1
|
Athar F, Karmani M, Templeman N. Metabolic hormones are integral regulators of female reproductive health and function. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231916. [PMID: 38131197 PMCID: PMC10830447 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive system is strongly influenced by nutrition and energy balance. It is well known that food restriction or energy depletion can induce suppression of reproductive processes, while overnutrition is associated with reproductive dysfunction. However, the intricate mechanisms through which nutritional inputs and metabolic health are integrated into the coordination of reproduction are still being defined. In this review, we describe evidence for essential contributions by hormones that are responsive to food intake or fuel stores. Key metabolic hormones-including insulin, the incretins (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1), growth hormone, ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin-signal throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to support or suppress reproduction. We synthesize current knowledge on how these multifaceted hormones interact with the brain, pituitary, and ovaries to regulate functioning of the female reproductive system, incorporating in vitro and in vivo data from animal models and humans. Metabolic hormones are involved in orchestrating reproductive processes in healthy states, but some also play a significant role in the pathophysiology or treatment strategies of female reproductive disorders. Further understanding of the complex interrelationships between metabolic health and female reproductive function has important implications for improving women's health overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Athar
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Muskan Karmani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nicole M. Templeman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Peng J, Yang S, Huang Y, Tong D. Expressions of ghrelin and GHSR-1a in the corpus luteum and the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on luteal function of pregnant sows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106763. [PMID: 36166950 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that ghrelin played direct actions in ovarian function, but the direct role of ghrelin in corpus luteum (CL) of pregnant sows has remained obscure. The study aimed to examine the expressions of ghrelin and its functional receptor (GHSR-1a) in the CL of sows during pregnancy, and evaluate the role of ghrelin in CL function of pregnant sows. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that ghrelin and GHSR-1a are both predominantly localized in the luteal cells of pregnant sows CL. Strong immunoreactivity for ghrelin and GHSR-1a is detected at days 20 (early) and 50 (middle), but weak immunoreactivity is observed at days 90 (late) post mating. Similarly, there is a significant effect of pregnant phase on the expression (mRNA and protein) of ghrelin and GHSR-1a in the CL, with higher levels at days 20 (early) and 50 (middle), and lower values at 90 (late) post mating. In vitro, treatments of luteal cells with ghrelin (from 0.01 to 10 ng/mL) are promoted cell viability and P4 secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Ghrelin is also accelerated the LH-induced P4 secretion in luteal cells. Moreover, ghrelin is induced the release and mRNA expression of LH, and increased the release of prostaglandin (PG)E2, but reduced the secretion of PGF2α in luteal cells. In conclusion, the presences of ghrelin and GHSR-1a in the porcine CL during pregnancy, and the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on luteal cells suggest positive regulation by ghrelin in CL function of pregnant sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Sitian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yupei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murugesan S, Nidamanuri AL. Role of leptin and ghrelin in regulation of physiological functions of chicken. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
4
|
Hatef A, Rajeswari JJ, Unniappan S. The ghrelinergic system in zebrafish gonads is suppressed during food unavailability. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
5
|
New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
Collapse
|
6
|
The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059
expr 982648605 + 846360072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
Collapse
|
7
|
The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11059. [PMID: 34681721 PMCID: PMC8539660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059&set/a 934136356+984013925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schalla MA, Stengel A. The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011059. [PMID: 34681721 PMCID: PMC8539660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A. Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Sirotkin AV, Benčo A, Mlynček M, Harrath AH, Alwasel S, Kotwica J. The involvement of the phosphorylatable and nonphosphorylatable transcription factor CREB-1 in the control of human ovarian cell functions. C R Biol 2019; 342:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
Devesa J, Caicedo D. The Role of Growth Hormone on Ovarian Functioning and Ovarian Angiogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:450. [PMID: 31379735 PMCID: PMC6646585 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although not yet well-understood, today it is clear that Growth Hormone (GH) exerts a relevant role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility; in fact, fertility is lower in women with GH deficiency (GHD), and GH receptors (GHR) and GH mRNA have been found in the ovary since the onset of follicular development in humans. However, despite the strong evidence of GH in the regulation of fertility, many aspects of GH actions at this level are still not well-established, and it is likely that some controversial data depend on the species analyzed, the dose of the hormone and the duration of use of GH. Folliculogenesis, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and maintenance are processes that are critically dependent on angiogenesis. In the ovary, new blood vessel formation facilitates oxygen, nutrients, and hormone substrate delivery, and also secures transfer of different hormones to targeted cells. Some growth factors and hormones overlap their actions in order to control the angiogenic process for fertility. However, we still know very little about the factors that play a critical role in the vascular changes that occur during folliculogenesis or luteal regression. To promote and maintain the production of VEGF-A in granulosa cells, the effects of local factors such as IGF-I and steroids are needed; that VEGF-A-inducing effect cannot be induced by luteinizing hormone (LH) or chorionic gonadotropin (CG) alone. As a result of the influences that GH exerts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, facilitating the release of gonadotropins, and given the relationship between GH and local ovarian factors such as VEGF-A, FGF-2, IGF-1, or production of sex steroids, we assume that GH has to be a necessary factor in ovarian angiogenesis, as it happens in other vascular beds. In this review we will discuss the actions of GH in the ovary, most of them likely due to the local production of the hormone and its mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Foundation Foltra, Teo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jesús Devesa ;
| | - Diego Caicedo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Goldsammler M, Merhi Z, Buyuk E. Role of hormonal and inflammatory alterations in obesity-related reproductive dysfunction at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:45. [PMID: 29743077 PMCID: PMC5941782 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides being a risk factor for multiple metabolic disorders, obesity could affect female reproduction. While increased adiposity is associated with hormonal changes that could disrupt the function of the hypothalamus and the pituitary, compelling data suggest that obesity-related hormonal and inflammatory changes could directly impact ovarian function. OBJECTIVE To review the available data related to the mechanisms by which obesity, and its associated hormonal and inflammatory changes, could affect the female reproductive function with a focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. METHODS PubMed database search for publications in English language until October 2017 pertaining to obesity and female reproductive function was performed. RESULTS The obesity-related changes in hormone levels, in particular leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein, are associated with reproductive dysfunction at both the hypothalamic-pituitary and the ovarian levels. The pro-inflammatory molecules advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) are emerging as relatively new players in the pathophysiology of obesity-related ovarian dysfunction. CONCLUSION There is an intricate crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the inflammatory system with the HPO axis function. Understanding the mechanisms behind this crosstalk could lead to potential therapies for the common obesity-related reproductive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Goldsammler
- Montefiore’s Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Hartsdale, NY USA
| | - Zaher Merhi
- 0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
- 0000000121791997grid.251993.5Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Erkan Buyuk
- Montefiore’s Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Hartsdale, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sirotkin AV, Benčo A, Tandlmajerová A, Lauková M, Vašíček D, Laurinčik J, Kornhauser J, Alwasel S, Harrath AH. cAMP response element-binding protein 1 controls porcine ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis, and FSH and insulin-like growth factor 1 response. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1145-1153. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and its phosphorylation in the regulation of ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis, and of the response of proliferation and apoptosis to the upstream hormonal stimulators FSH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1. In the first series of experiments, porcine ovarian granulosa cells, transfected or not with a gene construct encoding wild-type CREB1 (CREB1WT), were cultured with and without FSH (0, 1, 10 or 100 ng mL−1). In the second series of experiments, these cells were transfected or not with CREB1WT or non-phosphorylatable mutant CREB1 (CREB1M1) and cultured with and without FSH (0, 1, 10 or 100 ng mL−1) or IGF1 (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng mL−1). Levels of total and phosphorylated (p-) CREB1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker of proliferation, and BAX, a marker of apoptosis, were evaluated by western immunoblotting and immunocytochemical analysis. Transfection of cells with CREB1WT promoted accumulation of total CREB1 within cells, but p-CREB1 was not detected in any cell group. Both CREB1WT and CREB1M1 reduced cell proliferation and apoptosis. Addition of 10 and 100 ng mL−1 FSH to non-transfected cells promoted CREB1 accumulation and apoptosis, whereas cell proliferation was promoted by all concentrations of FSH tested. FSH activity was not modified in cells transfected with either CREB1WT or CREB1M1. IGF1 at 100 ng mL−1 promoted cell proliferation, whereas all concentrations of IGF1 tested reduced apoptosis. Transfection with either CREB1WT or CREB1M1 did not modify the effects of either FSH or IGF1, although CREB1M1 reversed the effect of IGF1 on apoptosis from inhibitory to stimulatory. These observations suggest that CREB1 is involved in the downregulation of porcine ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis. The absence of visible CREB1 phosphorylation and the similarity between the effects of CREB1WT and CREB1M1 transfection indicate that phosphorylation is not necessary for CREB1 action on these processes. Furthermore, the observations suggest that FSH promotes both ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis, whereas IGF1 has proliferation-promoting and antiapoptotic properties. The effect of FSH on CREB1 accumulation and the ability of CREB1M1 to reverse the effects of IGF1 on apoptosis indicate that CREB1 is a mediator of hormonal activity, but the inability of either CREB1WT or CREBM1transfection to modify the primary effects of FSH and IGF1 suggest that CREB1 and its phosphorylation do not mediate the action of these hormones on ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sirotkin AV, Harrath AH, Grossmann R. Metabolic status and ghrelin regulate plasma levels and release of ovarian hormones in layer chicks. Physiol Res 2016; 66:85-92. [PMID: 27782746 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of nutritional status, the metabolic hormone ghrelin and their interrelationships in the control of chicken hormones involved in the regulation of reproduction. For this purpose, we identified the effect of food deprivation, administration of ghrelin 1-18 and their combination on plasma levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E), arginine-vasotocin (AVT) and growth hormone (GH) as well as the release of these hormones by isolated and cultured ovarian fragments. It was observed that food deprivation reduces plasma T and E and increases plasma AVT and GH levels. Food restriction also reduced the amount of E produced by isolated ovaries, but it did not affect the ovarian secretion of T and AVT. No ovarian GH secretion was detected. Ghrelin administered to ad libitum fed chickens did not affect plasma T and E levels, but it did increase plasma GH and AVT concentrations. Moreover, it partially prevented the effect of food deprivation on plasma E and AVT levels, but not on T or GH levels. Ghrelin administration to control birds promoted ovarian T, but not E or AVT release and reduced T and no other hormonal outputs in birds subjected to food restriction. Our results (1) confirmed the ovarian origin of the main plasma T and E and the extra-ovarian origin of the main blood AVT and GH; (2) showed that food deprivation-induced suppression of reproduction may be caused by suppression of T and E and the promotion of AVT and GH release; (3) suggest the involvement of ghrelin in control chicken E, AVT and GH output; and (4) indicates that ghrelin can either mimic or modify the effect of the intake of low calories on chicken plasma and ovarian hormones, i.e. it can mediate the effect of metabolic state on hormones involved in the control of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Sirotkin
- Department Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sirotkin AV, Mertin D, Süvegová K, Lauričik J, Morovič M, Harrath AH, Kotwica J. Mink aging is associated with a reduction in ovarian hormone release and the response to FSH and ghrelin. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1175-81. [PMID: 27160444 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine mechanisms of mink ovarian hormones release and reproductive aging are poorly investigated. The aims of our study were to: (1) identify hormones produced by mink ovaries (the steroids progesterone [P] and estradiol [E], the peptide hormone oxytocin [OT], and the prostaglandin F [PGF] and prostaglandin E [PGE]); (2) examine the effect of FSH and ghrelin on the release of the hormones listed previously; and (3) understand whether these hormones can be involved in the control of mink reproductive aging, i.e., whether aging can be associated with changes (a) in the basal release of P, E, OT, PGF, or PGE and (b) their response to FSH and ghrelin. Fragments of ovaries of young (yearlings) and old (3-5 years of age) minks were cultured with and without FSH and ghrelin (0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL), and the release of hormones was analyzed by EIA/RIA. We found that isolated ovaries were able to release P, E, OT, PGF, and PGE, and the levels of P produced in the ovaries of old animals were lower than those produced in the ovaries of young animals, whereas the levels of other hormones did not differ. FSH was able to stimulate P and E and suppress OT and PGF and did not affect PGE release. Aging was associated with the inhibition of the effect of FSH on ovarian P and E, the appearance of the inhibitory action of FSH on OT, and the disappearance of this action on ovarian PGF. PGE was not affected by FSH, irrespective of animal age. Ghrelin was able to promote E (but not P) and suppress OT, PGF, and PGE output. Aging was associated with the appearance of an inhibitory influence of ghrelin on ovarian OT and PGE and with the disappearance of this influence on PGF output. Aging did not affect the action of ghrelin on ovarian P and E. Our observations (1) confirm the production of P and E and show that OT, PGF, and PGE are released from mink ovaries, (2) confirm the involvement of FSH and demonstrate the involvement of ghrelin in the control of mink ovarian hormone release, and (3) suggest that reproductive aging in minks is due to a reduction in basal P release and alterations in the response of E, OT, PGF (but not of PGE) to FSH and ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia; Research Institute of Animal Production, Lužianky, Slovakia.
| | - Dušan Mertin
- Research Institute of Animal Production, Lužianky, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sirotkin AV, Harrath AH, Grossmann R. The role of metabolic state and obestatin in control of chicken ovarian hormone release. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1939-42. [PMID: 27030691 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role and interrelationships between calorie restriction and obestatin in the control of hormone release by chicken ovarian tissue. For this purpose, we compared the release of progesterone (P), testosteron (T), estradiol (E), and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by ovarian fragments isolated from chicken subjected and not subjested to food restriction, as well as the response of these ovarian fragments to obestatin additions.It was observed that food restriction promoted release of P, reduced output of T, but did not affect basal E and AVT release. Obestatin addition reduced E, promoted AVT, and did not alter P and T release by ovarian tissue isolated from ad libitum fed chicken. In ovarian fragments of fasted hens it reduced E, promoted T, and did not influence P and AVT release.The present observations demonstrate (1) that obestatin can directly control the release of avian ovarian hormones - regulators of reproduction, (2) that metabolic state can control the release of these hormones, and (3) metabolic state can alter the response of ovarian hormones to obestatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Dept. Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia Dept. Genetics and Reproduction, Research Institute of Animal Production, 949 59 Lužianky
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roland Grossmann
- Dept. Functional Genomics & Bioregulation, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sirotkin AV, Harrath AH, Grossmann R. Comparison of the effects of human and chicken ghrelin on chicken ovarian hormone release. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 201:59-63. [PMID: 27378405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present experiments was to examine the species-specific and cell-specific effects of ghrelin on chicken ovarian hormone release. For this purpose, we compared the effects of chicken and human ghrelin on the release of estradiol (E), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by cultured fragments of chicken ovarian follicles and on the release of T and AVT by cultured ovarian granulosa cells. In cultured chicken ovarian fragments, both human and chicken ghrelin promoted E release. T output was stimulated by chicken ghrelin but not by human ghrelin. No effect of either human or chicken ghrelin on P release was observed. Human ghrelin promoted but chicken ghrelin suppressed AVT release by chicken ovarian fragments. In cultured ovarian granulosa cells, human ghrelin inhibited while chicken ghrelin stimulated T release. Both human and chicken ghrelin suppressed AVT output by chicken granulosa cells. These data confirm the involvement of ghrelin in the control of ovarian secretory activity and demonstrate that the effect of ghrelin is species-specific. The similarity of avian ghrelin on avian ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian fragments (containing both granulosa and theca cells) suggests that ghrelin can influence chicken ovarian hormones primarily by acting on granulosa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Dept. of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; Dept. of Genetics and Reproduction, Research Institute of Animal Production, 949 59 Lužianky, Slovakia; King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Roland Grossmann
- Dept. of Functional Genomics & Bioregulation, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dai M, Jiang S, Yuan X, Yang W, Yang Z, Huang L. Effects of zearalenone-diet on expression of ghrelin and PCNA genes in ovaries of post-weaning piglets. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 168:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Interrelationship between feeding level and the metabolic hormones leptin, ghrelin and obestatin in control of chicken egg laying and release of ovarian hormones. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 184:1-5. [PMID: 25645297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present experiment is to examine the role of nutritional status, metabolic hormones and their interrelationships in the control of chicken ovarian ovulatory and secretory activity. For this purpose, we identified the effect of food restriction, administration of leptin, ghrelin 1-18, obestatin and combinations of food restriction with these hormones for 3days on chicken ovulation (egg laying) rate and ovarian hormone release. The release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), estradiol (E) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by isolated and cultured ovarian fragments was determined by EIA. It was observed that food restriction significantly reduced the egg-laying rate, T, E and AVT release and promoted P output by ovarian fragments. Leptin, administrated to ad libitum-fed chickens, did not change these parameters besides promoting E release. Nevertheless, administration of leptin was able to prevent the effect of food restriction on ovulation, T and E (but not P or AVT) release. Ghrelin 1-18 administration to ad libitum-fed birds did not affect the measured parameters besides a reduction in P release. Ghrelin 1-18 administration prevented the food restriction-induced decrease in ovarian T, E and AVT, but it did not change P output or egg laying. Obestatin administrated to control chicken promoted their ovarian P, E and inhibited ovarian AVT release but did not affect egg laying. It was able to promote the effect of food restriction on P, T and AVT, but not E release or egg laying. Our results (1) confirm an inhibitory effect of food restriction on chicken ovulation rate; (2) shows that food restriction-induced reduction in egg laying is associated with a decrease in ovarian T, E and AVT and an increase in ovarian P release; (3) confirm the involvement of metabolic hormones leptin, ghrelin and obestatin in the control of chicken ovarian hormones output; and (4) the ability of metabolic hormones to mimic/antagonize or prevent/promote the effects of food restriction on both egg laying and ovarian hormones demonstrates that nutritional status can influence ovarian ovulatory and endocrine functions via changes in metabolic hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Research Centre of Animal Production, Hlohovská 2, 949 59 Lužianky, Slovakia.
| | - Roland Grossmann
- Department of Functional Genomics and Bioregulation, Ïnstitute of Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gupta M, Dangi SS, Singh G, Sarkar M. Expression and localization of ghrelin and its receptor in ovarian follicles during different stages of development and the modulatory effect of ghrelin on granulosa cells function in buffalo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:87-95. [PMID: 25275756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone predominantly found in the stomach, was recently described as a factor that controls female reproductive function. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and localization of ghrelin and its active receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) in buffalo ovarian follicles of different follicular size and to investigate role of ghrelin on estradiol (E2) secretion, aromatase (CYP19A1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis regulator Bax gene expression on granulosa cell culture. Using real time PCR and western blot, we measured gene and protein expression of examined factors. Localization was done with immunofluorescence method. Expression of ghrelin increased with follicle size with significantly highest in dominant or pre-ovulatory follicle (P<0.05). Expression of GHS-R1a was comparable in medium and large follicle but was higher than small follicles (P<0.05). Both the factors were localized in granulosa and theca cells. Pattern of intensity of immunofluorescence was similar with mRNA and protein expression. In the in vitro study granulosa cells (GCs) were cultured and treated with ghrelin each at 1, 10 and 100ng/ml concentrations for two days after obtaining 75-80 per cent confluence. Ghrelin treatment significantly (P<0.05) inhibited E2 secretion, CYP19A1 expression, apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence for the presence of ghrelin and receptor GHS-R1a in ovarian follilcles and modulatory role of ghrelin on granulosa cell function in buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gupta
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S S Dangi
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - G Singh
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - M Sarkar
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MicroRNAs control transcription factor NF-kB (p65) expression in human ovarian cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:271-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
24
|
Opposing roles of leptin and ghrelin in the equine corpus luteum regulation: an in vitro study. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:682193. [PMID: 25125800 PMCID: PMC4122068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/682193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic hormones have been associated with reproductive function modulation. Thus, the aim of this study was: (i) to characterize the immunolocalization, mRNA and protein levels of leptin (LEP), Ghrelin (GHR) and respective receptors LEPR and Ghr-R1A, throughout luteal phase; and (ii) to evaluate the role of LEP and GHR on progesterone (P4), prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2α, nitric oxide (nitrite), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF); macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) secretion, and on angiogenic activity (BAEC proliferation), in equine corpus luteum (CL) from early and mid-luteal stages. LEPR expression was decreased in late CL, while GHR/Ghr-R1A system was increased in the same stage. Regarding secretory activity, GHR decreased P4 in early CL, but increased PGF2α, nitrite and TNF in mid CL. Conversely, LEP increased P4, PGE2, angiogenic activity, MIF, TNF and nitrite during early CL, in a dose-dependent manner. The in vitro effect of LEP on secretory activity was reverted by GHR, when both factors acted together. The present results evidence the presence of LEP and GHR systems in the equine CL. Moreover, we suggest that LEP and GHR play opposing roles in equine CL regulation, with LEP supporting luteal establishment and GHR promoting luteal regression. Finally, a dose-dependent luteotrophic effect of LEP was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Cecarini V, Mozzicafreddo M, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM. Ghrelin induces apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma cells via proteasome inhibition and autophagy induction. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1188-200. [PMID: 23632965 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a metabolism-regulating hormone recently investigated for its role in cancer survival and progression. Controversially, ghrelin may act as either anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic factor in different cancer cells, suggesting that the effects are cell type dependent. Limited data are currently available on the effects exerted by ghrelin on intracellular proteolytic pathways in cancer. Both the lysosomal and the proteasomal systems are fundamental in cellular proliferation and apoptosis regulation. With the aim of exploring if the proteasome and autophagy may be possible targets of ghrelin in cancer, we exposed human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells to ghrelin. Preliminary in vitro fluorimetric assays evidenced for the first time a direct inhibition of 20S proteasomes by ghrelin, particularly evident for the trypsin-like activity. Moreover, 1 μM ghrelin induced apoptosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system and by activating autophagy, with p53 having an "interactive" role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Macerata, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kheradmand A, Dezfoulian O, Alirezaei M. Ghrelin is a Regulator of Cellular Apoptosis and Proliferation in the Rat Ovary. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
27
|
Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kaiya H, Kangawa K, Miyazato M. Update on ghrelin biology in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:170-5. [PMID: 23631903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide found in the mucosal layer of the rat stomach that exhibits growth hormone-releasing and appetite-stimulating activities. Since the discovery of ghrelin in chicken in 2002, information on its structure, distribution, function, and receptors has been accumulated, mainly in poultry. Here, we summarize the following findings since 2008 in birds: (1) central ghrelin acts as an anorexigenic neuropeptide, but the effect of peripheral ghrelin differs depending on the chicken strain and light conditions the birds are kept in; (2) central ghrelin inhibits not only food intake but also water drinking, and it may be mediated by urocortin, a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor family; (3) peripheral ghrelin acts as an anti-lipogenic factor in broiler chickens but not in rats; (4) the enzyme involved in ghrelin acylation (ghrelin-O-acyltransferase [GOAT]) has been identified in chickens; (5) dietary lipids are used for ghrelin acylation; (6) des-acyl ghrelin administered alone or with ghrelin does not affect feeding behavior; (7) the existence and physiological function of obestatin must now be carefully examined in birds; (8) other than the growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS) R1a and 1b, GHS-R variants not found in mammals have been found in chicken and Japanese quail; and finally (9) little is known about the involvement of the ghrelin system in wild birds and in avian-specific behavior such as brooding and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lotfi A, Shahryar HA, Kaiya H. Effect of in ovo ghrelin administration on hatching results and post-hatching performance of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
30
|
Kaiya H, Kangawa K, Miyazato M. Ghrelin receptors in non-Mammalian vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23882259 PMCID: PMC3713435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R) was discovered in humans and pigs in 1996. The endogenous ligand, ghrelin, was discovered 3 years later, in 1999, and our understanding of the physiological significance of the ghrelin system in vertebrates has grown steadily since then. Although the ghrelin system in non-mammalian vertebrates is a subject of great interest, protein sequence data for the receptor in non-mammalian vertebrates has been limited until recently, and related biological information has not been well organized. In this review, we summarize current information related to the ghrelin receptor in non-mammalian vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Kaiya, Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan e-mail:
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nurkalem C, Celik H, Dagli F, Gurates B, Kavak B, Dogan Z, Baykus Y, Aydin S. Ghrelin and obestatin expression in serous ovarian tumours. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:941-4. [PMID: 22954236 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.650753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate ghrelin and obestatin expression in serous ovarian tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparations of deparaffinized blocks obtained from the pathology archives of a total of 47 previously diagnosed cases of benign serous tumour (n = 20), borderline serous tumour (n = 7) and malignant serous tumour (n = 20) were subjected to immunohistochemical examination to find out ghrelin and obestatin expressions. RESULTS Mean ghrelin expressions decreased significantly in the benign group, relative to the malignant group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant change in mean obestatin expression. It was established that rates of preparations with moderate and severe ghrelin and obestatin expression displayed a significant increase from benign to malignant ones (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The fact that rates of preparations with severe expression correlated with an increase in malignancy suggests that ghrelin and obestatin may be effective in the malignant transformation in at least some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cemile Nurkalem
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Firat University Medical School, Elazig, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Food restriction, ghrelin, its antagonist and obestatin control expression of ghrelin and its receptor in chicken hypothalamus and ovary. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 164:141-53. [PMID: 22877785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify the role of age, nutritional state and some metabolic hormones in control of avian hypothalamic and ovarian ghrelin/ghrelin receptor system. We examined the effect of food restriction, administration of ghrelin 1-18, ghrelin antagonistic analogue (D-Lys-3)-GHRP-6, obestatin and combinations of them on the expression of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) in hypothalamus and ovary of old (23months of age) and young (7months of age) chickens. Expression of mRNAs for ghrelin and GHS-R1a in both hypothalamus and largest ovarian follicle was measured by RT-PCR. It was observed that food restriction could promote the expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a in hypothalamus and ovary of the old chickens, but in the young chickens it reduced expression of ghrelin and did not affect expression of GHS-R1a in the ovary. Administration of ghrelin 1-18 did not affect hypothalamic or ovarian ghrelin mRNA, but significantly increased the expression of GHS-R1a in hypothalamus, but not in ovary. (D-Lys-3)-GHRP-6, significantly stimulated accumulation of ghrelin, but not GHS-R1a mRNA in hypothalamus or ghrelin or GHS-R1a in the ovary. Ghrelin 1-18 and (D-Lys-3)-GHRP-6, when given together, were able either to prevent or to induce effect of these hormones. Obestatin administration increased expression of ghrelin gene in the hypothalamus, but not expression of hypothalamic GHS-R1a, ovarian ghrelin and GHS-R1a. Furthermore, obestatin was able to modify effect of both ghrelin and fasting on hypothalamic and ovarian mRNA for ghrelin GHS-R1a. Our results (1) confirm the existence of ghrelin and its functional receptors GHS-R1a in the chicken hypothalamus and ovary (2) confirm the age-dependent control of ovarian ghrelin by feeding, (3) demonstrate, that nutritional status can influence the expression of both ghrelin and GHS-R1a in hypothalamus and in the ovary (3) demonstrates for the first time, that ghrelin can promote generation of its functional receptor in the hypothalamus, but not in the ovary, (4) show that ghrelin1-18 and (D-Lys-3)-GHRP-6 could not only be antagonists in the action on chicken hypothalamus and ovaries, but also independent regulators and even agonists, and (5) provide first evidence for action of obestatin on hypothalamic ghrelin and on the response of hypothalamic and ovarian ghrelin/GHS-R1a system to food restriction. These data indicate the involvement of both hypothalamic and ovarian ghrelin/GHS-R1 systems in mediating the effects of nutritional status, ghrelin and obestatin on reproductive processes.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Kheradmand A, Dezfoulian O, Alirezaei M, Rasoulian B. Ghrelin modulates testicular germ cells apoptosis and proliferation in adult normal rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
35
|
Rezaeian F, Wettstein R, Scheuer C, Bäumker K, Bächle A, Vollmar B, Menger MD, Harder Y. Ghrelin protects musculocutaneous tissue from ischemic necrosis by improving microvascular perfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H603-10. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00390.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent ischemia in musculocutaneous tissue may lead to wound breakdown and necrosis. The objective of this experimental study was to analyze, whether the gastric peptide ghrelin prevents musculocutaneous tissue from necrosis and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two C57BL/6 mice equipped with a dorsal skinfold chamber containing ischemic musculocutaneous tissue were allocated to four groups: 1) ghrelin; 2) Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME); 3) ghrelin and l-NAME; and 4) control. Microcirculation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue survival were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (iNOS I and eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were assessed by Western blot analysis. Ghrelin-treated animals showed an increased expression of iNOS and eNOS in critically perfused tissue compared with controls. This was associated with arteriolar dilation, increased arteriolar perfusion, and a sustained functional capillary density. Ghrelin further upregulated NF-κB and VEGF and induced angiogenesis. Finally, ghrelin reduced microvascular leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, apoptosis, and overall tissue necrosis ( P < 0.05 vs. control). Inhibition of nitric oxide by l-NAME did not affect the anti-inflammatory and angiogenic action of ghrelin but completely blunted the ghrelin-induced tissue protection by abrogating the arteriolar dilation, the improved capillary perfusion, and the increased tissue survival. Ghrelin prevents critically perfused tissue from ischemic necrosis. Tissue protection is the result of a nitric oxide synthase-mediated improvement of the microcirculation but not due to induction of angiogenesis or attenuation of inflammation. This might represent a promising, noninvasive, and clinically applicable approach to protect musculocutaneous tissue from ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rezaeian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich
| | - R. Wettstein
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - K. Bäumker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Bächle
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - B. Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - M. D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - Y. Harder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ahumada-Solórzano SM, Carranza ME, Pedernera E, Rodríguez-Méndez AJ, Luna M, Arámburo C. Local expression and distribution of growth hormone and growth hormone receptor in the chicken ovary: effects of GH on steroidogenesis in cultured follicular granulosa cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:297-310. [PMID: 22142535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preovulatory follicular development (PFD) is mainly regulated by gonadotropins (FSH, LH) and steroids, although other intraovarian factors are also involved. We analyzed the local expression of growth hormone (GH) in the hen ovary and the role that this hormone may play on the regulation of steroidogenesis in granulosa cells (GCs). Ovarian follicles from sexually mature hens were studied at different developmental stages. Both GH mRNA (by in situ hybridization) and protein (by immunohistochemistry) were expressed mainly in the GCs, and to a lesser extent in the theca cells of the follicular wall. Sequence of a GH cDNA 690-bp fragment obtained from the follicular wall was identical to that obtained from the pituitary. The growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA was also expressed in the follicles. Nine GH variants were observed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, but the main isoform showed a MW of 17 kDa, at all developmental stages. Addition of GH (0.1, 1, 10 nM) stimulated the synthesis of progesterone (P4) in primary GCs cultures in a dose-dependent manner (1.5, 2.9, 5.4 times, respectively). GH also stimulated the expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (cytochrome P450scc) mRNA, a rate-limiting enzyme during P4 synthesis (2.9, 4.6, 4.9 times, respectively), whereas the synthesis of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) mRNA (a constitutive enzyme) was not changed. Both GH and GHR were co-expressed in GCs cultures. The locally expressed GH present in concentrated (4×, 6×, 8×) conditioned media obtained from ovarian GC cultures stimulated P4 production (1.2, 2.2, 4.4 times, respectively) in additional fresh cultured GCs, and this effect disappeared when the conditioned media were treated with antiserum against GH. These data suggest that locally produced GH may modulate follicular development through autocrine/paracrine effects in the chicken ovary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marisela Ahumada-Solórzano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sirotkin AV, Benčo A, Tandlmajerová A, Vašíček D. Involvement of transcription factor p53 and leptin in control of porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions. Cell Prolif 2011; 45:9-14. [PMID: 22151798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our in vitro experiments was to examine the role of transcription factor p53 and the metabolic hormone leptin, in controlling basic functions (proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity) of ovarian cells, as well as involvement of p53 in mediating or modulating actions of leptin, on ovarian cells. Porcine ovarian granulosa cells, transfected and non-transfected with a gene construct encoding p53, were cultured with leptin (at concentrations of 0, 1, 10 or 100 ng/ml). Accumulation of p53 and of apoptosis-related (bax) and proliferation-related (PCNA, cyclin B1) substances was evaluated by SDS-PAGE-western blotting. Secretion of progesterone (P4) was measured by RIA. Transfection with the p53 gene construct promoted accumulation of this transcription factor within cells. It also stimulated expression of bax (which can be thought of as a marker of apoptosis), and reduced accumulation of proliferation-related substances PCNA and cyclin B1. Overexpression of p53 resulted in reduced P4 secretion. Leptin, when added alone, increased accumulation of p53, bax and PCNA, decreased accumulation of cyclin B1 and had no effect on P4 secretion. Transfection of cells with p53 gene construct reversed effects of leptin on cyclin B1 and induced stimulatory effects of leptin on P4 release, but did not modify leptin action on p53, bax and PCNA. These multiple effects of the p53 gene construct on granulosa cells, cultured with and without leptin, (i) demonstrate that leptin can be involved in control of porcine ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis and expression of p53, but not on P4 release; and (ii) confirm involvement of p53 in promoting apoptosis and suppression of proliferation and P4 secretion in these cells. (iii) The similarity of p53 and leptin's actions on bax and cyclin B1, and inability of p53 to further promote leptin action on this parameter suggest that p53 can be a mediator of leptin's action on ovarian cell apoptosis. (iv) On the other hand, p53 can modulate, but probably not mediate the effects of leptin on ovarian cell proliferation and P4 release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Sirotkin
- Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Lužianky, Slovakia Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia. sirotkin@cvzv. sk
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Muccioli G, Lorenzi T, Lorenzi M, Ghè C, Arnoletti E, Raso GM, Castellucci M, Gualillo O, Meli R. Beyond the metabolic role of ghrelin: a new player in the regulation of reproductive function. Peptides 2011; 32:2514-21. [PMID: 22074955 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide, discovered by Kojima et al. (1999) [55] as a result of the search for an endogenous ligand interacting with the "orphan receptor" GHS-R1a (growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a). Ghrelin is composed of 28 aminoacids and is produced mostly by specific cells of the stomach, by the hypothalamus and hypophysis, even if its presence, as well as that of its receptors, has been demonstrated in many other tissues, not least in gonads. Ghrelin potently stimulates GH release and participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis, increasing food intake, decreasing energy output and exerting a lipogenetic effect. Furthermore, ghrelin influences the secretion and motility of the gastrointestinal tract, especially of the stomach, and, above all, profoundly affects pancreatic functions. Despite of these previously envisaged activities, it has recently been hypothesized that ghrelin regulates several aspects of reproductive physiology and pathology. In conclusion, ghrelin not only cooperates with other neuroendocrine factors, such as leptin, in the modulation of energy homeostasis, but also has a crucial role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis. In the current review we summarize the main targets of this gastric peptide, especially focusing on the reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Muccioli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Division of Medical Pharmacology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kaiya H, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. Recent advances in the phylogenetic study of ghrelin. Peptides 2011; 32:2155-74. [PMID: 21600258 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand fully the biology of ghrelin, it is important to know the evolutionary history of ghrelin and its receptor. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates are a useful approach to that end. Ghrelin is a hormone that has apparently evaded natural selection during a long evolutionary history. Surely ghrelin plays crucial physiological roles in living animals. Phylogenetic studies reveal the nature and evolutionary history of this important signaling system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sirotkin AV, Meszarošová M, Grossmann R, Benčo A, Valenzuela F. Effect of inhibitor and activator of ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 173:105-10. [PMID: 21600209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was previously shown, that ghrelin and its agonistic analogue, ghrelin 1-18, can be a stimulator of ovarian cell functions (promoter of proliferation, inhibitor of apoptosis and stimulator of hormones release). The aim of our studies was to compare the action of two ghrelin analogues - ghrelin 1-18, activator of ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1a), and (D-Lys3)-GHRP-6, its inhibitor, on porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions. Effects of (D-Lys3)-GHRP-6 added at doses of 0, 1, 10 or 100 ng/ml on the expression of markers of proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK/ERK1,2), apoptosis (bax, p53, caspase 3) and release of steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol) were examined. In addition, some effect of ghrelin 1-8 on some of these parameters (expression of MAPK/ERK1,2, bax, p53) were verified. It was shown, that (D-Lys3)-GHRP-6 promotes all markers of granulosa cell proliferation, inhibits all markers of apoptosis and stimulates the release of all three steroid hormones. Similar effects of (D-Lys3)-GHRP-6 (inhibitor of GHS-R1a) and ghrelin 1-18 (its stimulator) suggest that the examined effects of these substances on porcine ovaries are not mediated by GHS-R1a. Both chemical analogues could be potentially useful for stimulation of reproductive processes, at least in in vitro conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Institute of Genetics and Reproduction, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, 951 41 Lužianky near Nitra, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Repaci A, Gambineri A, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Ghrelin and reproductive disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:70-9. [PMID: 21453749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important factor involved in most of the metabolic and hormonal signals which adapt the reproductive functions in conditions of altered energy balance. Moreover, the coordinated role of leptin and ghrelin appears in fact to have a specific role in the regulation of puberty. Systemic action of ghrelin on the reproductive axis involves the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gondal axis. In addition, it has been shown that ghrelin may directly act at a gonadal level in both females and males. Available data also demonstrate that sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins may in turn regulate the gonadal effect of ghrelin, as documented by studies performed in females with the polycystic ovary syndrome and in hypogonadal men. Notably, recent studies also confirm a potentially important role for ghrelin in fetal and neonatal energy balance, and specifically in allowing fetal adaptation to an adverse intrauterine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Repaci
- St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang J, Li P, Peng K, Jin S. cDNA cloning of ghrelin and ontogeny of ghrelin mRNA expression in the gastrointestinal tract of African ostrich chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
43
|
Kolesarova A, Capcarova M, Sirotkin AV, Medvedova M, Kalafova A, Filipejova T, Kovacik J. In vitro assessment of molybdenum-induced secretory activity, proliferation and apoptosis of porcine ovarian granulosa cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:170-175. [PMID: 21240704 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.532430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element and it plays an important role in cell functions. The mechanism of the action of molybdenum in connection with growth factor IGF-I, proliferation-related peptide cyclin B1 and apoptosis-related peptide caspase-3 has not been examined previously in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. The general objective of this in vitro study was to examine the secretory activity of porcine ovarian granulosa cells after experimental Mo administration and to outline the potential intracellular mediators of its effects. Ovarian granulosa cells were incubated with ammonium molybdate for 18 hours: 1.0 mg/mL; 0.5 mg/mL; 0.33 mg/mL; 0.17 mg/mL and 0.09 mg/mL, while the control group received no Mo. The secretion of IGF-I was assessed by RIA and expression of cyclin B1 and caspase-3 by immunocytochemistry. IGF-I release was decreased by Mo addition at the doses 1.0 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL. The expression of cyclin B1 was stimulated by Mo addition at all doses ranging from 1.0-0.09 mg/mL. Caspase-3 expression was also stimulated after experimental Mo addition at the doses 1.0 and 0.5 mg/mL. These data contribute to new insights regarding the mechanism of action of Mo on porcine ovarian functions, secretory activity, proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells through hormonal and intracellular substances such as are cyclin B1 and caspase-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kolesarova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
This study represents a first review of contemporarily knowledge concerning involvement of transcription factors in control of different ovarian functions. After introduction of basic functions and classification of transcription factors, the available data concerning involvement of transcription factors in control of the following ovarian events are present: follicular development and selection, ovarian cell proliferation and cancerogenesis, ovarian cell apoptosis, ovarian secretory activity, oocyte/cumulus maturation, ovulation and luteogenesis, mediation effect of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. The importance of transcription factors of Smad family, of forkhead transcription factor (Fox) family, of breast cancer-associated genes/transcription factor, hypoxia-induced transcription factors and of other transcription factors in control of these processes has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Unniappan S. Ghrelin: an emerging player in the regulation of reproduction in non-mammalian vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:340-3. [PMID: 20005227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine regulation of vertebrate reproduction is achieved by the coordinated actions of multiple endocrine factors mainly produced from the brain, pituitary, and gonads. In addition to these, several other tissues including the fat and gut produce factors that have reproductive effects. Ghrelin is one such gut/brain hormone with species-specific effects in the regulation of mammalian reproduction. Recent studies have shown that ghrelin and ghrelin receptor mRNAs, and protein are expressed in the ovary and testis of mammals, indicating a direct effect for ghrelin in the control of reproduction. Ghrelin regulates mammalian reproduction by modulating hormone secretion from the brain and pituitary, and by acting directly on the gonads to influence reproductive tissue development and steroid hormone release. Based on the studies reported so far, ghrelin seems to have a predominantly inhibitory role on mammalian reproduction. The presence of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor has been found in the brain, pituitary and gonads of several non-mammalian vertebrates. In contrast to mammals, ghrelin seems to have a stimulatory role in the regulation of non-mammalian reproduction. The main objective of this review is to do a perspective analysis of the comparative aspects of ghrelin regulation of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, 221 Lumbers Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rak-Mardyła A, Gregoraszczuk EL. Effect of ghrelin on proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of progesterone and hCG in the placental JEG-3 cell line. Reprod Biol 2010; 10:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
47
|
Ghrelin in female and male reproduction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20700403 PMCID: PMC2911616 DOI: 10.1155/2010/158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and one of its functional receptors, GHS-R1a (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a), were firstly studied about 15 years. Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide hormone that affects several biological functions including food intake, glucose release, cell proliferation… Ghrelin and GHS-R1a are expressed in key cells of both male and female reproductive organs in several species including fishes, birds, and mammals suggesting a well-conserved signal through the evolution and a role in the control of fertility. Ghrelin could be a component of the complex series of nutrient sensors such as adipokines, and nuclear receptors, which regulate reproduction in function of the energy stores. The objective of this paper was to report the available information about the ghrelin system and its role at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in both sexes.
Collapse
|
48
|
The avian proghrelin system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20798876 PMCID: PMC2925213 DOI: 10.1155/2010/749401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To understand how the proghrelin system functions in regulating growth hormone release and food intake as well as defining its pleiotropic roles in such diverse physiological processes as energy homeostasis, gastrointestinal tract function and reproduction require detailed knowledge of the structure and function of the components that comprise this system. These include the preproghrelin gene that encodes the proghrelin precursor protein from which two peptide hormones, ghrelin and obestatin, are derived and the cognate receptors that bind proghrelin-derived peptides to mediate their physiological actions in different tissues. Also key to the functioning of this system is the posttranslational processing of the proghrelin precursor protein and the individual peptides derived from it. While this system has been intensively studied in a variety of animal species and humans over the last decade, there has been considerably less investigation of the avian proghrelin system which exhibits some unique differences compared to mammals. This review summarizes what is currently known about the proghrelin system in birds and offers new insights into the nature and function of this important endocrine system. Such information facilitates cross-species comparisons and contributes to our understanding of the evolution of the proghrelin system.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kolesarova A, Roychoudhury S, Slivkova J, Sirotkin A, Capcarova M, Massanyi P. In vitro study on the effects of lead and mercury on porcine ovarian granulosa cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:320-331. [PMID: 20390873 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903467907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) pose potential risks to sustainability of environment and thus to our future generations. General objective of this in vitro study was to examine the secretory activity of porcine ovarian granulosa cells after Pb and Hg administration and to outline the potential intracellular mediators of its effects. For this purpose, release of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and steroid hormone progesterone (P(4)), expression of proliferation- related (cyclin B1) and apoptosis-related (caspase-3) peptides was examined in porcine ovarian granulosa cells after heavy metals administration. Obtained data indicate Pb-induced inhibition of IGF-I release at lower doses (0.063 mg/mL and 0.046 mg/mL) by ovarian granulosa cells. However, P(4) release was not influenced by Pb addition, while the expression of cyclin B1 and caspase-3 was induced by Pb addition. These results indicate that Pb can affect the pathway of proliferation and apoptosis of porcine ovarian granulosa cells through intracellular substances such as cyclin B1 and caspase-3. On the other hand, the P(4) release by ovarian granulosa cells of pregnant gilts was stimulated by experimental Pb administration at doses of 0.25 mg/mL and 0.063 mg/mL and experimental Hg administration at doses 0.25 mg/mL and 0.083 mg/mL. P(4) release by ovarian cells of pregnant gilts was not influenced by a combinatory dose of FSH (1.0 ng/mL) + Pb (0.083 mg/mL) + Hg (0.083 mg/mL) but it was inhibited by experimental administration of FSH (10 ng/mL) + Pb (0.25 ng/mL) + Hg (0.25 ng/mL). Possible involvement of heavy metals - Pb and Hg and pituitary hormone FSH, in the regulation of P(4) release by porcine ovarian granulosa cells of pregnant gilts was noted. Data obtained from in vitro studies suggest the dose dependent association of heavy metals administration with the hormonal release by porcine ovarian granulosa cells. This association also depended on pregnancy of the gilts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kolesarova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kolesarova A, Capcarova M, Sirotkin A, Massanyi P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Progesterone Release by Ovarian Granulosa Cells of Hens after Experimental Lead and Molybdenum Administrations in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2009.890.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|