1
|
Li L, Hyun Cho K, Yu X, Cheng S. Systematic Multi-Omics Investigation of Androgen Receptor Driven Gene Expression and Epigenetics changes in Prostate Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.22.604505. [PMID: 39091838 PMCID: PMC11291036 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.22.604505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer, a common malignancy, is driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Understanding the function of AR signaling is critical for prostate cancer research. Methods We performed multi-omics data analysis for the AR+, androgen-sensitive LNCaP cell line, focusing on gene expression (RNAseq), chromatin accessibility (ATACseq), and transcription factor binding (ChIPseq). High-quality datasets were curated from public repositories and processed using state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools. Results Our analysis identified 1004 up-regulated and 707 down-regulated genes in response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) which diminished AR signaling activity. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed that AR signaling influences pathways related to neuron differentiation, cell adhesion, P53 signaling, and inflammation. ATACseq and ChIPseq data demonstrated that as a transcription factor, AR primarily binds to distal enhancers, influencing chromatin modifications without affecting proximal promoter regions. In addition, the AR-induced genes maintained higher active chromatin states than AR-inhibited genes, even under ADT conditions. Furthermore, ADT did not directly induce neuroendocrine differentiation in LNCaP cells, suggesting a complex mechanism behind neuroendocrine prostate cancer development. In addition, a publicly available online application LNCaP-ADT (https://pcatools.shinyapps.io/shinyADT/) was launched for users to visualize and browse data generated by this study. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive multi-omics dataset, elucidating the role of AR signaling in prostate cancer at the transcriptomic and epigenomic levels. The reprocessed data is publicly available, offering a valuable resource for future prostate cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Kyung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nuermaimaiti A, Chang L, Yan Y, Sun H, Xiao Y, Song S, Feng K, Lu Z, Ji H, Wang L. The role of sex hormones and receptors in HBV infection and development of HBV-related HCC. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29298. [PMID: 38087447 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Gender disparity in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases has been extensively documented. Epidemiological studies consistently reported that males have a higher prevalence of HBV infection and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Further investigations have revealed that sex hormone-related signal transductions play a significant role in gender disparity. Sex hormone axes showed significantly different responses to virus entry and replication. The sex hormones axes change the HBV-specific immune responses and antitumor immunity. Additionally, Sex hormone axes showed different effects on the development of HBV-related disease. But the role of sex hormones remains controversial, and researchers have not reached a consensus on the role of sex hormones and the use of hormone therapies in HCC treatment. In this review, we aim to summarize the experimental findings on sex hormones and provide a comprehensive understanding of their roles in the development of HCC and their implications for hormone-related HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abudulimutailipu Nuermaimaiti
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhen Sun
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingzi Xiao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Song
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihao Feng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoqun Lu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Ji
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nauman MC, Won JH, Petiwala SM, Vemu B, Lee H, Sverdlov M, Johnson JJ. α-Mangostin Promotes In Vitro and In Vivo Degradation of Androgen Receptor and AR-V7 Splice Variant in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072118. [PMID: 37046780 PMCID: PMC10093438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of current prostate cancer pharmacotherapy approaches is the inability of these compounds to target androgen receptor variants or mutants that develop during prostate cancer progression. The demand for novel therapeutics to prevent, slow, and treat prostate cancer is significant because FDA approved anti-androgens are associated with adverse events and can eventually drive drug-resistant prostate cancer. This study evaluated α-mangostin for its novel ability to degrade the androgen receptor and androgen receptor variants. α-Mangostin is one of more than 70 isoprenylated xanthones isolated from Garcinia mangostana that we have been evaluating for their anticancer potential. Prostate cancer cells treated with α-mangostin exhibited decreased levels of wild-type and mutated androgen receptors. Immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, and transfection experiments demonstrated that the androgen receptor was ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded via the proteasome, which we hypothesize occurs with the assistance of BiP, an ER chaperone protein that we have shown to associate with the androgen receptor. We also evaluated α-mangostin for its antitumor activity and promotion of androgen receptor degradation in vivo. In summary, our study demonstrates that androgen receptor degradation occurs through the novel activation of BiP and suggests a new therapeutic approach for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle C. Nauman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jong Hoon Won
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sakina M. Petiwala
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bhaskar Vemu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Biophysics Core at Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Maria Sverdlov
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Shao Y, Wei W, Zhu S, Li Y, Chen Y, Li H, Tian H, Sun G, Niu Y, Shang Z. Androgen deprivation restores ARHGEF2 to promote neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:927. [PMID: 36335093 PMCID: PMC9637107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the progression of prostate cancer and has been targeted by castration or AR-antagonists. The emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is inevitable. However, it is not entirely clear how ADT fails or how it causes resistance. Through analysis of RNA-seq data, we nominate ARHGEF2 as a pivotal androgen-repressed gene. We show that ARHGEF2 is directly suppressed by androgen/AR. AR occupies the enhancer and communicates with the promoter region of ARHGEF2. Functionally, ARHGEF2 is important for the growth, lethal phenotype, and survival of CRPC cells and tumor xenografts. Correspondingly, AR inhibition or AR antagonist treatment can restore ARHGEF2 expression, thereby allowing prostate cancer cells to induce treatment resistance and tolerance. Overall, our findings provide an explanation for the contradictory clinical results that ADT resistance may be caused by the up-regulation of ARHGEF2 and provide a novel target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Huai'an Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Shimiao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanling Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guijiang Sun
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Androgen-Responsive Oncogenic lncRNA RP11-1023L17.1 Enhances c-Myc Protein Stability in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012219. [PMID: 36293081 PMCID: PMC9603324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found as novel participants in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer (PCa), which is predominantly regulated by androgen and its receptor. The biological function of androgen-responsive lncRNAs remains poorly understood. Here, we identified that lncRNA RP11-1023L17.1, which is highly expressed in PCa. RP11-1023L17.1 expression, can be directly repressed by the androgen receptor in PCa cells. RP11-1023L17.1 depletion inhibited the proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression, and promoted the apoptosis of PCa cells, indicating that RP11-1023L17.1 acts as an oncogene in PCa cells. Microarray results revealed that RP11-1023L17.1 depletion downregulated the c-Myc transcription signature in PCa cells. RP11-1023L17.1 depletion-induced cellular phenotypes can be overcome by ectopically overexpressed c-Myc. Mechanistically, RP11-1023L17.1 represses FBXO32 mRNA expression, thereby enhancing c-Myc protein stability by blocking FBXO32-mediated c-Myc degradation. Our findings reveal the previously unrecognized roles of RP11-1023L17.1 in c-Myc-dependent PCa tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fontana F, Anselmi M, Limonta P. Molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations in prostate cancer: From diagnosis to targeted therapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 534:215619. [PMID: 35276289 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies among men worldwide. Although the primary tumor can be successfully managed by surgery and radiotherapy, advanced metastatic carcinoma requires better therapeutic approaches. In this context, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of this disease is urgently needed, leading to the identification of new diagnostic/prognostic markers and the development of more effective treatments. Herein, the current state of knowledge of prostate cancer genetic alterations is discussed, with a focus on their potential in tumor detection and staging as well as in the screening of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Anselmi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu M, Zhang Y, Lu L, Zhou Y, Wu D, Brännström M, Shao LR, Billig H. Overactivation of the androgen receptor exacerbates gravid uterine ferroptosis via interaction with and suppression of the NRF2 defense signaling pathway. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:806-825. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yuehui Zhang
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine 150040 Harbin China
| | - Lingjing Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Guangzhou Medical University 510120 Guangzhou China
| | - Denghui Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine 150040 Harbin China
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg 41345 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Linus R Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Håkan Billig
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Differential Gene Expression Profiles between N-Terminal Domain and Ligand-Binding Domain Inhibitors of Androgen Receptor Reveal Ralaniten Induction of Metallothionein by a Mechanism Dependent on MTF1. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020386. [PMID: 35053548 PMCID: PMC8773799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal therapies for prostate cancer target the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD). Clinical development for inhibitors that bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of AR has yielded ralaniten and its analogues. Ralaniten acetate is well tolerated in patients at 3600 mgs/day. Clinical trials are ongoing with a second-generation analogue of ralaniten. Binding sites on different AR domains could result in differential effects on AR-regulated gene expression. Here, we provide the first comparison between AR-NTD inhibitors and AR-LBD inhibitors on androgen-regulated gene expression in prostate cancer cells using cDNA arrays, GSEA, and RT-PCR. LBD inhibitors and NTD inhibitors largely overlapped in the profile of androgen-induced genes that they each inhibited. However, androgen also represses gene expression by various mechanisms, many of which involve protein-protein interactions. De-repression of the transcriptome of androgen-repressed genes showed profound variance between these two classes of inhibitors. In addition, these studies revealed a unique and strong induction of expression of the metallothionein family of genes by ralaniten by a mechanism independent of AR and dependent on MTF1, thereby suggesting this may be an off-target. Due to the relatively high doses that may be encountered clinically with AR-NTD inhibitors, identification of off-targets may provide insight into potential adverse events, contraindications, or poor efficacy.
Collapse
|
9
|
McDermott A, Kim K, Kasper S, Ho SM, Leung YK. The androgen receptor inhibits transcription of GPER1 by preventing Sp1 and Sp3 from binding to the promoters in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2022; 13:46-60. [PMID: 35018219 PMCID: PMC8741193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
G-1, a GPER1 agonist, was shown to inhibit the growth of castration-resistant mouse xenografts but not their parental androgen-dependent tumors. It is currently unknown how the androgen receptor (AR) represses GPER1 expression. Here, we found that two GPER1 mRNA variants (GPER1v2 and GPER1v4) were transcriptionally repressed, not via transcript destabilization, by the androgen-activated AR. Although no AR binding was found in all active promoters near GPER1, data from promoter assays suggested that both variants' promoters were inhibited by androgen treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis on Sp1/Sp3 binding sites revealed their role in supporting the basal expression of GPER1. Knockdown of Sp1 and Sp3 together but not separately repressed GPER1 expression whereas overexpression of both Sp1 and Sp3 together was required to alleviate AR repression of GPER1. Based on the chromatin immunoprecipitation data, Sp3 was found to bind to the promoters prior to the binding of Sp1 and RNA polymerase II. However, the binding of all three transcription factors was inhibited by DHT treatment. Concordantly, DHT treatment induced nuclear interactions between AR and Sp1 or Sp3. Taken together, these results indicate that AR represses transcription of GPER1 by binding to Sp1 and Sp3 independently to prevent their transactivation of the GPER1 promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin McDermott
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - KyoungHyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Susan Kasper
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Erdmann É, Ould Madi Berthélémy P, Cottard F, Angel CZ, Schreyer E, Ye T, Morlet B, Negroni L, Kieffer B, Céraline J. Androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional repression targets cell plasticity in prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:2518-2536. [PMID: 34919781 PMCID: PMC9462842 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains the key therapeutic target in the management of hormone‐naïve‐advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC). Recently, landmark molecular features have been reported for CRPC, including the expression of constitutively active AR variants that lack the ligand‐binding domain. Besides their role in CRPC, AR variants lead to the expression of genes involved in tumor progression. However, little is known about the specificity of their mode of action compared with that of wild‐type AR (AR‐WT). We performed AR transcriptome analyses in an androgen‐dependent PCa cell line as well as cross‐analyses with publicly available RNA‐seq datasets and established that transcriptional repression capacity that was marked for AR‐WT was pathologically lost by AR variants. Functional enrichment analyses allowed us to associate AR‐WT repressive function to a panel of genes involved in cell adhesion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. So, we postulate that a less documented AR‐WT normal function in prostate epithelial cells could be the repression of a panel of genes linked to cell plasticity and that this repressive function could be pathologically abrogated by AR variants in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Erdmann
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Félicie Cottard
- University of Freiburg - Albert - Ludwigs - Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Edwige Schreyer
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Tao Ye
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg - FMTS - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou HC, Liu CX, Pan WD, Shang LR, Zheng JL, Huang BY, Chen JY, Zheng L, Fang JH, Zhuang SM. Dual and opposing roles of the androgen receptor in VETC-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 75:900-911. [PMID: 34004215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Contradictory roles of the androgen receptor (AR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis have been reported. We have shown that VETC (vessels encapsulating tumor clusters) mediates invasion-independent metastasis, whereas VETC- HCCs metastasize in an invasion-dependent manner. Herein, we aimed to reveal the roles of AR in HCC metastasis. METHODS Mouse xenograft models, clinical samples, and cell models were used. RESULTS AR expression was significantly lower in HCCs with a VETC pattern, portal vein tumor thrombus, endothelium-coated microemboli or high recurrence rates. Overexpressing AR in VETC+ hepatoma cells suppressed VETC formation and intrahepatic metastasis but promoted pulmonary metastasis of mouse xenografts. AR decreased the transcription of Angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2), a factor essential for VETC formation, by binding to the Angpt2 promoter. The roles of AR in inhibiting VETC formation and intrahepatic metastasis were attenuated by restoring Angpt2 expression, suggesting that AR may repress VETC-dependent intrahepatic metastasis by inhibiting Angpt2 expression and VETC formation. On the other hand, AR upregulated Rac1 expression, promoted lamellipodia formation and increased cell migration/invasion. A Rac1 inhibitor abrogated the AR-mediated promotion of migration/invasion and pulmonary metastasis of VETC+ hepatoma cells, but did not affect the AR-mediated inhibition of intrahepatic metastasis. Furthermore, an AR inhibitor decreased Rac1 expression and attenuated both intrahepatic and pulmonary metastasis of VETC- xenografts, an effect which was abrogated by restoring Rac1 expression. These data indicate that AR may facilitate the lung metastasis of VETC+ HCCs and both the liver/lung metastases of VETC- HCCs by upregulating Rac1 expression and then promoting migration/invasion. CONCLUSION AR plays dual and opposing roles in VETC-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis, which highlights the complex functions of AR and the importance of individualized cancer therapy. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we uncovered the dual and opposing roles of the androgen receptor in VETC (vessels encapsulating tumor clusters)-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We elucidated the underlying mechanisms of these processes, which provided novel insights into the complex regulatory network of the androgen receptor in HCC metastasis and may have important implications for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chu-Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Ru Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bi-Yu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie-Ying Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Hong Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Shi-Mei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Camacho L, Zabala-Letona A, Cortazar AR, Astobiza I, Dominguez-Herrera A, Ercilla A, Crespo J, Viera C, Fernández-Ruiz S, Martinez-Gonzalez A, Torrano V, Martín-Martín N, Gomez-Muñoz A, Carracedo A. Identification of Androgen Receptor Metabolic Correlome Reveals the Repression of Ceramide Kinase by Androgens. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174307. [PMID: 34503116 PMCID: PMC8431577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Androgen receptor signaling plays a major role in this disease, and androgen deprivation therapy is a common therapeutic strategy in recurrent disease. Sphingolipid metabolism plays a central role in cell death, survival, and therapy resistance in cancer. Ceramide kinase (CERK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of ceramide to ceramide 1-phosphate, which regulates various cellular functions including cell growth and migration. Here we show that activated androgen receptor (AR) is a repressor of CERK expression. We undertook a bioinformatics strategy using PCa transcriptomics datasets to ascertain the metabolic alterations associated with AR activity. CERK was among the most prominent negatively correlated genes in our analysis. Interestingly, we demonstrated through various experimental approaches that activated AR reduces the mRNA expression of CERK: (i) expression of CERK is predominant in cell lines with low or negative AR activity; (ii) AR agonist and antagonist repress and induce CERK mRNA expression, respectively; (iii) orchiectomy in wildtype mice or mice with PCa (harboring prostate-specific Pten deletion) results in elevated Cerk mRNA levels in prostate tissue. Mechanistically, we found that AR represses CERK through interaction with its regulatory elements and that the transcriptional repressor EZH2 contributes to this process. In summary, we identify a repressive mode of AR that influences the expression of CERK in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Camacho
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Amaia Zabala-Letona
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana R. Cortazar
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Asier Dominguez-Herrera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Amaia Ercilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jana Crespo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Cristina Viera
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Sonia Fernández-Ruiz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Martinez-Gonzalez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Veronica Torrano
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-Martín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jahan N, Jones C, Rahman RL. Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer: Implications on prognosis and treatment, a brief review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111324. [PMID: 34000352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70%-85% of breast cancers express androgen receptors (ARs). The role of AR in breast cancer pathogenesis is currently in exploration. Both androgens and anti-androgens have demonstrated variable inhibitory and stimulatory effects in AR-positive breast cancer depending on estrogen receptor and HER2 co-expression. Androgen signaling pathways interact with other critical cellular pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and estrogen signaling pathways. Therapeutic exploitation of AR has been the crux of management of prostate cancer for decades. In recent years there has been increasing interest in AR as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer. There have been many early phase clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of various AR-targeted agents in breast cancer. Some of these studies have shown promising clinical benefits. Studies of biomarkers to identify the patients likely to benefit from AR-targeted therapies are currently in progress. Besides, AR expression may be an important prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer, which needs to be defined better in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA.
| | - Catherine Jones
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th)St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Petrossian K, Huang MJ, Saeki K, Kanaya N, Chang G, Somlo G, Chen S. Functional characterization of androgen receptor in two patient-derived xenograft models of triple negative breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105791. [PMID: 33271252 PMCID: PMC8820229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive efforts, through cell line-based models, have been made to characterize the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, these efforts have not yet reached a consensus with regards to the mechanism of AR in TNBC. Considering that patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are more appropriate than cell line-based models for recapitulating the structural and molecular features of a patient's tumor, we have identified and molecularly characterized two new AR-positive TNBC PDX models and assessed the impacts of AR agonist [dihydrotestosterone (DHT)] and antagonist (enzalutamide) on tumor growth and gene expression profiles by utilizing immunohistochemistry, western blots, and RNA-Seq analyses. Two PDX models, termed TN1 and TN2, were derived from two grade-3 TNBC tumors, each harboring 1∼5% of AR nuclear positive cancer cells. DHT activated AR in both PDX tumors by increasing nuclear localization and AR protein levels. However, the endpoint tumor volume of DHT-treated TN1 was 3-folds smaller than that of non-treated TN1 tumors. Conversely, the endpoint tumor volume of DHT-treated TN2 was 2-folds larger than that of non-treated TN2. Moreover, enzalutamide failed to antagonize DHT-induced tumor growth in TN2. The RNA-Seq analyses revealed that DHT mainly suppressed gene expression in TN1 (961 down-regulated genes versus 149 up-regulated genes), while DHT promoted gene expression in TN2 (673 up-regulated genes versus 192 down-regulated genes). RNA-Seq data predicted distinct TNBC molecular subtypes for TN1 and TN2. TN1 correlated to a basal-like 1 (BL1) subtype, and TN2 correlated to a basal-like 2 (BL2) subtype. These analyses suggest that TN1 and TN2, which both express functional AR, are two molecularly distinct PDX models. The molecular characterization of these PDX models expands our current knowledge on AR-positive TNBC. Our results do not support that AR is a suitable therapeutic target in TNBC. To our best knowledge, the molecular mechanisms of AR in TNBC are equivocal and should be evaluated using clinically relevant models, considering both the heterogeneous expression of AR in TNBC and the general complexities of AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Karineh Petrossian
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Miao-Juei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Noriko Kanaya
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Gregory Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - George Somlo
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen L, Wang YY, Li D, Wang C, Wang SY, Shao SH, Zhu ZY, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Ruan Y, Han BM, Xia SJ, Jiang CY, Zhao FJ. LMO2 upregulation due to AR deactivation in cancer-associated fibroblasts induces non-cell-autonomous growth of prostate cancer after androgen deprivation. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:138-150. [PMID: 33503448 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in prostate fibroblasts in addition to normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Moreover, AR activation in fibroblasts dramatically influences prostate cancer (PCa) cell behavior. Androgen deprivation leads to deregulation of AR downstream target genes in both fibroblasts and PCa cells. Here, we identified LIM domain only 2 (LMO2) as an AR target gene in prostate fibroblasts using ChIP-seq and revealed that LMO2 can be repressed directly by AR through binding to androgen response elements (AREs), which results in LMO2 overexpression after AR deactivation due to normal prostate fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) transformation or androgen deprivation therapy. Next, we investigated the mechanisms of LMO2 overexpression in fibroblasts and the role of this event in non-cell-autonomous promotion of PCa cells growth in the androgen-independent manner through paracrine release of IL-11 and FGF-9. Collectively, our data suggest that AR deactivation deregulates LMO2 expression in prostate fibroblasts, which induces castration resistance in PCa cells non-cell-autonomously through IL-11 and FGF-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yue-Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Si-Hui Shao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genetic Variation in the Androgen Receptor Modifies the Association Between Testosterone and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2351-2361. [PMID: 33011098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low vitality is a common symptom of testosterone deficiency; however, clinical trial results remain inconclusive regarding the responsiveness of this symptom to hormone replacement. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine if the relationship between circulating testosterone levels and vitality would be moderated by the CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which influences the receptor's sensitivity to testosterone. METHODS We examined 676 men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging when they were, on average, 55.4 years old (SD = 2.5). Salivary testosterone levels were measured by using 3 samples collected at waking on 3 nonconsecutive days. The average testosterone level was classified as low, normal, or high based on 1-SD cutoffs. Analyses were conducted using multilevel, mixed linear models, which accounted for the nonindependence of the twin data, and adjusted for the effects of age, ethnicity, BMI, chronic health conditions, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. OUTCOMES Vitality was measured using the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) vitality subscale. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between salivary testosterone and the AR-CAG repeat length. When the repeat length was short, men with low testosterone had significantly lower vitality. As the AR-CAG repeat length increased, the magnitude of the testosterone effect decreased. CLINICAL TRANSLATION The observed interaction between testosterone and variation in the AR gene suggests that men with more sensitive ARs, as indicated by a shorter AR-CAG repeat, are more likely to experience symptoms of age-related testosterone deficiency. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Strengths of the present study include our use of a large community-based sample, the use of multiple testosterone measurements, and the availability of a comprehensive set of covariates that may impact the association of interest. Limitations include the homogeneous nature of the sample with respect to ethnicity, the brevity of the 36-item Short Form vitality subscale, and our inability to establish change in testosterone levels because of the cross-sectional nature of data. CONCLUSIONS The association between testosterone and vitality appears to be clinically meaningful and is in part dependent on variation in the AR gene. Panizzon MS, Bree K, Hsieh T-C, et al. Genetic Variation in the Androgen Receptor Modifies the Association Between Testosterone and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men. J Sex Med 2020;17:2351-2361.
Collapse
|
17
|
Androgen receptor signaling regulates the transcriptome of prostate cancer cells by modulating global alternative splicing. Oncogene 2020; 39:6172-6189. [PMID: 32820253 PMCID: PMC7515832 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), is a transcription factor and a member of a hormone receptor superfamily. AR plays a vital role in the progression of prostate cancer and is a crucial target for therapeutic interventions. While the majority of advanced-stage prostate cancer patients will initially respond to the androgen deprivation, the disease often progresses to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Interestingly, CRPC tumors continue to depend on hyperactive AR signaling and will respond to potent second-line antiandrogen therapies, including bicalutamide (CASODEX®) and enzalutamide (XTANDI®). However, the progression-free survival rate for the CRPC patients on antiandrogen therapies is only 8–19 months. Hence, there is a need to understand the mechanisms underlying CRPC progression and eventual treatment resistance. Here, we have leveraged next-generation sequencing and newly developed analytical methodologies to evaluate the role of AR signaling in regulating the transcriptome of prostate cancer cells. The genomic and pharmacologic stimulation and inhibition of AR activity demonstrates that AR regulates alternative splicing within cancer-relevant genes. Furthermore, by integrating transcriptomic data from in vitro experiments and in prostate cancer patients, we found that a significant number of AR-regulated splicing events are associated with tumor progression. For example, we found evidence for an inadvertent AR-antagonist-mediated switch in IDH1 and PL2G2A isoform expression, which is associated with a decrease in overall survival of patients. Mechanistically, we discovered that the epithelial-specific splicing regulators (ESRP1 and ESRP2), flank many AR-regulated alternatively spliced exons. And, using 2D invasion assays, we show that the inhibition of ESRPs can suppress AR-antagonist-driven tumor invasion. Our work provides evidence for a new mechanism by which AR alters the transcriptome of prostate cancer cells by modulating alternative splicing. As such, our work has important implications for CRPC progression and development of resistance to treatment with bicalutamide and enzalutamide.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nash C, Boufaied N, Badescu D, Wang YC, Paliouras M, Trifiro M, Ragoussis I, Thomson AA. Genome-wide analysis of androgen receptor binding and transcriptomic analysis in mesenchymal subsets during prostate development. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/7/dmm039297. [PMID: 31350272 PMCID: PMC6679388 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate development is controlled by androgens, the androgen receptor (AR) and mesenchymal–epithelial signalling. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to define AR genomic binding in the male and female mesenchyme. Tissue- and single-cell-based transcriptional profiling was used to define mesenchymal AR target genes. We observed significant AR genomic binding in females and a strong enrichment at proximal promoters in both sexes. In males, there was greater AR binding to introns and intergenic regions as well as to classical AR binding motifs. In females, there was increased proximal promoter binding and involvement of cofactors. Comparison of AR-bound genes with transcriptomic data enabled the identification of novel sexually dimorphic AR target genes. We validated the dimorphic expression of AR target genes using published datasets and confirmed regulation by androgens using ex vivo organ cultures. AR targets showed variable expression in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. We examined AR function at single-cell resolution using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in male and female mesenchyme. Surprisingly, both AR and target genes were distributed throughout cell subsets, with few positive cells within each subset. AR binding was weakly correlated with target gene expression. Summary: A study of how androgens lead to sexually dimorphic development of the prostate using transcription factor genome binding and transcriptome analysis in mesenchymal subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nash
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Dunarel Badescu
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Miltiadis Paliouras
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 5750 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC, Canada H3S 1Y9
| | - Mark Trifiro
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 5750 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC, Canada H3S 1Y9
| | - Ioannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McNairn AJ, Chuang CH, Bloom JC, Wallace MD, Schimenti JC. Female-biased embryonic death from inflammation induced by genomic instability. Nature 2019; 567:105-108. [PMID: 30787433 PMCID: PMC6497049 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability (GIN) can trigger cellular responses including
checkpoint activation, senescence, and inflammation 1,2.
Though extensively studied in cell culture and cancer paradigms, little is known
about the impact of GIN during embryonic development, a period of rapid cellular
proliferation. We report that GIN-causing mutations in the MCM2–7 DNA
replicative helicase 3,4 render female mouse embryos to be
dramatically more susceptible than males to embryonic lethality. This bias was
not attributable to X-inactivation defects, differential replication licensing,
or X vs Y chromosome size, but rather “maleness,” since XX embryos
could be rescued by transgene-mediated sex reversal or testosterone (T)
administration. The ability of exogenous or endogenous T to protect embryos was
related to its anti-inflammatory properties 5. The NSAID ibuprofen rescued female embryos containing
mutations not only in MCM genes but also Fancm, which like MCM
mutants have elevated GIN (micronuclei) from compromised replication fork repair
6. Additionally,
deficiency for the anti-inflammatory IL10 receptor was synthetically lethal with
the Mcm4Chaos3 helicase mutant. Our
experiments indicate that DNA replication-associated DNA damage during
development induces inflammation that is preferentially lethal to female
embryos, whereas male embryos are protected by high levels of intrinsic T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J McNairn
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Jordana C Bloom
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marsha D Wallace
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - John C Schimenti
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Cornell Center for Vertebrate Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Role of RB in Prostate Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:301-318. [PMID: 31900914 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RB tumor suppressor is one of the most commonly deleted/mutated genes in human cancers. In prostate cancer specifically, mutation of RB is most frequently observed in aggressive, metastatic disease. As one of the earliest tumor suppressors to be identified, the molecular functions of RB that are lost in tumor development have been studied for decades. Earlier work focused on the canonical RB pathway connecting mitogenic signaling to the cell cycle via Cyclin/CDK inactivation of RB, thereby releasing the E2F transcription factors. More in-depth analysis revealed that RB-E2F complexes regulate cellular processes beyond proliferation. Most recently, "non-canonical" roles for RB function have been expanded beyond its E2F interactions, which may play a particular role in advanced prostate cancer. For example, in mouse models of prostate cancer, loss of RB has been shown to induce lineage plasticity, which enables resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. This increased understanding of the potential downstream functions of RB in prostate cancer may lead the way to identifying therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells following RB loss.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nevedomskaya E, Baumgart SJ, Haendler B. Recent Advances in Prostate Cancer Treatment and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051359. [PMID: 29734647 PMCID: PMC5983695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs, drug sequences and combinations have improved the outcome of prostate cancer in recent years. The latest approvals include abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide and apalutamide which target androgen receptor (AR) signaling, radium-223 dichloride for reduction of bone metastases, sipuleucel-T immunotherapy and taxane-based chemotherapy. Adding abiraterone acetate to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in order to achieve complete androgen blockade has proven highly beneficial for treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Also, ADT together with docetaxel treatment showed significant benefit in mHSPC. Ongoing clinical trials for different subgroups of prostate cancer patients include the evaluation of the second-generation AR antagonists enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, of inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, of inhibitors of DNA damage response, of targeted alpha therapy and of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting approaches. Advanced clinical studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown limited benefits in prostate cancer and more trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy. The identification of improved, personalized treatments will be much supported by the major progress recently made in the molecular characterization of early- and late-stage prostate cancer using “omics” technologies. This has already led to novel classifications of prostate tumors based on gene expression profiles and mutation status, and should greatly help in the choice of novel targeted therapies best tailored to the needs of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simon J Baumgart
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
daSilva LF, Beckedorff FC, Ayupe AC, Amaral MS, Mesel V, Videira A, Reis EM, Setubal JC, Verjovski-Almeida S. Chromatin Landscape Distinguishes the Genomic Loci of Hundreds of Androgen-Receptor-Associated LincRNAs From the Loci of Non-associated LincRNAs. Front Genet 2018; 9:132. [PMID: 29875794 PMCID: PMC5985396 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling events triggered by androgen hormone in prostate cells is dependent on activation of the androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor. Androgen hormone binding to AR promotes its displacement from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and AR binding to DNA motifs, thus inducing activatory and inhibitory transcriptional programs through a complex regulatory mechanism not yet fully understood. In this work, we performed RNA-seq deep-sequencing of LNCaP prostate cancer cells and found over 7000 expressed long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), of which ∼4000 are novel lincRNAs, and 258 lincRNAs have their expression activated by androgen. Immunoprecipitation of AR, followed by large-scale sequencing of co-immunoprecipitated RNAs (RIP-Seq) has identified in the LNCaP cell line a total of 619 lincRNAs that were significantly enriched (FDR < 10%, DESeq2) in the anti-Androgen Receptor (antiAR) fraction in relation to the control fraction (non-specific IgG), and we named them Androgen-Receptor-Associated lincRNAs (ARA-lincRNAs). A genome-wide analysis showed that protein-coding gene neighbors to ARA-lincRNAs had a significantly higher androgen-induced change in expression than protein-coding genes neighboring lincRNAs not associated to AR. To find relevant epigenetic signatures enriched at the ARA-lincRNAs’ transcription start sites (TSSs) we used a machine learning approach and identified that the ARA-lincRNA genomic loci in LNCaP cells are significantly enriched with epigenetic marks that are characteristic of in cis enhancer RNA regulators, and that the H3K27ac mark of active enhancers is conspicuously enriched at the TSS of ARA-lincRNAs adjacent to androgen-activated protein-coding genes. In addition, LNCaP topologically associating domains (TADs) that comprise chromatin regions with ARA-lincRNAs exhibit transcription factor contents, epigenetic marks and gene transcriptional activities that are significantly different from TADs not containing ARA-lincRNAs. This work highlights the possible involvement of hundreds of lincRNAs working in synergy with the AR on the genome-wide androgen-induced gene regulatory program in prostate cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F daSilva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Beckedorff
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Ayupe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo S Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Mesel
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Videira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João C Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang CY, Yang BY, Zhao S, Shao SH, Bei XY, Shi F, Sun Q, Deng Z, Wang XH, Han BM, Zhao FJ, Xia SJ, Ruan Y. Deregulation of ATG9A by impaired AR signaling induces autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts and promotes BPH progression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29568063 PMCID: PMC5864884 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays an essential role in both prostate stromal cells and epithelial cells during the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Here we demonstrated that androgen ablation after 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) treatment induced autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts inhibiting cell apoptosis. In addition, we found that ATG9A expression was increased after androgen ablation, which facilitated autophagic flux development. Knockdown of ATG9A not only inhibited autophagy notably in prostate stromal fibroblasts, but also reduced the volumes of prostate stromal fibroblast and epithelial cell recombinant grafts in nude mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that ATG9A upregulation after long-term 5-ARI treatment constitutes a possible mechanism of BPH progression. Thus, combined treatment with 5-ARI and autophagy inhibitory agents would reduce the risk of BPH progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bo-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Si-Hui Shao
- Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Bei
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hildebrandt T, Heywood A, Wesley D, Schulz K. Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal. Front Psychol 2018; 9:390. [PMID: 29651261 PMCID: PMC5885244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic androgens (i. e., anabolic-androgenic steroids) are the primary component to the majority of problematic appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use. Despite evidence that these substances are associated with increased risk for aggression, violence, body image disturbances, and polypharmacy and can develop a pattern of chronic use consistent with drug dependence, there are no formal definitions of androgen intoxication. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to establish a testable theory of androgen intoxication. We present evidence and theorize that synthetic androgen intoxication can be defined by a pattern of poor self-regulation characterized by increased propensity for a range of behaviors (e.g., aggression, sex, drug seeking, exercise, etc.) via androgen mediated effects on general brain arousal. This theory posits that androgens reduce threshold for emotional reactivity, motor response, and alertness to sensory stimuli and disrupt inhibitory control over the behaviors associated with synthetic androgen use. These changes result from alteration to basic neurocircuitry that amplifies limbic activation and reduces top-down cortical control. The implications for this definition are to inform APED specific hypotheses about the behavioral and psychological effects of APED use and provide a basis for establishing clinical, legal, and public health guidelines to address the use and misuse of these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hildebrandt
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ashley Heywood
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Wesley
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kurt Schulz
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao S, Gao Y, He HH, Han D, Han W, Avery A, Macoska JA, Liu X, Chen S, Ma F, Chen S, Balk SP, Cai C. Androgen Receptor Tumor Suppressor Function Is Mediated by Recruitment of Retinoblastoma Protein. Cell Rep 2017; 17:966-976. [PMID: 27760327 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well characterized as a transcriptional activator that drives prostate cancer (PCa) growth, androgen receptor (AR) can function as a transcriptional repressor, and high-level androgens can suppress PCa proliferation. The molecular basis for this repression activity remains to be determined. Genes required for DNA replication are highly enriched among androgen-repressed genes, and AR is recruited to the majority of these genes, where it rapidly represses their transcription. This activity is enhanced in PCa cells expressing high AR levels and is mediated by recruitment of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Significantly, AR also indirectly increases the expression of DNA replication genes through stimulatory effects on other metabolic genes with subsequent CDK activation and Rb hyperphosphorylation. In castration-resistant PCa cells, which are dependent on high-level AR expression, this anti-proliferative repression function might be exploited through treatment with androgen in combination with agents that suppress AR-driven metabolic functions or cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Dong Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Wanting Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Amy Avery
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jill A Macoska
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang L, Zhao Z, Xu S, Tandon M, LaValle CR, Deng F, Wang QJ. Androgen suppresses protein kinase D1 expression through fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12800-12811. [PMID: 28077787 PMCID: PMC5355056 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer, androgen/androgen receptor (AR) and their downstream targets play key roles in all stages of disease progression. The protein kinase D (PKD) family, particularly PKD1, has been implicated in prostate cancer biology. Here, we examined the cross-regulation of PKD1 by androgen signaling in prostate cancer cells. Our data showed that the transcription of PKD1 was repressed by androgen in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Steroid depletion caused up regulation of PKD1 transcript and protein, an effect that was reversed by the AR agonist R1881 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, thus identifying PKD1 as a novel androgen-repressed gene. Kinetic analysis indicated that the repression of PKD1 by androgen required the induction of a repressor protein. Furthermore, inhibition or knockdown of AR reversed AR agonist-induced PKD1 repression, indicating that AR was required for the suppression of PKD1 expression by androgen. Downstream of AR, we identified fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) and its downstream MEK/ERK pathway as mediators of androgen-induced PKD1 repression. In summary, PKD1 was identified as a novel androgen-suppressed gene and could be downregulated by androgen through a novel AR/FRS2/MEK/ERK pathway. The upregulation of prosurvival PKD1 by anti-androgens may contribute to therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhenlong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuping Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manuj Tandon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Courtney R LaValle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Esmaeili M, Jennek S, Ludwig S, Klitzsch A, Kraft F, Melle C, Baniahmad A. The tumor suppressor ING1b is a novel corepressor for the androgen receptor and induces cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:207-20. [PMID: 26993046 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression to the castration-resistant stage with poor clinical outcome. Altered function of AR-interacting factors may contribute to castration-resistant PCa (CRPCa). Inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) is a tumor suppressor that regulates various cellular processes including cell proliferation. Interestingly, ING1 expression is upregulated in senescent primary human prostate cells; however, its role in AR signaling in PCa was unknown. Using a proteomic approach by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS) combined with immunological techniques, we provide here evidence that ING1b interacts in vivo with the AR. The interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro GST-pull-down, and quantitative intracellular colocalization analyses. Functionally, ING1b inhibits AR-responsive promoters and endogenous key AR target genes in the human PCa LNCaP cells. Conversely, ING1b knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit enhanced AR activity, suggesting that the interaction with ING1b represses the AR-mediated transcription. Also, data suggest that ING1b expression is downregulated in CRPCa cells compared with androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Interestingly, its ectopic expression induces cellular senescence and reduces cell migration in both androgen-dependent and CRPCa cells. Intriguingly, ING1b can also inhibit androgen-induced growth in LNCaP cells in a similar manner as AR antagonists. Moreover, ING1b upregulates different cell cycle inhibitors including p27(KIP1), which is a novel target for ING1b. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel corepressor function of ING1b on various AR functions, thereby inhibiting PCa cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Jennek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi L, Lin H, Li G, Sun Y, Shen J, Xu J, Lin C, Yeh S, Cai X, Chang C. Cisplatin enhances NK cells immunotherapy efficacy to suppress HCC progression via altering the androgen receptor (AR)-ULBP2 signals. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:45-56. [PMID: 26805759 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of cisplatin on the efficacy of natural killer (NK) cells immunotherapy to suppress HCC progression, and provide valuable information on better application of cisplatin in clinical settings. By using in vitro cell cytotoxicity test and in vivo liver orthotopic xenograft mice model, we identified the role of cisplatin in modulating NK cells cytotoxicity. Luciferase report assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were applied for mechanism dissection. Immunohistochemistry is performed for sample staining. We found cisplatin could enhance the efficacy of NK cells immunotherapy to better suppress HCC progression via altering the androgen receptor (AR)-UL16-binding protein 2 (ULBP2) signals both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism dissection revealed that cisplatin could suppress AR expression via two distinct ways: increasing miR-34a-5p to suppress AR expression and altering the ubiquitination to accelerate the AR protein degradation. The suppressed AR might then function through up-regulating ULBP2, a natural-killer group 2 member D ligand, to enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Together, these results indicated an unrecognized favoring effect of cisplatin in HCC treatment. By suppressing AR in HCC, cisplatin could up-regulate cytotoxicity of NK cells to better target HCC. This finding may provide a potential new approach to control HCC by combining traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hui Lin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Changyi Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is critical for the normal development of prostate and for its differentiated functions. The consistent expression of AR in prostate cancer (PCa), and its continued activity in PCa that relapse after androgen deprivation therapy (castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)), indicate that at least a subset of these genes are also critical for PCa development and progression. This review addressed AR regulated genes that may be critical for PCa, and how AR may acquire new functions during PCa development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Balk
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morphology and gene expression profile of the submandibular gland of androgen-receptor-deficient mice. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:320-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
31
|
Hessenkemper W, Roediger J, Bartsch S, Houtsmuller AB, van Royen ME, Petersen I, Grimm MO, Baniahmad A. A natural androgen receptor antagonist induces cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1831-40. [PMID: 25203674 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a natural occurring, androgen receptor-specific antagonist. Atraric acid (AA) inhibits the transactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) and androgen-mediated growth of AR-expressing human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. Here we show that AA treatment of living cells provokes molecular changes of AR signaling. In addition to a deceleration of nuclear translocation a block of the intramolecular amino/carboxy (N/C)-terminal interaction of the AR was observed. Furthermore, using high-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy, a reduced speckle formation of the AR was observed in line with an increased intranuclear mobility of the receptor. This suggests decreased DNA binding of the AR, which is further indicated by an impaired chromatin recruitment of the AR to the prostate-specific antigen promoter and enhancer shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Using inhibitors of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src or Akt, known interaction partners of AR, reduced the level of androgen-induced cellular senescence suggesting a partly non-genomic pathway to induce cellular senescence by AA. Using PP2 (4-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) pyrimidine or Akt inhibitors, inhibitors of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src or Akt, known interaction partners of AR, reduced the level of androgen-induced cellular senescence, suggesting a partly nongenomic pathway to induce cellular senescence by AA. Treatment of LNCaP cells with AA is associated with hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor and an increase of p16 expression, whereas the p53-p21 signaling pathway seems not be affected by AA treatment. Analyzing human PCa tissue samples treated with AA ex vivo also indicates an induction of cellular senescence associated with an increase of p16 expression but not p21. Taken together, these data indicate that AA exhibits novel features to inhibit AR amino/carboxy-terminal interaction, the AR-mediated nuclear activities and growth of PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hessenkemper
- Institute of Human Genetics (W.H., J.R., S.B., A.B.), Institute of Pathology (I.P.), and Institute of Urology (M.-O.G.), Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany; Department of Pathology (A.B.H., M.E.v.R.), Josephine Nefkens Institute, and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center (A.B.H., M.E.v.R.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The hormonal milieu influences immune tolerance and the immune response against viruses and cancer, but the direct effect of androgens on cellular immunity remains largely uncharacterized. We therefore sought to evaluate the effect of androgens on murine and human T cells in vivo and in vitro. We found that murine androgen deprivation in vivo elicited RNA expression patterns conducive to IFN signaling and T-cell differentiation. Interrogation of mechanism showed that testosterone regulates T-helper 1 (Th1) differentiation by inhibiting IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation: in murine models, we determined that androgen receptor binds a conserved region within the phosphatase, Ptpn1, and consequent up-regulation of Ptpn1 then inhibits IL-12 signaling in CD4 T cells. The clinical relevance of this mechanism, whereby the androgen milieu modulates CD4 T-cell differentiation, was ascertained as we found that androgen deprivation reduced expression of Ptpn1 in CD4 cells from patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Our findings, which demonstrate a clinically relevant mechanism by which androgens inhibit Th1 differentiation of CD4 T cells, provide rationale for targeting androgens to enhance CD4-mediated immune responses in cancer or, conversely, for modulating androgens to mitigate CD4 responses in disorders of autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Negative regulation of the androgen receptor gene through a primate-specific androgen response element present in the 5' UTR. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:299-311. [PMID: 24895212 PMCID: PMC4164857 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a widely expressed ligand-activated transcription factor which mediates androgen signalling by binding to androgen response elements (AREs) in normal tissue and prostate cancer (PCa). Within tumours, the amount of AR plays a crucial role in determining cell growth, resistance to therapy and progression to fatal castrate recurrent PCa in which prostate cells appear to become independent of androgenic steroids. Despite the pivotal role of the AR in male development and fertility and all stages of PCa development, the mechanisms governing AR expression remain poorly understood. In this work, we describe an active nonconsensus androgen response element (ARE) in the 5' UTR of the human AR gene. The ARE represses transcription upon binding of activated AR, and this downregulation is relieved by disruption of the regulatory element through mutation. Also, multiple species comparison of the genomic region reveals that this ARE is specific to primates, leading to the conclusion that care must be exercised when elucidating the operation of the human AR in PCa based upon rodent promoter studies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guido C, Santoro M, De Amicis F, Perrotta I, Panza S, Rago V, Cesario MG, Lanzino M, Aquila S. Human sperm anatomy and endocrinology in varicocele: role of androgen receptor. Reproduction 2014; 147:589-98. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of androgens involved in male reproduction has been object of intense efforts, while their reported action on human male gametes is limited. We previously described the presence of androgen receptor (AR) in sperm with a role related to the modulation of the PI3K pathway. In the present study, we investigated the expression of AR and its ultrastructural location in normal sperm as well as in spermatozoa obtained from varicocele patients. We observed a reduced AR content in varicocele sperm with respect to healthy sperm by western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural location of AR was detected mainly on the head membrane as well as in the nucleus, neck, and mitochondria. Influence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment on cholesterol efflux was increased in normal sperm, while it was reduced or absent in varicocele sperm. To better understand DHT/AR significance in human male gametes, we evaluated triglyceride content and lipase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities upon DHT treatment. The metabolic outcome glimpsed in normal sperm was an increased metabolic rate, while ‘varicocele’ sperm economized energy. Taken together, our results reveal DHT and AR as new players in sperm endocrinology, indicating that varicocele sperm may have difficulty in switching to the capacitated status. A decreased AR expression and a consequent reduced responsiveness to DHT in sperm may represent molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of varicocele leading to male infertility. This study revealed new detrimental effects of varicocele on sperm at the molecular level.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mirowska A, Sledzinski T, Smolenski RT, Swierczynski J. Down-regulation of Zac1 gene expression in rat white adipose tissue by androgens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:63-70. [PMID: 24316431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ZAC1 is a zinc-finger protein transcription factor, a transcriptional cofactor for nuclear receptors, and a co-activator of nuclear receptors, which interacts with multiple signaling pathways affecting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and metabolism. Some data suggest that ZAC1 regulates the expression of genes associated with function of adipose tissue. Since there is no information about the levels of Zac1 gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT), and the expression of several genes associated with metabolic function of WAT is significantly lower in male than female animals, we have examined: (a) the relative ZAC1 mRNA levels in some organs/tissues, including three main depots of WAT, in 3-month-old male rats; (b) the relative ZAC1 mRNA levels in WAT of male and female rats; (c) the effect of orchidectomy and orchidectomy with concomitant testosterone treatment on ZAC1 mRNA and protein levels; (d) the effect of ovariectomy and ovariectomy with concomitant 17β-estradiol treatment on ZAC1 mRNA levels; (e) the effect of dihydrotestosterone on ZAC1 mRNA levels in isolated adipocytes. Our results indicate that: (a) ZAC1 mRNA levels are relatively high in WAT in comparison with other organs/tissues; (b) ZAC1 mRNA levels in subcutaneous WAT are approximately 2-fold lower than in epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue; (c) ZAC1 mRNA levels in WAT of adult female rats are approximately 2-fold higher than in male rats; (d) testosterone is inversely related to ZAC1 mRNA and protein levels in WAT of male rats; and (e) dihydrotestosterone decreases the ZAC1 mRNA levels in adipocytes in dose dependent manner. In conclusion, Zac1 gene is highly expressed in white adipose tissue of adult rats. Androgens could play an important role in down-regulation of the ZAC1 mRNA and protein levels in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mirowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mendez C, Morales-Vasquez F, Perez-Montiel D, Gomora MJ, Espinola-Zetina C, Hernandez-Martinez A, Lopez-Basave H, Pedernera E. Estrogen and androgen receptor expression in surface epithelium and inclusion cyst in the ovary of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:85. [PMID: 24279585 PMCID: PMC4176294 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of surface epithelium and epithelial inclusion cysts in the ovary arises from studies demonstrating that these structures are susceptible to epithelial ovarian cancer development. The expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), androgen receptor (AR), in epithelial cells of the ovary from premenopausal and postmenopausal women is interesting because sexual steroid hormones are involved in cell growth and differentiation. METHODS The presence of ER alpha, AR, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in ovaries obtained from 79 pre and postmenopausal patients, undergoing histero-salpingo-oophorectomy for proliferative gynecological diseases. The proportion of patients that displayed positive reaction for estrogen and androgen receptors in epithelial cells of the ovary was evaluated according to menopausal status and associated pathology. RESULTS The proportion of patients that displayed a positive receptor expression in the epithelial cells of the ovarian surface and cortical inclusion cysts shows that ER alpha is present in 20 of 79 patients (0.25), AR in 33 of 79 (0.42) and GPR30 in 38 of 55 (0.69). There are no differences in ER alpha, AR, and GPR30 expression between pre and postmenopausal patients and considering the associated pathology, proportions for ER alpha and GPR30 are similar. The patients with cervical cancer show a higher proportion of AR expression in epithelial cells of the ovary, which is statistically significant (P < 0.01) compared with patients with other proliferative diseases. CONCLUSIONS The presence of ER alpha, AR, and GPR30 in the surface epithelial ovarian cells and its derivatives are observed with a proportion that is specific for each receptor. The proportion of expression for these receptors in the epithelial cells of the ovary does not change after menopause. The proportion of ovaries with AR positive epithelial cells in patients with cervical squamous carcinoma is higher compared with other gynecological pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mendez
- Departamento de Embriologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Flavia Morales-Vasquez
- FMV Departamento de Oncologia Medica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, DPM Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, HLB Departamento de Cirugia Oncologica, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Delia Perez-Montiel
- FMV Departamento de Oncologia Medica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, DPM Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, HLB Departamento de Cirugia Oncologica, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Maria J Gomora
- Departamento de Embriologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Clementina Espinola-Zetina
- Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatologia. Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Azucena Hernandez-Martinez
- Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatologia. Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Horacio Lopez-Basave
- FMV Departamento de Oncologia Medica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, DPM Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, HLB Departamento de Cirugia Oncologica, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Enrique Pedernera
- Departamento de Embriologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim J, Yu J. Interrogating genomic and epigenomic data to understand prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1825:186-96. [PMID: 22240201 PMCID: PMC3307852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major breakthroughs at the beginning of this century in high-throughput technologies have profoundly transformed biological research. Significant knowledge has been gained regarding our biological system and its disease such as malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize leading discoveries in prostate cancer research derived from the use of high-throughput approaches powered by microarrays and massively parallel next-generation sequencing (NGS). These include the seminal discovery of chromosomal translocations such as TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions as well as the identification of critical oncogenes exemplified by the polycomb group protein EZH2. We then demonstrate the power of interrogating genomic and epigenomic data in understanding the plethora of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. As an example, we review how androgen receptor (AR) binding events are mediated at multiple levels through protein-DNA interaction, histone and DNA modifications, as well as high-order chromatin structural changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao JC, Yu J, Runkle C, Wu L, Hu M, Wu D, Liu JS, Wang Q, Qin ZS, Yu J. Cooperation between Polycomb and androgen receptor during oncogenic transformation. Genome Res 2011; 22:322-31. [PMID: 22179855 DOI: 10.1101/gr.131508.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-activated transcription factor that plays important roles in prostate development and function, as well as malignant transformation. The downstream pathways of AR, however, are incompletely understood. AR has been primarily known as a transcriptional activator inducing prostate-specific gene expression. Through integrative analysis of genome-wide AR occupancy and androgen-regulated gene expression, here we report AR as a globally acting transcriptional repressor. This repression is mediated by androgen-responsive elements (ARE) and dictated by Polycomb group protein EZH2 and repressive chromatin remodeling. In embryonic stem cells, AR-repressed genes are occupied by EZH2 and harbor bivalent H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications that are characteristic of differentiation regulators, the silencing of which maintains the undifferentiated state. Concordantly, these genes are silenced in castration-resistant prostate cancer rendering a stem cell-like lack of differentiation and tumor progression. Collectively, our data reveal an unexpected role of AR as a transcriptional repressor inhibiting non-prostatic differentiation and, upon excessive signaling, resulting in cancerous dedifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|