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Ruiz-Babot G, Eceiza A, Abollo-Jiménez F, Malyukov M, Carlone DL, Borges K, Da Costa AR, Qarin S, Matsumoto T, Morizane R, Skarnes WC, Ludwig B, Chapple PJ, Guasti L, Storr HL, Bornstein SR, Breault DT. Generation of glucocorticoid-producing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100627. [PMID: 37924815 PMCID: PMC10694497 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening condition resulting from the inability to produce adrenal hormones in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Establishing a cell-based therapy would provide a physiologically responsive approach for the treatment of this condition. We report the generation of large numbers of human-induced steroidogenic cells (hiSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Directed differentiation of hPSCs into hiSCs recapitulates the initial stages of human adrenal development. Following expression of steroidogenic factor 1, activation of protein kinase A signaling drives a steroidogenic gene expression profile most comparable to human fetal adrenal cells, and leads to dynamic secretion of steroid hormones, in vitro. Moreover, expression of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) receptor/co-receptor (MC2R/MRAP) results in dose-dependent ACTH responsiveness. This protocol recapitulates adrenal insufficiency resulting from loss-of-function mutations in AAAS, which cause the enigmatic triple A syndrome. Our differentiation protocol generates sufficient numbers of hiSCs for cell-based therapy and offers a platform to study disorders causing adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ariane Eceiza
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria Malyukov
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kleiton Borges
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Rodrigues Da Costa
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shamma Qarin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Skarnes
- Cellular Engineering, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul J Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Models of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia for Gene Therapies Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065365. [PMID: 36982440 PMCID: PMC10049562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal glands are important endocrine organs that play a major role in the stress response. Some adrenal glands abnormalities are treated with hormone replacement therapy, which does not address physiological requirements. Modern technologies make it possible to develop gene therapy drugs that can completely cure diseases caused by mutations in specific genes. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an example of such a potentially treatable monogenic disease. CAH is an autosomal recessive inherited disease with an overall incidence of 1:9500–1:20,000 newborns. To date, there are several promising drugs for CAH gene therapy. At the same time, it remains unclear how new approaches can be tested, as there are no models for this disease. The present review focuses on modern models for inherited adrenal gland insufficiency and their detailed characterization. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various pathological models are discussed, and ways of further development are suggested.
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Expression of Chrna9 is regulated by Tbx3 in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1611. [PMID: 36709241 PMCID: PMC9884305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated signaling pathways affect the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, detail expression profiles of nAChR genes were unrevealed in these cells. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the gene expression of α subunit of nAChRs (Chrna) during differentiation and induction of pluripotent stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells expressed multiple Chrna genes (Chrna3-5, 7 and 9) in undifferentiated status. Among them, Chrna9 was markedly down-regulated upon the differentiation into mesenchymal cell lineage. In mouse tissues and cells, Chrna9 was mainly expressed in testes, ES cells and embryonal F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. Expression of Chrna9 gene was acutely reduced during differentiation of ES and F9 cells within 24 h. In contrast, Chrna9 expression was increased in induced pluripotent stem cells established from mouse embryonic fibroblast. It was shown by the reporter assays that T element-like sequence in the promoter region of Chrna9 gene is important for its activities in ES cells. Chrna9 was markedly reduced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tbx3, a pluripotency-related transcription factor of the T-box gene family. These results indicate that Chrna9 is a nAChR gene that are transcriptionally regulated by Tbx3 in undifferentiated pluripotent cells.
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Naiki Y, Miyado M, Shindo M, Horikawa R, Hasegawa Y, Katsumata N, Takada S, Akutsu H, Onodera M, Fukami M. AAV-mediated gene therapy for patients' fibroblasts, iPS cells, and a mouse model of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:801-809. [PMID: 35838129 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by steroidogenic enzymes containing monogenetic defects. Most steroidogenic enzymes are cytochrome P450 groups that can be categorized as microsomal P450s, including 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase, and mitochondrial P450s, including 11β-hydroxylase. It has been shown that ectopic administration of Cyp21a1 ameliorates steroid metabolism in 21-hydroxylase-deficient mice. However, the effectiveness of this approach for mitochondrial P450 has not yet been evaluated. In this study, primary fibroblasts from patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP21A2D) (n=4), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency (CYP17A1D) (n=1), and 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP11B1D) (n=1) were infected with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors. Steroidogenic enzymatic activity was not detected in the AAV2-infected CYP11B1D fibroblasts. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of CYP11B1D were established and differentiated into adrenocortical cells by induction of the NR5A1 gene. Adrenocortical cells established from iPSCs of CYP11B1D (CYP11B1D-iPSCs) were infected with an adeno-associated virus type 9 (AAV9) vector containing CYP11B1 and exhibited 11β-hydroxylase activity. For an in vivo evaluation, we knocked out Cyp11b1 in mice by using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Direct injection of Cyp11b1-containing AAV9 vectors into the adrenal gland of Cyp11b1-deficient mice significantly reduced serum 11-deoxycorticosterone/corticosterone ratios at 4 weeks after injection and the effect was prolonged for up to 12 months. This study indicated that CYP11B1D could be ameliorated by gene induction in the adrenal glands, which suggests that a defective-enzyme-dependent therapeutic strategy for CAH would be required. Defects in microsomal P450, including CYP21A2D and CYP17A1D, can be treated with extra-adrenal gene induction. However, defects in mitochondrial P450, as represented by CYP11B1D, may require adrenal gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Naiki
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Divisoion of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Mami Miyado
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Yuichi Hasegawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Division of Urology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Katsumata
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Systems BioMedicine, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Reproductive Medicine, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Human Genetics, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Maki Fukami
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
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Lrh1 can help reprogram sexual cell fate and is required for Sertoli cell development and spermatogenesis in the mouse testis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010088. [PMID: 35192609 PMCID: PMC8896720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nuclear hormone receptors LRH1 (NR5A2) and SF1 (NR5A1) are close paralogs that can bind the same DNA motif and play crucial roles in gonadal development and function. Lrh1 is essential for follicle development in the ovary and has been proposed to regulate steroidogenesis in the testis. Lrh1 expression in the testis is highly elevated by loss of the sex regulator Dmrt1, which triggers male-to-female transdifferentiation of Sertoli cells. While Sf1 has a well-defined and crucial role in testis development, no function for Lrh1 in the male gonad has been reported. Here we use conditional genetics to examine Lrh1 requirements both in gonadal cell fate reprogramming and in normal development of the three major cell lineages of the mouse testis. We find that loss of Lrh1 suppresses sexual transdifferentiation, confirming that Lrh1 can act as a key driver in reprogramming sexual cell fate. In otherwise wild-type testes, we find that Lrh1 is dispensable in Leydig cells but is required in Sertoli cells for their proliferation, for seminiferous tubule morphogenesis, for maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, for feedback regulation of androgen production, and for support of spermatogenesis. Expression profiling identified misexpressed genes likely underlying most aspects of the Sertoli cell phenotype. In the germ line we found that Lrh1 is required for maintenance of functional spermatogonia, and hence mutants progressively lose spermatogenesis. Reduced expression of the RNA binding factor Nxf2 likely contributes to the SSC defect. Unexpectedly, however, over time the Lrh1 mutant germ line recovered abundant spermatogenesis and fertility. This finding indicates that severe germ line depletion triggers a response allowing mutant spermatogonia to recover the ability to undergo complete spermatogenesis. Our results demonstrate that Lrh1, like Sf1, is an essential regulator of testis development and function but has a very distinct repertoire of functions.
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Глазова ОВ, Воронцова МВ, Шевкова ЛВ, Сакр Н, Онянов НА, Казиахмедова СА, Волчков ПЮ. [Gene and cell therapy of adrenal pathology: achievements and prospects]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2021; 67:80-89. [PMID: 35018764 PMCID: PMC9753849 DOI: 10.14341/probl12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms in tissues and organs during normal and pathological conditions opens up substantial prospects for the development of novel approaches to treatment of various diseases. For instance, lifelong replacement therapy is no longer mandatory for the management of some monogenic hereditary diseases. Genome editing techniques that have emerged in the last decade are being actively investigated as tools for correcting mutations in affected organs. Furthermore, new protocols for obtaining various types of human and animal cells and cellular systems are evolving, increasingly reflecting the real structures in vivo. These methods, together with the accompanying gene and cell therapy, are being actively developed and several approaches are already undergoing clinical trials. Adrenal insufficiency caused by a variety of factors can potentially be the target of such therapeutic strategies. The adrenal gland is a highly organized organ, with multiple structural components interacting with each other via a complex network of endocrine and paracrine signals. This review summarizes the findings of studies in the field of structural organization and functioning of the adrenal gland at the molecular level, as well as the modern approaches to the treatment of adrenal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- О. В. Глазова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - М. В. Воронцова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Л. В. Шевкова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Н. Сакр
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Н. А. Онянов
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет), Долгопрудный, Россия
| | - С. А. Казиахмедова
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - П. Ю. Волчков
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
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7
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Advances in stem cell research for the treatment of primary hypogonadism. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:487-507. [PMID: 34188209 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Leydig cell dysfunction, cells respond weakly to stimulation by pituitary luteinizing hormone, and, therefore, produce less testosterone, leading to primary hypogonadism. The most widely used treatment for primary hypogonadism is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). However, TRT causes infertility and has been associated with other adverse effects, such as causing erythrocytosis and gynaecomastia, worsening obstructive sleep apnoea and increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risks. Stem-cell-based therapy that re-establishes testosterone-producing cell lineages in the body has, therefore, become a promising prospect for treating primary hypogonadism. Over the past two decades, substantial advances have been made in the identification of Leydig cell sources for use in transplantation surgery, including the artificial induction of Leydig-like cells from different types of stem cells, for example, stem Leydig cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSC-derived Leydig-like cells have already provided a powerful in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying Leydig cell differentiation and could be used to treat men with primary hypogonadism in a more specific and personalized approach.
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Yazawa T, Sato T, Nemoto T, Nagata S, Imamichi Y, Kitano T, Sekiguchi T, Uwada J, Islam MS, Mikami D, Nakajima I, Takahashi S, Khan MRI, Suzuki N, Umezawa A, Ida T. 11-Ketotestosterone is a major androgen produced in porcine adrenal glands and testes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105847. [PMID: 33609691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine steroid hormone profiles have some unique characteristics. We previously studied human and murine steroidogenesis using steroidogenic cells-derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To investigate porcine steroidogenesis, we induced steroidogenic cells from porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA cells), which originate from MSCs. Using cAMP, adenovirus-mediated introduction of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4-binding protein (Ad4BP) induced the differentiation of PSPA cells into sex steroid-producing cells. Introducing SF-1/Ad4BP also induced the aldo-keto reductase 1C1 (AKR1C1) gene. Porcine AKR1C1 had 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, which converts androstenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione into testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosteorne (11KT). Furthermore, differentiated cells expressed hydroxysteroid 11β-dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) and produced 11KT. HSD11B2 was expressed in testicular Leydig cells and the adrenal cortex. 11KT was present in the plasma of both immature male and female pigs, with slightly higher levels in the male pigs. T levels were much higher in the male pigs. It is noteworthy that in the female pigs, the 11KT levels were >10-fold higher than the T levels. However, castration altered the 11KT and T plasma profiles in the male pigs to near those of the females. 11KT induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in porcine vascular endothelial cells. These results indicate that 11KT is produced in porcine adrenal glands and testes, and may regulate cardiovascular functions through eNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Mikami
- Department of Nephrology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Nakajima
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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9
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Oikonomakos I, Weerasinghe Arachchige LC, Schedl A. Developmental mechanisms of adrenal cortex formation and their links with adult progenitor populations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111172. [PMID: 33484742 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is the main steroid producing organ of the human body. Studies on adrenal tissue renewal have been neglected for many years, but recent intensified research has seen tremendous progress in our understanding of the formation and homeostasis of this organ. However, cell turnover of the adrenal cortex appears to be complex and several cell populations have been identified that can differentiate into steroidogenic cells and contribute to adrenal cortex renewal. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how the adrenal cortex develops and how stem cell populations relate to its developmental progenitors. Finally, we will summarize present and future approaches to harvest the potential of progenitor/stem cells for future cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Oikonomakos
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
| | | | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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10
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Mariniello K, Guasti L. Towards novel treatments for adrenal diseases: Cell- and gene therapy-based approaches. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111160. [PMID: 33453297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency, the inability to produce adequate levels of corticosteroids, is a multi-causal disease that requires lifelong daily hormone replacement. Nevertheless, this cannot replace the physiological demand for steroids which are secreted following a circadian rhythm and vary in periods of stress; the consequences of under- or over-replacement include adrenal crisis and metabolic disturbances, respectively. Although clinical research has focused on enhancing the effectiveness/reducing side effects of current treatment modalities, only small improvements are deemed possible; thus, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Gene and cell therapy strategies have opened new possibilities for the cure of many diseases in a way that has never been possible before and could offer a viable option for the cure of adrenal diseases. The current state of cell- and gene-based approaches to restore adrenocortical function is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Feng X, Xia K, Ke Q, Deng R, Zhuang J, Wan Z, Luo P, Wang F, Zang Z, Sun X, Xiang AP, Tu X, Gao Y, Deng C. Transplantation of encapsulated human Leydig-like cells: A novel option for the treatment of testosterone deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111039. [PMID: 32980418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of alginate-poly-ʟ-lysine-alginate (APA)-encapsulated rat Leydig cells (LCs) provides a promising approach for treating testosterone deficiency (TD). Nevertheless, LCs have a limited capacity to proliferate, limiting the efficacy of LC transplantation therapy. Here, we established an efficient differentiation system to obtain functional Leydig-like cells (LLCs) from human stem Leydig cells (hSLCs). Then we injected APA-encapsulated LLCs into the abdominal cavities of castrated mice without an immunosuppressor. The APA-encapsulated cells survived and partially restored testosterone production for 90 days in vivo. More importantly, the transplantation of encapsulated LLCs ameliorated the symptoms of TD, such as fat accumulation, muscle atrophy and adipocyte accumulation in bone marrow. Overall, these results suggest that the transplantation of encapsulated LLCs is a promising new method for testosterone supplementation with potential clinical applications in TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Ke
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongda Deng
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory CO., LTD, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintao Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Wan
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Zang
- Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangzhou Sun
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang'an Tu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Kim JH, Choi MH. Embryonic Development and Adult Regeneration of the Adrenal Gland. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:765-773. [PMID: 33397037 PMCID: PMC7803617 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland plays a pivotal role in an organism's health span by controlling the endocrine system. Decades of research on the adrenal gland have provided multiscale insights into the development and maintenance of this essential organ. A particularly interesting finding is that founder stem/progenitor cells participate in adrenocortical development and enable the adult adrenal cortex to regenerate itself in response to hormonal stress and injury. Since major advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of the developmental process and the remarkable regenerative capacity of the adrenal gland, understanding the mechanisms underlying adrenal development, maintenance, and regeneration will be of interest to basic and clinical researchers. Here, we introduce the developmental processes of the adrenal gland and discuss current knowledge regarding stem/progenitor cells that regulate adrenal cortex remodeling and regeneration. This review will provide insights into the fascinating ongoing research on the development and regeneration of the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul,
Korea
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13
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Chen P, Zirkin BR, Chen H. Stem Leydig Cells in the Adult Testis: Characterization, Regulation and Potential Applications. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5610863. [PMID: 31673697 PMCID: PMC7753054 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency (hypogonadism) affects males of all ages. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is effective in restoring serum testosterone and relieving symptoms. TRT, however, is reported to have possible adverse effects in part because administered testosterone is not produced in response to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Progress in stem cell biology offers potential alternatives for treating hypogonadism. Adult Leydig cells (ALCs) are generated by stem Leydig cells (SLCs) during puberty. SLCs persist in the adult testis. Considerable progress has been made in the identification, isolation, expansion and differentiation of SLCs in vitro. In addition to forming ALCs, SLCs are multipotent, with the ability to give rise to all 3 major cell lineages of typical mesenchymal stem cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Several regulatory factors, including Desert hedgehog and platelet-derived growth factor, have been reported to play key roles in the proliferation and differentiation of SLCs into the Leydig lineage. In addition, stem cells from several nonsteroidogenic sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mature fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord have been transdifferentiated into Leydig-like cells under a variety of induction protocols. ALCs generated from SLCs in vitro, as well as Leydig-like cells, have been successfully transplanted into ALC-depleted animals, restoring serum testosterone levels under HPG control. However, important questions remain, including: How long will the transplanted cells continue to function? Which induction protocol is safest and most effective? For translational purposes, more work is needed with primate cells, especially human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Yuhki KI, Uwada J, Mikami D, Shimada M, Miyamoto K, Kitano T, Takahashi S, Sekiguchi T, Suzuki N, Rafiqul Islam Khan M, Ushikubi F, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T. Cyclooxygenase-2 is acutely induced by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β to produce prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α following gonadotropin stimulation in Leydig cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:786-797. [PMID: 31087493 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an inducible rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid production. Because COX-2 represents one of the inducible genes in mouse mesenchymal stem cells upon differentiation into Leydig cells, we investigated COX-2 expression and production of prostaglandin (PG) in Leydig cells. Although COX-2 was undetectable in mouse testis, it was transiently induced in Leydig cells by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Consistent with the finding that Leydig cells expressed aldo-keto reductase 1B7 (PGF synthase) and PGE synthase 2, induction of COX-2 by hCG caused a marked increase in testicular PGF 2α and PGE 2 levels. Using mouse Leydig cell tumor-derived MA-10 cells as a model, it was indicated by reporter assays and electron mobility shift assays that transcription of the COX-2 gene was activated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) with cAMP-stimulation. C/EBPβ expression was induced by cAMP-stimulation, whereas expression of C/EBP homolog protein (CHOP) was robustly downregulated. Transfection of CHOP expression plasmid inhibited cAMP-induced COX-2 promoter activity. In addition, CHOP reduced constitutive COX-2 expression in other mouse Leydig cell tumor-derived TM3 cells. These results indicate that COX-2 is induced in Leydig cells by activation of C/EBPβ via reduction of CHOP expression upon gonadotropin-stimulation to produce PGF 2α and PGE 2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mikami
- Department of Nephrology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- The Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- The Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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15
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Transcriptional Regulation of Ovarian Steroidogenic Genes: Recent Findings Obtained from Stem Cell-Derived Steroidogenic Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8973076. [PMID: 31058195 PMCID: PMC6463655 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8973076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovaries represent one of the primary steroidogenic organs, producing estrogen and progesterone under the regulation of gonadotropins during the estrous cycle. Gonadotropins fluctuate the expression of various steroidogenesis-related genes, such as those encoding steroidogenic enzymes, cholesterol deliverer, and electronic transporter. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4-binding protein (Ad4BP)/NR5A1 and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) play important roles in these phenomena via transcriptional regulation. With the aid of cAMP, SF-1/Ad4BP and LRH-1 can induce the differentiation of stem cells into steroidogenic cells. This model is a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of steroidogenesis. In this article, we will provide insight into the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenesis-related genes in ovaries that are revealed from stem cell-derived steroidogenic cells. Using the cells derived from the model, novel SF-1/Ad4BP- and LRH-1-regulated genes were identified by combined DNA microarray and promoter tiling array analyses. The interaction of SF-1/Ad4BP and LRH-1 with transcriptional regulators in the regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis was also revealed.
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16
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Meinsohn MC, Smith OE, Bertolin K, Murphy BD. The Orphan Nuclear Receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1: Structure, Regulation, and Essential Roles in Mammalian Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1249-1279. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are intracellular proteins that act as transcription factors. Proteins with classic nuclear receptor domain structure lacking identified signaling ligands are designated orphan nuclear receptors. Two of these, steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1, also known as SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2, also known as LRH-1), bind to the same DNA sequences, with different and nonoverlapping effects on targets. Endogenous regulation of both is achieved predominantly by cofactor interactions. SF-1 is expressed primarily in steroidogenic tissues, LRH-1 in tissues of endodermal origin and the gonads. Both receptors modulate cholesterol homeostasis, steroidogenesis, tissue-specific cell proliferation, and stem cell pluripotency. LRH-1 is essential for development beyond gastrulation and SF-1 for genesis of the adrenal, sexual differentiation, and Leydig cell function. Ovary-specific depletion of SF-1 disrupts follicle development, while LRH-1 depletion prevents ovulation, cumulus expansion, and luteinization. Uterine depletion of LRH-1 compromises decidualization and pregnancy. In humans, SF-1 is present in endometriotic tissue, where it regulates estrogen synthesis. SF-1 is underexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and overexpressed in Leydig cell tumors. In breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemotherapy resistance are regulated by LRH-1. In conclusion, the NR5A orphan nuclear receptors are nonredundant factors that are crucial regulators of a panoply of biological processes, across multiple reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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17
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Gan EH, Robson W, Murphy P, Pickard R, Pearce S, Oldershaw R. Isolation of a multipotent mesenchymal stem cell-like population from human adrenal cortex. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:617-629. [PMID: 29622661 PMCID: PMC5919938 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly plastic nature of adrenal cortex suggests the presence of adrenocortical stem cells (ACSC), but the exact in vivo identity of ACSC remains elusive. A few studies have demonstrated the differentiation of adipose or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into steroid-producing cells. We therefore investigated the isolation of multipotent MSC from human adrenal cortex. METHODS Human adrenals were obtained as discarded surgical material. Single-cell suspensions from human adrenal cortex (n = 3) were cultured onto either complete growth medium (CM) or MSC growth promotion medium (MGPM) in hypoxic condition. Following ex vivo expansion, their multilineage differentiation capacity was evaluated. Phenotype markers were analysed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry for cell-surface antigens associated with bone marrow MSCs and adrenocortical-specific phenotype. Expression of mRNAs for pluripotency markers was assessed by q-PCR. RESULTS The formation of colony-forming unit fibroblasts comprising adherent cells with fibroblast-like morphology were observed from the monolayer cell culture, in both CM and MGPM. Cells derived from MGPM revealed differentiation towards osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages. These cells expressed cell-surface MSC markers (CD44, CD90, CD105 and CD166) but did not express the haematopoietic, lymphocytic or HLA-DR markers. Flow cytometry demonstrated significantly higher expression of GLI1 in cell population harvested from MGPM, which were highly proliferative. They also exhibited increased expression of the pluripotency markers. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that human adrenal cortex harbours a mesenchymal stem cell-like population. Understanding the cell biology of adrenal cortex- derived MSCs will inform regenerative medicine approaches in autoimmune Addison's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Endocrine UnitRoyal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wendy Robson
- Urology UnitFreeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Murphy
- Urology UnitFreeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert Pickard
- Urology UnitFreeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Pearce
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Endocrine UnitRoyal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Oldershaw
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Ruiz-Babot G, Balyura M, Hadjidemetriou I, Ajodha SJ, Taylor DR, Ghataore L, Taylor NF, Schubert U, Ziegler CG, Storr HL, Druce MR, Gevers EF, Drake WM, Srirangalingam U, Conway GS, King PJ, Metherell LA, Bornstein SR, Guasti L. Modeling Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Testing Interventions for Adrenal Insufficiency Using Donor-Specific Reprogrammed Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1236-1249. [PMID: 29386111 PMCID: PMC5809617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency is managed by hormone replacement therapy, which is far from optimal; the ability to generate functional steroidogenic cells would offer a unique opportunity for a curative approach to restoring the complex feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we generated human induced steroidogenic cells (hiSCs) from fibroblasts, blood-, and urine-derived cells through forced expression of steroidogenic factor-1 and activation of the PKA and LHRH pathways. hiSCs had ultrastructural features resembling steroid-secreting cells, expressed steroidogenic enzymes, and secreted steroid hormones in response to stimuli. hiSCs were viable when transplanted into the mouse kidney capsule and intra-adrenal. Importantly, the hypocortisolism of hiSCs derived from patients with adrenal insufficiency due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia was rescued by expressing the wild-type version of the defective disease-causing enzymes. Our study provides an effective tool with many potential applications for studying adrenal pathobiology in a personalized manner and opens venues for the development of precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Mariya Balyura
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Hadjidemetriou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Sharon J Ajodha
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - David R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS London, UK
| | - Lea Ghataore
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS London, UK
| | - Norman F Taylor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS London, UK
| | - Undine Schubert
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian G Ziegler
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Maralyn R Druce
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Evelien F Gevers
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - William M Drake
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | | | - Gerard S Conway
- Department of Endocrinology, University College London Hospitals, NW1 2PG London, UK
| | - Peter J King
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK.
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19
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Li Y, Zhong C, Liu D, Yu W, Chen W, Wang Y, Shi S, Yuan Y. Evidence for Kaposi Sarcoma Originating from Mesenchymal Stem Cell through KSHV-induced Mesenchymal-to-Endothelial Transition. Cancer Res 2017; 78:230-245. [PMID: 29066510 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major transmission route for Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is the oral cavity through saliva. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) frequently occurs in the oral cavity in HIV-positive individuals and is often the first presenting sign of AIDS. However, the oral target cells for KSHV infection and the cellular origin of Kaposi sarcoma remain unknown. Here we present clinical and experimental evidences that Kaposi sarcoma spindle cells may originate from virally modified oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). AIDS-KS spindle cells expressed neuroectodermal stem cell marker (Nestin) and oral MSC marker CD29, suggesting an oral/craniofacial MSC lineage of AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma. Furthermore, oral MSCs were highly susceptible to KSHV infection, and infection promoted multilineage differentiation and mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT). KSHV infection of oral MSCs resulted in expression of a large number of cytokines, a characteristic of Kaposi sarcoma, and upregulation of Kaposi sarcoma signature and MEndT-associated genes. These results suggest that Kaposi sarcoma may originate from pluripotent MSC and KSHV infection transforms MSC to Kaposi sarcoma-like cells through MEndT.Significance: These findings indicate that Kaposi sarcomas, which arise frequently in AIDS patients, originate from neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells, with possible implications for improving the clnical treatment of this malignancy. Cancer Res; 78(1); 230-45. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Canrong Zhong
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Weikang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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21
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Wang J, Gong Y. Transcription of CYP19A1 is directly regulated by SF-1 in the theca cells of ovary follicles in chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:1-7. [PMID: 28347743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested the important role of estrogen in ovarian differentiation and development of vertebrates including chicken. Cytochrome P450 aromatase, encoded by CYP19A1, is a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis, but the mechanism of CYP19A1 regulation in chicken remains unknown. Here, we found that CYP19A1 was only expressed in the theca cell layers of chicken ovary follicles. Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, also named as nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1, NR5A1), a potential regulators, was expressed in both the theca cell layers and granulosa cell layers. Forkheadbox L2 (FOXL2), another potential regulator, was only expressed in the granulosa cell layers. Using luciferase assays in vitro, we found that SF-1 could activate the promoter of CYP19A1 by binding to the nuclear receptor half-site (5'-TCAAGGTCA-3') from -280 to -271 base pairs. FOXL2 did not activate the promoter of chicken CYP19A1 gene in either 293T or DF-1 cells. Overexpression of SF-1 in DF-1 cells upregulated aromatase expression, but FOXL2 could not. Taken together, our results indicated that SF-1 activates CYP19A1 mRNA expression via a conserved binding site in chicken ovary, but FOXL2 may not affect the expression of CYP19A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Truman AM, Tilly JL, Woods DC. Ovarian regeneration: The potential for stem cell contribution in the postnatal ovary to sustained endocrine function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:74-84. [PMID: 27743990 PMCID: PMC5604433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine function of the ovary is dependent upon the ovarian follicle, which on a cellular basis consists of an oocyte surrounded by adjacent somatic cells responsible for generating sex steroid hormones and maintenance of hormonal stasis with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. As females age, both fertility and the endocrine function of the ovary decline due to waning follicle numbers as well as aging-related cellular dysfunction. Although there is currently no cure for ovarian failure and endocrine disruption, recent advances in ovarian biology centered on ovarian stem cell and progenitor cell populations have brought the prospects of cell- or tissue-based therapeutic strategies closer to fruition. Herein, we review the relative contributions of ovarian stem cells to ovarian function during the reproductive lifespan, and postulate steps toward the development of ovarian stem cell-based approaches to advance fertility treatments, and also importantly to provide a physiological long-term means of endocrine support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha M Truman
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Tilly
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dori C Woods
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Gan EH, Pearce SH. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Regenerative therapies in autoimmune Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R123-R135. [PMID: 27810905 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment for autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) has remained virtually unchanged in the last 60 years. Most patients have symptoms that are relatively well controlled with exogenous steroid replacement, but there may be persistent symptoms, recurrent adrenal crisis and poor quality of life, despite good compliance with optimal current treatments. Treatment with conventional exogenous steroid therapy is also associated with premature mortality, increased cardiovascular risk and complications related to excessive steroid replacement. Hence, novel therapeutic approaches have emerged in the last decade attempting to improve the long-term outcome and quality of life of patients with AAD. This review discusses the recent developments in treatment innovations for AAD, including the novel exogenous steroid formulations with the intention of mimicking the physiological biorhythm of cortisol secretion. Our group has also carried out a few studies attempting to restore endogenous glucocorticoid production via immunomodulatory and regenerative medicine approaches. The recent advances in the understanding of adrenocortical stem cell biology, and adrenal plasticity will also be discussed to help comprehend the science behind the therapeutic approaches adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic MedicineInternational Centre for Life, Centre Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon H Pearce
- Institute of Genetic MedicineInternational Centre for Life, Centre Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Miyamoto K, Khan MRI, Uwada J, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T. Induction of steroidogenic cells from adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells [Review]. Endocr J 2016; 63:943-951. [PMID: 27681884 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are mainly produced in adrenal glands and gonads. Because steroid hormones play vital roles in various physiological processes, replacement of deficient steroid hormones by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is necessary for patients with adrenal and gonadal failure. In addition to HRT, tissue regeneration using stem cells is predicted to provide novel therapy. Among various stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into steroidogenic cells following ectopic expression of nuclear receptor (NR) 5A subfamily proteins, steroidogenic factor-1 (also known as adrenal 4 binding protein) and liver receptor homolog-1, with the aid of cAMP signaling. Conversely, these approaches cannot be applied to pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, because of poor survival following cytotoxic expression of NR5A subfamily proteins. However, if pluripotent stem cells are first differentiated through mesenchymal lineage, they can also be differentiated into steroidogenic cells via NR5A subfamily protein expression. This approach offers a potential suitable cells for future regenerative medicine and gene therapy for diseases caused by steroidogenesis deficiencies. It represents a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in steroidogenesis. This article highlights our own and current research on the induction of steroidogenic cells from various stem cells. We also discuss the future direction of their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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Bugueño J, Li W, Salat P, Qin L, Akintoye SO. The bone regenerative capacity of canine mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by site-specific multilineage differentiation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 123:163-172. [PMID: 27876576 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising therapy in dentistry because of their multipotent properties. Selecting donor MSCs is crucial because Beagle dogs (canines) commonly used in preclinical studies have shown variable outcomes, and it is unclear whether canine MSCs (cMSCs) are skeletal site specific. This study tested whether jaw and long bone cMSCs have disparate in vitro and in vivo multilineage differentiation capabilities. STUDY DESIGN Primary cMSCs were isolated from the mandible (M-cMSCs) and femur (F-cMSCs) of four healthy Beagle dogs. The femur served as the non-oral control. Clonogenic and proliferative abilities were assessed. In vitro osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neural multilineage differentiation were correlated with in vivo bone regeneration and potential for clinical applications. RESULTS M-cMSCs displayed two-fold increase in clonogenic and proliferative capacities relative to F-cMSCs (P = .006). M-cMSCs in vitro osteogenesis based on alkaline phosphatase (P = .04), bone sialoprotein (P = .05), and osteocalcin (P = .03), as well as adipogenesis (P = .007) and chondrogenesis (P = .009), were relatively higher and correlated with enhanced M-cMSC bone regenerative capacity. Neural expression markers, nestin and βIII-tubulin, were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced differentiation and bone regenerative capacity of mandible MSCs may make them favorable donor graft materials for site-specific jaw bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bugueño
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pinky Salat
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopedics School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunday O Akintoye
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Miyamoto K, Khan MRI, Uwada J, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T. Regulation of Steroidogenesis, Development, and Cell Differentiation by Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:323-30. [PMID: 26245218 DOI: 10.2108/zs140237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and are categorized as orphan receptors. In addition to other nuclear receptors, these play roles in various physiological phenomena by regulating the transcription of target genes. Both factors share very similar structures and exhibit common functions. Of these, the roles of SF-1 and LRH-1 in steroidogenesis are the most important, especially that of SF-1, which was originally discovered and named to reflect such roles. SF-1 and LRH-1 are essential for steroid hormone production in gonads and adrenal glands through the regulation of various steroidogenesis-related genes. As SF-1 is also necessary for the development of gonads and adrenal glands, it is also considered a master regulator of steroidogenesis. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that LRH-1 also represents another master regulator of steroidogenesis, which similarly to SF-1, can induce differentiation of non-steroidogenic stem cells into steroidogenic cells. Here, we review the functions of both factors in these steroidogenesis-related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kaoru Miyamoto
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- 3 National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Karpova T, Ravichandiran K, Insisienmay L, Rice D, Agbor V, Heckert LL. Steroidogenic factor 1 differentially regulates fetal and adult leydig cell development in male mice. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:83. [PMID: 26269506 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, AD4BP, NR5A1) is a key regulator of the endocrine axes and is essential for adrenal and gonad development. Partial rescue of Nr5a1(-/-) mice with an SF-1-expressing transgene caused a hypomorphic phenotype that revealed its roles in Leydig cell development. In contrast to controls, all male rescue mice (Nr5a1(-/-);tg(+/0)) showed varying signs of androgen deficiency, including spermatogenic arrest, cryptorchidism, and poor virilization. Expression of various Leydig cell markers measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR indicated fetal and adult Leydig cell development were differentially impaired. Whereas fetal Leydig cell development was delayed in Nr5a1(-/-);tg(+/0) embryos, it recovered to control levels by birth. In contrast, Sult1e1, Vcam1, and Hsd3b6 transcript levels in adult rescue testes indicated complete blockage in adult Leydig cell development. In addition, between Postnatal Days 8 and 12, peritubular cells expressing PTCH1, SF-1, and CYP11A1 were observed in control testes but not in rescue testes, indicating SF-1 is needed for either survival or differentiation of adult Leydig cell progenitors. Cultured prepubertal rat peritubular cells also expressed SF-1 and PTCH1, but Cyp11a1 was expressed only after treatment with cAMP and retinoic acid. Together, data show SF-1 is needed for proper development of fetal and adult Leydig cells but with distinct primary functions; in fetal Leydig cells, it regulates differentiation, whereas in adult Leydig cells it regulates progenitor cell formation and/or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Karpova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kumarasamy Ravichandiran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lovella Insisienmay
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Daren Rice
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Valentine Agbor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Leslie L Heckert
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Ruiz-Babot G, Hadjidemetriou I, King PJ, Guasti L. New directions for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:70. [PMID: 25999916 PMCID: PMC4422080 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal disease, whether primary, caused by defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, or secondary, caused by defects outside the HPA axis, usually results in adrenal insufficiency, which requires lifelong daily replacement of corticosteroids. However, this kind of therapy is far from ideal as physiological demand for steroids varies considerably throughout the day and increases during periods of stress. The development of alternative curative strategies is therefore needed. In this review, we describe the latest technologies aimed at either isolating or generating de novo cells that could be used for novel, regenerative medicine application in the adrenocortical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Irene Hadjidemetriou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter James King
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Camats N, Audí L, Fernández-Cancio M, Andaluz P, Mullis PE, Carrascosa A, Flück CE. LRH-1 May Rescue SF-1 Deficiency for Steroidogenesis: An in vitro and in vivo Study. Sex Dev 2015; 9:144-54. [DOI: 10.1159/000381575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Kanno M, Yazawa T, Kawabe S, Imamichi Y, Usami Y, Ju Y, Matsumura T, Mizutani T, Fujieda S, Miyamoto K. Sex-determining region Y-box 2 and GA-binding proteins regulate the transcription of liver receptor homolog-1 in early embryonic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:406-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Miyamoto K, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into gonad and adrenal steroidogenic cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:203-212. [PMID: 24772247 PMCID: PMC3999778 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy is necessary for patients with adrenal and gonadal failure. Steroid hormone treatment is also employed in aging people for sex hormone deficiency. These patients undergo such therapies, which have associated risks, for their entire life. Stem cells represent an innovative tool for tissue regeneration and the possibility of solving these problems. Among various stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate into steroidogenic cells both in vivo and in vitro. In particular, they can effectively be differentiated into steroidogenic cells by expressing nuclear receptor 5A subfamily proteins (steroidogenic factor-1 and liver receptor homolog-1) with the aid of cAMP. This approach will provide a source of cells for future regenerative medicine for the treatment of diseases caused by steroidogenesis deficiencies. It can also represent a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of steroidogenesis and its related diseases.
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Choi KW, Oh HR, Lee J, Lim B, Han YM, Oh J, Kim J. The reprogramming factor nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2 cannot replace octamer-binding transcription factor 4 function in the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. FEBS J 2013; 281:1029-45. [PMID: 24341592 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) is one of the most intensively studied factors in mammalian development, no cellular genes capable of replacing Oct-4 function in embryonic stem (ES) cells have been found. Recent data show that nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2 (Nr5a2) is able to replace Oct-4 function in the reprogramming process; however, it is unclear whether Nr5a2 can replace Oct-4 function in ES cells. In this study, the ability of Nr5a2 to maintain self-renewal and pluripotency in ES cells was investigated. Nr5a2 localized to the nucleus in ES cells, similarly to Oct-4. However, expression of Nr5a2 failed to rescue the stem cell phenotype or to maintain the self-renewal ability of ES cells. Furthermore, as compared with Oct-4-expressing ES cells, Nr5a2-expressing ES cells showed a reduced number of cells in S-phase, did not expand normally, and did not remain in an undifferentiated state. Ectopic expression of Nr5a2 in ES cells was not able to activate transcription of ES cell-specific genes, and gene expression profiling demonstrated differences between Nr5a2-expressing and Oct-4-expressing ES cells. In addition, Nr5a2-expressing ES cells were not able to form teratomas in nude mice. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the gene regulation properties of Nr5a2 and Oct-4 and their abilities to confer self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells differ. The present study provides strong evidence that Nr5a2 cannot replace Oct-4 function in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeng-Won Choi
- Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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33
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Yazawa T, Kawabe S, Kanno M, Mizutani T, Imamichi Y, Ju Y, Matsumura T, Yamazaki Y, Usami Y, Kuribayashi M, Shimada M, Kitano T, Umezawa A, Miyamoto K. Androgen/androgen receptor pathway regulates expression of the genes for cyclooxygenase-2 and amphiregulin in periovulatory granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:42-51. [PMID: 23415714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) pathway is involved in both male and female fertility in mammals. AR knockout female mice are reported to exhibit various abnormalities in follicle development, and a subfertile phenotype. In exogenous gonadotropin-induced superovulation, serum androgen levels were robustly elevated in female mice at the periovulatory stage after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment. At this stage, ovarian AR proteins were strongly expressed in cumulus cells. Because these results suggested that the androgen/AR pathway is involved in ovulation, we investigated the expression of ovulation-related genes in the mouse ovary treated with the nonaromatizable androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT treatment induced the expression of the genes for cyclooxyganase-2 (Cox-2 or prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase 2) and the epidermal growth factor-like factor, amphiregulin (Areg), in the ovary, whereas their hCG-induced expression was suppressed by the AR antagonist flutamide. These genes were also induced by DHT in AR-expressing primary granulosa and granulosa tumor-derived cells. Reporter assays, electrophoretic shift mobility assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that androgen response sequence(s) existing upstream of each gene were responsible for androgen responsiveness and were occupied by the AR in periovulatory granulosa cells. Our results suggest that the androgen/AR pathway is involved in the ovulatory process via expression of the Cox-2 and Areg genes in periovulatory granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan.
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Sonoyama T, Sone M, Honda K, Taura D, Kojima K, Inuzuka M, Kanamoto N, Tamura N, Nakao K. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells into steroid-producing cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4336-45. [PMID: 22778223 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been reports of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into steroid-producing cells, the differentiation of human ES/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into steroid-producing cells has not been reported. The purpose of our present study was to establish a method for inducing differentiation of human ES/iPS cells into steroid-producing cells. The first approach we tried was embryoid body formation and further culture on adherent plates. The resultant differentiated cells expressed mRNA encoding the steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450-containing enzyme (CYP)-11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19, and secreted progesterone was detected in the cell medium. However, expression of human chorionic gonadotropin was also detected, suggesting the differentiated cells were trophoblast like. We next tried a multistep approach. As a first step, human ES/iPS cells were induced to differentiate into the mesodermal lineage. After 7 d of differentiation induced by 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor), the human ES/iPS cells had differentiated into fetal liver kinase-1- and platelet derived growth factor receptor-α-expressing mesodermal lineage cells. As a second step, plasmid DNA encoding steroidogenic factor-1, a master regulator of steroidogenesis, was introduced into these mesodermal cells. The forced expression of steroidogenic factor-1 and subsequent addition of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate induced the mesodermal cells to differentiate into the steroidogenic cell lineage, and expression of CYP21A2 and CYP11B1, in addition to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1, was detected. Moreover, secreted cortisol was detected in the medium, but human chorionic gonadotropin was not. These findings indicate that the steroid-producing cells obtained through the described multistep method are not trophoblast like; instead, they exhibit characteristics of adrenal cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Sonoyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
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Abstract
Adrenarche is a cell biological and endocrinological puzzle. The differentiation of the zona reticularis in childhood in humans requires special techniques for study because it is confined to humans and possibly a small number of other primates. Despite the rapid progress in the definition of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells in the mouse, the factors that cause the differentiation of adrenocortical cells into zonal cell types have not been identified. There are, however, many candidates in the Wnt, Hedgehog, and other families of signaling molecules. A suitable system for identifying authentic stem cells, capable of differentiation into all zones, has yet to be developed. It is proposed here that the in vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells, combined with appropriate in vitro and in vivo methods for validating authentic adrenocortical stem cells, is a promising approach to solving these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hornsby
- Department of Physiology, and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas TX 78245, USA.
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Teets BW, Soprano KJ, Soprano DR. Role of SF-1 and DAX-1 during differentiation of P19 cells by retinoic acid. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1501-11. [PMID: 21678401 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is critical for embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that blocking the RA-dependent increase in pre-β cell leukemia transcription factors (PBX) mRNA and protein levels in P19 cells prevents endodermal and neuronal differentiation. Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1 (DAX-1) and steroidogenic factor (SF-1) were found by microarray analysis to be regulated by PBX in P19 cells. To determine the roles of DAX-1 and SF-1 during RA-dependent differentiation, P19 cells that inducibly express either FLAG-DAX-1 or FLAG-SF-1 were prepared. Unexpectedly, overexpression of DAX-1 had no effect on the RA-induced differentiation of P19 cells to either endodermal or neuronal cells. However, SF-1 overexpression prevented the RA-dependent loss of OCT-4, DAX-1 and the increase in COUP-TFI, COUP-TFII, and ETS-1 mRNA levels during the commitment stages of both endodermal and neuronal differentiation. Surprisingly, continued expression of SF-1 for 7 days caused the RA-independent loss of OCT-4 protein and RA-dependent loss of SSEA-1 expression. Despite the loss of well-characterized pluripotency markers, these cells did not terminally differentiate into either endodermal or neuronal cells. Instead, the cells gained the expression of many steroidogenic enzymes with a pattern consistent with adrenal cells. Finally, we found evidence for a feedback loop in which PBX reduces SF-1 mRNA levels while continued SF-1 expression blocks the RA-dependent increase in PBX levels. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SF-1 plays a dynamic role during the differentiation of P19 cells and potentially during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Teets
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Wei X, Peng G, Zheng S, Wu X. Differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into steroidogenic cells in comparison to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2012; 45:101-10. [PMID: 22324479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human umbilical cord can be obtained easily and it represents a non-controversial source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) have low immunogenicity. In this study, UC-MSCs were induced to become steroidogenic cells and compared to bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS UC-MSCs and BM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into steroidogenic cells by infection with adenovirus containing SF-1. Expression of steroidogenic mRNA was analysed by real-time RT-PCR and steroid secretion was detected by ELISA testing. Viability of differentiated cells was examined using cell counting kit-8 assay. RESULTS Both UC-MSCs and BM-MSCs expressed typical MSC markers and could differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes and both cell types had the potential to differentiate into steroidogenic cells after being infected with adenovirus containing SF-1 cDNA. However, UC-MSCs had significantly higher proliferative potential than BM-MSCs and differentiated UC-MSCs had significantly higher expression of all steroidogenic mRNAs tested over those of differentiated BM-MSCs; this included P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD type 3, LH-R, ACTH-R, P450c21 and CYP17. In addition, differentiated UC-MSCs secreted significantly more steroidogenic hormones than differentiated BM-MSCs, including testosterone and cortisol. Furthermore, differentiated UC-MSCs had significantly higher cell viability than differentiated BM-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS UC-MSCs had significantly higher potential of steroidogenic differentiation than BM-MSCs; thus, UC-MSCs could be favourable cells of choice for cell-based therapy for steroidogenic insufficiency compared to BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Key Lab for Genetic Medicine of Guangdong Province, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Jadhav U, Jameson JL. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)-driven differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells into a gonadal lineage. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2870-82. [PMID: 21610156 PMCID: PMC3192422 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is essential for the development and function of steroidogenic tissues. Stable incorporation of SF-1 into embryonic stem cells (SF-1-ES cells) has been shown to prime the cells for steroidogenesis. When provided with exogenous cholesterol substrate, and after treatment with retinoic acid and cAMP, SF-1-ES cells produce progesterone but do not produce other steroids such as cortisol, estradiol, or testosterone. In this study, we explored culture conditions that optimize SF-1-mediated differentiation of ES cells into defined steroidogenic lineages. When embryoid body formation was used to facilitate cell lineage differentiation, SF-1-ES cells were found to be restricted in their differentiation, with fewer cells entering neuronal pathways and a larger fraction entering the steroidogenic lineage. Among the differentiation protocols tested, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) removal, followed by prolonged cAMP treatment was most efficacious for inducing steroidogenesis in SF-1-ES cells. In this protocol, a subset of SF-1-ES cells survives after LIF withdrawal, undergoes morphologic differentiation, and recovers proliferative capacity. These cells are characterized by induction of steroidogenic enzyme genes, use of de novo cholesterol, and production of multiple steroids including estradiol and testosterone. Microarray studies identified additional pathways associated with SF-1 mediated differentiation. Using biotinylated SF-1 in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, SF-1 was shown to bind directly to multiple target genes, with induction of binding to some targets after steroidogenic treatment. These studies indicate that SF-1 expression, followed by LIF removal and treatment with cAMP drives ES cells into a steroidogenic pathway characteristic of gonadal steroid-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Arthur J. Rubloff Building, 420 East Superior Street, 12th Floor, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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