1
|
Thompson MD, Percy ME, Cole DEC, Bichet DG, Hauser AS, Gorvin CM. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants and human genetic disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:317-346. [PMID: 38497103 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2286606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can disrupt receptor structure and function, which can result in human genetic diseases. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in at least 55 GPCRs for more than 66 monogenic diseases in humans. The spectrum of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants includes loss of function variants that decrease receptor signaling on one extreme and gain of function that may result in biased signaling or constitutive activity, originally modeled on prototypical rhodopsin GPCR variants identified in retinitis pigmentosa, on the other. GPCR variants disrupt ligand binding, G protein coupling, accessory protein function, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Next generation sequencing has made it possible to identify variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We discuss variants in receptors known to result in disease and in silico strategies for disambiguation of VUS such as sorting intolerant from tolerant and polymorphism phenotyping. Modeling of variants has contributed to drug development and precision medicine, including drugs that target the melanocortin receptor in obesity and interventions that reverse loss of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Activating and inactivating variants of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) gene that are pathogenic in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia have enabled the development of calcimimetics and calcilytics. Next generation sequencing has continued to identify variants in GPCR genes, including orphan receptors, that contribute to human phenotypes and may have therapeutic potential. Variants of the CaSR gene, some encoding an arginine-rich region that promotes receptor phosphorylation and intracellular retention, have been linked to an idiopathic epilepsy syndrome. Agnostic strategies have identified variants of the pyroglutamylated RF amide peptide receptor gene in intellectual disability and G protein-coupled receptor 39 identified in psoriatic arthropathy. Coding variants of the G protein-coupled receptor L1 (GPR37L1) orphan receptor gene have been identified in a rare familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The study of the role of GPCR variants in monogenic, Mendelian phenotypes has provided the basis of modeling the significance of more common variants of pharmacogenetic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maire E Percy
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Shi L, Su M, Li X, Zhu Q, Ge RS, Li H. Butorphanol inhibits androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in rat immature Leydig cells in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:270-280. [PMID: 38258745 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic medication that is primarily used for the management of pain. Butorphanol may have an inhibitory effect on androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in rat immature Leydig cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of butorphanol on androgen secretion by rat Leydig cells isolated from the 35-day-old male rats. Rat Leydig cells were cultured with 0.5-50 μM butorphanol for 3 h in vitro. Butorphanol at 5 and 50 μM significantly inhibited androgen secretion in immature Leydig cells. At 50 μM, butorphanol also blocked the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 8bromo-cAMP-stimulated androgen secretion and 22R-hydroxycholesterol- and pregnenolone-mediated androgen production. Further analysis of the results showed that butorphanol downregulated the expression of genes involved in androgen production, including Lhcgr (LH receptor), Cyp11a1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), Srd5a1 (5α-reductase 1), and Akr1c14 (3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Additionally, butorphanol directly inhibited HSD3B1 (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1) and SRD5A1 activity. In conclusion, butorphanol may have side effects of inhibiting androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in Leydig cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi SH, Byambaragchaa M, Kim DJ, Lee JH, Kang MH, Min KS. Specific Signal Transduction of Constitutively Activating (D576G) and Inactivating (R476H) Mutants of Agonist-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Receptor in Eel. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119133. [PMID: 37298083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of signal transduction using inactivating (R476H) and activating (D576G) mutants of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of eel at the conserved regions of intracellular loops II and III, respectively, naturally occurring in mammalian LHR. The expression of D576G and R476H mutants was approximately 58% and 59%, respectively, on the cell surface compared to those of eel LHR-wild type (wt). In eel LHR-wt, cAMP production increased upon agonist stimulation. Cells expressing eel LHR-D576G, a highly conserved aspartic acid residue, exhibited a 5.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response; however, the maximal cAMP response by high-agonist stimulation was approximately 0.62-fold. Mutation of a highly conserved arginine residue in the second intracellular loop of eel LHR (LHR-R476H) completely impaired the cAMP response. The rate of loss in cell-surface expression of eel LHR-wt and D576G mutant was similar to the agonist recombinant (rec)-eel LH after 30 min. However, the mutants presented rates of loss higher than eel LHR-wt did upon rec-eCG treatment. Therefore, the activating mutant constitutively induced cAMP signaling. The inactivating mutation resulted in the loss of LHR expression on the cell surface and no cAMP signaling. These data provide valuable information regarding the structure-function relationship of LHR-LH complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Yeosu 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kim DW, Min KS. Constitutive Activating Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptors Induce Constitutively Signal Transduction and Inactivating Mutants Impair Biological Activity. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:133-143. [PMID: 34950817 PMCID: PMC8670774 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) and rat LHR (rLHR), very few
naturally occurring mutants in other mammalian species have been identified. The
present study aimed to delineate the mechanism of signal transduction by three
constitutively activating mutants (designated M410T, L469R, and D590Y) and two
inactivating mutants (D383N and Y546F) of the eel LHR, known to be naturally
occurring in human LHR transmembrane domains. The mutants were constructed and
measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous
time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. The
activating mutant cells expressing eel LHR-M410T, L469R, and D590Y exhibited a
4.0-, 19.1-, and 7.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response without agonist
treatment, respectively. However, inactivating mutant cells expressing D417N and
Y558F did not completely impaired signal transduction. Specifically, signal
transduction in the cells expressing activating mutant L469R was not occurred
with a further ligand stimulation, showing that the maximal response exhibited
approximately 53% of those of wild type receptor. Our results suggested that the
constitutively activating mutants of the eel LHR consistently occurred without
agonist treatment. These results provide important information of LHR function
in fish and regulation with regard to mutations of highly conserved amino acids
in glycoprotein hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kim DW, Min KS. Cell-Surface Loss of Constitutive Activating and Inactivating Mutants of Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptors. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:225-234. [PMID: 35141448 PMCID: PMC8807125 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cell surface receptor loss by two constitutively activating mutants (designated L469R, and D590Y) and two inactivating mutants (D417N and Y558F) of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, known to naturally occur in human LHR transmembrane domains. We investigated cell surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HEK 293 cells. The expression level of wild-type eel LHR was considered to be 100%, and the expression levels of L469R and D417N were 97% and 101%, respectively, whereas the expression levels of D590Y and Y558F slightly increased to approximately 110% and 106%, respectively. The constitutively activating mutants L469R and D590Y exhibited a decrease in cell surface loss in a manner similar to that of wild-type eel LHR. The rates of loss of cell surface agonist-receptor complexes were observed to be very rapid (2.6-6.2 min) in both the wild-type eel LHR and activating mutants. However, cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F was slightly observed in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. These results provide important information on LHR function in fish and the regulation of mutations of highly conserved amino acids in glycoprotein hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Byambaragchaa M, Seong HK, Choi SH, Kim DJ, Kang MH, Min KS. Constitutively Activating Mutants of Equine LH/CGR Constitutively Induce Signal Transduction and Inactivating Mutations Impair Biological Activity and Cell-Surface Receptor Loss In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910723. [PMID: 34639064 PMCID: PMC8509413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction of the equine lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (eLH/CGR) is unclear in naturally occurring activating/inactivating mutants of this receptor, which plays an important role in reproductive physiology. We undertook the present study to determine whether conserved structurally related mutations in eLH/CGR exhibit similar mechanisms of signal transduction. We constructed four constitutively activating mutants (M398T, L457R, D564G, and D578Y) and three inactivating mutants (D405N, R464H, and Y546F); measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and investigated cell-surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The eLH/CGR-L457R-, -D564G-, and -D578Y-expressing cells exhibited 16.9-, 16.4-, and 11.2-fold increases in basal cAMP response, respectively. The eLH/CGR-D405N- and R464H-expressing cells presented a completely impaired signal transduction, whereas the Y546F-expressing cells exhibited a small increase in cAMP response. The cell-surface receptor loss was 1.4- to 2.4-fold greater in the activating-mutant-expressing cells than in wild-type eLH/CGR-expressing cells, but was completely impaired in the D405N- and Y546F-expressing cells, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. In summary, the state of activation of eLH/CGR influenced agonist-induced cell-surface receptor loss, which was directly related to the signal transduction of constitutively activating mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
| | - Hoon-Ki Seong
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea;
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Jeju 63610, Korea;
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea;
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-5421; Fax: +82-31-670-5417
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Dong Y, Wu S, Zhu Q, Li X, Liu S, Huang T, Li H, Ge RS. Acephate interferes with androgen synthesis in rat immature Leydig cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125597. [PMID: 31864041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acephate is an organophosphate pesticide. It is widely used. However, whether it inhibits androgen synthesis and metabolism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of acephate on the inhibition of androgen synthetic and metabolic pathways in rat immature Leydig cells after 3-h culture. Acephate inhibited basal androgen output in a dose-dependent manner with the inhibition starting at 0.5 μM. It significantly inhibited luteinizing hormone and 8-Br-cAMP stimulated androgen output at 50 μM. It significantly inhibited progesterone-mediated androgen output at 50 μM. Further study demonstrated that acephate down-regulated the expression of Hsd3b1 and its protein at ≥ 0.5 μM, Lhcgr at 5 μM and Star at 50 μM. Acephate directly blocked rat testicular HSD3B1 activity at 50 μM. Acephate did not affect other androgen synthetic and metabolic enzyme activities as well as ROS production, proliferation, and apoptosis of immature Leydig cells. In conclusion, acephate targets LHCGR, STAR, and HSD3B1, thus blocking androgen synthesis in rat immature Leydig cells and HSD3B1 is being the most sensitive target of acephate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Siwen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gilbert SB, Roof AK, Rajendra Kumar T. Mouse models for the analysis of gonadotropin secretion and action. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:219-239. [PMID: 29779578 PMCID: PMC5973545 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins are pituitary gonadotrope-derived glycoprotein hormones. They act by binding to G-protein coupled receptors on gonads. Gonadotropins play critical roles in reproduction by regulating both gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although biochemical and physiological studies provided a wealth of knowledge, gene manipulation techniques using novel mouse models gave new insights into gonadotropin synthesis, secretion and action. Both gain of function and loss of function mouse models for understanding gonadotropin action in a whole animal context have already been generated. Moreover, recent studies on gonadotropin actions in non-gonadal tissues challenged the central dogma of classical gonadotropin actions in gonads and revealed new signaling pathways in these non-gonadal tissues. In this Chapter, we have discussed our current understanding of gonadotropin synthesis, secretion and action using a variety of genetically engineered mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Babcock Gilbert
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Allyson K Roof
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mouse Models for the Study of Synthesis, Secretion, and Action of Pituitary Gonadotropins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:49-84. [PMID: 27697204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins play fundamental roles in reproduction. More than 30years ago, Cga transgenic mice were generated, and more than 20years ago, the phenotypes of Cga null mice were reported. Since then, numerous mouse strains have been generated and characterized to address several questions in reproductive biology involving gonadotropin synthesis, secretion, and action. More recently, extragonadal expression, and in some cases, functions of gonadotropins in nongonadal tissues have been identified. Several genomic and proteomic approaches including novel mouse genome editing tools are available now. It is anticipated that these and other emerging technologies will be useful to build an integrated network of gonadotropin signaling pathways in various tissues. Undoubtedly, research on gonadotropins will continue to provide new knowledge and allow us transcend from benchside to the bedside.
Collapse
|
10
|
Thompson MD, Hendy GN, Percy ME, Bichet DG, Cole DEC. G protein-coupled receptor mutations and human genetic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1175:153-87. [PMID: 25150870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPCRs) disrupt GPCR function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases. In vitro strategies and animal models have been used to identify the molecular pathologies underlying naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptors have been identified that result in pathology. These receptor variants may alter ligand binding, G protein coupling, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Receptor systems discussed include rhodopsin, thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, melanocortin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRHR), adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, endothelin-β, purinergic, and the G protein associated with asthma (GPRA or neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1)). The role of activating and inactivating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations is discussed in detail with respect to familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalemia (ADH). The CASR mutations have been associated with epilepsy. Diseases caused by the genetic disruption of GPCR functions are discussed in the context of their potential to be selectively targeted by drugs that rescue altered receptors. Examples of drugs developed as a result of targeting GPCRs mutated in disease include: calcimimetics and calcilytics, therapeutics targeting melanocortin receptors in obesity, interventions that alter GNRHR loss from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and novel drugs that might rescue the P2RY12 receptor congenital bleeding phenotype. De-orphanization projects have identified novel disease-associated receptors, such as NPSR1 and GPR35. The identification of variants in these receptors provides genetic reagents useful in drug screens. Discussion of the variety of GPCRs that are disrupted in monogenic Mendelian disorders provides the basis for examining the significance of common pharmacogenetic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cahoreau C, Klett D, Combarnous Y. Structure-function relationships of glycoprotein hormones and their subunits' ancestors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25767463 PMCID: PMC4341566 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) are the most complex molecules with hormonal activity. They exist only in vertebrates but the genes encoding their subunits' ancestors are found in most vertebrate and invertebrate species although their roles are still unknown. In the present report, we review the available structural and functional data concerning GPHs and their subunits' ancestors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cahoreau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Danièle Klett
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Yves Combarnous, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRA, Nouzilly 37380, France e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narayan P. Genetic Models for the Study of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:152. [PMID: 26483755 PMCID: PMC4586495 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is essential for fertility in men and women. LHCGR binds luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as the highly homologous chorionic gonadotropin. Signaling from LHCGR is required for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in males and females and for sexual differentiation in the male. The importance of LHCGR in reproductive physiology is underscored by the large number of naturally occurring inactivating and activating mutations in the receptor that result in reproductive disorders. Consequently, several genetically modified mouse models have been developed for the study of LHCGR function. They include targeted deletion of LH and LHCGR that mimic inactivating mutations in hormone and receptor, expression of a constitutively active mutant in LHCGR that mimics activating mutations associated with familial male-limited precocious puberty and transgenic models of LH and hCG overexpression. This review summarizes the salient findings from these models and their utility in understanding the physiological and pathological consequences of loss and gain of function in LHCGR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prema Narayan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Prema Narayan, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, LSIII, 1135 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ulloa-Aguirre A, Reiter E, Bousfield G, Dias JA, Huhtaniemi I. Constitutive activity in gonadotropin receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:37-80. [PMID: 24931192 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively active mutants (CAMs) of gonadotropin receptors are, in general, rare conditions. Luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) CAMs provoke the dramatic phenotype of familial gonadotropin-independent isosexual male-limited precocious puberty, whereas in females, there is not yet any identified phenotype. Only one isolated follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) CAM (Asp567Gly) has so far been detected in a single male patient, besides other FSHR weak CAMs linked to pregnancy-associated ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome or to impaired desensitization and internalization. Several animal models have been developed for studying enhanced gonadotropin action; in addition to unraveling valuable new information about the possible phenotypes of isolated FSHR and LHCGR CAMs in women, the information obtained from these mouse models has served multiple translational goals, including the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets as well as the prediction of phenotypes for mutations not yet identified in humans. Mutagenesis and computational studies have shed important information on the physiopathogenic mechanisms leading to constitutive activity of gonadotropin receptors; a common feature in these receptor CAMs is the release of stabilizing interhelical interactions between transmembrane domains (TMDs) 3 and 6 leading to an increase, with respect to the wild-type receptor, in the solvent accessibility at the cytosolic extension of TMDs 3, 5, and 6, which involves the highly conserved Glu/Asp-Arg-Tyr/Trp sequence. In this chapter, we summarize the structural features, functional consequences, and mechanisms that lead to constitutive activation of gonadotropin receptor CAMs and provide information on pharmacological approaches that might potentially modulate gonadotropin receptor CAM function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS), Tours, France; Research Support Network, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Eric Reiter
- Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS), Tours, France; BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - George Bousfield
- Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS), Tours, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - James A Dias
- Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS), Tours, France; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS), Tours, France; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McGee SR, Narayan P. Precocious puberty and Leydig cell hyperplasia in male mice with a gain of function mutation in the LH receptor gene. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3900-13. [PMID: 23861372 PMCID: PMC3776872 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The LH receptor (LHR) is critical for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Its essential role is underscored by the developmental and reproductive abnormalities that occur due to genetic mutations identified in the human LHR. In males, activating mutations are associated with precocious puberty and Leydig cell hyperplasia. To generate a mouse model for the human disease, we have introduced an aspartic acid to glycine mutation in amino acid residue 582 (D582G) of the mouse LHR gene corresponding to the most common D578G mutation found in boys with familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). In transfected cells, mouse D582G mLHR exhibited constitutive activity with a 23-fold increase in basal cAMP levels compared with the wild-type receptor. A temporal study of male mice from 7 days to 24 weeks indicated that the knock-in mice with the mutated receptor (KiLHR(D582G)) exhibited precocious puberty with elevated testosterone levels as early as 7 days of age and through adulthood. Leydig cell-specific genes encoding LHR and several steroidogenic enzymes were up-regulated in KiLHR(D582G) testis. Leydig cell hyperplasia was detected at all ages, whereas Sertoli and germ cell development appeared normal. A novel finding from our studies, not previously reported in the FMPP cases, is that extensive hyperplasia is commonly found around the periphery of the testis. We further demonstrate that the hyperplasia is due to premature proliferation and precocious differentiation of adult Leydig cells in the KiLHR(D582G) testis. The KiLHR(D582G) mice provide a mouse model for FMPP, and we suggest that it is a useful model for studying pathologies associated with altered LHR signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Leydig Cells/metabolism
- Leydig Cells/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Puberty, Precocious/blood
- Puberty, Precocious/genetics
- Puberty, Precocious/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Receptors, LH/metabolism
- Testicular Diseases/blood
- Testicular Diseases/metabolism
- Testicular Diseases/pathology
- Testosterone/blood
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey R McGee
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Puett D, Angelova K, da Costa MR, Warrenfeltz SW, Fanelli F. The luteinizing hormone receptor: insights into structure-function relationships and hormone-receptor-mediated changes in gene expression in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 329:47-55. [PMID: 20444430 PMCID: PMC2946427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), one of the three glycoprotein hormone receptors, is necessary for critical reproductive processes, including gonadal steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation, and male sex differentiation. Moreover, it has been postulated to contribute to certain neoplasms, particularly ovarian cancer. A member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, LHR contains a relatively large extracellular domain responsible for high affinity hormone binding; transmembrane activation then leads to G protein coupling and subsequent second messenger production. This review deals with recent advances in our understanding of LHR structure and structure-function relationships, as well as hormone-mediated changes in gene expression in ovarian cancer cells expressing LHR. Suggestions are also made for critical gaps that need to be filled as the field advances, including determination of the three-dimensional structure of inactive and active receptor, elucidation of the mechanism by which hormone binding to the extracellular domain triggers the activation of Gs, clarification of the putative roles of LHR in non-gonadal tissues, and the role, if any, of activated receptor in the development or progression of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Puett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Coonce MM, Rabideau AC, McGee S, Smith K, Narayan P. Impact of a constitutively active luteinizing hormone receptor on testicular gene expression and postnatal Leydig cell development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 298:33-41. [PMID: 19013498 PMCID: PMC2653066 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The actions of luteinizing hormone (LH) mediated through its receptor (LHR) are critical for testicular steroidogenesis and Leydig cell differentiation. We have previously characterized transgenic mice expressing a genetically engineered, constitutively active yoked hormone-receptor complex (YHR), in which a fusion protein of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was covalently linked to LHR. Elevated testosterone levels were detected in male mice expressing YHR (YHR(+)) at 3 and 5 weeks of age, accompanied by decreases in testicular weight and serum levels of LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Here we report a temporal study to identify testicular genes whose expression is altered in YHR(+) mice during postnatal development. The mRNA expression levels for the steroidogenic enzymes, P450 17alpha-hydroxylase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase3 and 5alpha-reductase1 were down-regulated in 3- and 5-week-old YHR(+) testis. This result coupled with an immunohistochemical analysis of Leydig cell specific proteins and quantification of Leydig cell numbers identified a decrease in adult Leydig cells in YHR(+) mice. Surprisingly, no change was detected for cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein RNA levels between WT and YHR(+) mice. In contrast, mRNA levels for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 were up-regulated in 3- and 5-week-old YHR(+) mice. The mRNA levels for several germ cell-specific proteins were up-regulated at 5 weeks of age in both WT and YHR(+) mice. We conclude that premature high levels of testosterone alter the expression of a select number of testicular genes and impair the differentiation of adult Leydig cells in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Coonce
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Amanda C. Rabideau
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Stacey McGee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Keriayn Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Prema Narayan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Life Science III, Mailcode 6523, Carbondale IL, 62901, USA, Tel: 618-453-1567, Fax: 618-453-1517,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
In mammals and humans, reproductive capacity is attained at puberty as the end-point of a complex series of developmental and neuroendocrine events that lead to true sexual maturity. As for humans, sexual precocity looks like a pathologic status. While for some animals, sexual precocity may be a valuable quantitative character. For some species, the character of sexual precocity was developed in the evolutionary process and stably transmitted to future generations. Sexual precocity is a complex character determined by polygenes. This review introduced the association between KiSS-1, GPR54, LHR, FSHR, CYP, ER, TGFa, IGF-, GNAS1, HSD3B2, SHBG, VDR genes and sexual precocity in mammals.
Collapse
|
18
|
Thompson MD, Percy ME, McIntyre Burnham W, Cole DEC. G protein-coupled receptors disrupted in human genetic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 448:109-37. [PMID: 18370233 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-205-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) results in the disruption of GPCR function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases. In vitro strategies have been used to elucidate the molecular pathologies that underlie naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Various degrees of inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptors have been identified. These mutations often alter ligand binding, G protein coupling, receptor desensitization, and receptor recycling. The role of inactivating and activating calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) mutations is discussed with respect to familial hypocalciuric hypercalemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalemia (ADH). Among ADH mutations, those associated with tonic-clonic seizures are discussed. Other receptors discussed include rhodopsin, thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, melanocortin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHR), adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, endothelin-beta, purinergic, and the G protein associated with asthma (GPRA). Diseases caused by mutations that disrupt GPCR function are significant because they might be selectively targeted by drugs that rescue altered receptors. Examples of drug development based on targeting GPCRs mutated in disease include the calcimimetics used to compensate for some CASR mutations, obesity therapeutics targeting melanocortin receptors, interventions that alter GnRHR loss from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and novel drugs that might rescue the P2RY12 receptor in a rare bleeding disorder. The discovery of GPRA suggests that drug screens against variant GPCRs may identify novel drugs. This review of the variety of GPCRs that are disrupted in monogenic disease provides the basis for examining the significance of common pharmacogenetic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|