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Warren N, O'Gorman C, Horgan I, Weeratunga M, Halstead S, Moussiopoulou J, Campana M, Yakimov V, Wagner E, Siskind D. Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid markers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 69 studies with 5710 participants. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:24-31. [PMID: 38364730 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence of immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation occurring in schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to combine studies on routine CSF parameters, as well as cytokines and inflammatory proteins, in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS CSF parameters were summated and inverse variance meta-analyses using a random effects model were performed comparing mean difference or odds ratios. Between study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Quality assessment and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS There were 69 studies of 5710 participants, including 3180 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Averaged CSF parameters were within normal limits, however, between 3.1 % and 23.5 % of individual cases with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had an abnormal CSF result: Protein (abnormal in 23.5 % cases), albumin (in 18.5 %), presence of oligoclonal bands (in 9.3 %), white blood cell count (in 3.6 %), and IgG levels (3.1 %). Meta-analysis of 55 studies with non-psychiatric controls demonstrated a significant increase in CSF total protein (MD: 3.50, CI: 0.12-6.87), albumin ratio (MD: 0.55, CI: 0.02-0.09), white cell count (MD: 0.25, CI: 0.05-0.46), IL-6 (SMD: 0.53, CI: 0.29 to 0.77) and IL-8 (SMD: 0.56, CI: 0.11 to 1.01). Sensitivity analysis did not alter findings. CONCLUSION Abnormal CSF parameters, cytokines and inflammatory proteins were found in a significant proportion of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This may indicate alterations to blood brain barrier function and permeability, CSF flow dynamics or neuroinflammation. Further research is needed to explore these potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Warren
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Cullen O'Gorman
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Neurology, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Sean Halstead
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joanna Moussiopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mattia Campana
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vladislav Yakimov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dan Siskind
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Pascarella R, Antonenko K, Boulouis G, De Boysson H, Giannini C, Heldner MR, Kargiotis O, Nguyen TN, Rice CM, Salvarani C, Schmidt-Pogoda A, Strbian D, Hussain S, Zedde M. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS). Eur Stroke J 2023; 8:842-879. [PMID: 37903069 PMCID: PMC10683718 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231190431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS), developed according to ESO standard operating procedures (SOP) and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, was elaborated to assist clinicians in the diagnostic and treatment pathway of patients with PACNS in their decision making. A working group involving vascular neurologists, neuroradiologists, rheumatologists, a neuropathologist and a methodologist identified 17 relevant clinical questions; these were addressed according to the patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) framework and systematic literature reviews were performed. Notably, each PICO was addressed with respect to large vessel (LV)-PACNS and small vessel (SV)-PACNS. Data to answer many questions were scarce or lacking and the quality of evidence was very low overall, so, for some PICOs, the recommendations reflect the ongoing uncertainty. When the absence of sufficient evidence precluded recommendations, Expert Consensus Statements were formulated. In some cases, this applied to interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of PACNS which are embedded widely in clinical practice, for example patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) abnormalities. CSF analysis for hyperproteinorrachia and pleocytosis does not have evidence supporting their use as diagnostic tools. The working group recommended that caution is employed in the interpretation of non-invasive vascular imaging due to lack of validation and the different sensitivities in comparison with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and histopathological analyses. Moreover, there is not a neuroimaging pattern specific for PACNS and neurovascular issues are largely underreported in PACNS patients. The group's recommendations on induction and maintenance of treatment and for primary or secondary prevention of vascular events also reflect uncertainty due to lack of evidence. Being uncertain the role and practical usefulness of current diagnostic criteria and being not comparable the main treatment strategies, it is suggested to have a multidisciplinary team approach in an expert center during both work up and management of patients with suspected PACNS. Highlighting the limitations of the currently accepted diagnostic criteria, we hope to facilitate the design of multicenter, prospective clinical studies and trials. A standardization of neuroimaging techniques and reporting to improve the level of evidence underpinning interventions employed in the diagnosis and management of PACNS. We anticipate that this guideline, the first comprehensive European guideline on PACNS management using GRADE methodology, will assist clinicians to choose the most effective management strategy for PACNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pascarella
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Katherina Antonenko
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Boulouis
- Neuroradiology - Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, CIC-IT 1415, INSERM 1253 iBrain, Tours University Hospital, Centre Val de Loire Region, France
| | - Hubert De Boysson
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam R Heldner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Odysseas Kargiotis
- Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Ethnarchou Makariou 9, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Thanh N Nguyen
- Neurology, Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire M Rice
- Neurology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology, Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia and Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antje Schmidt-Pogoda
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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4
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Tan S, Goh R, Burton E, Bacchi S, Slee M. Cerebrospinal fluid protein: what is a normal reference range? Intern Med J 2023; 53:2147. [PMID: 37997268 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryn Tan
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rudy Goh
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Burton
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Bacchi
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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