Kingfa Science and Technology Company, Limited; Guangzhou 510520 People's Republic of China
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43
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Zhao WJ, Hu QX, Zhang NN, Wei YC, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Dong JB, Sun ZY, Liu BJ, Li L, Hu W. In situ inorganic flame retardant modified hemp and its polypropylene composites. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism of the chemical treatment on the hemp.
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44
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Abstract
In this work, polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites reinforced with short coir fibers were fabricated using a corotating twin-screw extruder and injection molding machine. Short coir fibers were treated by mixed solution including hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide to improve the adhesion between fibers and PLA matrix. The effects of treated coir fiber content (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) on tensile, impact, thermal properties, and surface morphology of PLA biocomposites were investigated. The best impact strength results were obtained for 3 wt% PLA/treated coir fiber biocomposites, where the impact strength was increased by approximately 28% compared to the neat PLA. The tensile modulus of PLA biocomposites was increased by increasing the treated coir fiber content. These results were confirmed by morphological structure analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated a minor effect of the treated coir fiber on thermal behavior of PLA resin. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the thermal stability of the PLA/treated coir fiber biocomposites was reduced by the incorporation of treated coir fiber.
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45
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Krishnaiah P, Ratnam CT, Manickam S. Enhancements in crystallinity, thermal stability, tensile modulus and strength of sisal fibres and their PP composites induced by the synergistic effects of alkali and high intensity ultrasound (HIU) treatments. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:729-742. [PMID: 27773300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, sisal fibres were treated with the combination of alkali and high intensity ultrasound (HIU) and their effects on the morphology, thermal properties of fibres and mechanical properties of their reinforced PP composites were studied. FTIR and FE-SEM results confirmed the removal of amorphous materials such as hemicellulose, lignin and other waxy materials after the combined treatments of alkali and ultrasound. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an increase in the crystallinity of sisal fibres with an increase in the concentration of alkali. Thermogravimetric results revealed that the thermal stability of sisal fibres obtained with the combination of both alkali and ultrasound treatment was increased by 38.5°C as compared to the untreated fibres. Morphology of sisal fibre reinforced composites showed good interfacial interaction between fibres and matrix after the combined treatment. Tensile properties were increased for the combined treated sisal fibres reinforced PP composites as compared to the untreated and pure PP. Tensile modulus and strength increased by more than 50% and 10% respectively as compared to the untreated sisal fibre reinforced composite. It has been found that the combined treatment of alkali and ultrasound is effective and useful to remove the amorphous materials and hence to improve the mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Krishnaiah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor D.E 43500, Malaysia
| | | | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor D.E 43500, Malaysia.
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46
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Chen C, Gu X, Jin X, Sun J, Zhang S. The effect of chitosan on the flammability and thermal stability of polylactic acid/ammonium polyphosphate biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1586-1593. [PMID: 27987872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports our recent efforts on introducing chitosan (CS) in association with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into polylactic acid (PLA) by melt blending to improve the flame retardancy of the biocomposites. The flammability of the composites was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test and cone calorimetry test (CONE). The results showed that the PLA sample containing 2% CS and 5% APP achieved the maximal LOI value of 33.1, passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and decreased the peak heat release rate to 425.6kW/m2. The morphology characterization of char residue by scanning electron microscope indicated a dense, homogeneous and continuous residue char could be formed by the presence of APP and CS in PLA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravity analysis suggested that CS could act as a novel carbon agent owning to its high content of carbon atoms and multi-hydroxyl groups, and the interaction between CS and APP could provide synergistic effects in improving the flame retardancy of PLA biocomposites. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the presence of APP and CS could promote the crystallization of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
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47
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Lee CH, Sapuan SM, Lee JH, Hassan MR. Melt volume flow rate and melt flow rate of kenaf fibre reinforced Floreon/magnesium hydroxide biocomposites. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1680. [PMID: 27733982 PMCID: PMC5042909 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A study of the melt volume flow rate (MVR) and the melt flow rate (MFR) of kenaf fibre (KF) reinforced Floreon (FLO) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) biocomposites under different temperatures (160-180 °C) and weight loadings (2.16, 5, 10 kg) is presented in this paper. FLO has the lowest values of MFR and MVR. The increment of the melt flow properties (MVR and MFR) has been found for KF or MH insertion due to the hydrolytic degradation of the polylactic acid in FLO. Deterioration of the entanglement density at high temperature, shear thinning and wall slip velocity were the possible causes for the higher melt flow properties. Increasing the KF loadings caused the higher melt flow properties while the higher MH contents created stronger bonding for higher macromolecular chain flow resistance, hence lower melt flow properties were recorded. However, the complicated melt flow behaviour of the KF reinforced FLO/MH biocomposites was found in this study. The high probability of KF-KF and KF-MH collisions was expected and there were more collisions for higher fibre and filler loading causing lower melt flow properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK ; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - J H Lee
- The AMRC with Boeing, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
| | - M R Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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48
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Long L, Yin J, He W, Qin S, Yu J. Influence of a Phenethyl-Bridged DOPO Derivative on the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Properties, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid). Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Long
- Department
of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- National Engineering
Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department
of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wentao He
- National Engineering
Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering
Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering
Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
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49
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Saba N, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Inuwa I, Hassan A. A review on potential development of flame retardant kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Saba
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP); Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP); Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Y. Alothman
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - I.M. Inuwa
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi; 81310 Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - A. Hassan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi; 81310 Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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50
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Wang YY, Shih YF. Flame-retardant recycled bamboo chopstick fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites via multifunctional additive system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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