1
|
Márquez-Garbán DC, Yanes CD, Llarena G, Elashoff D, Hamilton N, Hardy M, Wadehra M, McCloskey SA, Pietras RJ. Manuka Honey Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models. Nutrients 2024; 16:2369. [PMID: 39064812 PMCID: PMC11279598 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, but anti-proliferative effects of MH were less pronounced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Effects of MH were also tested on non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) at 2.5% w/v, and it was found that MH reduced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells but not that of HMECs. Notably, the antitumor activity of MH was in the range of that exerted by treatment of MCF-7 cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Further, MH treatment stimulated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in vitro, with most cells exhibiting acute and significant levels of apoptosis that correlated with PARP activation. Additionally, the effects of MH induced the activation of AMPK and inhibition of AKT/mTOR downstream signaling. Treatment of MCF7 cells with increased concentrations of MH induced AMPK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner that was accompanied by inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR downstream effector protein S6. In addition, MH reduced phosphorylated STAT3 levels in vitro, which may correlate with MH and AMPK-mediated anti-inflammatory properties. Further, in vivo, MH administered alone significantly inhibited the growth of established MCF-7 tumors in nude mice by 84%, resulting in an observable reduction in tumor volume. Our findings highlight the need for further research into the use of natural compounds, such as MH, for antitumor efficacy and potential chemoprevention and investigation of molecular pathways underlying these actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Márquez-Garbán
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (R.J.P.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
| | - Cristian D. Yanes
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (R.J.P.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
| | - Gabriela Llarena
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (R.J.P.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
| | - David Elashoff
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
- School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mary Hardy
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Susan A. McCloskey
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard J. Pietras
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (R.J.P.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (D.E.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Isik OA, Cizmecioglu O. Rafting on the Plasma Membrane: Lipid Rafts in Signaling and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:87-108. [PMID: 36648750 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is not a uniform phospholipid bilayer; it has specialized membrane nano- or microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are small cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane islands. Although their existence was long debated, their presence in the plasma membrane of living cells is now well accepted with the advent of super-resolution imaging techniques. It is interesting to note that lipid rafts function to compartmentalize receptors and their regulators and substantially modulate cellular signaling. In this review, we will examine the role of lipid rafts and caveolae-lipid raft-like microdomains with a distinct 3D morphology-in cellular signaling. Moreover, we will investigate how raft compartmentalized signaling regulates diverse physiological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, immune signaling, and development. Also, the deregulation of lipid raft-mediated signaling during tumorigenesis and metastasis will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Aybuke Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Cizmecioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lange CA, Levin ER. Membrane-Initiated Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Receptor Signaling in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:720-742. [PMID: 34791092 PMCID: PMC9277649 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid effects of steroid hormones were discovered in the early 1950s, but the subject was dominated in the 1970s by discoveries of estradiol and progesterone stimulating protein synthesis. This led to the paradigm that steroid hormones regulate growth, differentiation, and metabolism via binding a receptor in the nucleus. It took 30 years to appreciate not only that some cellular functions arise solely from membrane-localized steroid receptor (SR) actions, but that rapid sex steroid signaling from membrane-localized SRs is a prerequisite for the phosphorylation, nuclear import, and potentiation of the transcriptional activity of nuclear SR counterparts. Here, we provide a review and update on the current state of knowledge of membrane-initiated estrogen (ER), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) receptor signaling, the mechanisms of membrane-associated SR potentiation of their nuclear SR homologues, and the importance of this membrane-nuclear SR collaboration in physiology and disease. We also highlight potential clinical implications of pathway-selective modulation of membrane-associated SR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Afrin S, El Sabeh M, Miyashita-Ishiwata M, Charewycz N, Singh B, Borahay MA. Simvastatin reduces plasma membrane caveolae and caveolin-1 in uterine leiomyomas. Life Sci 2022; 304:120708. [PMID: 35705139 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are estrogen dependent benign tumor in women, however, they have limited treatment options. Simvastatin, a drug commonly used to treat high cholesterol. Recently we demonstrated that simvastatin alters estrogen signaling by reducing the expression and trafficking of the estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) in human uterine leiomyoma cells. Caveolae are invaginations of the plasma membrane where ER-α is known to localize and directly interacts with the caveolar protein caveolin-1 (CAV1). This study examines the effects of simvastatin on plasma membrane caveolae and the expression and palmitoylation of CAV1 in human leiomyomas which may influence ER-α signaling. MAIN METHODS We performed in vitro experiments using primary and immortalized human uterine leiomyoma cells. The caveolae were quantified using transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we examined the impact of simvastatin treatment (40 mg orally per day for 12 weeks) on human leiomyoma tissue obtained from a randomized controlled trial. The CAV1 protein and mRNA levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. KEY FINDINGS Simvastatin decreased the number of caveolae in primary leiomyoma cells and reduced CAV1 abundance in whole cells and remarkably the plasma protein fraction. It also decreased CAV1 palmitoylation, a post-translational modification associated with CAV1 activation. The effects of simvastatin on CAV1 were recapitulated in human leiomyoma tissue samples. SIGNIFICANCE Our results identify caveolae and CAV1 as novel targets of simvastatin which may contribute to the recently described effects of simvastatin on ER-α signaling and plasma membrane trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Malak El Sabeh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mariko Miyashita-Ishiwata
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natasha Charewycz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bhuchitra Singh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LaDage LD. Seasonal variation in gonadal hormones, spatial cognition, and hippocampal attributes: More questions than answers. Horm Behav 2022; 141:105151. [PMID: 35299119 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A large body of research has been dedicated to understanding the factors that modulate spatial cognition and attributes of the hippocampus, a highly plastic brain region that underlies spatial processing abilities. Variation in gonadal hormones impacts spatial memory and hippocampal attributes in vertebrates, although the direction of the effect has not been entirely consistent. To add complexity, individuals in the field must optimize fitness by coordinating activities with the appropriate environmental cues, and many of these behaviors are correlated tightly with seasonal variation in gonadal hormone release. As such, it remains unclear if the relationship among systemic gonadal hormones, spatial cognition, and the hippocampus also exhibits seasonal variation. This review presents an overview of the relationship among gonadal hormones, the hippocampus, and spatial cognition, and how the seasonal release of gonadal hormones correlates with seasonal variation in spatial cognition and hippocampal attributes. Additionally, this review presents other neuroendocrine mechanisms that may be involved in modulating the relationship among seasonality, gonadal hormone release, and the hippocampus and spatial cognition, including seasonal rhythms of steroid hormone binding globulins, neurosteroids, sex steroid hormone receptor expression, and hormone interactions. Here, endocrinology, ecology, and behavioral neuroscience are brought together to present an overview of the research demonstrating the mechanistic effects of systemic gonadal hormones on spatial cognition and the hippocampus, while, at a functional level, superimposing seasonal effects to examine ecologically-relevant circannual changes in gonadal hormones and spatial behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara D LaDage
- Penn State Altoona, Division of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, 3000 Ivyside Dr., Altoona, PA 16601, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Agarwala PK, Aneja R, Kapoor S. Lipidomic landscape in cancer: Actionable insights for membrane-based therapy and diagnoses. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:983-1018. [PMID: 34719798 DOI: 10.1002/med.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display altered cellular lipid metabolism, including disruption in endogenous lipid synthesis, storage, and exogenous uptake for membrane biogenesis and functions. Altered lipid metabolism and, consequently, lipid composition impacts cellular function by affecting membrane structure and properties, such as fluidity, rigidity, membrane dynamics, and lateral organization. Herein, we provide an overview of lipid membranes and how their properties affect cellular functions. We also detail how the rewiring of lipid metabolism impacts the lipidomic landscape of cancer cell membranes and influences the characteristics of cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss how the altered cancer lipidome provides cues for developing lipid-inspired innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies while improving our limited understanding of the role of lipids in cancer initiation and progression. We also present the arcade of membrane characterization techniques to cement their relevance in cancer diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prema K Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.,Depertment of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alemany M. Estrogens and the regulation of glucose metabolism. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1622-1654. [PMID: 34754368 PMCID: PMC8554369 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main estrogens: estradiol, estrone, and their acyl-esters have been studied essentially related to their classical estrogenic and pharmacologic functions. However, their main effect in the body is probably the sustained control of core energy metabolism. Estrogen nuclear and membrane receptors show an extraordinary flexibility in the modulation of metabolic responses, and largely explain gender and age differences in energy metabolism: part of these mechanisms is already sufficiently known to justify both. With regard to energy, the estrogen molecular species act essentially through four key functions: (1) Facilitation of insulin secretion and control of glucose availability; (2) Modulation of energy partition, favoring the use of lipid as the main energy substrate when more available than carbohydrates; (3) Functional protection through antioxidant mechanisms; and (4) Central effects (largely through neural modulation) on whole body energy management. Analyzing the different actions of estrone, estradiol and their acyl esters, a tentative classification based on structure/effects has been postulated. Either separately or as a group, estrogens provide a comprehensive explanation that not all their quite diverse actions are related solely to specific molecules. As a group, they constitute a powerful synergic action complex. In consequence, estrogens may be considered wardens of energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133287. [PMID: 34209162 PMCID: PMC8267629 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a fundamental role in tumor progression and response to therapy. The plethora of components constituting the TME, such as stroma, fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells, as well as macromolecules, e.g., hormones and cytokines, and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, can modulate the survival or death of cancer cells. Actually, the TME can stimulate the genetically regulated programs that the cell puts in place under stress: apoptosis or, of interest here, autophagy. However, the implication of autophagy in tumor growth appears still undefined. Autophagy mainly represents a cyto-protective mechanism that allows cell survival but, in certain circumstances, also leads to the blocking of cell cycle progression, possibly leading to cell death. Since significant sex/gender differences in the incidence, progression and response to cancer therapy have been widely described in the literature, in this review, we analyzed the roles played by key components of the TME, e.g., estrogen and microRNAs, on autophagy regulation from a sex/gender-based perspective. We focused our attention on four paradigmatic and different forms of cancers-colon cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer-concluding that sex-specific differences may exert a significant impact on TME/cancer interaction and, thus, tumor growth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Frankhauser DE, Jovanovic‐Talisman T, Lai L, Yee LD, Wang LV, Mahabal A, Geradts J, Rockne RC, Tomsic J, Jones V, Sistrunk C, Miranda‐Carboni G, Dietze EC, Erhunmwunsee L, Hyslop T, Seewaldt VL. Spatiotemporal strategies to identify aggressive biology in precancerous breast biopsies. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1506. [PMID: 33001587 PMCID: PMC8544796 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over 90% of breast cancer is cured; yet there remain highly aggressive breast cancers that develop rapidly and are extremely difficult to treat, much less prevent. Breast cancers that rapidly develop between breast image screening are called "interval cancers." The efforts of our team focus on identifying multiscale integrated strategies to identify biologically aggressive precancerous breast lesions. Our goal is to identify spatiotemporal changes that occur prior to development of interval breast cancers. To accomplish this requires integration of new technology. Our team has the ability to perform single cell in situ transcriptional profiling, noncontrast biological imaging, mathematical analysis, and nanoscale evaluation of receptor organization and signaling. These technological innovations allow us to start to identify multidimensional spatial and temporal relationships that drive the transition from biologically aggressive precancer to biologically aggressive interval breast cancer. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Computational Models Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Frankhauser
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Lily Lai
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lisa D. Yee
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Ashish Mahabal
- Center for Data Driven DiscoveryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of PathologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Russell C. Rockne
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jerneja Tomsic
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Veronica Jones
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christopher Sistrunk
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eric C. Dietze
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Loretta Erhunmwunsee
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of BiostatisticsDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Victoria L. Seewaldt
- Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng S, Wu L, Fan C, Lin J, Zhang Y, Simoncini T, Fu X. The role of Gα protein signaling in the membrane estrogen receptor-mediated signaling. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:2-9. [PMID: 33412963 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1851674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert rapid, extranuclear effects by their action on the plasma membrane estrogen receptors (mERs). Gα protein associated with the cell membrane is involved in many important processes regulated by estrogens. However, the Gα's role in the mER-mediated signaling and the signaling pathways involved are poorly understood. This review aims to outline the Gα's role in the mER-mediated signaling. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, and RNA interference were carried out using vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and human breast carcinoma cell lines as experimental models. Electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry were carried out using guinea pigs as animal models. Recent advances suggest that the signaling of mERα through Gα is required for vascular EC migration or endothelial H2S release, while Gα13 is involved in estrogen-induced breast cancer cell invasion. Besides, the Gαq-coupled PLC-PKC-PKA pathway is critical for the neural regulation of energy homeostasis. This review summarizes the contributions of Gα to mER-mediated signaling, including cardiovascular protection, breast cancer metastasis, neural regulation of homeostatic functions, and osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jingxia Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chenlo M, Aliyev E, Rodrigues JS, Vieiro-Balo P, Blanco Freire MN, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Alvarez CV. Sequential Colocalization of ERa, PR, and AR Hormone Receptors Using Confocal Microscopy Enables New Insights into Normal Breast and Prostate Tissue and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123591. [PMID: 33266334 PMCID: PMC7761237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary At present, platforms for multiplex immunohistochemistry (e.g., Opal) identify markers in distinct cell populations within a tissue section using multispectral fluorescence and optic microscopy. However, the optic resolution is not enough to colocalize markers at the subcellular level in the main epithelial or cancer population. We use confocal microscopy in multiplex detection of nuclear hormone receptors since they are an important part of the diagnosis and treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Moreover, we increased the quantitative dynamic range and resolution through increasing the signal/noise ration through reducing autofluorescence and increased longer antibody incubations. ColNu mIHCF identified distinct patterns of nuclear receptor colocalization in breast cancers. Furthermore, in prostate cancer all cancer epithelium was positive for ERa at the plasma membrane; and in normal prostate a small ERa+/p63+/AR− basal population suggest stem cell commitment to differentiation. ColNu mIHCF could be used for improving diagnosis and treatment in cancer. Abstract Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) use markers staining different cell populations applying widefield optical microscopy. Resolution is low not resolving subcellular co-localization. We sought to colocalize markers at subcellular level with antibodies validated for clinical diagnosis, including the single secondary antibody (combination of anti-rabbit/mouse-antibodies) used for diagnostic IHC with any primary antibody, and confocal microscopy. We explore colocalization in the nucleus (ColNu) of nuclear hormone receptors (ERa, PR, and AR) along with the baseline marker p63 in paired samples of breast and prostate tissues. We established ColNu mIHCF as a reliable technique easily implemented in a hospital setting. In ERa+ breast cancer, we identified different colocalization patterns (nuclear or cytoplasmatic) with PR and AR on the luminal epithelium. A triple-negative breast-cancer case expressed membrane-only ERa. A PR-only case was double positive PR/p63. In normal prostate, we identified an ERa+/p63+/AR-negative distinct population. All prostate cancer cases characteristically expressed ERa on the apical membrane of the AR+ epithelium. We confirmed this using ERa IHC and needle-core biopsies. ColNu mIHCF is feasible and already revealed a new marker for prostate cancer and identified sub-patterns in breast cancer. It could be useful for pathology as well as for functional studies in normal prostate and breast tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Elvin Aliyev
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Paula Vieiro-Balo
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
| | - Manuel N. Blanco Freire
- Department of Surgery, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.-T.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.-T.); (C.V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ledet MM, Harman RM, Fan JC, Schmitt-Matzen E, Diaz-Rubio ME, Zhang S, Van de Walle GR. Secreted sphingomyelins modulate low mammary cancer incidence observed in certain mammals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20580. [PMID: 33239740 PMCID: PMC7689471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mechanisms that naturally protect species from developing cancer is critical in order to prevent and treat cancer. Here, we describe a novel cancer-suppressing mechanism, via the secretion of bioactive factors by mammary cells, that is present in domesticated mammals with a low mammary cancer incidence. Specifically, these bioactive factors induced triple-negative breast cancer cell (TNBC) death in vitro and reduced tumorigenicity in a xenograft TNBC mouse model in vivo. RNA deep sequencing showed significant downregulation of genes associated with breast cancer progression in secretome-cultured TNBC cells. Further in-depth multi-omics analysis identified sphingomyelins as key secreted factors, and their role was confirmed via inhibition of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway. We speculate that secreted sphingomyelins in the mammary gland of mammals with a naturally low incidence of mammary cancer mediate the elimination of cancer cells. This study contributes to the growing list of protective mechanisms identified in cancer-proof species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Ledet
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Emily Schmitt-Matzen
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piperigkou Z, Karamanos NK. Estrogen receptor-mediated targeting of the extracellular matrix network in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
14
|
Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Lipid rafts as signaling hubs in cancer cell survival/death and invasion: implications in tumor progression and therapy: Thematic Review Series: Biology of Lipid Rafts. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:611-635. [PMID: 33715811 PMCID: PMC7193951 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains, known as lipid rafts or membrane rafts, play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Physical segregation of proteins in lipid rafts may modulate the accessibility of proteins to regulatory or effector molecules. Thus, lipid rafts serve as sorting platforms and hubs for signal transduction proteins. Cancer cells contain higher levels of intracellular cholesterol and lipid rafts than their normal non-tumorigenic counterparts. Many signal transduction processes involved in cancer development (insulin-like growth factor system and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT) and metastasis [cluster of differentiation (CD)44] are dependent on or modulated by lipid rafts. Additional proteins playing an important role in several malignant cancers (e.g., transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1) are also being detected in association with lipid rafts, suggesting a major role of lipid rafts in tumor progression. Conversely, lipid rafts also serve as scaffolds for the recruitment and clustering of Fas/CD95 death receptors and downstream signaling molecules leading to cell death-promoting raft platforms. The partition of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules in aggregated lipid rafts has led to the formation of the so-called cluster of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts, or CASMER, which leads to apoptosis amplification and can be pharmacologically modulated. These death-promoting rafts can be viewed as a linchpin from which apoptotic signals are launched. In this review, we discuss the involvement of lipid rafts in major signaling processes in cancer cells, including cell survival, cell death, and metastasis, and we consider the potential of lipid raft modulation as a promising target in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain. mailto:
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Ma H, Yao J. ERα, A Key Target for Cancer Therapy: A Review. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2183-2191. [PMID: 32210584 PMCID: PMC7073439 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is closely associated with both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors, and it is also essential for the development of these cancers. The functions of ERα are bi-faceted; it can contribute to cancer progression as well as cancer inhibition. Therefore, understanding ERα is vital for the treatment of those cancers that are closely associated with its expression. Here, we will elaborate on ERα based on its structure, localization, activation, modification, and mutation. Also, we will look at co-activators of ERα, elucidate the signaling pathway activated by ERα, and identify cancers related to its activation. A comprehensive understanding of ERα could help us to find new ways to treat cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Márquez-Garbán DC, Deng G, Comin-Anduix B, Garcia AJ, Xing Y, Chen HW, Cheung-Lau G, Hamilton N, Jung ME, Pietras RJ. Antiestrogens in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer immunotherapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105415. [PMID: 31226312 PMCID: PMC6903431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers (BCs) with expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) occur in more than 70% of newly-diagnosed patients in the U.S. Endocrine therapy with antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors is an important intervention for BCs that express ERα, and it remains one of the most effective targeted treatment strategies. However, a substantial proportion of patients with localized disease, and essentially all patients with metastatic BC, become resistant to current endocrine therapies. ERα is present in most resistant BCs, and in many of these its activity continues to regulate BC growth. Fulvestrant represents one class of ERα antagonists termed selective ER downregulators (SERDs). Treatment with fulvestrant causes ERα down-regulation, an event that helps overcome several resistance mechanisms. Unfortunately, full antitumor efficacy of fulvestrant is limited by its poor bioavailability in clinic. We have designed and tested a new generation of steroid-like SERDs. Using ERα-positive BC cells in vitro, we find that these compounds suppress ERα protein levels with efficacy similar to fulvestrant. Moreover, these new SERDs markedly inhibit ERα-positive BC cell transcription and proliferation in vitro even in the presence of estradiol-17β. In vivo, the SERD termed JD128 significantly inhibited tumor growth in MCF-7 xenograft models in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). Further, our findings indicate that these SERDs also interact with ER-positive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and other selected immune cell subpopulations. SERD-induced inhibition of MDSCs and concurrent actions on CD8+ and CD4 + T-cells promotes interaction of immune checkpoint inhibitors with BC cells in preclinical models, thereby leading to enhanced tumor killing even among highly aggressive BCs such as triple-negative BC that lack ERα expression. Since monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has not been effective for most BCs, combination therapies with SERDs that enhance immune recognition may increase immunotherapy responses in BC and improve patient survival. Hence, ERα antagonists that also promote ER downregulation may potentially benefit patients who are unresponsive to current endocrine therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Gang Deng
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- UCLA Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Alejandro J Garcia
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xing
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Hsiao-Wang Chen
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Gardenia Cheung-Lau
- UCLA Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maselli A, Parlato S, Puglisi R, Raggi C, Spada M, Macchia D, Pontecorvi G, Iessi E, Pagano MT, Cirulli F, Gabriele L, Carè A, Vici P, Pizzuti L, Barba M, Matarrese P, Pierdominici M, Ortona E. Autoantibodies Specific to ERα are Involved in Tamoxifen Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070750. [PMID: 31331091 PMCID: PMC6678306 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen resistance is a major hurdle in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. The mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance are not fully understood although several underlying molecular events have been suggested. Recently, we identified autoantibodies reacting with membrane-associated ERα (anti-ERα Abs) in sera of breast cancer patients, able to promote tumor growth. Here, we investigated whether anti-ERα Abs purified from sera of ER-positive breast cancer patients could contribute to tamoxifen resistance. Anti-ERα Abs inhibited tamoxifen-mediated effects on cell cycle and proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, anti-ERα Abs hampered the tamoxifen-mediated reduction of tumor growth in SCID mice xenografted with breast tumor. Notably, simvastatin-mediated disaggregation of lipid rafts, where membrane-associated ERα is embedded, restored tamoxifen sensitivity, preventing anti-ERα Abs effects. In conclusion, detection of serum anti-ERα Abs may help predict tamoxifen resistance and concur to appropriately inform therapeutic decisions concerning hormone therapy in ER-positive breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maselli
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Parlato
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Centre for the Control and the Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Pontecorvi
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pagano
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ortona
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balogh A, Karpati E, Schneider AE, Hetey S, Szilagyi A, Juhasz K, Laszlo G, Hupuczi P, Zavodszky P, Papp Z, Matko J, Than NG. Sex hormone-binding globulin provides a novel entry pathway for estradiol and influences subsequent signaling in lymphocytes via membrane receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4. [PMID: 30626909 PMCID: PMC6327036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex effects of estradiol on non-reproductive tissues/cells, including lymphoid tissues and immunocytes, have increasingly been explored. However, the role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the regulation of these genomic and non-genomic actions of estradiol is controversial. Moreover, the expression of SHBG and its internalization by potential receptors, as well as the influence of SHBG on estradiol uptake and signaling in lymphocytes has remained unexplored. Here, we found that human and mouse T cells expressed SHBG intrinsically. In addition, B lymphoid cell lines as well as both primary B and T lymphocytes bound and internalized external SHBG, and the amount of plasma membrane-bound SHBG decreased in B cells of pregnant compared to non-pregnant women. As potential mediators of this process, SHBG receptor candidates expressed by lymphocytes were identified in silico, including estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. Furthermore, cell surface-bound SHBG was detected in close proximity to membrane ERs while highly colocalizing with lipid rafts. The SHBG-membrane ER interaction was found functional since SHBG promoted estradiol uptake by lymphocytes and subsequently influenced Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the SHBG-SHBG receptor-membrane ER complex participates in the rapid estradiol signaling in lymphocytes, and this pathway may be altered in B cells in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Karpati
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szabolcs Hetey
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhasz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gloria Laszlo
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Zavodszky
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cipolletti M, Solar Fernandez V, Montalesi E, Marino M, Fiocchetti M. Beyond the Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Polyphenols in Cancer: the Modulation of Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2624. [PMID: 30189583 PMCID: PMC6165334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential "health benefits" of dietary polyphenols have been ascribed to their direct antioxidant activity and their impact on the regulation of cell and tissue redox balance. However, because of the relative poor bioavailability of many of these compounds, their effects could not be easily explained by the antioxidant action, which may occur only at high circulating and tissue concentrations. Therefore, many efforts have been put forward to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlining the biological effect of polyphenols in physiological and pathological conditions. Polyphenols' bioavailability, metabolism, and their effects on enzyme, membrane, and/or nuclear receptors and intracellular transduction mechanisms may define the overall impact of these compounds on cancer risk and progression, which is still debated and not yet clarified. Polyphenols are able to bind to estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), and therefore induce biological effects in human cells through mimicking or inhibiting the action of endogenous estrogens, even at low concentrations. In this work, the role and effects of food-contained polyphenols in hormone-related cancers will be reviewed, mainly focusing on the different polyphenols' mechanisms of action with particular attention on their estrogen receptor-based effects, and on the consequences of such processes on tumor progression and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cipolletti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Emiliano Montalesi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wulfkuhle JD, Yau C, Wolf DM, Vis DJ, Gallagher RI, Brown-Swigart L, Hirst G, Voest EE, DeMichele A, Hylton N, Symmans F, Yee D, Esserman L, Berry D, Liu M, Park JW, Wessels LF, van’t Veer L, Petricoin EF. Evaluation of the HER/PI3K/AKT Family Signaling Network as a Predictive Biomarker of Pathologic Complete Response for Patients With Breast Cancer Treated With Neratinib in the I-SPY 2 TRIAL. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:PO.18.00024. [PMID: 32914002 PMCID: PMC7446527 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the I-SPY 2 TRIAL (Investigation of Serial Studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response With Imaging and Molecular Analysis 2), the pan-erythroblastic oncogene B inhibitor neratinib was available to all hormone receptor (HR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) subtypes and graduated in the HR-negative/HER2-positive signature. We hypothesized that neratinib response may be predicted by baseline HER2 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling activation/phosphorylation levels independent of total levels of HER2 or EGFR proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Complete experimental and response data were available for between 130 and 193 patients. In qualifying analyses, which used logistic regression and treatment interaction analysis, 18 protein/phosphoprotein, 10 mRNA, and 12 DNA biomarkers that related to HER family signaling were evaluated. Exploratory analyses used Wilcoxon rank sum and t tests without multiple comparison correction. RESULTS HER pathway DNA biomarkers were either low prevalence or nonpredictive. In expression biomarker analysis, only one gene (STMN1) was specifically associated with response to neratinib in the HER2-negative subset. In qualifying protein/phosphoprotein analyses that used reverse phase protein microarrays, six HER family markers were associated with neratinib response. After analysis was adjusted for HR/HER2 status, EGFR Y1173 (pEGFR) showed a significant biomarker-by-treatment interaction (P = .049). Exploratory analysis of HER family signaling in patients with triple-negative (TN) disease found that activation of EGFR Y1173 (P = .005) and HER2 Y1248 (pHER2) (P = .019) were positively associated with pathologic complete response. Exploratory analysis in this pEGFR/pHER2-activated TN subgroup identified elevated levels of estrogen receptor α (P < .006) in these patients. CONCLUSION Activation of HER family phosphoproteins associates with response to neratinib, but only EGFR Y1173 and STMN1 appear to add value to the graduating signature. Activation of HER2 and EGFR in TN tumors may identify patients whose diseases respond to neratinib and implies that there is a subset of patients with TN disease who paradoxically exhibit HER family signaling activation and may achieve clinical benefit with neratinib; this concept must be validated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Christina Yau
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Denise M. Wolf
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Daniel J. Vis
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rosa I. Gallagher
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lamorna Brown-Swigart
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gillian Hirst
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Emile E. Voest
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nola Hylton
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fraser Symmans
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Douglas Yee
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Laura Esserman
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Donald Berry
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Minetta Liu
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John W. Park
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lodewyk F.A. Wessels
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Laura van’t Veer
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Rosa I. Gallagher, and Emanuel F. Petricoin III, George Mason University, Manassas, VA; Christina Yau, Denise M. Wolf, Lamorna Brown-Swigart, Gillian Hirst, Nola Hylton, Laura Esserman, John W. Park, and Laura van’t Veer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Daniel J. Vis, Emile E. Voest, and Lodewyk F.A. Wessels, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angela DeMichele, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Fraser Symmans, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Donald Berry, Berry Consultants, Austin, TX; Douglas Yee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Minetta Liu, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Small-Molecule Modulation of Lipid-Dependent Cellular Processes against Cancer: Fats on the Gunpoint. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6437371. [PMID: 30186863 PMCID: PMC6114229 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6437371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cell membrane composed of various distinct lipids and proteins act as a platform to assemble various signaling complexes regulating innumerous cellular processes which are strongly downregulated or altered in cancer cells emphasizing the still-underestimated critical function of lipid biomolecules in cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we outline the current understanding of how membrane lipids act as signaling hot spots by generating distinct membrane microdomains called rafts to initiate various cellular processes and their modulation in cancer phenotypes. We elucidate tangible drug targets and pathways all amenable to small-molecule perturbation. Ranging from targeting membrane rafts organization/reorganization to rewiring lipid metabolism and lipid sorting in cancer, the work summarized here represents critical intervention points being attempted for lipid-based anticancer therapy and future directions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, Pateetin P, McGowan EM, Pietras RJ. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:51-72. [PMID: 29146555 PMCID: PMC5878997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone play essential roles in the development and progression of breast cancer. Over 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), emphasizing the need for better understanding of ER and PR signaling. ER and PR are traditionally viewed as transcription factors that directly bind DNA to regulate gene networks. In addition to nuclear signaling, ER and PR mediate hormone-induced, rapid extranuclear signaling at the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm which triggers downstream signaling to regulate rapid or extended cellular responses. Specialized membrane and cytoplasmic proteins may also initiate hormone-induced extranuclear signaling. Rapid extranuclear signaling converges with its nuclear counterpart to amplify ER/PR transcription and specify gene regulatory networks. This review summarizes current understanding and updates on ER and PR extranuclear signaling. Further investigation of ER/PR extranuclear signaling may lead to development of novel targeted therapeutics for breast cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Diana C Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- Chronic Disease Solutions Team, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li W, Xu L, Che X, Li H, Zhang Y, Song N, Wen T, Hou K, Yang Y, Zhou L, Xin X, Xu L, Zeng X, Shi S, Liu Y, Qu X, Teng Y. C-Cbl reverses HER2-mediated tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:507. [PMID: 29720121 PMCID: PMC5930956 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen is a frontline therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer in premenopausal women. However, many patients develop resistance to tamoxifen, and the mechanism underlying tamoxifen resistance is not well understood. Here we examined whether ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation is involved in tamoxifen resistance. Methods MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure cell viability and proliferation. Western blot was used to detect protein expression and protein complex formations were detected by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. SiRNA was used to examine the function of HER2 in of BT474 cells. An in vivo xenograft animal model was established to examine the role of c-Cbl in tumor growth. Results MTT and colony formation assay showed that BT474 cells are resistant to tamoxifen and T47D cells are sensitive to tamoxifen. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation in BT474 cells but not in T47D cells. However, ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation was detected after overexpressing HER2 in T47D cells and these cells were more resistant to tamoxifen. HER2 knockdown by siRNA in BT474 cells reduced ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation and reversed tamoxifen resistance. ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation was also disrupted and tamoxifen resistance was reversed in BT474 cells by the c-Src inhibitor PP2 and HER2 antibody trastuzumab. Nystatin, a lipid raft inhibitor, reduced ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation and partially reversed tamoxifen resistance. ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation was disrupted by overexpression of c-Cbl but not by the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase mutant. In addition, c-Cbl could reverse tamoxifen resistance in BT474 cells, but the ubiquitin ligase mutant had no effect. The effect of c-Cbl was validated in BT474 tumor-bearing nude mice in vivo. Immunofluorescence also revealed ER-c-Src-HER2 complex formation was reduced in tumor tissues of nude mice with c-Cbl overexpression. Conclusions Our results suggested that c-Cbl can reverse tamoxifen resistance in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by inhibiting the formation of the ER-c-Src-HER2 complex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4387-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Jinzhou Center Hospital, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ti Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Kezuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing Xin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Sha Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang CW, Huang CC, Chou PH, Chang YP, Wei S, Guengerich FP, Chou YC, Wang SF, Lai PS, Souček P, Ueng YF. 7-ketocholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol decreased doxorubicin sensitivity in breast cancer cells: estrogenic activity and mTOR pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66033-66050. [PMID: 29029490 PMCID: PMC5630390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the risk factors for poor outcome in breast cancer therapy. To elucidate the influence of the main circulating oxysterols, cholesterol oxidation products, on the cell-killing effect of doxorubicin, cells were exposed to oxysterols at a subtoxic concentration. When cells were exposed to oxysterols in fetal bovine serum-supplemented medium, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), but not 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC), decreased the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in MCF-7 (high estrogen receptor (ER)α/ERβ ratio) cells and the decreased cytotoxicity was restored by the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. 7-KC stimulated the efflux function of P-glycoprotein and reduced intracellular doxorubicin accumulation in MCF-7 but not in ERα(-) MDA-MB-231 and the resistant MCF-7/ADR cells. In MCF-7 cells, 7-KC increased the mRNA and protein levels of P-glycoprotein. The 7-KC-suppressed doxorubicin accumulation was restored by the fluvestrant and ERα knockdown. In a yeast reporter assay, the ERα activation by 7-KC was more potent than 27-HC. 7-KC, but not 27-HC, stimulated the expression of an ER target, Trefoil factor 1 in MCF-7 cells. When charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum was used, both 7-KC and 27-HC induced Trefoil factor 1 expression and reduced doxorubicin accumulation in MCF-7 cells. 7-KC-reduced doxorubicin accumulation could be reversed by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These findings demonstrate that 7-KC decreases the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin through the up-regulation of P-glycoprotein in an ERα- and mTOR-dependent pathway. The 7-KC- and 27-HC-elicited estrogenic effects are crucial in the P-glycoprotein induction in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Chiao Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shouzuo Wei
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Yueh-Ching Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Chung-Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pavel Souček
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dostalova P, Zatecka E, Dvorakova-Hortova K. Of Oestrogens and Sperm: A Review of the Roles of Oestrogens and Oestrogen Receptors in Male Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050904. [PMID: 28441342 PMCID: PMC5454817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role that oestrogens play in male reproduction has been generally accepted; however, the exact mechanism of their action is not entirely clear and there is still much more to be clarified. The oestrogen response is mediated through oestrogen receptors, as well as classical oestrogen receptors’ variants, and their specific co-expression plays a critical role. The importance of oestrogen signalling in male fertility is indicated by the adverse effects of selected oestrogen-like compounds, and their interaction with oestrogen receptors was proven to cause pathologies. The aims of this review are to summarise the current knowledge on oestrogen signalling during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation and discuss the available information on oestrogen receptors and their splice variants. An overview is given of species-specific differences including in humans, along with a detailed summary of the methodology outcome, including all the genetically manipulated models available to date. This review provides coherent information on the recently discovered mechanisms of oestrogens’ and oestrogen receptors’ effects and action in both testicular somatic and germ cells, as well as in mature sperm, available for mammals, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Dostalova
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Zatecka
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cell membrane modulation as adjuvant in cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 52:48-57. [PMID: 27889637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease involving numerous biological processes, which can exist in parallel, can be complementary, or are engaged when needed and as such can replace each other. This redundancy in possibilities cancer cells have, are fundamental to failure of therapy. However, intrinsic features of tumor cells and tumors as a whole provide also opportunities for therapy. Here we discuss the unique and specific makeup and arrangement of cell membranes of tumor cells and how these may help treatment. Interestingly, knowledge on cell membranes and associated structures is present already for decades, while application of membrane modification and manipulation as part of cancer therapy is lagging. Recent developments of scientific tools concerning lipids and lipid metabolism, opened new and previously unknown aspects of tumor cells and indicate possible differences in lipid composition and membrane function of tumor cells compared to healthy cells. This field, coined Lipidomics, demonstrates the importance of lipid components in cell membrane in several illnesses. Important alterations in cancer, and specially in resistant cancer cells compared to normal cells, opened the door to new therapeutic strategies. Moreover, the ability to modulate membrane components and/or properties has become a reality. Here, developments in cancer-related Lipidomics and strategies to interfere specifically with cancer cell membranes and how these affect cancer treatment are discussed. We hypothesize that combination of lipid or membrane targeted strategies with available care to improve chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy will bring the much needed change in treatment in the years to come.
Collapse
|
27
|
Anderson AM, Ragan MA. Palmitoylation: a protein S-acylation with implications for breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2016; 2:16028. [PMID: 28721385 PMCID: PMC5515344 DOI: 10.1038/npjbcancer.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that involves linkage of a fatty acid chain predominantly to a cysteine amino acid via a thioester bond. The fatty acid molecule is primarily palmitate, thus the term 'palmitoylation' is more commonly used. Palmitoylation has been found to modulate all stages of protein function including maturational processing, trafficking, membrane anchoring, signaling range and efficacy, and degradation. In breast cancer, palmitoylation has been shown to control the function of commonly dysregulated genes including estrogen receptors, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of receptors, and cancer stem cell markers. Importantly, palmitoylation is a critical factor controlling the formation of complexes at the plasma membrane involving tetraspanins, integrins, and gene products that are key to cell-cell communication. During metastasis, cancer cells enhance their metastatic capacity by interacting with stroma and immune cells. Although aberrant palmitoylation could contribute to tumor initiation and growth, its potential role in these cell-cell interactions is of particular interest, as it may provide mechanistic insight into metastasis, including cancer cell-driven immune modulation. Compelling evidence for a role for aberrant palmitoylation in breast cancer remains to be established. To this end, in this review we summarize emerging evidence and highlight pertinent knowledge gaps, suggesting directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Anderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cizmecioglu O, Ni J, Xie S, Zhao JJ, Roberts TM. Rac1-mediated membrane raft localization of PI3K/p110β is required for its activation by GPCRs or PTEN loss. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27700986 PMCID: PMC5050018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to understand how spatial compartmentalization in the plasma membrane might contribute to the functions of the ubiquitous class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms, p110α and p110β. We found that p110β localizes to membrane rafts in a Rac1-dependent manner. This localization potentiates Akt activation by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Thus genetic targeting of a Rac1 binding-deficient allele of p110β to rafts alleviated the requirement for p110β-Rac1 association for GPCR signaling, cell growth and migration. In contrast, p110α, which does not play a physiological role in GPCR signaling, is found to reside in nonraft regions of the plasma membrane. Raft targeting of p110α allowed its EGFR-mediated activation by GPCRs. Notably, p110β dependent, PTEN null tumor cells critically rely upon raft-associated PI3K activity. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic account of how membrane raft localization regulates differential activation of distinct PI3K isoforms and offer insight into why PTEN-deficient cancers depend on p110β. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17635.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Cizmecioglu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shaozhen Xie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
MiR-485 inhibits metastasis and EMT of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting Flot2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:521-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
30
|
Winship AL, Rainczuk K, Dimitriadis E. Flotillin-1 protein is upregulated in human endometrial cancer and localization shifts from epithelial to stromal with increasing tumor grade. Cancer Invest 2015; 34:26-31. [PMID: 26682635 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1084313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynecological malignancy. Flotillin-1 is an integral membrane protein and estrogen responsive gene. Flotillin-1 expression and localization in human endometrial cancers grades 1-3 was investigated using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Flotillin-1 mRNA levels were unchanged in endometrial cancer versus benign endometrium. Flotillin-1 protein was significantly reduced in the epithelial compartment with increasing tumor grade, although levels increased in the tumor stroma across grades. We have identified a novel factor in human endometrial cancer and observed a shift in epithelial to stromal localization with increasing tumor grade in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Louise Winship
- a Centre for Reproductive Health , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| | - Kate Rainczuk
- a Centre for Reproductive Health , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- a Centre for Reproductive Health , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Maselli A, Pierdominici M, Vitale C, Ortona E. Membrane lipid rafts and estrogenic signalling: a functional role in the modulation of cell homeostasis. Apoptosis 2015; 20:671-8. [PMID: 25637184 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has become widely accepted that along with their ability to directly regulate gene expression, estrogens also influence cell signalling and cell function via rapid membrane-initiated events. Many of these signalling processes are dependent on estrogen receptors (ER) localized to the plasma membrane. However, the mechanisms by which ER are able to trigger cell signalling when targeted to the membrane surface have to be determined yet. Lipid rafts seem to be essential for the plasma membrane localization of ER and play a critical role in their membrane-initiated effects. In this review, we briefly recapitulate the localization and function of ER in different cell types and mostly discuss the possible role of lipid rafts in this context. Further studies in this field may disclose new promising therapeutic avenues by the disruption of lipid rafts in those diseases in which membrane ER activation has been demonstrated to play a pathogenetic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maselli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Q, Peng J, Li X, Leng A, Liu T. miR-449a targets Flot2 and inhibits gastric cancer invasion by inhibiting TGF-β-mediated EMT. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:202. [PMID: 26576674 PMCID: PMC4650491 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flot2, a highly conserved protein of the SPFH domain containing proteins family, has recently been identified as oncogene to be involved in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of several cancers including gastric cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of Flot2 in gastric cancer (GC) is largely unknown. METHODS qRT-PCR and western blot was performed to detect miR-449a and Flot2 expression in GC cell lines and Normal human gastric epithelial cells. Then, luciferase reporter assay was used to elucidate whether Flot2 is a target gene of miR-449a. Finally, the roles and mechanism of miR-449a in regulation of tumor invasion were further investigated. RESULTS In this study, miR-449a expression was downregulated and Flot2 was upregulated in all GC cell lines as compared with that in GES-1. luciferase reporter assay identified Flot2 as a novel direct target of miR-449a. miR-449a regulated GC cell invasion by suppressing Flot2 expression. Expression analysis of a set of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers showed that miR-449a reduced the expression of mesenchymal markers (vimentin and N-cadherin) and induced the expression of epithelial marker (E-cadherin), which was consistent with silenced Flot2. Moreover, Flot2 is necessary for TGF-β-induced EMT in GC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that miR-449a suppressed Flot2 expression results in decreased cell invasion through repressing TGF-β-mediated-EMT, and provides a new theoretical basis to further investigate miR-449a-regulated Flot2 as a potential biomarker and a promising approach for GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.
| | - Xinhua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.
| | - Aimin Leng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Docosahexaenoic Acid Modulates a HER2-Associated Lipogenic Phenotype, Induces Apoptosis, and Increases Trastuzumab Action in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:838652. [PMID: 26640797 PMCID: PMC4659962 DOI: 10.1155/2015/838652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, lipid metabolic alterations have been recognized as potential oncogenic stimuli that may promote malignancy. To investigate whether the oncogenic nature of lipogenesis closely depends on the overexpression of HER2 protooncogene, the normal breast cell line, HB4a, was transfected with HER2 cDNA to obtain HER2-overexpressing HB4aC5.2 cells. Both cell lines were treated with trastuzumab and docosahexaenoic acid. HER2 overexpression was accompanied by an increase in the expression of lipogenic genes involved in uptake (CD36), transport (FABP4), and storage (DGAT) of exogenous fatty acids (FA), as well as increased activation of “de novo” FA synthesis (FASN). We further investigate whether this lipogenesis reprogramming might be regulated by mTOR/PPARγ pathway. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway markers, p70S6 K1, SREBP1, and LIPIN1, as well as an increase in DEPTOR expression (the main inhibitor of the mTOR) was detected in HB4aC5.2. Based on these results, a PPARγ selective antagonist, GW9662, was used to treat both cells lines, and the lipogenic genes remained overexpressed in the HB4aC5.2 but not HB4a cells. DHA treatment inhibited all lipogenic genes (except for FABP4) in both cell lines yet only induced death in the HB4aC5.2 cells, mainly when associated with trastuzumab. Neither trastuzumab nor GW9662 alone was able to induce cell death. In conclusion, oncogenic transformation of breast cells by HER2 overexpression may require a reprogramming of lipogenic genetic that is independent of mTORC1 pathway and PPARγ activity. This reprogramming was inhibited by DHA.
Collapse
|
34
|
Iskakova M, Karbyshev M, Piskunov A, Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear and extranuclear effects of vitamin A. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:1065-75. [PMID: 26459513 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol is a multifunctional vitamin that is essential at all stages of life from embryogenesis to adulthood. Up to now, it has been accepted that the effects of vitamin A are exerted by active metabolites, the major ones being 11-cis retinal for vision, and all trans-retinoic acid (RA) for cell growth and differentiation. Basically RA binds nuclear receptors, RARs, which regulate the expression of a battery of target genes in a ligand dependent manner. During the last decade, new scenarios have been discovered, providing a rationale for the understanding of other long-noted but not explained functions of retinol. These novel scenarios involve: (i) other nuclear receptors such as PPAR β/δ, which regulate the expression of other target genes with other functions; (ii) extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinases, which phosphorylate RARs and other transcription factors, thus expanding the list of the RA-activated genes; (iii) finally, vitamin A is active per se and can work as a cytokine that regulates gene transcription by activating STRA6. New effects of vitamin A and RA are continuously being discovered in new fields, revealing new targets and new mechanisms thus improving the understanding the pleiotropicity of their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madina Iskakova
- a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Karbyshev
- a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr Piskunov
- a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- b Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964; CNRS, UMR7104; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Totta P, Pesiri V, Enari M, Marino M, Acconcia F. Clathrin Heavy Chain Interacts With Estrogen Receptor α and Modulates 17β-Estradiol Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:739-55. [PMID: 25860340 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2)-induced signaling and control of estrogen receptor (ER)α degradation both play a major role in breast cancer cell proliferation. We recently reported the involvement of lysosomal function in both E2-dependent ERα breakdown and E2-induced cell proliferation and thus hypothesized a role for endocytic proteins in ERα signaling. An small interfering RNA screen identified proteins that regulate intracellular endocytic traffic and whose silencing alters E2-induced ERα degradation. One such protein was the clathrin heavy chain (CHC), whose role in E2:ERα signaling to cell proliferation is unknown. Here, we show that CHC physically interacts with ERα in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells and regulates E2-induced cell proliferation. Surprisingly, the CHC:ERα interaction is required to sustain E2 signaling but is dispensable for ERα degradation. Our data also demonstrate that many membrane trafficking proteins contribute to the regulation of ERα degradation, thus unraveling the contribution of endocytic proteins in E2:ERα signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierangela Totta
- Department of Sciences (P.T., V.P., M.M., F.A.), Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, I-00146, Rome, Italy; and Division of Refractory Cancer Research (M.E.), National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Peng Q, Jia SH, Parodo J, Ai Y, Marshall JC. Pre-B cell colony enhancing factor induces Nampt-dependent translocation of the insulin receptor out of lipid microdomains in A549 lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E324-33. [PMID: 25516545 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) is a highly conserved pleiotropic protein reported to be an alternate ligand for the insulin receptor (IR). We sought to clarify the relationship between PBEF and insulin signaling by evaluating the effects of PBEF on the localization of the IRβ chain to lipid rafts in A549 epithelial cells. We isolated lipid rafts from A549 cells and detected the IR by immunoprecipitation from raft fractions or whole cell lysates. Cells were treated with rPBEF, its enzymatic product nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), or the Nampt inhibitor daporinad to study the effect of PBEF on IRβ movement. We used coimmunoprecipitation studies in cells transfected with PBEF and IRβ constructs to detect interactions between PBEF, the IRβ, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1). PBEF was present in both lipid raft and nonraft fractions, whereas the IR was found only in lipid raft fractions of resting A549 cells. The IR-, PBEF-, and Cav-1-coimmunoprecipitated rPBEF treatment resulted in the movement of IRβ- and tyrosine-phosphorylated Cav-1 from lipid rafts to nonrafts, an effect that could be blocked by daporinad, suggesting that this effect was facilitated by the Nampt activity of PBEF. The addition of PBEF to insulin-treated cells resulted in reduced Akt phosphorylation of both Ser⁴⁷³ and Thr³⁰⁸. We conclude that PBEF can inhibit insulin signaling through the IR by Nampt-dependent promotion of IR translocation into the nonraft domains of A549 epithelial cells. PBEF-induced alterations in the spatial geometry of the IR provide a mechanistic explanation for insulin resistance in inflammatory states associated with upregulation of PBEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Peng
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Song Hui Jia
- Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jean Parodo
- Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yuhang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - John C Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fiocchetti M, Nuzzo MT, Totta P, Acconcia F, Ascenzi P, Marino M. Neuroglobin, a pro-survival player in estrogen receptor α-positive cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1449. [PMID: 25299774 PMCID: PMC4237245 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that human neuroglobin (NGB) is a new player in the signal transduction pathways that lead to 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced neuron survival. Indeed, E2 induces in neuron mitochondria the enhancement of NGB level, which in turn impairs the activation of a pro-apoptotic cascade. Nowadays, the existence of a similar pathway activated by E2 in non-neuronal cells is completely unknown. Here, the role of E2-induced NGB upregulation in tumor cells is reported. E2 induced the upregulation of NGB in a dose- and time-dependent manner in MCF-7, HepG2, SK-N-BE, and HeLa cells transfected with estrogen receptor α (ERα), whereas E2 was unable to modulate the NGB expression in the ERα-devoid HeLa cells. Both transcriptional and extranuclear ERα signals were required for the E2-dependent upregulation of NGB in MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines. E2 stimulation modified NGB intracellular localization, inducing a significant reduction of NGB in the nucleus with a parallel increase of NGB in the mitochondria in both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. Remarkably, E2 pretreatment did not counteract the H2O2-induced caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage, as well as Bcl-2 overexpression in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells in which NGB was stably silenced by using shRNA lentiviral particles, highlighting the pivotal role of NGB in E2-induced antiapoptotic pathways in cancer cells. Present results indicate that the E2-induced NGB upregulation in cancer cells could represent a defense mechanism of E2-related cancers rendering them insensitive to oxidative stress. As a whole, these data open new avenues to develop therapeutic strategies against E2-related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M T Nuzzo
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P Totta
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - F Acconcia
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Samavat J, Natali I, Degl'Innocenti S, Filimberti E, Cantini G, Di Franco A, Danza G, Seghieri G, Lucchese M, Baldi E, Forti G, Luconi M. Acrosome reaction is impaired in spermatozoa of obese men: a preliminary study. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1274-1281.e2. [PMID: 25226854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare spontaneous (Sp-AR) and P-induced acrosome reaction (AR) in spermatozoa of obese and lean subjects. SETTING Bariatric unit at a university hospital. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. PATIENT(S) Twenty-three obese (mean±SD body mass index [BMI], 44.3±5.9 kg/m2) and 25 age-matched lean (BMI, 24.2±3.0 kg/m2) subjects. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Spontaneous and P-induced AR in spermatozoa of obese and lean subjects. RESULT(S) A statistically significant difference was found between obese and lean cohorts in total T and calculated free T, E2, glycated hemoglobin, and high-density lipoproteins, whereas among the routine semen parameters analyzed, only immotile sperm percentage and ejaculate volume differed significantly. Spermatozoa of obese (n=13) vs. lean men (n=19) showed a higher Sp-AR (17.9%±7.2% vs. 8.3%±4.2%), which resulted in a reduced ability to respond to P evaluated as the AR-after-P-challenge parameter (3.5%±3.2% vs. 17.6%±9.2%). Multivariate analysis adjusted for age revealed a significant correlation between BMI, waist, E2, and glycated hemoglobin with both Sp-AR (age-adjusted r=0.654, r=0.711, r=0.369, and r=0.644, respectively) and AR-after-P-challenge (age-adjusted r=-0.570, r=-0.635, r=-0.507, and r=-0.563, respectively). A significant difference in sperm cholesterol content was reported between obese and lean men (29.8±19.5 vs. 19.1±14.6 ng/μg of proteins). CONCLUSION(S) Sperm AR is impaired in obese men, showing reduced response to P and elevated Sp-AR, associated with altered circulating levels of E2 and sperm cholesterol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinous Samavat
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Natali
- Seminology Laboratory, Azienda USL3 Pistoia, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Selene Degl'Innocenti
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erminio Filimberti
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Franco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Danza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Seghieri
- Agenzia Regionale Sanità Toscana, Florence, Italy; Accademia Medica Filippo Pacini, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Marcello Lucchese
- Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Careggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Forti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schneider AE, Kárpáti E, Schuszter K, Tóth EA, Kiss E, Kulcsár M, László G, Matko J. A dynamic network of estrogen receptors in murine lymphocytes: fine-tuning the immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:857-72. [PMID: 25070950 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0214-080rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The actual level of circulating estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) has a serious impact on regulation of diverse immune cell functions, where their classical cytoplasmic receptors, ERα and ERβ, act as nuclear transcriptional regulators of multiple target genes. There is growing evidence, however, for rapid, "non-nuclear" regulatory effects of E2 on lymphocytes. Such effects are likely mediated by putative membrane-associated receptor(s) (mER), but the mechanistic details and the involved signaling pathways still remained largely unknown because of their complexity. Here, we show that in lymphocytes, mERs can signalize themselves, and upon ligation, they are able to coordinate translocation of other E2Rs to the PM. Our data firmly imply existence of a complex, dynamic network of at least seven ER forms in murine lymphocytes: cytoplasmic and membrane-linked forms of ERα, ERβ, or GPR30 and a mER that can receive extracellular E2 signals. The latter mERs are likely palmitoylated, as they are enriched in lipid-raft microdomains, and their E2 binding is also cholesterol dependent. The data also support that ligation of mERs can induce rapid regulatory signals to lymphocytes and then internalize and let the E2 liberate in lysosomes. In addition, they can dynamically control the cell-surface linkage of other cytoplasmic ERs. As demonstrated by the differential effects of mER or cytoplasmic ER ligation on the proliferation of activated T and B lymphocytes, such a dynamic E2R network can be considered as a tool to manage accommodation/fine-tuning of lymphocytes to rapidly changing hormone levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Schneider
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Eva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Kitti Schuszter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Eszter A Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Endre Kiss
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Margit Kulcsár
- Department of Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Glória László
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yan Y, Yang FQ, Zhang HM, Che J, Zheng JH. Up-regulation of flotillin-2 is associated with renal cell carcinoma progression. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10479-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
41
|
Totta P, Pesiri V, Marino M, Acconcia F. Lysosomal function is involved in 17β-estradiol-induced estrogen receptor α degradation and cell proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94880. [PMID: 24736371 PMCID: PMC3988130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic control of the cellular proteome steady-state is dependent either on the 26S proteasome activity or on the lysosome function. The sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) controls a plethora of biological functions by binding to the estrogen receptor α (ERα), which is both a nuclear ligand-activated transcription factor and also an extrinsic plasma membrane receptor. Regulation of E2-induced physiological functions (e.g., cell proliferation) requires the synergistic activation of both transcription of estrogen responsive element (ERE)-containing genes and rapid extra-nuclear phosphorylation of many different signalling kinases (e.g., ERK/MAPK; PI3K/AKT). Although E2 controls ERα intracellular content and activity via the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, biochemical and microscopy-based evidence suggests a possible cross-talk among lysosomes and ERα activities. Here, we studied the putative localization of endogenous ERα to lysosomes and the role played by lysosomal function in ERα signalling. By using confocal microscopy and biochemical assays, we report that ERα localizes to lysosomes and to endosomes in an E2-dependent manner. Moreover, the inhibition of lysosomal function obtained by chloroquine demonstrates that, in addition to 26S proteasome-mediated receptor elimination, lysosome-based degradation also contributes to the E2-dependent ERα breakdown. Remarkably, the lysosome function is further involved in those ERα activities required for E2-dependent cell proliferation while it is dispensable for ERα-mediated ERE-containing gene transcription. Our discoveries reveal a novel lysosome-dependent degradation pathway for ERα and show a novel biological mechanism by which E2 regulates ERα cellular content and, as a consequence, cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierangela Totta
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pesiri
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Acconcia
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Augoff K, Biernatowska A, Podkalicka J, Sikorski AF. Membrane rafts as a novel target in cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:155-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
43
|
Gonzalez E, Piva M, Rodriguez-Suarez E, Gil D, Royo F, Elortza F, Falcon-Perez JM, Vivanco MDM. Human mammospheres secrete hormone-regulated active extracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83955. [PMID: 24404144 PMCID: PMC3880284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. One of the most important prognostic factors for survival is the early detection of the disease. Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles may provide diagnostic information for cancer management. We demonstrate the secretion of extracellular vesicles by primary breast epithelial cells enriched for stem/progenitor cells cultured as mammospheres, in non-adherent conditions. Using a proteomic approach we identified proteins contained in these vesicles whose expression is affected by hormonal changes in the cellular environment. In addition, we showed that these vesicles are capable of promoting changes in expression levels of genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers. Our findings suggest that secreted extracellular vesicles could represent potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for breast cancer and support a role for extracellular vesicles in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Piva
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | | | - David Gil
- Structural Biology, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, ProteoRed-ISCIII, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | - Juan M. Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail: (JMFP); (MDMV)
| | - Maria dM. Vivanco
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
- * E-mail: (JMFP); (MDMV)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Owen DM, Gaus K. Imaging lipid domains in cell membranes: the advent of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:503. [PMID: 24376453 PMCID: PMC3859905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of model membranes, liposomes reconstituted from cell lipids, and plasma membrane vesicles and spheres can separate into two distinct liquid phases to yield lipid domains with liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered properties. These observations are the basis of the lipid raft hypothesis that postulates the existence of cholesterol-enriched ordered-phase lipid domains in cell membranes that could regulate protein mobility, localization and interaction. Here we review the evidence that nano-scaled lipid complexes and meso-scaled lipid domains exist in cell membranes and how new fluorescence microscopy techniques that overcome the diffraction limit provide new insights into lipid organization in cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Katharina Gaus
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Katharina Gaus, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marin R, Casañas V, Pérez JA, Fabelo N, Fernandez CE, Diaz M. Oestrogens as modulators of neuronal signalosomes and brain lipid homeostasis related to protection against neurodegeneration. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1104-15. [PMID: 23795744 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens trigger several pathways at the plasma membrane that exert beneficial actions against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Part of these actions takes place in lipid rafts, which are membrane domains with a singular protein and lipid composition. These microdomains also represent a preferential site for signalling protein complexes, or signalosomes. A plausible hypothesis is that the dynamic interaction of signalosomes with different extracellular ligands may be at the basis of neuronal maintenance against different neuropathologies. Oestrogen receptors are localised in neuronal lipid rafts, taking part of macromolecular complexes together with a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and other molecules. Oestradiol binding to its receptor at this level enhances neuroprotection against amyloid-β degeneration through the activation of different signal transduction pathways, including VDAC gating modulation. Moreover, part of the stability and functionality of signalling platforms lays on the distribution of lipid hallmarks in these microstructures, which modulate membrane physicochemical properties, thus favouring molecular interactions. Interestingly, recent findings indicate a potential role of oestrogens in the preservation of neuronal membrane physiology related to lipid homeostasis. Thus, oestrogens and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically to stabilise brain lipid structure by regulating neuronal lipid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that part of the neuroprotective effects elicited by oestrogens occur through mechanisms aimed at preserving lipid homeostasis. Overall, oestrogen mechanisms of neuroprotection may occur not only by its interaction with neuronal protein targets through nongenomic and genomic mechanisms, but also through its participation in membrane architecture stabilisation via 'lipostatic' mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Marin
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Garrido P, Morán J, Alonso A, González S, González C. 17β-estradiol activates glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1979-89. [PMID: 23546602 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between estrogen and some types of breast cancer has been clearly established. However, although several studies have demonstrated the relationship between estrogen and glucose uptake via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in other tissues, not too much is known about the possible cross talk between them for development and maintenance of breast cancer. This study was designed to test the rapid effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) or its membrane-impermeable form conjugated with BSA (E2BSA) on glucose uptake in a positive estrogen receptor (ER) breast cancer cell line, through the possible relationship between key components of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and acute steroid treatment. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were cultured in standard conditions. Then 10 nM E2 or E2BSA conjugated were administered before obtaining the cell lysates. To study the glucose uptake, the glucose fluorescent analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose was used. We report an ER-dependent activation of some of the key steps of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway cascade that leads cells to improve some mechanisms that finally increase glucose uptake capacity. Our data suggest that both E2 and E2BSA enhance the entrance of the fluorescent glucose analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose, and also activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane in an ERα-dependent manner. E2 enhances ER-dependent rapid signaling triggered, partially in the plasma membrane, allowing ERα-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells to increase glucose uptake, which could be essential to meet the energy demands of the high rate of proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido
- Department of Functional Biology, Physiology Area, University of Oviedo, c/ Julian Claveria s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hao CC, Sun RG, Zhang J. Interaction of Egg-Sphingomyelin with DOPC in Langmuir Monolayers. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/06/691-696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
48
|
Zassadowski F, Rochette-Egly C, Chomienne C, Cassinat B. Regulation of the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors by the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2369-77. [PMID: 22906493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells undergo continuous and simultaneous external influences regulating their behavior. As an example, during differentiation, they go through different stages of maturation and gene expression is regulated by several simultaneous signaling pathways. We often tend at separating the nuclear pathways from the signaling ones initiated at membrane receptors. However, it is essential to keep in mind that all these pathways are interconnected to achieve a fine regulation of cell functions. The regulation of transcription by nuclear receptors has been thoroughly studied, but it now appears that a critical level of this regulation involves the action of several kinases that target the nuclear receptors themselves as well as their partners. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of one family of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, in the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors.
Collapse
|
49
|
Flotillins as regulators of ErbB2 levels in breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:3443-51. [PMID: 22869152 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 occur in up to 30% of human breast cancers, and high ErbB2 levels are correlated with poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. In contrast to the epithelial growth factor receptor (ErbB1), ErbB2 is not downregulated by ligand-induced mechanisms. Here we show that flotillins are involved in the stabilization of ErbB2 at the plasma membrane. In SKBR3 breast cancer cells and breast cancer tissue, a positive correlation between flotillin and ErbB2 expression levels could be demonstrated. Moreover, the tissue microarray analyses of biopsies from 194 patients diagnosed with carcinomas of the breast showed that flotillin-2 emerged as a potential predictor of prognosis in breast cancer. Depletion of flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 leads to internalization and degradation of ErbB2. Furthermore, flotillin-1 and -2 were found to be in a molecular complex with ErbB2 and Hsp90. The depletion of one of these proteins results in disruption of this complex, followed by destabilization of ErbB2 at the membrane, and its internalization and degradation. As a consequence, ErbB2-triggered downstream signalling is inhibited. Our data demonstrate a novel mechanism for interfering with ErbB2 signalling, which potentially can have clinical impact.
Collapse
|
50
|
Lipid raft disruption by docosahexaenoic acid induces apoptosis in transformed human mammary luminal epithelial cells harboring HER-2 overexpression. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:505-15. [PMID: 22749134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In HER-2-overexpressing breast cells, HER-2 receptors exist on the cell surface as monomers, homodimers and heterodimers. For signal activation and transduction to occur, HER-2 must be localized to lipid rafts. Therefore, we hypothesized that the amount of lipid rafts on the cell membrane would be a factor in HER-2 signaling. To test this, we used HB4a (an untransformed human mammary epithelial cell line) and HB4aC5.2 cells. HB4aC5.2 cells are HB4a derivatives that have been transfected with five copies of pJ5E.c-ErbB-2 and express approximately 900 times more HER-2 than HB4a cells. In these cells, HER-2 overexpression was accompanied by increased lipid rafts in cell membranes, a hyperactivation of downstream Akt and ERK1/2 proteins, and an increased rate of cell growth compared to HB4a. In addition, HER-2 overexpression was associated with an increased activation of FASN, a key enzyme involved in cellular lipogenesis. Its final product, palmitate, is frequently used to synthesize lipid rafts. We further hypothesized that treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, would disrupt the lipid rafts and lead to a growth arrest. In HB4aC5.2 cells, but not HB4a cells, we found that DHA treatment disrupted lipid raft; inhibited HER-2 signaling by decreasing activation of Akt, ERK1/2 and FASN proteins; and induced apoptosis. Although little is known about lipid rafts, our data support the idea that disturbances in these microdomains induced by DHA may represent a useful tool for controlling the signaling initiated by HER-2 receptors and its therapeutic potential in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer.
Collapse
|