Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for The Unmet Clinical Needs of Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Flow Dynamic Factors Correlated With Device-Related Thrombosis After Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

Background

Device-related thrombosis (DRT) occurs in up to 4% of patients undergoing left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. However, its pathophysiology, predictors, and optimal management remain unclear.

Objectives

This study aims to assess flow dynamic factors correlating to DRT.

Methods

A multicenter registry of patients who underwent LAAO and had pre- and post-computed tomography imaging was used. Patient-specific 3-dimensional digital models of the left atrium were created, and finite element simulations were performed to implant an LAAO device into each model in a position that matched the clinical deployment. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed to quantify the following flow dynamic parameters: time averaged wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and endothelial cell activation potential.

Results

A total of 38 patients (19 with DRT and 19 without DRT) were included. Left atrium volumes and mitral valve areas were larger in the DRT cohort compared with controls. Patients with DRT had a significantly lower time averaged wall shear stress (1.76 ± 1.24 Pa vs 2.90 ± 2.70 Pa), a higher oscillatory shear index (0.19 ± 0.11 vs 0.17 ± 0.11), and a higher endothelial cell activation potential (0.23 ± 0.58 Pa-1 vs 0.17 ± 0.30 Pa-1) than the controls (P < 0.001 for all). Thrombus locations identified from in-vivo images correlated well with the flow dynamic parameters tested.

Conclusions

Flow dynamic parameters may be able to predict the risk of DRT after LAAO. Further investigation with a larger patient cohort and long-term follow-up is needed to assess the role of computational fluid dynamics in the risk stratification of patients considered for LAAO.

Impact of occluder device configurations in in-silico left atrial hemodynamics for the analysis of device-related thrombus

Left atrial appendage occlusion devices (LAAO) are a feasible alternative for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients at high risk of thromboembolic stroke and contraindication to antithrombotic therapies. However, optimal LAAO device configurations (i.e., size, type, location) remain unstandardized due to the large anatomical variability of the left atrial appendage (LAA) morphology, leading to a 4-6% incidence of device-related thrombus (DRT). In-silico simulations have the potential to assess DRT risk and identify the key factors, such as suboptimal device positioning. This work presents fluid simulation results computed on 20 patient-specific left atrial geometries, analysing different commercially available LAAO occluders, including plug-type and pacifier-type devices. In addition, we explored two distinct device positions: 1) the real post-LAAO intervention configuration derived from follow-up imaging; and 2) one covering the pulmonary ridge if it was not achieved during the implantation (13 out of 20). In total, 33 different configurations were analysed. In-silico indices indicating high risk of DRT (e.g., low blood flow velocities and flow complexity around the device) were combined with particle deposition analysis based on a discrete phase model. The obtained results revealed that covering the pulmonary ridge with the LAAO device may be one of the key factors to prevent DRT, resulting in higher velocities and reduced flow recirculations (e.g., mean velocities of 0.183 ± 0.12 m/s and 0.236 ± 0.16 m/s for uncovered versus covered positions in DRT patients). Moreover, disk-based devices exhibited enhanced adaptability to various LAA morphologies and, generally, demonstrated a lower risk of abnormal events after LAAO implantation.

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion as a Strategy for Reducing Stroke Risk in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common rhythm disorder of middle-aged to older adults that can cause ischemic strokes and systemic embolism. Stroke prevention is a crucial aspect of management, considering the increasing AF population and the associated morbidity and mortality. The left atrial appendage (LAA) has been identified as a predominant source of AF-associated thrombus and stroke, with at least 90% of the thrombi originating from this anatomical structure. Lifelong use of oral anticoagulants reduces the risk of these ischemic events but increases the risk of major and clinically relevant hemorrhages. In addition, these medications also require strict compliance for efficacy and have high failure rates in higher-risk patients. LAA occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as an alternative strategy for stroke prevention with encompassing various percutaneous and surgical techniques. Randomized controlled trials evaluating this intervention have shown promising results in stroke reduction replacing anticoagulation therapy. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the anatomy of the LAA and its role in thrombus formation, the emergence of various LAAO techniques and devices, and provide evidence on the role of LAAO in the reduction of stroke risk among patients with nonvalvular AF.

Infective endocarditis associated with left atrial appendage occlusion device: a contemporary systematic review

BACKGROUND

Data are limited regarding infective endocarditis (IE) complicating left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) device procedures. This systematic review examines the etiology, diagnosis, and management of infective endocarditis (IE) following LAAO.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of six databases was performed between 2007 and 2022. In selecting studies, articles were included if they provided information about IE complicating LAAO, with relevant clinical and imaging details. Articles were excluded if they were editorials, study protocols, letters, or abstracts.

RESULTS

We identified seven cases of IE complicating LAAO published between 2007 and 2022, from the United States and Europe, highlighting the exceedingly rare reported incidence of the condition. Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant organism implicated in LAAO infections. Echocardiography is a key imaging modality for diagnosing LAAO IE. Both antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention in appropriate patients are important for managing LAAO device-related IE.

CONCLUSIONS

The limited data in the current literature regarding LAAO IE underscores the need for prospective clinical trials to establish evidence-based guidelines for infection prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management. Our findings emphasize the importance of vigilance for device-related infections, especially as the use of LAAO devices continues to grow worldwide.

Association of transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion with acute changes in left atrial pressure: An invasive hemodynamic study

BACKGROUND

The hemodynamic effects of transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess the effect of LAAO on invasive hemodynamics and their correlation with clinical outcomes.

METHODS

We recorded mean left atrial pressure (mLAP) before and after device deployment. We assessed the prevalence and predictors of mLAP increase after deployment, the association between significant mLAP increase after deployment and 45-day peridevice leak (PDL), and the association between mLAP increase and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. A significant mLAP increase was defined as one equal to or greater than the mean percentage increase in mLAP after deployment (≥28%).

RESULTS

We included 302 patients (36.4% female; mean age, 75.8 ± 9.5 years). After deployment, mLAP increased in 48% of patients, 38% of whom experienced significant mLAP increase. Independent predictors of mLAP increase were baseline mLAP ≤14 mm Hg, nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation, and age per 5 years (odds ratios: 3.66 [95% CI, 2.21-6.05], 1.81 [95% CI, 1.08-3.02], and 0.85 [95% CI, 0.73-0.99], respectively). Significant mLAP increase was an independent predictor of 45-day PDL (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.04-6.26). There was no association between mLAP increase and HF hospitalization.

CONCLUSION

After deployment, mLAP acutely rises in 48% of patients, although this is not associated with increased HF hospitalizations. PDL is more likely to develop at 45 days in patients with significant increase in mLAP after deployment, although most leaks were small (<5 mm). These findings suggest that mLAP increase after deployment is not associated with major safety concerns. Additional studies are warranted to explore the long-term hemodynamic effects of LAAO.

Chronological vs Biological Age in Interventional Cardiology: A Comprehensive Approach to Care for Older Adults: JACC Family Series

Aging is the gradual decline in physical and physiological functioning leading to increased susceptibility to stressors and chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease. With an aging global population, in which 1 in 6 individuals will be older than 60 years by 2030, interventional cardiologists are increasingly involved in providing complex care for older individuals. Although procedural aspects remain their main clinical focus, interventionalists frequently encounter age-associated risks that influence eligibility for invasive care, decision making during the intervention, procedural adverse events, and long-term management decisions. The unprecedented growth in transcatheter interventions, especially for structural heart diseases at extremes of age, have pushed age-related risks and implications for cardiovascular care to the forefront. In this JACC state-of-the-art review, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the aging process as it relates to cardiovascular interventions, with special emphasis on the difference between chronological and biological aging. The authors also address key considerations to improve health outcomes for older patients during and after their invasive cardiovascular care. The role of "gerotherapeutics" in interventional cardiology, technological innovation in measuring biological aging, and the integration of patient-centered outcomes in the older adult population are also discussed.

Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion and risk of stroke, hospitalized bleeding and death in Medicare beneficiaries

PURPOSE

Among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), a nonpharmacologic option (e.g., percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion [LAAO]) is needed for patients with oral anticoagulant (OAC) contraindications. Among beneficiaries in the Medicare fee-for-service coverage 20% sample databases (2015-18) who had AF and an elevated CHA2DS2-VASc score, we assessed the association between percutaneous LAAO versus OAC use and risk of stroke, hospitalized bleeding, and death.

METHODS

Patients undergoing percutaneous LAAO were matched to up to five OAC users by sex, age, date of enrollment, index date, CHA2DS2-VASc score, and HAS-BLED score. Overall, 17 156 patients with AF (2905 with percutaneous LAAO) were matched (average ± SD 78 ± 6 years, 44% female). Cox proportional hazards model were used.

RESULTS

Median follow-up was 10.3 months. After multivariable adjustments, no significant difference for risk of stroke or death was noted when patients with percutaneous LAAO were compared with OAC users (HRs [95% CIs]: 1.14 [0.86-1.52], 0.98 [0.86-1.10]). There was a 2.94-fold (95% CI: 2.50-3.45) increased risk for hospitalized bleeding for percutaneous LAAO compared with OAC use. Among patients 65 to <78 years old, those undergoing percutaneous LAAO had higher risk of stroke compared with OAC users. No association was present in those ≥78 years.

CONCLUSION

In this analysis of real-world AF patients, percutaneous LAAO versus OAC use was associated with similar risk of death, nonsignificantly elevated risk of stroke, and an elevated risk of bleeding in the post-procedural period. Overall, these results support results of randomized trials that percutaneous LAAO may be an alternative to OAC use for patients with contraindications.

Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Special Patient Populations

Anticoagulants are a cornerstone of treatment in atrial fibrillation. Nowadays, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are extensively used for this condition in developed countries. However, DOAC treatment may be inappropriate in certain patient populations, such as: patients with chronic kidney disease in whom DOAC concentrations may be dangerously elevated; frail elderly patients with an increased risk of falls; patients with significant drug-drug interactions (DDI) affecting either DOAC concentration or effect; patients at the extremes of body mass in whom an "abnormal" volume of distribution may result in inappropriate drug concentrations; patients with recurrent stroke reflecting an unusually high thromboembolic tendency; and, lastly, patients who experience major hemorrhage on an anticoagulant and in whom continued anticoagulation is deemed necessary. Herein we provide a fictional case-based approach to review the recommendations for the use of DOACs in these special patient populations.

Anticoagulation Status and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Indications in Hospitalized Cardiology Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Hellenic Cardiorenal Morbidity Snapshot (HECMOS) Sub-Study

Background and Objectives: The proper use of oral anticoagulants is crucial in the management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) may be considered for stroke prevention in patients with AF and contraindications for long-term anticoagulant treatment. We aimed to assess anticoagulation status and LAAC indications in patients with AF from the HECMOS (Hellenic Cardiorenal Morbidity Snapshot) survey. Materials and Methods: The HECMOS was a nationwide snapshot survey of cardiorenal morbidity in hospitalized cardiology patients. HECMOS used an electronic platform to collect demographic and clinically relevant information from all patients hospitalized on 3 March 2022 in 55 different cardiology departments. In this substudy, we included patients with known AF without mechanical prosthetic valves or moderate-to-severe mitral valve stenosis. Patients with prior stroke, previous major bleeding, poor adherence to anticoagulants, and end-stage renal disease were considered candidates for LAAC. Results: Two hundred fifty-six patients (mean age 76.6 ± 11.7, 148 males) were included in our analysis. Most of them (n = 159; 62%) suffered from persistent AF. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.28 ± 1.7, while the mean HAS-BLED score was 1.47 ± 0.9. Three out of three patients with a a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 or 1 (female) were inappropriately anticoagulated. Sixteen out of eighteen patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score 1 or 2 (if female) received anticoagulants. Thirty-one out of two hundred thirty-five patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score > 1 or 2 (if female) were inappropriately not anticoagulated. Relative indications for LAAC were present in 68 patients with NVAF (63 had only one risk factor and 5 had two concurrent risk factors). In detail, 36 had a prior stroke, 17 patients had a history of major bleeding, 15 patients reported poor or no adherence to the anticoagulant therapy and 5 had an eGFR value < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 for a total of 73 risk factors. Moreover, 33 had a HAS-BLED score ≥ 3. No LAAC treatment was recorded. Conclusions: Anticoagulation status was nearly optimal in a high-thromboembolic-risk population of cardiology patients who were mainly treated using NOACs. One out of four AF patients should be screened for LAAC.

The Emerging Role of Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE) in Left Atrial Appendage Closure (LAAC)

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has emerged as a powerful imaging tool to guide percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC). Herein, we review an imaging protocol for ICE-guided LAAC and discuss the evidence for its use.

RECENT FINDINGS

Standardized imaging protocols have been proposed but have not been fully validated. ICE imaging yields similar procedural and clinical outcomes when compared to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to guide LAAC. Despite benefits of avoiding general anesthesia, TEE, and multiple physicians for LAAC procedures, ICE imaging remains under-utilized. Novel ICE catheters with 3D imaging capabilities may improve accuracy and efficiency of LAAC device implantation. ICE guidance is feasible, safe, and effective for LAAC. As the field evolves, further studies will be necessary to assess this technological advancement in imaging guidance.

Correct Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Reduces Stagnant Blood Flow and the Risk of Thrombus Formation: A Proof-of-Concept Experimental Study Using 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVE

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of correct occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) on intracardiac blood flow and thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed phantoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three life-sized 3D-printed left atrium (LA) phantoms, including a pre-occlusion (i.e., before the occlusion procedure) model and correctly and incorrectly occluded post-procedural models, were constructed based on cardiac computed tomography images from an 86-year-old male with long-standing persistent AF. A custom-made closed-loop flow circuit was set up, and pulsatile simulated pulmonary venous flow was delivered by a pump. 4D flow MRI was performed using a 3T scanner, and the images were analyzed using MATLAB-based software (R2020b; Mathworks). Flow metrics associated with blood stasis and thrombogenicity, such as the volume of stasis defined by the velocity threshold (|V̅| < 3 cm/s), surface-and-time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), were analyzed and compared among the three LA phantom models.

RESULTS

Different spatial distributions, orientations, and magnitudes of LA flow were directly visualized within the three LA phantoms using 4D flow MRI. The time-averaged volume and its ratio to the corresponding entire volume of LA flow stasis were consistently reduced in the correctly occluded model (70.82 mL and 39.0%, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (73.17 mL and 39.0%, respectively) and pre-occlusion (79.11 mL and 39.7%, respectively) models. The surface-and-time-averaged WSS and ECAP were also lowest in the correctly occluded model (0.048 Pa and 4.004 Pa^-1 , respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (0.059 Pa and 4.792 Pa^-1 , respectively) and pre-occlusion (0.072 Pa and 5.861 Pa^-1 , respectively) models.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that a correctly occluded LAA leads to the greatest reduction in LA flow stasis and thrombogenicity, presenting a tentative procedural goal to maximize clinical benefits in patients with AF.

Left atrial appendage occlusion in the absence of intraprocedural product specialist monitoring: is it time to proceed alone? Results from a multicenter real-world experience

Background

Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) presents many technical complex features, and it is often performed under the intraprocedural surveillance of a product specialist (PS). Our aim is to assess whether LAAO is equally safe and effective when performed in high-volume centers without PS support.

Methods

Intraprocedural results and long-term outcome were retrospectively assessed in 247 patients who underwent LAAO without intraprocedural PS monitoring between January 2013 and January 2022 at three different hospitals. This cohort was then matched to a population who underwent LAAO with PS surveillance. The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 1 year. The secondary end point was a composite of cardiovascular mortality plus nonfatal ischemic stroke occurrence at 1 year.

Results

Of the 247 study patients, procedural success was achieved in 243 patients (98.4%), with only 1 (0.4%) intraprocedural death. After matching, we did not identify any significant difference between the two groups in terms of procedural time (70 ± 19 min vs. 81 ± 30 min, p = 0.106), procedural success (98.4% vs. 96.7%, p = 0.242), and procedure-related ischemic stroke (0.8% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.653). Compared to the matched cohort, a significant higher dosage of contrast was used during procedures without specialist supervision (98 ± 19 vs. 43 ± 21, p < 0.001), but this was not associated with a higher postprocedural acute kidney injury occurrence (0.8% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.56). At 1 year, the primary and the secondary endpoints occurred in 21 (9%) and 11 (4%) of our cohort, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves showed no significant difference in both primary (p = 0.85) and secondary (p = 0.74) endpoint occurrence according to intraprocedural PS monitoring.

Conclusions

Our results show that LAAO, despite the absence of intraprocedural PS monitoring, remains a long-term safe and effective procedure, when performed in high-volume centers.

The Case for Intracardiac Echo to Guide Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has become a commonly used alternative to anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. There is a growing interest in adopting a minimally invasive procedural approach using intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and moderate sedation. In this article, we review the rational for and the data supporting ICE-guided LAAC and discuss the pros and cons of this approach.

Peridevice Leak After Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: Incidence, Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Management

Left atrial appendage occlusion is an increasingly adopted stroke prevention strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, peridevice leaks after the procedure are not infrequent and have recently been shown to confer a higher risk for subsequent ischemic events. In this paper, the authors review the available research on the frequency, mechanisms, clinical significance, and management of peridevice leak after percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion.

Nonthrombogenic Roles of the Left Atrial Appendage: JACC Review Topic of the Week

The atrial appendage (LAA) is a well-established source of cardioembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Therefore, research involving the LAA has largely focused on its thrombogenic attribute and the utility of its exclusion in stroke prevention. However, recent studies have highlighted several novel functions of the LAA that may have important therapeutic implications. In this paper, we provide a concise overview of the LAA anatomy and summarize the emerging data on its nonthrombogenic roles.

Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Inequities in Access to Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

Background Inequitable access to high-technology therapeutics may perpetuate inequities in care. We examined the characteristics of US hospitals that did and did not establish left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) programs, the patient populations those hospitals served, and the associations between zip code-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition and rates of LAAO among Medicare beneficiaries living within large metropolitan areas with LAAO programs. Methods and Results We conducted cross-sectional analyses of Medicare fee-for-service claims for beneficiaries aged 66 years or older between 2016 and 2019. We identified hospitals establishing LAAO programs during the study period. We used generalized linear mixed models to measure the association between zip code-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition and age-adjusted rates of LAAO in the most populous 25 metropolitan areas with LAAO sites. During the study period, 507 candidate hospitals started LAAO programs, and 745 candidate hospitals did not. Most new LAAO programs opened in metropolitan areas (97.4%). Compared with non-LAAO centers, LAAO centers treated patients with higher median household incomes (difference of $913 [95% CI, $197-$1629], P=0.01). Zip code-level rates of LAAO procedures per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries in large metropolitan areas were 0.34% (95% CI, 0.33%-0.35%) lower for each $1000 zip code-level decrease in median household income. After adjustment for socioeconomic markers, age, and clinical comorbidities, LAAO rates were lower in zip codes with higher proportions of Black or Hispanic patients. Conclusions Growth in LAAO programs in the United States had been concentrated in metropolitan areas. LAAO centers treated wealthier patient populations in hospitals without LAAO programs. Within major metropolitan areas with LAAO programs, zip codes with higher proportions of Black and Hispanic patients and more patients experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage had lower age-adjusted rates of LAAO. Thus, geographic proximity alone may not ensure equitable access to LAAO. Unequal access to LAAO may reflect disparities in referral patterns, rates of diagnosis, and preferences for using novel therapies experienced by racial and ethnic minority groups and patients experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in the Elderly: Insights From PROTECT-AF, PREVAIL, and Continuous Access Registries

BACKGROUND

Data on the safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) in elderly patients are limited.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to compare the outcomes of LAAO between patients ≥80 and <80 years of age.

METHODS

We included patients enrolled in randomized trials and nonrandomized registries of the Watchman 2.5 device. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular/unknown death, stroke, or systemic embolism at 5 years. Secondary endpoints included cardiovascular/unknown death, stroke, systemic embolism, and major and nonprocedural bleeding. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional hazards, and competing risk analysis methods. Interaction terms were used to compare the 2 age groups. We also estimated the average treatment effect of the device with the use of inverse probability weighting.

RESULTS

We studied 2,258 patients, of whom 570 (25.2%) were ≥80 years old, and 1,688 (74.8%) were <80 years old. Procedural complications at 7 days were similar in both age groups. The primary endpoint occurred in 12.0% in the device group vs 13.8% in the control group (HR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.6-1.4) among patients <80 years of age and in 25.3% vs 21.7%, respectively (HR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.7-2.0) among patients ≥80 (interaction P value = 0.48). There was no interaction between age and treatment effect for any of the secondary outcomes. The average treatment effects of LAAO (compared with warfarin) were similar in the elderly population (compared with younger patients).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the higher event rates, octogenarians derive similar benefits from LAAO as their younger counterparts. Age alone should not preclude LAAO in otherwise suitable candidates.

Left atrial appendage occlusion

Prevention of stroke represents a goal of primary importance in health systems due to its associated morbidity and mortality. As several patient groups with increased stroke rates have been identified, multiple approaches have been developed and implemented: oral anticoagulation (OAC) for patients with atrial fibrillation, surgical and percutaneous revascularisation in patients with carotid disease, device closure for patients with patent foramen ovale, and now, left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) for selected patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The latter group of patients are the focus of this review which evaluates the pathophysiology, selection of patients, procedural performance, outcomes of treatment both during and post-procedure, adjunctive therapy, complications, and longer-term outcomes.

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: Current Advances and Remaining Challenges

The field of left atrial appendage occlusion is rapidly evolving. However, several issues remain including the limited randomized efficacy data, peri-device leak, device-related thrombus, and the ongoing refinement of procedural techniques. In this article, we provide a contemporary overview of left atrial appendage occlusion focusing on 4 key remaining challenges: efficacy data, peri-device leak, device-related thrombus, and procedural optimization.

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion, A Misnomer?: Where Do We Go From Here?

The importance of the left atrial appendage (LAA) as the source of thromboembolism including stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is well documented, with more than 90% of ischemic strokes related to a LAA thrombus. Although oral anticoagulation has been the standard of care, approximately 50% to 60% of patients either have contraindications to oral anticoagulation or do not continue the medication beyond the first year. This led to the development of local site-specific therapy to occlude the LAA by either surgical or transcatheter means. Despite marked advancements, incomplete LAA closure with surgical and transcatheter approaches remains frequent. The etiology of incomplete LAA closure and its clinical implications remain unclear. Multiple strategies are in development including changes in deployment techniques, a new device design, and alternative approaches to leak closure.

Clinical Impact of Residual Leaks Following Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: Insights From the NCDR LAAO Registry

BACKGROUND

Data on the impact of residual peri-device leak after left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) are limited.

OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study was to explore the association of peri-device leak with adverse clinical events.

METHODS

The National Cardiovascular Data Registry LAAO Registry was queried to identify patients undergoing LAAO between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. Patients were classified according to leak size on echocardiography at 45 ± 14 days (0 mm, no leak; >0-5 mm, small leak; and >5 mm, large leak).

RESULTS

A total of 51,333 patients were included, of whom 37,696 (73.4%) had no leak, 13,258 (25.8%) had small leaks, and 379 (0.7%) had large leaks. The proportion of patients on warfarin at 45 days was higher in the large vs small or no leak cohorts (44.9% vs 34.4% and 32.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). At 6 and 12 months, anticoagulant utilization decreased but remained more frequent in patients with large leaks. Thromboembolic and bleeding events were uncommon in all groups. However, compared with patients with no leak, those with small leaks had slightly higher odds of stroke/transient ischemic attack/systemic embolization (adjusted HR: 1.152; 95% CI: 1.025-1.294), major bleeding (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.029-1.120), and any major adverse events (HR: 1.102; 95% CI: 1.048-1.160). There were no significant differences in adverse events between patients with large leaks and patients with small or no leaks.

CONCLUSIONS

Small (>0-5 mm) leaks after LAAO were associated with a modestly higher incidence of thromboembolic and bleeding events; large leaks (>5 mm) were not associated with adverse events, although higher proportions of these patients were maintained on anticoagulation. Newer devices with improved seal might mitigate the events associated with residual leaks.

Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device - Initial Multicentre Experience in Brazil

BACKGROUND

Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure has been an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OAC) for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).

OBJECTIVES

To report the first results of an initial multicenter experience in Brazil and to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of LAA closure with the new LAmbre device.

METHODS

We collected procedural and follow-up data of 51 consecutive patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, restrictions for long-term OAC and suitable anatomy that underwent LAA closure with the LAmbre device in 18 centers in Brazil. Procedural indications were significant bleeding under OAC (47.1%), stroke or persistent LAA thrombus despite OAC (27.5%), bleeding plus stroke (17.6%), other clinical contraindications for OAC (5.9%), and patient's choice due to sports practice (1.9%).

RESULTS

Twenty-five men (49%) and 26 women (51%), with a mean age of 76±7.7 years, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 4.6± 1.7 and mean HAS-BLED score of 3.4± 1.1 were studied. Procedural success rate was 100%. Procedure-related immediate complications were pericardial effusion in two patients, and immediate device embolization in one case. No large residual shunts (> 5 mm) were observed, and small shunts (<5mm) were detected in four patients by color Doppler at the end of the procedure. After a mean follow-up of 18 ± 12 months, there were no deaths, strokes nor any other major complications.

CONCLUSION

LAA occlusion with the LAmbre device was safe and effective in this small case series. Despite these encouraging initial results, the small number of cases warrants further studies with longer-term follow-up.

Change of Heart: The Underexplored Role of Plaque Hemorrhage in the Evaluation of Stroke of Undetermined Etiology

In the evaluation of embolic strokes of undetermined source, great emphasis is often placed on cardiovascular disease, namely on atrial fibrillation. Other pathophysiologic mechanisms, however, may also be involved. Carotid artery intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH)—the presence of blood components within an atheromatous plaque—has become increasingly recognized as a possible etiologic mechanism in some cryptogenic strokes. IPH is a marker of plaque instability and is associated with ipsilateral neurologic ischemic events, even in nonstenotic carotid plaques. As recognition of carotid IPH as an etiology of embolic strokes has grown, so too has the complexity with which such patients are evaluated and treated, particularly because overlaps exist in the risk factors for atrial fibrillation and IPH. In this article, we review what is currently known about carotid IPH and how this clinical entity should be approached in the context of the evaluation of embolic strokes of undetermined source.

The Case for Intracardiac Echo to Guide Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has become a commonly used alternative to anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. There is a growing interest in adopting a minimally invasive procedural approach using intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and moderate sedation. In this article, we review the rational for and the data supporting ICE-guided LAAC and discuss the pros and cons of this approach.

The Heart Brain Team and Patient-Centered Management of Ischemic Stroke

The multifaceted connections between the heart and the brain have been extensively studied at the anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical levels. Studies have suggested a vital role for both cardiologists and neurologists in the management of various cardiovascular and neurological disorders. However, a true heart-brain team-based approach remained confined to large, specialized centers. In this paper, we review the various intersection areas of cardiology and neurology with regard to ischemic stroke. We focus our discussion on the challenges and opportunity for a heart-team approach to stroke in the context of atrial fibrillation, carotid disease, and patent foramen ovale, and in the setting of strokes complicating transcatheter endovascular interventions.

MAUDE Database Analysis of Post-Approval Outcomes following Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the Watchman Device

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is an important strategy to reduce stroke risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who are at high risk of bleeding on long-term anticoagulation. Real-world assessments of the safety of the Watchman LAAC device remain limited. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and timing of adverse events associated with Watchman LAAC device implants performed after FDA approval. Adverse events associated with Watchman LAAC implants performed between March 2015 and March 2019 were identified through a search of the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database. During the study period, 3,652 unique adverse events were identified. An estimated 43,802 Watchman implants were performed in the United States during the study period. The overall adverse event rate was 7.3% and the mortality rate was 0.4%. Of the 159 unique types of adverse events identified, pericardial effusion was most common (1.4%). Most adverse events (73%) occurred intraoperatively (59%) or within 1 day of the procedure (15%). However, 19% of deaths, 24% of strokes and 27% of device embolizations occurred >1 month after implantation. The rates of most Watchman-related adverse events reported in the MAUDE database were comparable to those observed in clinical trials. A majority of adverse events occurred within 1 day of implant. In conclusion, while the absolute event rates were low, a significant proportion of device embolizations, strokes, and deaths occurred >1 month after Watchman implant.

Predictors of Device-Related Thrombus Following Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

BACKGROUND

Device-related thrombus (DRT) has been considered an Achilles' heel of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). However, data on DRT prediction remain limited.

OBJECTIVES

This study constructed a DRT registry via a multicenter collaboration aimed to assess outcomes and predictors of DRT.

METHODS

Thirty-seven international centers contributed LAAO cases with and without DRT (device-matched and temporally related to the DRT cases). This study described the management patterns and mid-term outcomes of DRT and assessed patient and procedural predictors of DRT.

RESULTS

A total of 711 patients (237 with and 474 without DRT) were included. Follow-up duration was similar in the DRT and no-DRT groups, median 1.8 years (interquartile range: 0.9-3.0 years) versus 1.6 years (interquartile range: 1.0-2.9 years), respectively (P = 0.76). DRTs were detected between days 0 to 45, 45 to 180, 180 to 365, and >365 in 24.9%, 38.8%, 16.0%, and 20.3% of patients. DRT presence was associated with a higher risk of the composite endpoint of death, ischemic stroke, or systemic embolization (HR: 2.37; 95% CI, 1.58-3.56; P < 0.001) driven by ischemic stroke (HR: 3.49; 95% CI: 1.35-9.00; P = 0.01). At last known follow-up, 25.3% of patients had DRT. Discharge medications after LAAO did not have an impact on DRT. Multivariable analysis identified 5 DRT risk factors: hypercoagulability disorder (odds ratio [OR]: 17.50; 95% CI: 3.39-90.45), pericardial effusion (OR: 13.45; 95% CI: 1.46-123.52), renal insufficiency (OR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.22-13.25), implantation depth >10 mm from the pulmonary vein limbus (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.57-3.69), and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.22-2.97). Following conversion to risk factor points, patients with ≥2 risk points for DRT had a 2.1-fold increased risk of DRT compared with those without any risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

DRT after LAAO is associated with ischemic events. Patient- and procedure-specific factors are associated with the risk of DRT and may aid in risk stratification of patients referred for LAAO.

Intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion: An expert consensus document

Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an increasingly used alternative to oral anticoagulation in selected patients with atrial fibrillation. Intraprocedural imaging is a crucial for a successful intervention, with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the current gold standard. Since some important limitations may affect TEE use, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is increasingly used as an alternative to TEE for guiding LAAO. The lack of a standardized imaging protocol has slowed the adoption of ICE into clinical practice. On the basis of current research and expert consensus, this paper provides a protocol for ICE support of left atrial appendage occlusion.

Racial and ethnic disparities in coronary, vascular, structural, and congenital heart disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. However, percutaneous interventional cardiovascular therapies are often underutilized in Blacks, Hispanics, and women and may contribute to excess morbidity and mortality in these vulnerable populations. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) is committed to reducing racial, ethnic, and sex-based treatment disparities in interventional cardiology patients. Accordingly, each of the SCAI Clinical Interest Councils (coronary, peripheral, structural, and congenital heart disease [CHD]) participated in the development of this whitepaper addressing disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in underserved populations. The councils were charged with summarizing the available data on prevalence, treatment, and outcomes and elucidating potential reasons for any disparities. Given the huge changes in racial and ethnic composition by age in the United States (Figure 1), it was difficult to determine disparities in rates of diagnosis and we expected to find some racial differences in prevalence of disease. For example, since the average age of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is 80 years, one may expect 80% of TAVR patients to be non-Hispanic White. Conversely, only 50% of congenital heart interventions would be expected to be performed in non-Hispanic Whites. Finally, we identified opportunities for SCAI to advance clinical care and equity for our patients, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or race.

Pericardial effusion requiring intervention in patients undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: Prevalence, predictors, and associated in-hospital adverse events from 17,700 procedures in the United States

BACKGROUND

Left atrial appendage occlusion has shown promise in mitigating the risk of stroke in selected patients with atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine the real-world prevalence and in-hospital outcomes in left atrial appendage occlusion (Watchman) recipients complicated by pericardial effusion requiring percutaneous drainage or open cardiac surgery–based intervention.

METHODS

Data were derived from the National Inpatient Sample database from January 2015 to December 2017. The primary outcomes assessed were the prevalence of pericardial effusion requiring intervention and in-hospital outcomes including mortality, other major complications, hospital stay > 1 day, and hospitalization costs. Predictors of pericardial effusion requiring intervention were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Pericardial effusion requiring intervention occurred in 220 total patients (1.24%). After multivariable adjustment, pericardial effusion requiring intervention was associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 511.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 122–2145.3), other Watchman-related major complications (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 0.83–2.19), length of stay > 1 day (aOR 17.64; 95% CI 12.56–24.77), and hospitalization cost above the median of $24,327 (aOR 3.58; 95% CI 2.61–4.91). Independent patient predictors of pericardial effusion requiring intervention from the procedure included advanced age (aOR 1.029 per 1-year increase; 95% CI 1.009–1.05 per 1-year increase), higher CHA₂DS₂VASc score (aOR 1.221 per 1-point increase; 95% CI 1.083–1.377 per 1-point increase), and obesity (aOR 2.033; 95% CI 1.464–2.823).

CONCLUSION

In a large, contemporary real-world cohort of Watchman recipients in US practice, the prevalence of pericardial effusion requiring intervention was 1.24%. Pericardial effusion requiring intervention was associated with several adverse events including increased in-hospital mortality, other major complications, prolonged hospital stay, and hospitalization costs.

Left atrial appendage closure in patients with prohibitive anatomy: Insights from PINNACLE FLX

BACKGROUND

Watchman 2.5 (Boston Scientific Inc, Marlborough, MA) implant success approaches 95% in registries, yet many patients are not attempted because of complex left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy. Watchman FLX can expand the range of ostium width (14-31.5 mm) and depth available for LAA closure.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Watchman FLX in patients with a failed Watchman 2.5 attempt or prohibitive LAA anatomy.

METHODS

The roll-in (n = 58) and primary effectiveness (n = 400) cohorts of the PINNACLE FLX trial comprised the study population. Subjects were identified who previously failed implantation of Watchman 2.5 (n = 11) or were not attempted because of prohibitive LAA anatomy (n = 88). Demographic characteristics, implant procedure details, and TEE follow-up data were compared to controls composed of enrollees not meeting these criteria (n = 359).

RESULTS

Watchman FLX LAA closure was successfully implanted in all subjects with a prior failed Watchman 2.5 attempt (n = 11 of 11). Subjects with previously failed Watchman 2.5 were more likely to receive a 35 mm FLX device than controls (27.3% vs 7.3%; P = .047). Patients with prohibitive anatomy had smaller LAA dimensions than did controls (diameter 18.0 ± 4 mm vs 20.4 ± 3 mm; P < .001 and length 23.7 ± 5 mm vs 28.9 ± 5 mm; P < .001). There was no difference in age, sex, CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, HAS-BLED score, or primary efficacy between cohorts. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at 12 months showed zero leak in 90.9% in the failed Watchman 2.5 cohort, 91.3% in the prohibitive anatomy cohort, and 89.5% in the control cohort (P = .84). Overall and cardiovascular mortality was lower in the prohibitive anatomy cohort (1.2% vs 8.8% in controls; P = .02).

CONCLUSION

Watchman FLX implantation in patients with a prior failed Watchman 2.5 attempt or prohibitive LAA anatomy remained safe and highly effective. The association of reduced overall mortality with smaller LAA dimension warrants future study.

Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A review of current devices, clinical evidence, patient selection, and post procedural antithrombotic management

Stroke is a major driver of increased morbidity and mortality in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). While systemic oral anticoagulation (OAC) continues to be the mainstay for stroke reduction therapy in patients with NVAF, several barriers prevent the sustained long-term use of OAC, including increased risk of bleeding, non-compliance, cost, drug-drug interactions, and the need for ongoing laboratory testing. Given the need for continued stroke reduction therapies in patients who are intolerant of or non-compliant with OAC, percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as a nonpharmacologic alternative to OAC. The development of percutaneous LAAO techniques is based on data suggesting that more than 90% of thrombi in patients with NVAF originate in the LAA. Two percutaneous LAAO devices are currently in widespread clinical use: Watchman (United States and Europe) and the Amplatzer type of devices (Europe); randomized trial data exist only for the Watchman device. Multiple randomized and nonrandomized trials and registries have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of LAAO in patients who are suitable for short-term anticoagulation using a variety of post-procedural antithrombotic strategies. Ongoing randomized clinical trials on LAAO are focused on OAC-ineligible patients to compare efficacy of LAAO devices against a multitude of antithrombotic options. This review aims to discuss the rationale and evidence for LAAO and post procedural antithrombotic strategies and opportunities for research examination. In addition, we discuss the need for continued investigation of LAAO in populations not well represented in clinical trials or registries, including women, older patients, and underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.

Pre- and Postprocedural CT of Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices

Transcatheter left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is an alternative to long-term anticoagulation therapy in selected patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who have an increased risk for stroke. LAA closure devices can be implanted by means of either an endocardial or a combined endocardial and epicardial approach. Preprocedural imaging is key to identifying contraindications, accurately sizing the device, and minimizing complications. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been the reference standard imaging modality to assess the anatomy for LAA closure and to provide intraprocedural guidance. However, CT has emerged as a less-invasive alternative to TEE for pre- and postprocedural imaging. CT is comparable to TEE for exclusion of thrombus but is superior to TEE for the delineation of complex LAA anatomy, measurement for device sizing, and evaluation of pulmonary venous and extracardiac structures. CT provides accurate measurements of the LAA ostial diameter, landing zone diameter, and LAA length, which are vital for accurate sizing of the device. CT allows evaluation of the relationship with the pulmonary veins and other adjacent structures that can be injured during the procedure. CT also simulates procedural fluoroscopic angles and provides evaluation of the interatrial septum, which is punctured during LAA closure. CT also provides a more convenient method for the evaluation of postprocedural complications such as incomplete closure, peridevice leaking, device-related thrombus, and device dislodgement. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ^©RSNA, 2021.

Racial Disparities in In-Hospital Adverse Events Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Implanted With a Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Device: A US National Perspective

[Figure: see text].

Predictors of Use and Outcomes of Mechanical Valve Replacement in the United States (2008-2017)

Background

Contemporary nationwide data on the use, predictors, and outcomes of mechanical valve replacement in patients less than 70 years of age are limited.

Methods and Results

We identified hospitalizations for aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017. The study's end points included predictors of mechanical valve replacement and risk‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality. Among 253 100 hospitalizations for AVR, the use rate of mechanical prosthesis decreased from 45.3% in 2008 to 17.0% in 2017. Among 284 962 hospitalizations for MVR, mechanical prosthesis use decreased from 59.5% in 2008 to 29.2% in 2017 (P for trend<0.001). In multilogistic regression analyses, female sex, prior sternotomy, prior defibrillator, and South/West geographic location were predictive of mechanical valve use. The presence of bicuspid valve was a negative predictor of mechanical AVR (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.66–0.69; P<0.001), whereas mitral stenosis was associated with higher mechanical MVR (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22–1.33; P<0.001). Unadjusted in‐hospital mortality decreased over time with AVR but not with MVR, regardless of prosthesis choice. Using years 2008 and 2009 as a reference, risk‐adjusted mortality also decreased over time with AVR but did not decrease after MVR.

Conclusions

There is a substantial decline in the use of mechanical valve replacement among patients aged ≤70 years in the United States. Long‐term durability data on bioprosthetic valve replacement are needed to better define the future role of mechanical valves in this age group.

Meta-analysis of postoperative antithrombotic therapy after left atrial appendage occlusion

Objective

This meta-analysis explored the safety and effectiveness of different anticoagulant regimens after left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO).

Methods

Databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were searched to identify eligible studies according to the inclusion criteria. The incidences of events, including device-related thrombus (DRT) formation, stroke, systemic thromboembolism, bleeding, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality, were analyzed using R version 3.2.3.

Results

The screening retrieved 32 studies, including 36 study groups and 4,474 patients. The incidence of outcomes after LAAO was calculated via meta-analysis. In the subgroup analysis, the rates of DRT formation, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality were significantly different among different antithrombotic methods. Single antiplatelet therapy was associated with the highest rate of adverse events, followed by dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) carried lower rates of adverse events.

Conclusions

Anticoagulant therapy had better safety and efficacy than antiplatelet therapy. Thus, for patients with nonabsolute anticoagulant contraindications, anticoagulant therapy rather than DAPT should be actively selected. NOACs displayed potential for further development, and these treatments might represent alternatives to VKAs in the future.

Contemporary procedural trends of Watchman percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion in the United States

OBJECTIVE

To determine trends in real-world utilization and in-hospital adverse events from Watchman implantation since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015.

BACKGROUND

The risk of embolic stroke caused by atrial fibrillation is reduced by oral anticoagulants, but not all patients can tolerate long-term anticoagulation. Left atrial appendage occlusion with the Watchman device has emerged as an alternative therapy.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from National Inpatient Sample for calendar years 2015-2017. The outcomes assessed in this study were associated complications, in-hospital mortality, and resource utilization trends after Watchman implantation. Trends analysis were performed using analysis of variance. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 17 700 patients underwent Watchman implantation during the study period. There was a significantly increased trend in the number of Watchman procedures performed over the study years (from 1195 in 2015 to 11 165 devices in 2017, p < .01). A significant decline in the rate of complications (from 26.4% in 2015% to 7.9% in 2017, p < .01) and inpatient mortality (from 1.3% in 2015% to 0.1% in 2017, p < .01) were noted. Predictors of in-hospital mortality included a higher CHA₂ DS₂ -VASc score (odds ratio [OR]: 2.61 per 1-point increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.91-3.57), chronic blood loss anemia (OR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.37-9.61) and coagulopathy (OR: 4.90, 95% CI: 2.32-10.35).

CONCLUSION

In contemporary United States clinical practice, Watchman utilization has increased significantly since approval in 2015, while complications and in-patient mortality have declined.

Sex-stratified analysis of the safety of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion

OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND

There is insufficient current evidence about whether sex impacts outcomes of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sex and short-term outcomes of LAAO.

METHODS

Patients who were hospitalized and underwent LAAO from October 2015 to December 2017 in the National Readmission Database were queried. The primary endpoint of interest was major in-hospital adverse events. Secondary endpoints included, 30-day readmission rate, nonhome discharge, and cost of hospitalization. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to compare the outcomes among women and men.

RESULTS

A total of 9,281 patients were included in the current analysis [women = 3,659 (39%); men = 5,622 (61%)]. Comparing women to men, women had lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus (30.6% vs 35.7%, p < .01), heart failure (28.6% vs 30.8%, p = .03), vascular disease (55.5% vs 69.6%, p < .01) and renal failure (18.3% vs 21.2%, p < .01), and higher CHA₂ DS₂ VASc score (5 [IQR4-6] vs 4 [IQR3-6], p < .01). After propensity-score matching, women had higher rate of major in-hospital adverse events (2.8% vs 1.9%; p < .01), and nonhome discharges (11.4% vs 6.7%; p < .01). Additionally, 30-day readmission rate was higher among women (10% vs 8.6%, p = .03).

CONCLUSION

Among hospitalized patients undergoing LAAO, women carry higher risk for major in-hospital adverse events, nonhome discharge, and 30-day readmission rates.

Remaining Challenges With Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Left atrial appendage closure has emerged as a feasible stroke prevention strategy in selected patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Since its commercial approval in the United States in 2015, the use of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure has witnessed a substantial growth. However, certain issues remain unresolved with the technology. Knowledge of these issues, their significance, and the current and future efforts to resolve them is key for proper informed decision making by physicians and patients.