1
|
Developmental Exposure to DDT Disrupts Transcriptional Regulation of Postnatal Growth and Cell Renewal of Adrenal Medulla. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032774. [PMID: 36769098 PMCID: PMC9917778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is the most widespread persistent pollutant with endocrine-disrupting properties. DDT has been shown to disrupt secretory and morphogenetic processes in the adrenal cortex. The present investigation aimed to evaluate transcriptional regulation of postnatal growth of the adrenal medulla and formation of the pools necessary for self-renewal of medullary cells in rats that developed under low-dose exposure to DDT. The study was performed using male Wistar rats exposed to low doses of o,p'-DDT during prenatal and postnatal development. Light microscopy and histomorphometry revealed diminished medulla growth in the DDT-exposed rats. Evaluation of Ki-67 expression in chromaffin cells found later activation of proliferation indicative of retarded growth of the adrenal medulla. All DDT-exposed rats exhibited a gradual decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase production by adrenal chromaffin cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of nuclear β-catenin, transcription factor Oct4, and ligand of sonic hedgehog revealed increased expression of all factors after termination of growth in the control rats. The DDT-exposed rats demonstrated diminished increases in Oct4 and sonic hedgehog expression and lower levels of canonical Wnt signaling activation. Thus, developmental exposure to the endocrine disruptor o,p'-DDT alters the transcriptional regulation of morphogenetic processes in the adrenal medulla and evokes a slowdown in its growth and in the formation of a reserve pool of cells capable of dedifferentiation and proliferation that maintain cellular homeostasis in adult adrenals.
Collapse
|
2
|
Dufour D, Dumontet T, Sahut-Barnola I, Carusi A, Onzon M, Pussard E, Wilmouth JJ, Olabe J, Lucas C, Levasseur A, Damon-Soubeyrand C, Pointud JC, Roucher-Boulez F, Tauveron I, Bossis G, Yeh ET, Breault DT, Val P, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A. Loss of SUMO-specific protease 2 causes isolated glucocorticoid deficiency by blocking adrenal cortex zonal transdifferentiation in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7858. [PMID: 36543805 PMCID: PMC9772323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification, that provides fine-tuning of protein function involved in the cellular response to stress, differentiation, and tissue development. In the adrenal cortex, an emblematic endocrine organ that mediates adaptation to physiological demands, the SUMOylation gradient is inversely correlated with the gradient of cellular differentiation raising important questions about its role in functional zonation and the response to stress. Considering that SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2), a deSUMOylating enzyme, is upregulated by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)/cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) signalling within the zona fasciculata, we generated mice with adrenal-specific Senp2 loss to address these questions. Disruption of SENP2 activity in steroidogenic cells leads to specific hypoplasia of the zona fasciculata, a blunted reponse to ACTH and isolated glucocorticoid deficiency. Mechanistically, overSUMOylation resulting from SENP2 loss shifts the balance between ACTH/PKA and WNT/β-catenin signalling leading to repression of PKA activity and ectopic activation of β-catenin. At the cellular level, this blocks transdifferentiation of β-catenin-positive zona glomerulosa cells into fasciculata cells and sensitises them to premature apoptosis. Our findings indicate that the SUMO pathway is critical for adrenal homeostasis and stress responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dufour
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Isabelle Sahut-Barnola
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Aude Carusi
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282IGMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Méline Onzon
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Eric Pussard
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - James Jr Wilmouth
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Julie Olabe
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Cécily Lucas
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France ,grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Maladies Rares, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Adrien Levasseur
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Christelle Damon-Soubeyrand
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pointud
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Florence Roucher-Boulez
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France ,grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Maladies Rares, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Igor Tauveron
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France ,grid.494717.80000000115480420Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282IGMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edward T. Yeh
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - David T. Breault
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Pierre Val
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- grid.494717.80000000115480420institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, F-63000 France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Learning and memory impairment and transcriptomic profile in hippocampus of offspring after maternal fructose exposure during gestation and lactation. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113394. [PMID: 36049592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased fructose intake is a global issue, especially in mothers. Maternal fructose exposure during gestation and lactation can affect learning and memory in offspring; however, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. The hippocampus is a mind locale liable for learning and memory. Here, we established a maternal high-fructose diet model by administering 13% and 40% fructose water, applied the Morris Water Maze test on postnatal day 60 offspring, and performed full-length RNA sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform to explore the changes in gene expression in the hippocampus. The results showed that learning and memory in offspring were negatively affected. Compared with the control group, 369 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were identified in the 13% fructose group, and 501 DETs were identified in the 40% fructose group. Gene Ontology enriched term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enriched pathway analyses identified several terms and pathways related to brain development and cognitive function. Furthermore, we confirmed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was down-regulated and neuron degeneration was enhanced. In summary, our results indicate that maternal fructose exposure during gestation and lactation can impair learning and memory in offspring and affect brain function at the transcriptome level.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kasacka I, Piotrowska Ż, Domian N, Lewandowska A. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the adrenal glands of rats in various types of experimental hypertension. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-22-0121. [PMID: 35904223 PMCID: PMC9346341 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, which is disturbed in hypertension. Taking into account the lack of literature describing changes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the adrenal glands under conditions of elevated arterial pressure, here we compare the expression of WNT4, WNT10A, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in the adrenal glands of hypertensive rats of various etiologies. The studies were carried out on the adrenal glands of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), renalvascular (2K1C), and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. Immunohistochemical and PCR methods were used to identify the molecular components of the canonical signaling pathway and to evaluate gene expression. Immunoreactivity and expression of WNT4, WNT10A, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in adrenals of SHR was decreased, compared to control rats. In adrenals of 2K1C rats, intensity of immunohistochemical reaction and expression of WNT4 and β-catenin was lower, while immunoreactivity and expression of WNT10A and GSK-3β were higher, compared to normotensive animals. Significantly stronger immunoreaction and expression of WNT4, β-catenin and GSK-3β but weaker immunoreactivity and expression of WNT10A were noted in adrenals in DOCA-salt rats, compared to control rats. In conclusion, our data provide new molecular information indicating that the canonical WNT pathway is disrupted in the adrenal glands of hypertensive rats. They show that the dysregulation of the WNT pathway depends on the etiology of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence should be addressed to I Kasacka:
| | - Żaneta Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Domian
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Lewandowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yaglova NV, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV, Timokhina EP, Tsomartova DA, Yaglov VV. Development and Function of the Adrenal Zona Reticularis in Rats Prenatally and Postnatally Exposed to the Endocrine Disruptor DDT. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Silva Charchar HL, Fragoso MCBV. An Overview of the Heterogeneous Causes of Cushing’s Syndrome due to Primary Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PMAH). J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac041. [PMID: 35402764 PMCID: PMC8989153 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PMAH) is considered a rare cause of adrenal Cushing syndrome, is pituitary ACTH-independent, generally results from bilateral adrenal macronodules (>1 cm), and is often associated with variable cortisol secretion, resulting in a heterogeneous clinical presentation. Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of PMAH have offered new insights into the comprehension of this heterogeneous and complex adrenal disorder. Different molecular mechanisms involving the actors of the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway have been implicated in the development of PMAH, including germline and/or somatic molecular defects such as hyperexpression of the G-protein aberrant receptors and pathogenic variants of MC2R, GNAS, PRKAR1A, and PDE11A. Nevertheless, since 2013, the ARMC5 gene is believed to be a major genetic cause of PMAH, accounting for more than 80% of the familial forms of PMAH and 30% of apparently sporadic cases, except in food-dependent Cushing syndrome in which ARMC5 is not involved. Recently, 2 independent groups have identified that the tumor suppressor gene KDM1A is responsible for PMAH associated specifically with food-dependent Cushing syndrome. Consequently, PMAH has been more frequently genetically associated than previously assumed. This review summarizes the most important aspects, including hormone secretion, clinical presentation, radiological imaging, and molecular mechanisms, involved in familial Cushing syndrome associated with PMAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helaine Laiz Silva Charchar
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Komura D, Kawabe A, Fukuta K, Sano K, Umezaki T, Koda H, Suzuki R, Tominaga K, Ochi M, Konishi H, Masakado F, Saito N, Sato Y, Onoyama T, Nishida S, Furuya G, Katoh H, Yamashita H, Kakimi K, Seto Y, Ushiku T, Fukayama M, Ishikawa S. Universal encoding of pan-cancer histology by deep texture representations. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110424. [PMID: 35235802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer histological images contain rich biological and clinical information, but quantitative representation can be problematic and has prevented the direct comparison and accumulation of large-scale datasets. Here, we show successful universal encoding of cancer histology by deep texture representations (DTRs) produced by a bilinear convolutional neural network. DTR-based, unsupervised histological profiling, which captures the morphological diversity, is applied to cancer biopsies and reveals relationships between histologic characteristics and the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Content-based image retrieval based on DTRs enables the quick retrieval of histologically similar images using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Furthermore, via comprehensive comparisons with driver and clinically actionable gene mutations, we successfully predict 309 combinations of genomic features and cancer types from hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained images. With its mounting capabilities on accessible devices, such as smartphones, universal encoding for cancer histology has a strong impact on global equalization for cancer diagnosis and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Komura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukuta
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Umezaki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Koda
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Ken Tominaga
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
| | - Mieko Ochi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konishi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Fumiya Masakado
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Sato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Takumi Onoyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shu Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Genta Furuya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Yamashita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 1-6 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turai PI, Herold Z, Nyirő G, Borka K, Micsik T, Tőke J, Szücs N, Tóth M, Patócs A, Igaz P. Tissue miRNA Combinations for the Differential Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Adenoma Established by Artificial Intelligence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040895. [PMID: 35205648 PMCID: PMC8870702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The histological differential diagnosis of adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma is difficult and requires great expertise. MiRNAs were shown to be useful for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors of several organs, and several findings have suggested their utility in adrenocortical tumors as well. Here, we have selected tissue miRNAs based on the literature search, and used machine learning to identify novel clinically applicable miRNA combinations. Combinations with high sensitivity and specificity (both over 90%) have been identified that could be promising for clinical use. Besides being a useful adjunct to histological examination, these miRNA combinations could enable preoperative adrenal biopsy in patients with adrenal tumors suspicious for malignancy. Abstract The histological analysis of adrenal tumors is difficult and requires great expertise. Tissue microRNA (miRNA) expression is distinct between benign and malignant tumors of several organs and can be useful for diagnostic purposes. MiRNAs are stable and their expression can be reliably reproduced from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Our purpose was to assess the potential applicability of combinations of literature-based miRNAs as markers of adrenocortical malignancy. Archived FFPE tissue samples from 10 adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), 10 adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and 10 normal adrenal cortex samples were analyzed in a discovery cohort, while 21 ACC and 22 ACA patients were studied in a blind manner in the validation cohort. The expression of miRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. Machine learning and neural network-based methods were used to find the best performing miRNA combination models. To evaluate diagnostic applicability, ROC-analysis was performed. We have identified three miRNA combinations (hsa-miR-195 + hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-503; hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-375 + hsa-miR-503 and hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-483-5p + hsa-miR-503) as unexpectedly good predictors to determine adrenocortical malignancy with sensitivity and specificity both of over 90%. These miRNA panels can supplement the histological examination of removed tumors and could even be performed from small volume adrenal biopsy samples preoperatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter István Turai
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Nyirő
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Katalin Borka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Micsik
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Judit Tőke
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolette Szücs
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-266-0816
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A novel nonsense mutation in ARMC5 causes primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:126. [PMID: 33971873 PMCID: PMC8108324 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare form of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The slowly progressing expansion of bilateral adrenal tissues usually persists for dozens of years, leading to delayed onset with severe conditions due to chronic mild hypercortisolism. About 20–50% cases were found to be caused by inactivating mutation of armadillo repeat-containing protein 5 (ARMC5) gene. Case presentation A 51-year-old man was admitted for severe diabetes mellitus, resistant hypertension, centripedal obesity and edema. PBMAH was diagnosed after determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels, dexamethasone suppression tests and abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scanning. The metabolic disorders of the patient remarkably improved after sequentially bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy combined with hormone replacement. Sanger sequencing showed germline nonsense mutation of ARMC5 c.967C>T (p.Gln323Ter). The second somatic missense mutation of ARMC5 was detected in one out of two resected nodules, reflecting the second-hit model of tumorigenesis. Routine genetic testing in his apparently healthy offspring showed one of two daughters and one son harbored the germline mutation. Conclusions In conclusion, our case report highlight the importance of genetic testing in the molecular diagnosis of PBMAH. Genetic screening in related family members will find out asymptomatic variant carriers to guide life-long follow-up. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-00896-0.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yaglova NV, Obernikhin SS, Yaglov VV, Nazimova SV, Timokhina EP, Tsomartova DA. Low-Dose Exposure to Endocrine Disruptor Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Affects Transcriptional Regulation of Adrenal Zona Reticularis in Male Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:682-685. [PMID: 33788101 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study examined transcriptional regulation of adrenal zona reticularis development in male Wistar rats exposed to low doses of endocrine disruptor dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) prenatally and postnatally. At pubertal age, zona reticularis demonstrated a retarded growth with a low proliferative activity of its cells. At this age, zona reticularis was characterized with overexpression of β-catenin by steroid-producing cells; a high percentage of cells with membrane and cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin, and reduced number of cells with nuclear β-catenin attesting to insufficient activation of Wnt signaling. Expression of transcriptional factor Oct4 by reticularis cells was down-regulated indicating their diminished proliferative potency. No significant alterations in Sonic Hedgehog expression were observed. Thus, DDT-provoked disorders of transcriptional regulation result in abnormal development of zona reticularis thereby disturbing sexual maturation in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Yaglova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - V V Yaglov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Nazimova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E P Timokhina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oikonomakos I, Weerasinghe Arachchige LC, Schedl A. Developmental mechanisms of adrenal cortex formation and their links with adult progenitor populations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111172. [PMID: 33484742 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is the main steroid producing organ of the human body. Studies on adrenal tissue renewal have been neglected for many years, but recent intensified research has seen tremendous progress in our understanding of the formation and homeostasis of this organ. However, cell turnover of the adrenal cortex appears to be complex and several cell populations have been identified that can differentiate into steroidogenic cells and contribute to adrenal cortex renewal. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how the adrenal cortex develops and how stem cell populations relate to its developmental progenitors. Finally, we will summarize present and future approaches to harvest the potential of progenitor/stem cells for future cell replacement therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Oikonomakos
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
| | | | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yaglova NV, Tsomartova DA, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV, Ivanova MY, Chereshneva EV, Yaglov VV, Lomanovskaya TA. Transcription factors β-catenin and Hex in postnatal development of the rat adrenal cortex: implication in proliferation control. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05932. [PMID: 33490685 PMCID: PMC7809185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of growth, maturation, and cell turnover in adrenal cortex during postnatal development has been significantly less studied than in embryonic period, while elucidation of factors mediating its normal postnatal morphogenesis could clarify mechanisms of tumorigenesis in adrenal cortex. Expression of transcription factors Hex, β-catenin, and Wnt signaling in the adrenal cortex of male pubertal and postpubertal Wistar rats were examined. Adrenal cortex morphology and hormone production during postnatal development were also studied. Adrenocortical zones demonstrated similar reduction of Ki-67-expressing cells, but different patterns of morphological and functional changes. Age-dependent decrease in percentage of cells with membrane localization of β-catenin and stable rate of cells with nuclear β-catenin, indicative of Wnt signaling activation, were revealed in each cortical zone. Nuclear β-catenin was not observed in immature areas of zona fasciculata. No association between Wnt signaling activation and rates of proliferation as well as changes in secretion of adrenocortical hormones was observed in postnatal development of rat adrenal cortex. Hex, known as antiproliferative factor, showed up-regulation of expression after puberty. Strong inverse correlations between ratio of Hex-positive cells and proliferating cells were found in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata. Zona reticularis demonstrated moderate correlation. Thus, these findings suggest a role for Hex in proliferation control during postnatal development of the rat adrenal cortex and possible implication of Hex down-regulation in adrenocortical dysplasia and neoplasia, which requires further study. Evaluation of Hex expression may also be considered a potent tool in assessment of cell proliferation in rat adrenal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Yaglova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dibakhan A Tsomartova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S Obernikhin
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Nazimova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Y Ivanova
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Chereshneva
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin V Yaglov
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Lomanovskaya
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yaglova N, Obernikhin S, Nazimova S, Yaglov V. Developmental exposure to endocrine disrupter dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane alters transcriptional regulation of postnatal morphogenesis of adrenal zona fasciculata. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3655-3659. [PMID: 33304177 PMCID: PMC7714961 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed to validate expression of transcriptional factors mediating postnatal development of adrenal zona fasciculata in rats exposed to low doses of endocrine disrupter dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane prenatally and postnatally. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the adrenals was performed. Impaired blood circulation, dystrophy and cell death were found in zona fasciculata of pubertal rats after developmental exposure to low doses of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Reparation of zona fasciculata was associated with increased number of Sonic hedgehog- and Oct4-expressing adrenal cortical cells but not in areas of regeneration. These data suggest that cell death may promote upregulation of factors inducing and maintaining pluripotent state in fasciculata cells for restoration of tissue homeostasis. Termination of growth of the adrenals after puberty was associated with upregulation of antiproliferative factor Hhex and decrease of cell proliferation. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure disrupted transcriptional control of cell proliferation by downregulation of Hhex expression in fasciculata cells. Decrease of proliferation in the exposed rats was mediated by inhibition of Sonic hedgehog and Oct4 expression and suppression of canonical Wnt signaling. The present study elucidated an alternative mechanism of proliferation control activated by endocrine disrupter dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane through transition of fasciculata cells from pluripotent state and higher proliferative potential to differentiation. Activation of the alternative mechanism of growth control may probably affect maintenance of tissue homeostasis of zona fasciculata in postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Yaglova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupa st., 3, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Obernikhin
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupa st., 3, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Nazimova
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupa st., 3, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Yaglov
- Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupa st., 3, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Berthon A, Bertherat J. Update of Genetic and Molecular Causes of Adrenocortical Hyperplasias Causing Cushing Syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:598-606. [PMID: 32097969 DOI: 10.1055/a-1061-7349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral hyperplasias of the adrenal cortex are rare causes of chronic endogenous hypercortisolemia also called Cushing syndrome. These hyperplasias have been classified in two categories based on the adrenal nodule size: the micronodular types include Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and isolated Micronodular Adrenal Disease (iMAD) and the macronodular also named Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH). This review discusses the genetic and molecular causes of these different forms of hyperplasia that involve mutations and dysregulation of various regulators of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PKA signaling is the main pathway controlling cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells under ACTH stimulation. Although mutations of the regulatory subunit R1α of PKA (PRKAR1A) is the main cause of familial and sporadic PPNAD, inactivation of two cAMP-binding phosphodiesterases (PDE11A and PDE8B) are associated with iMAD even if they are also found in PPNAD and PBMAH cases. Interestingly, PBMAH that is observed in multiple familial syndrome such as APC, menin, fumarate hydratase genes, has initially been associated with the aberrant expression of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) leading to an activation of cAMP/PKA pathway. However, more recently, the discovery of germline mutations in Armadillo repeat containing protein 5 (ARMC5) gene in 25-50% of PBMAH patients highlights its importance in the development of PBMAH. The potential relationship between ARMC5 mutations and aberrant GPCR expression is discussed as well as the potential other causes of PBMAH.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tömböl Z, Turai PI, Decmann Á, Igaz P. MicroRNAs and Adrenocortical Tumors: Where do we Stand on Primary Aldosteronism? Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:394-403. [PMID: 32168526 DOI: 10.1055/a-1116-2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, the endogenous mediators of RNA interference, interact with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulate aldosterone secretion and aldosterone effects. Some novel data show that the expression of some microRNAs is altered in primary aldosteronism, and some of these appear to have pathogenic relevance, as well. Differences in the circulating microRNA expression profiles between the two major forms of primary aldosteronism, unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia have also been shown. Here, we present a brief synopsis of these findings focusing on the potential relevance of microRNA in primary aldosteronism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Tömböl
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter István Turai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Decmann
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Changes in Transcriptional Regulation of Postnatal Morphogenesis of the Adrenal Zona Fasciculata Caused by Endocrine Disruptor Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:797-801. [PMID: 32328948 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of transcriptional factors regulating postnatal morphogenesis of the adrenal zona fasciculata in rats after developmental exposure to endocrine disruptor DDT. It was found that tissue reparation after trophic disorders and cell death triggered by prenatal and postnatal exposure to DDT was accompanied by an increase in the number of Oct4- and Shh-expressing cells forming a pool located outside the regeneration zones and involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the zona fasciculata. DDT exposure also disrupted the expression of antiproliferative factor Hhex. The data showed that proliferation of fasciculata cells after termination of adrenal cortex growth was downregulated by inhibition of the expression of Oct4 and Shh and suppression of canonical Wnt signaling, i.e. due to a decrease in the reserve cell pool essential for physiological regeneration, which can reduce the reactive potential of the zona fasciculata.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rubin B, Pilon C, Pezzani R, Rebellato A, Fallo F. The effects of mitotane and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:357-367. [PMID: 31587178 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitotane is the only chemotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), however, the anti-neoplastic efficacy is limited due to several side-effects in vivo. There is, therefore, a need of exploring for new anti-tumoral agents which can be used either alone or in combination with mitotane. The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) acts as an anti-proliferative agent in human cancer by inhibiting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The aim of this study was to study the effects of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3, individually or in combination, in an in vitro model with H295R ACC cells, and to elucidate the molecular events behind their effects involving the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Multiple concentrations of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3, individually or in combination, were tested on H295R cells for 24-96 h, and the effects analysed by MTT. A reduction in cell growth was observed in a dose/time-dependent manner for both mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3. In addition, a combination of clinically sub-therapeutic concentrations of mitotane with 1α,25(OH)2D3, had an additive anti-proliferative effect (Combination Index = 1.02). In a wound healing assay, individual treatments of both mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3 reduced the migration ability of H295R cells, with the effect further enhanced on combining both the agents. Western blotting and qRT-PCR analysis showed a modulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin and VDR signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our results show an additive effect of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the inhibition of H295R ACC cell growth and viability, and suggest that molecular mechanisms of their effects involve a functional link between VDR and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rubin
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - C Pilon
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - R Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Rebellato
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - F Fallo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang L, Wang C, Wu S, Fan Y, Li X. Influence of the mechanical properties of biomaterials on degradability, cell behaviors and signaling pathways: current progress and challenges. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2714-2733. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have clarified the influence of the mechanical properties of biomaterials on degradability and cell response, and also mechanical design targets and approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Cunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Since the initial discovery of mutations in the Armadillo-containing repeat protein 5 gene (ARMC5) in primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH), efforts have been made to better understand the molecular mechanisms involving ARMC5 in the development of this rare form of Cushing syndrome. It has now been established that germline ARMC5-inactivating mutations, mostly frameshift and nonsense ones, are responsible for roughly 40% of PBMAH cases. ARMC5 is a tumor suppressor gene responsible for a familial form of PBMAH. Furthermore, the presence of inactivating ARMC5 mutations is associated with a more severe CS and hypertension as well as an overall increase in adrenal mass. However, ARMC5 inactivation decreases cortisol secretion both in vitro and in vivo (in mice) suggesting that the way that ARMC5 deficiency leads to Cushing syndrome is complicated and maybe not a direct effect of the ARMC5's loss, requiring additional molecular events to take place. Moreover, in silico predicted damaging ARMC5 variants have been identified in patients of African American descent with primary aldosteronism suggesting a potential role of ARMC5 in predisposing to low renin hypertension. Beyond its role in adrenocortical cells, ARMC5 defects has recently been associated with meningioma and T-cell immune response defects in humans and mice, respectively. Herein, we review recent discoveries in ARMC5's role in adrenal pathophysiology and beyond; clearly, we are only at the beginning of understanding the function of this gene with functions in the adrenal gland, the immune system, and elsewhere.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yaglova NV, Tsomartova DA, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV. The Role of the Canonical Wnt-Signaling Pathway in Morphogenesis and Regeneration of the Adrenal Cortex in Rats Exposed to the Endocrine Disruptor Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane during Prenatal and Postnatal Development. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Kwok GTY, Zhao JT, Glover AR, Gill AJ, Clifton-Bligh R, Robinson BG, Ip JCY, Sidhu SB. microRNA-431 as a Chemosensitizer and Potentiator of Drug Activity in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Oncologist 2019; 24:e241-e250. [PMID: 30918109 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine cancer with treatments limited in efficacy for metastatic disease. New molecular targeted therapies have yet to improve patient outcomes. In contrast, established treatment regimens of adrenolytics and chemotherapy have demonstrated treatment benefit, although admittedly in a minority of patients. Identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients responsive to adjuvant therapy may offer a means to sensitize patients with progressive disease to existing adjuvant regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from primary ACC tumors of 10 Stage IV patients were examined for differentially expressed miRNAs between a "sensitive" and "resistant" cohort. Candidate microRNAs were restored via transfection in two functional ACC cell lines. Gain of function and effects on apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed. RESULTS microRNA-431 (miR-431) was underexpressed in patients with ACC with progressive disease undergoing adjuvant therapy. Restoration of miR-431 in vitro decreased the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of doxorubicin and mitotane, with markedly increased apoptosis. We found that a reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition underlies the action of miR-431 with doxorubicin treatment, with Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 implicated as the molecular target of miR-431 in ACC. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the potential of miRNA therapy to sensitize ACC to current established adjuvant therapy regimens, which may mitigate the resistance underlying treatment failure in patients with advanced ACC. Effective and well-studied methods of targeted miRNA delivery in existence hints at the imminent translatability of these findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine cancer with outcomes not improving despite extensive research and new targeted therapies. Mitotane and etoposide/doxorubicin/cisplatin chemotherapy is trial validated for improved recurrence-free survival. However, a minority of patients experience sustained benefit. Significant side effects exist for this regimen, with patients often unable to attain target drug doses shown to give survival benefit. This preclinical study examines the role of microRNAs in sensitizing ACC to doxorubicin or mitotane. This study offers an important bridge between new and existing cancer treatments, offering an imminently translatable approach to the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Y Kwok
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jing Ting Zhao
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony R Glover
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce G Robinson
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian C Y Ip
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stan B Sidhu
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang E, Yang Y, Chen S, Peng C, Lavin MF, Yeo AJ, Li C, Liu X, Guan Y, Du X, Du Z, Shao H. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis potentially by attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:311. [PMID: 30428918 PMCID: PMC6234553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica dust is an irreversible, chronic, and fibroproliferative lung disease with no effective treatment at present. Previous studies have shown that early intervention with bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) has positive effect on anti-pulmonary fibrosis caused by silica dust. However, early intervention using BMSCs is not practical, and the therapeutic effects of BMSCs advanced intervention on pulmonary fibrosis have rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of advanced transplantation (on the 28th day after exposure to silica suspension) of BMSCs on an established rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups including (1) control group (n = 6) which were normally fed, (2) silica model group (n = 6) which were exposed to silica suspension (1 mL of 50 mg/mL/rat), (3) BMSC transplantation group (n = 6) which received 1 mL BMSC suspension (2 × 106 cells/mL) by tail vein injection on the 28th day after exposure to silica suspension, and (4) BMSC-CM (conditioned medium) transplantation group (n = 6) which received CM from the same cell number by tail vein injection on the 28th day after exposure to silica suspension. On the 56th day after exposure to silica suspension, we used computed tomography (CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Masson's trichrome staining to evaluate the changes in lung tissue. We examined the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins in lung tissue using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS Successful construction of a pulmonary fibrosis model was confirmed by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining on the 28th day after exposure to silica suspension. On the 56th day after exposure, pulmonary CT examination showed a relieving effect of BMSCs on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis which was confirmed by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Treatment of BMSCs increased the expression of epithelial marker proteins including E-cadherin (E-cad) and cytokeratin19 (CK19) and reduced the expression of fibrosis marker proteins including Vimentin (Vim) and α-Smooth actin (α-SMA) after exposure to silica suspension. Furthermore, we found that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is abnormally activated in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and exogenous transplantation of BMSCs may attenuate their expression. CONCLUSIONS BMSC transplantation inhibits the EMT to alleviate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and the anti-fibrotic effect potentially by attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. ᅟ: ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enguo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangya Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abrey J Yeo
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Guan
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjing Du
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877 Jingshi Road, Lixia District Jinan, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu L, Xie J, Jiang L, Su T, Ye L, Zhou W, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Ning G, Wang W. Feminizing Adrenocortical Carcinoma: The Source of Estrogen Production and the Role of Adrenal-Gonadal Dedifferentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3706-3713. [PMID: 30053001 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feminizing adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare. The source of estrogen production and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigated the source and the molecular mechanism of estrogen production in feminizing ACC. METHODS A total of 46 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of ACC were recruited in our center. We described the clinical characteristics and steroid hormone profile of the peripheral and adrenal vein. In both feminizing ACC tissues and cell lines, we investigated the expression of steroidogenic biomarkers and β-catenin pathways by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of Wnt inhibitors on steroidogenesis were also analyzed in NCI-H295R cells. RESULTS A total of 46 consecutive patients with ACC were analyzed, and 25 had functional ACC. Four patients received a diagnosis of feminizing ACC based on feminizing manifestations, high levels of estradiol that were normalized after surgery, and histological Weiss score. Gonadal steroidogenic biomarkers including CYP19A1, HSD17B3, and LHCGR were markedly elevated in the feminizing ACC tissues. Adrenal vein sampling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry suggested high CYP19A1 activity in the adrenal mass. β-catenin expression was also elevated. When treated with niclosamide and PNU-74654, the H295R cell line showed a decrease in β-catenin expression, cell proliferation, and steroid secretion. All steroid hormone enzymes were inhibited, whereas CYP19A1, HSD17B3, and LHCGR mRNA increased. CONCLUSIONS Feminizing ACC can express high levels of CYP19A1, thus ectopically producing estrogens. Wnt pathway activation and dedifferentiation toward common adrenal-gonadal precursor cells may be the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luming Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - TingWei Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases of Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases of Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases of Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Substrate elasticity regulates adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation towards osteogenesis and adipogenesis through β-catenin transduction. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:83-95. [PMID: 30134207 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognised that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple lineages through guidance from the biophysical properties of the substrates. However, the precise biophysical mechanism that enables MSCs to respond to substrate properties remains unclear. In the current study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with different stiffnesses were fabricated and the way in which the elastic modulus of the substrate regulated differentiation towards osteogenesis and adipogenesis in adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) was explored. Initially, a cell morphology change by SEM was observed between the stiff and soft substrates. The cytoskeleton stains including microfilament by F-actin and microtubule by α- and β-tubulin further showed a larger cell spreading area on the stiff substrate. Then the expression of vinculin, in charge for the linkage of adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton, was enhanced on the stiff substrate. This change in focal adhesion plaque further triggered intracellular β-catenin signaling and promoted its nuclear translocation especially on the stiff substrate. The influence of β-catenin signaling on direct differentiation to osteogenic lineages was through direct binding between its downstream protein, Lef-1, and the osteogenic transcriptional factors, Runx2 and Osx, while on differentiation to adipogenic lineages was through modulating the expression of PPARγ. The imbalance of stiffness-induced β-catenin signaling finally induced a stronger osteogenesis and a weaker adipogenesis on the stiff substrate relative to those on the soft substrate. This study indicates the importance of stiffness on ASC differentiation and could help to increase understanding of the mechanism underlying molecular signal transduction from mechanosensing, mechanotransducing to stem cell differentiation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into multiple lineages, such as adipogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and osteogenesis, through influence of biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix. However, the precise bio-mechanism that triggers stem cell differentiation in response to matrix biophysical properties remains unclear. In the current study, we provide a series of experiments involving the characterization of cell morphology, microfilament, microtubule and adhesion capacity of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) in response to substrate stiffness, and further elucidation of cytoplasmic β-catenin-dependent signal transduction, nuclear translocation and resultant promoter activation of transcriptional factors for osteogenesis and adipogenesis. This study provides an explanation on deeper understanding of bio-mechanism underlying substrate stiffness-triggered β-catenin signal transduction from active mechanosensing, mechanotransducing to stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lotfi CFP, Kremer JL, dos Santos Passaia B, Cavalcante IP. The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e473s. [PMID: 30208164 PMCID: PMC6113920 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e473s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key knowledge regarding the development, growth, and growth disorders of the adrenal cortex from a molecular perspective. The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions: the cortex and the medulla. During embryological development and transition to the adult adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex acquires three different structural and functional zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling and molecules involved during adrenal cortex zonation. Equally significant is the knowledge obtained regarding the action of peptide factors involved in the maintenance of zonation of the adrenal cortex, such as peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin processing, adrenocorticotropin and N-terminal proopiomelanocortin. Findings regarding the development, maintenance and growth of the adrenal cortex and the molecular factors involved has improved the scientific understanding of disorders that affect adrenal cortex growth. Hypoplasia, hyperplasia and adrenocortical tumors, including adult and pediatric adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, are described together with findings regarding molecular and pathway alterations. Comprehensive genomic analyses of adrenocortical tumors have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as methylation alterations and the involvement of miRNAs. These findings provide a new perspective on the diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis of adrenocortical disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Jean Lucas Kremer
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Barbara dos Santos Passaia
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isadora Pontes Cavalcante
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gagnon N, Cáceres-Gorriti KY, Corbeil G, El Ghoyareb N, Ludwig N, Latour M, Lacroix A, Bourdeau I. Genetic Characterization of GnRH/LH-Responsive Primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2926-2935. [PMID: 29726953 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, somatic β-catenin mutations (CTNNB1) identified in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) from three women were suggested to be responsible for the aberrant overexpression of luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the APA. OBJECTIVE To genetically characterize patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) evaluated in vivo for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH)-responsive aldosterone secretion. METHOD Patients with PA were evaluated in vivo to determine the possible regulation of aldosterone secretion by GnRH or LH. Genetic analysis of the CTNNB1, KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, and GNAS genes were performed in this cohort and a control cohort of PA not tested in vivo for GnRH response. RESULTS We studied 50 patients with confirmed PA, including 36 APAs, 12 bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasias, 1 oncocytoma, and 1 bilateral hyperplasia with cosecretion of cortisol. Among 23 patients tested in vivo for GnRH response of aldosterone, 7 (30.4%) had a positive response, 4 (17.4%) a partial response, and 12 (52.2%) no response. No somatic CTNNB1 mutations were identified, but the disease-causing c.451G>C KCNJ5 mutation was found in two individuals with partial and no GnRH responses and an individual showing a positive response to LH. Two additional somatic pathogenic mutations, CACNA1D c.776T>A and ATP1A1 c.311T>G, were identified in two patients with no GnRH responses. In the 26 patients not tested for GnRH response, we identified 2 CTNNB1 (7.7%), 13 KCNJ5 (50%), and 1 CACNA1D (3.8%) mutations. CONCLUSION Aberrant regulation of aldosterone by GnRH is frequent in PA, but is not often associated with somatic CTNNB1, although it may be found with somatic KCNJ5 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gagnon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katia Y Cáceres-Gorriti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Corbeil
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nada El Ghoyareb
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natasha Ludwig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Latour
- Department of Pathology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Goudie C, Hannah-Shmouni F, Kavak M, Stratakis CA, Foulkes WD. 65 YEARS OF THE DOUBLE HELIX: Endocrine tumour syndromes in children and adolescents. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T221-T244. [PMID: 29986924 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As medicine is poised to be transformed by incorporating genetic data in its daily practice, it is essential that clinicians familiarise themselves with the information that is now available from more than 50 years of genetic discoveries that continue unabated and increase by the day. Endocrinology has always stood at the forefront of what is called today 'precision medicine': genetic disorders of the pituitary and the adrenal glands were among the first to be molecularly elucidated in the 1980s. The discovery of two endocrine-related genes, GNAS and RET, both identified in the late 1980s, contributed greatly in the understanding of cancer and its progression. The use of RET mutation testing for the management of medullary thyroid cancer was among the first and one of most successful applications of genetics in informing clinical decisions in an individualised manner, in this case by preventing cancer or guiding the choice of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment. New information emerges every day in the genetics or system biology of endocrine disorders. This review goes over most of these discoveries and the known endocrine tumour syndromes. We cover key genetic developments for each disease and provide information that can be used by the clinician in daily practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Goudie
- Division of Hematology-OncologyDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics The Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahmure Kavak
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics The Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human GeneticsResearch Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsomartova DA, Yaglova NV, Yaglov VV. Changes in Canonical β-Catenin/Wnt Signaling Activation in the Adrenal Cortex of Rats Exposed to Endocrine Disruptor Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) during Prenatal and Postnatal Ontogeny. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:493-496. [PMID: 29504097 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to low doses of the endocrine disruptor dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) leads to delayed activation of the canonical β-catenin/Wnt signaling in zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex in rats, which changed the rate of their postnatal development. Suppression of the Wnt pathway in zona fasciculata promotes its regeneration after DDT-induced blood circulation disorders and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - N V Yaglova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Yaglov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bonnet-Serrano F, Bertherat J. Genetics of tumors of the adrenal cortex. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R131-R152. [PMID: 29233839 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the molecular alterations observed in the various types of tumors of the adrenal cortex, excluding Conn adenomas, especially the alterations identified by genomic approaches these last five years. Two main forms of bilateral adrenocortical tumors can be distinguished according to size and aspect of the nodules: primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), which can be sporadic or part of Carney complex and primary bilateral macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH). The bilateral nature of the tumors suggests the existence of an underlying genetic predisposition. PPNAD and Carney complex are mainly due to germline-inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A, coding for a regulatory subunit of PKA, whereas PBMAH genetic seems more complex. However, genome-wide approaches allowed the identification of a new tumor suppressor gene, ARMC5, whose germline alteration could be responsible for at least 25% of PBMAH cases. Unilateral adrenocortical tumors are more frequent, mostly adenomas. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway can be activated in both benign and malignant tumors by CTNNB1 mutations and by ZNRF3 inactivation in adrenal cancer (ACC). Some other signaling pathways are more specific of the tumor dignity. Thus, somatic mutations of cAMP/PKA pathway genes, mainly PRKACA, coding for the catalytic alpha-subunit of PKA, are found in cortisol-secreting adenomas, whereas IGF-II overexpression and alterations of p53 signaling pathway are observed in ACC. Genome-wide approaches including transcriptome, SNP, methylome and miRome analysis have identified new genetic and epigenetic alterations and the further clustering of ACC in subgroups associated with different prognosis, allowing the development of new prognosis markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Hormonal Biology LaboratoryAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Department of EndocrinologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu L, Zhang J, Guo X, Chen X, He Z, He Q. ARMC5 mutations in familial and sporadic primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191602. [PMID: 29370219 PMCID: PMC5784932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate Armadillo repeat-containing 5 (ARMC5) mutations in Chinese patients with familial and sporadic primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH), we performed clinical data collection and ARMC5 sequencing for three PBMAH families and 23 sporadic PBMAH patients. ARMC5 pathogenic germline mutations were identified in all 3 PBMAH families. Secondary ARMC5 somatic mutations were found in two adrenal nodules from two PBMAH family members with ARMC5 germline mutations. PBMAH family members with ARMC5 pathogenic germline mutations displayed various clinical manifestations. ARMC5 pathogenic germline mutations were identified in 5 sporadic PBMAH patients among whom one patient displayed both hypercortisolism and primary aldosteronism. We detected a total of 10 ARMC5 pathogenic mutations, of which 8 had not been previously reported. Our results suggest that ARMC5 pathogenic germline mutations are common in familial and sporadic Chinese PBMAH patients, and demonstrate the importance of ARMC5 screening in PBMAH family members to detect patients with insidious PBMAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yu
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Berthon A, Faucz FR, Espiard S, Drougat L, Bertherat J, Stratakis CA. Age-dependent effects of Armc5 haploinsufficiency on adrenocortical function. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3495-3507. [PMID: 28911199 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the Armadillo repeat-containing 5 (ARMC5) gene have recently been discovered in primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PMAH), a cause of Cushing syndrome. Biallelic ARMC5 inactivation in PMAH suggested that ARMC5 may have tumor suppressor functions in the adrenal cortex. We generated and characterized a new mouse model of Armc5 deficiency. Almost all Armc5 knockout mice died during early embryonic development, around 6.5 and 8.5 days. Knockout embryos did not undergo gastrulation, as demonstrated by the absence of mesoderm development at E7.5. Armc5 heterozygote mice (Armc5+/-) developed normally but at the age of 1 year, their corticosterone levels decreased; this was associated with a decrease of protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit α (Cα) expression both at the RNA and protein levels that were also seen in human patients with PMAH and ARMC5 defects. However, this was transient, as corticosterone levels normalized later, followed by the development of hypercorticosteronemia in one-third of the mice at 18 months of age, which was associated with increases in PKA and Cα expression. Adrenocortical tissue analysis from Armc5+/- mice at 18 months showed an abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a subset of zona fasciculata cells. These data confirm that Armc5 plays an important role in early mouse embryonic development. Our new mouse line can be used to study tissue-specific effects of Armc5. Finally, Armc5 haploinsufficiency leads to Cushing syndrome in mice, but only later in life, and this involves PKA, its catalytic subunit Cα, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Berthon
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - F R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Espiard
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - L Drougat
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.,Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - C A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kulshrestha A, Suman S. Common module analysis reveals prospective targets and mechanisms of pediatric adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3267-3272. [PMID: 29435068 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma and adrenocortical adenoma are two rare diseases affecting children. Molecular analyses were performed to identify commonalities in gene expression between the diseases. Differentially expressed genes were identified for the pediatric adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma tissues, as compared with normal tissues, using the expression dataset. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for adenoma and carcinoma disease models, and common modules among the diseases were identified. A total of two common modules with 14 nodes and 20 nodes were revealed among the adenoma and carcinoma networks, respectively. Genes of the common modules were also identified to be the common hub genes of the disease models. Enrichment of the genes of the common modules suggested associations with steroid biosynthesis, the proteasome, cell cycle and metabolic pathways. Modularity, topological and functional analysis of the PPI networks revealed common modules among pediatric adenoma and carcinoma disease models, which provided insight into the underlying disease mechanisms and suggesting prospective targets for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kulshrestha
- Bioinformatics Division, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Shikha Suman
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211012, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Vanderriele PE, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. Review of Markers of Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Cells. Hypertension 2017; 70:867-874. [PMID: 28947616 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Vanderriele
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC. Somatic and inherited mutations in primary aldosteronism. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R47-R63. [PMID: 28400483 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA), the most common form of secondary hypertension, is caused in the majority of cases by unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Over the past few years, somatic mutations in KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 have been proven to be associated with APA development, representing more than 50% of sporadic APA. The identification of these mutations has allowed the development of a model for APA involving modification on the intracellular ionic equilibrium and regulation of cell membrane potential, leading to autonomous aldosterone overproduction. Furthermore, somatic CTNNB1 mutations have also been identified in APA, but the link between these mutations and APA development remains unknown. The sequence of events responsible for APA formation is not completely understood, in particular, whether a single hit or a double hit is responsible for both aldosterone overproduction and cell proliferation. Germline mutations identified in patients with early-onset PA have expanded the classification of familial forms (FH) of PA. The description of germline KCNJ5 and CACNA1H mutations has identified FH-III and FH-IV based on genetic findings; germline CACNA1D mutations have been identified in patients with very early-onset PA and severe neurological abnormalities. This review summarizes current knowledge on the genetic basis of PA, the association of driver gene mutations and clinical findings and in the contribution to patient care, plus the current understanding on the mechanisms of APA development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luiz Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- University Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- University Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- University Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cheng JY, Brown TC, Murtha TD, Stenman A, Juhlin CC, Larsson C, Healy JM, Prasad ML, Knoefel WT, Krieg A, Scholl UI, Korah R, Carling T. A novel FOXO1-mediated dedifferentiation blocking role for DKK3 in adrenocortical carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:164. [PMID: 28249601 PMCID: PMC5333434 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated WNT signaling dominates adrenocortical malignancies. This study investigates whether silencing of the WNT negative regulator DKK3 (Dickkopf-related protein 3), an implicated adrenocortical differentiation marker and an established tumor suppressor in multiple cancers, allows dedifferentiation of the adrenal cortex. Methods We analyzed the expression and regulation of DKK3 in human adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, promoter methylation assay, and copy number analysis. We also conducted functional studies on ACC cell lines, NCI-H295R and SW-13, using siRNAs and enforced DKK3 expression to test DKK3’s role in blocking dedifferentiation of adrenal cortex. Results While robust expression was observed in normal adrenal cortex, DKK3 was down-regulated in the majority (>75%) of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) tested. Both genetic (gene copy loss) and epigenetic (promoter methylation) events were found to play significant roles in DKK3 down-regulation in ACCs. While NCI-H295R cells harboring β-catenin activating mutations failed to respond to DKK3 silencing, SW-13 cells showed increased motility and reduced clonal growth. Conversely, exogenously added DKK3 also increased motility of SW-13 cells without influencing their growth. Enforced over-expression of DKK3 in SW-13 cells resulted in slower cell growth by an extension of G1 phase, promoted survival of microcolonies, and resulted in significant impairment of migratory and invasive behaviors, largely attributable to modified cell adhesions and adhesion kinetics. DKK3-over-expressing cells also showed increased expression of Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, RNAi silencing of which partially restored the migratory proficiency of cells without interfering with their viability. Conclusions DKK3 suppression observed in ACCs and the effects of manipulation of DKK3 expression in ACC cell lines suggest a FOXO1-mediated differentiation-promoting role for DKK3 in the adrenal cortex, silencing of which may allow adrenocortical dedifferentiation and malignancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3152-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Cheng
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timothy D Murtha
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam Stenman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M Healy
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute I Scholl
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB130A, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Renal anomalies are common birth defects that may manifest as a wide spectrum of anomalies from hydronephrosis (dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces) to renal aplasia (complete absence of the kidney(s)). Aneuploidies and mosaicisms are the most common syndromes associated with CAKUT. Syndromes with single gene and renal developmental defects are less common but have facilitated insight into the mechanism of renal and other organ development. Analysis of underlying genetic mutations with transgenic and mutant mice has also led to advances in our understanding of mechanisms of renal development.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li X, Wang B, Tang L, Lang B, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Chen L, Ouyang J, Zhang X. Clinical characteristics of PRKACA mutations in Chinese patients with adrenal lesions: a single-centre study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:954-961. [PMID: 27296931 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies have identified that the somatic PRKACA L206R mutation can cause cortisol-producing adenomas (CPAs). This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of PRKACA, GNAS and CTNNB1 mutations in adrenal lesions in patients from a single centre in China. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We sequenced PRKACA, GNAS and CTNNB1 genes in 108 patients, including 60 patients with CPAs (57 with unilateral and three with bilateral adenomas), 13 with nonfunctional adenomas, 12 with adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), 15 with primary bilateral macronodular hyperplasia (PBMAH) and eight with aldosterone and cortisol cosecreting adenomas. Mutations in PRKACA, GNAS and CTNNB1 were examined, and clinical characteristics were compared. RESULTS Among the unilateral CPAs, we identified somatic mutations in PRKACA (L206R) in 23 cases (40·4%), GNAS (R201C and R201H) in six cases (10·5%), CTNNB1 (S45C, L46P and S45P) in six cases (10·5%) and CTNNB1 plus GNAS in two cases (3·5%). PRKACA and GNAS mutations were mutually exclusive. Among the patients with nonfunctional adenoma, two carried CTNNB1 mutations. Among the patients with ACC, two carried GNAS and CTNNB1 mutations but none carried PRKACA mutations. One patient showed bilateral CPA, and one PBMAH patient carried PRKACA mutations. No mutations in PRKACA, GNAS or CTNNB1 were identified in the eight patients with aldosterone and cortisol cosecreting adenomas. PRKACA-mutant adenomas were associated with young age, overt Cushing's syndrome and high cortisol levels compared with non-PRKACA-mutant or CTNNB1-mutant lesions. CONCLUSIONS PRKACA mutations are present in CPAs and bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia. PRKACA mutation is associated with more severe autonomous cortisol secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lang
- Macao Polytechnic Institute School of Health Sciences, Macao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhi Ouyang
- Department of Outpatient Officer Consultation Room, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Overexpression of DIXDC1 correlates with enhanced cell growth and poor prognosis in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 57:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
39
|
Eren D, Betul YM. Revealing the effect of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and curcumin on mPGES-1, GSK-3β and β-catenin pathway in A549 cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:257-65. [PMID: 27645308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In our study, anticancer effects of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol from ginger and curcumin from turmeric were investigated and the results were compared with each other. We aimed to reveal their effects on microsomal prostaglandine E2 synthase 1 (mPGES-1) which is related with cancer progression and inflammation as well as β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) that are the main components of Wnt/GSK3 pathway. As it is known activation of GSK-3β and high levels of mPGES-1 pathway leads to cell proliferation and aggravates cancer progression. Therefore both of them are potential targets for cancer therapy. 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol' s effect on this pathway is not known very well up to now while curcumin that is known as an mPGES-1 inhibitor has anticancer properties via this pathway and many other pathways. Besides being in Zingiberaceae family, ginger's 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol have a molecular similarity with turmeric's curcumin. In our study we investigated their effects using a popular non small lung cancer cell line named A549 which expresses mPGES-1 and has active GSK3β pathway. IL-1β was used for inducing mPGES-1 and enabling the cancer characteristics such as cell proliferation. So compounds that inactivates or decreases the level of these components might be potential anticancer agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A549 cells were incubated with interleukin 1β (IL-1β) for 24 h in order to maintain mPGES-1 enzyme induction. Experiments were performed both on IL-1β and non-IL-1β group. Real time cell analysis was performed to determine the cytotoxicity. Samples for western blotting and RT-PCR were collected after 24 h incubation with compounds to determine the amount of mPGES-1, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin protein and mRNA. PGE2 which is the end product of mPGES-1 was measured by using ELISA kit. RESULTS As a result of cell profile assay, cells exposed to IL-1β proliferate faster than non-IL-1β ones. This shows that induced mPGES-1 might play a role through GSK3β pathway and 24 h IC50 value of 6-shogaol is 62 μM. IL-1β increased protein and mRNA levels of mPGES-1, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin and GSK-3β in control group. Effects of curcumin and 6-shogaol on these parameters were against IL-1β's effect while 6-gingerol was not effective at all. Furthermore, 6-shogaol and curcumin might be effective on GSK3β pathway via lowering PGE2 levels. CONCLUSION We saw that 6-shogaol is as effective as curcumin on this pathway and our study shows that 6-shogaol might show its anticancer properties via mPGES-1 and GSK3β pathway. May be these results might used for designing in vivo studies in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demirpolat Eren
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yerer Mukerrem Betul
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rubin B, Regazzo D, Redaelli M, Mucignat C, Citton M, Iacobone M, Scaroni C, Betterle C, Mantero F, Fassina A, Pezzani R, Boscaro M. Investigation of N-cadherin/β-catenin expression in adrenocortical tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13545-13555. [PMID: 27468715 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is a multifunctional protein; it is a key component of the Wnt signaling, and it plays a central role in cadherin-based adhesions. Cadherin loss promotes tumorigenesis by releasing membrane-bound β-catenin, hence stimulating Wnt signaling. Cadherins seem to be involved in tumor development, but these findings are limited in adrenocortical tumors (ACTs). The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in key components of cadherin/catenin adhesion system and of Wnt pathway. This study included eight normal adrenal samples (NA) and 95 ACT: 24 adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) and 71 adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs). β-catenin mutations were evaluated by sequencing, and β-catenin and cadherin (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We identified 18 genetic alterations in β-catenin gene. qRT-PCR showed overexpression of β-catenin in 50 % of ACC (12/24) and in 48 % of ACA (21/44). IHC data were in accordance with qRT-PCR results: 47 % of ACC (7/15) and 33 % of ACA (11/33) showed increased cytoplasmic or nuclear β-catenin accumulation. N-cadherin downregulation has been found in 83 % of ACC (20/24) and in 59 % of ACA (26/44). Similar results were obtained by IHC: N-cadherin downregulation was observed in 100 % (15/15) of ACC and in 55 % (18/33) of ACA. β-catenin overexpression together with the aberrant expression of N-cadherin may play important role in ACT tumorigenesis. The study of differentially expressed genes (such as N-cadherin and β-catenin) may enhance our understanding of the biology of ACT and may contribute to the discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Rubin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Daniela Regazzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Redaelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilisa Citton
- Division of Minimally Invasive Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Division of Minimally Invasive Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Corrado Betterle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Franco Mantero
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Division of Pathology and Cytopathology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Boscaro
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vinson GP. Functional Zonation of the Adult Mammalian Adrenal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:238. [PMID: 27378832 PMCID: PMC4908136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard model of adrenocortical zonation holds that the three main zones, glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis each have a distinct function, producing mineralocorticoids (in fact just aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and androgens respectively. Moreover, each zone has its specific mechanism of regulation, though ACTH has actions throughout. Finally, the cells of the cortex originate from a stem cell population in the outer cortex or capsule, and migrate centripetally, changing their phenotype as they progress through the zones. Recent progress in understanding the development of the gland and the distribution of steroidogenic enzymes, trophic hormone receptors, and other factors suggests that this model needs refinement. Firstly, proliferation can take place throughout the gland, and although the stem cells are certainly located in the periphery, zonal replenishment can take place within zones. Perhaps more importantly, neither the distribution of enzymes nor receptors suggest that the individual zones are necessarily autonomous in their production of steroid. This is particularly true of the glomerulosa, which does not seem to have the full suite of enzymes required for aldosterone biosynthesis. Nor, in the rat anyway, does it express MC2R to account for the response of aldosterone to ACTH. It is known that in development, recruitment of stem cells is stimulated by signals from within the glomerulosa. Furthermore, throughout the cortex local regulatory factors, including cytokines, catecholamines and the tissue renin-angiotensin system, modify and refine the effects of the systemic trophic factors. In these and other ways it more and more appears that the functions of the gland should be viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its component parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aldosterone regulation in the adrenal plays an important role in blood pressure. The commonest curable cause of hypertension is primary aldosteronism. Recently, mutations in novel genes have been identified to cause primary aldosteronism. Elucidating the mechanism of action of these genetic abnormalities may help understand the cause of primary aldosteronism and the physiological regulation of aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa. RECENT FINDINGS KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, CTNNB1, and CACNA1H mutations are causal of primary aldosteronism. ARMC5 may cause bilateral lesions resulting in primary aldosteronism.LGR5, DACH1, and neuron-specific proteins are highly expressed in the zona glomerulosa and regulate aldosterone production. SUMMARY Most mutations causing primary aldosteronism are in genes encoding cation channels or pumps, leading to increased calcium influx. Genotype-phenotype analyses identified two broad subtypes of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs), zona fasciculata-like and zona glomerulosa-like, and the likelihood of under-diagnosed zona glomerulosa-like APAs because of small size. Zona fasciculata-like APAs are only associated with KCNJ5 mutations, whereas zona glomerulosa-like APAs are associated with mutations in ATPase pumps, CACNA1D, and CTNNB1. The frequency of APAs, and the multiplicity of causal mutations, suggests a pre-existing drive for these mutations. We speculate that these mutations are selected for protecting against tonic inhibition of aldosterone in human zona glomerulosa, which express genes inhibiting aldosterone production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A B Azizan
- aDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia bThe Barts Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Drelon C, Berthon A, Mathieu M, Ragazzon B, Kuick R, Tabbal H, Septier A, Rodriguez S, Batisse-Lignier M, Sahut-Barnola I, Dumontet T, Pointud JC, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Baron S, Giordano TJ, Bertherat J, Martinez A, Val P. EZH2 is overexpressed in adrenocortical carcinoma and is associated with disease progression. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2789-2800. [PMID: 27149985 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal Cortex Carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive tumour with poor prognosis. Common alterations in patients include constitutive WNT/β-catenin signalling and overexpression of the growth factor IGF2. However, the combination of both alterations in transgenic mice is not sufficient to trigger malignant tumour progression, suggesting that other alterations are required to allow development of carcinomas. Here, we have conducted a study of publicly available gene expression data from three cohorts of ACC patients to identify relevant alterations. Our data show that the histone methyltransferase EZH2 is overexpressed in ACC in the three cohorts. This overexpression is the result of deregulated P53/RB/E2F pathway activity and is associated with increased proliferation and poorer prognosis in patients. Inhibition of EZH2 by RNA interference or pharmacological treatment with DZNep inhibits cellular growth, wound healing and clonogenic growth and induces apoptosis of H295R cells in culture. Further growth inhibition is obtained when DZNep is combined with mitotane, the gold-standard treatment for ACC. Altogether, these observations suggest that overexpression of EZH2 is associated with aggressive progression and may constitute an interesting therapeutic target in the context of ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Drelon
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Annabel Berthon
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Mickael Mathieu
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Houda Tabbal
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amandine Septier
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Rodriguez
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Endocrinologie, Faculté de Médecine, F- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Sahut-Barnola
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Silvère Baron
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Val
- CNRS, UMR6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gallo-Payet N. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T135-56. [PMID: 26793988 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in homeostasis and stress response and is thus the major component of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. After a brief summary of ACTH production from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and on ACTH receptor properties, the first part of the review covers the role of ACTH in steroidogenesis and steroid secretion. We highlight the mechanisms explaining the differential acute vs chronic effects of ACTH on aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion. The second part summarizes the effects of ACTH on adrenal growth, addressing its role as either a mitogenic or a differentiating factor. We then review the mechanisms involved in steroid secretion, from the classical Cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system to various signaling cascades. We also consider how the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton may trigger activation of signaling platforms potentially stimulating or repressing the steroidogenic potency of ACTH. Finally, we consider the extra-adrenal actions of ACTH, in particular its role in differentiation in a variety of cell types, in addition to its known lipolytic effects on adipocytes. In each section, we endeavor to correlate basic mechanisms of ACTH function with the pathological consequences of ACTH signaling deficiency and of overproduction of ACTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Galac S. Cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and their relevance for human medicine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:34-9. [PMID: 26123587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in pet dogs are an attractive animal model for their human counterparts. Adrenal morphology and function are similar in dogs and humans, and adrenocortical tumours have comparable clinical and pathological characteristics. Their relatively high incidence in pet dogs represents a potential source of adrenocortical tumour tissue to facilitate research. The molecular characteristics of canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours suggest that they will be useful for the study of angiogenesis, the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, and the role of Steroidogenic Factor-1 in adrenal tumourigenesis. Pet dogs with spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours may also be useful in clinical testing of new drugs and in investigating the molecular background of adrenocortical tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Leccia F, Batisse-Lignier M, Sahut-Barnola I, Val P, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A. Mouse Models Recapitulating Human Adrenocortical Tumors: What Is Lacking? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 27471492 PMCID: PMC4945639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortex tumors are divided into benign forms, such as primary hyperplasias and adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and malignant forms or adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). Primary hyperplasias are rare causes of adrenocorticotropin hormone-independent hypercortisolism. ACAs are the most common type of adrenal gland tumors and they are rarely "functional," i.e., producing steroids. When functional, adenomas result in endocrine disorders, such as Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) or Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism). By contrast, ACCs are extremely rare but highly aggressive tumors that may also lead to hypersecreting syndromes. Genetic analyses of patients with sporadic or familial forms of adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) led to the identification of potentially causative genes, most of them being involved in protein kinase A (PKA), Wnt/β-catenin, and P53 signaling pathways. Development of mouse models is a crucial step to firmly establish the functional significance of candidate genes, to dissect mechanisms leading to tumors and endocrine disorders, and in fine to provide in vivo tools for therapeutic screens. In this article, we will provide an overview on the existing mouse models (xenografted and genetically engineered) of ACTs by focusing on the role of PKA and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in this context. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of models that have been developed heretofore and we will point out necessary improvements in the development of next generation mouse models of adrenal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Leccia
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, School of Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Pierre Val
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Antoine Martinez
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Antoine Martinez,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang L, Tan C, Qiao F, Wang W, Jiang X, Lian P, Chang B, Sheng W. Upregulated expression of DIXDC1 in intestinal-type gastric carcinoma: co-localization with β-catenin and correlation with poor prognosis. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 26689843 PMCID: PMC4683926 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DIXDC1 (Dishevelled-Axin domain containing 1) is a positive regulator of the Wnt pathway. In the field of cancer research, the role of DIXDC1 is unclear. Our previous in vitro study showed that DIXDC1 enhances β-catenin nuclear accumulation in gastric cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to detect the expression of DIXDC1 in different histological subtypes of gastric carcinoma and to evaluate the correlation between the expression of DIXDC1 and β-catenin localization and clinicopathological parameters, including patients’ survival. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was performed to characterize the expression of DIXDC1 and β-catenin in archived materials from 259 cases of gastric carcinoma. The χ2 test and the Fisher’s test were used to analyze correlations between DIXDC1 expression, β-catenin localization, and clinicopathological parameters. Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the survival difference between groups was assessed by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results Positive DIXDC1 staining was detected in tumor cells in 123 of 259 (47.5 %) cases. DIXDC1 expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly correlated with the histological intestinal-type (P < 0.001), the depth of tumor invasion (P < 0.001) and the lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006). In the intestinal-type, DIXDC1 was correlated with the nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin expression (P = 0.002). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with high DIXDC1 expression had poor disease-specific survival (P < 0.001), especially in the intestinal-type. Moreover, multivariate regression analysis showed that positive expression of DIXDC1 was an independent prognostic predictor of intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Conclusion Our study indicated that DIXDC1 is a significant independent prognostic indicator in intestinal-type gastric carcinoma that plays an important role in carcinogenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma through the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Fan Qiao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Weige Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiangnan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Peng Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Bin Chang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Teo AED, Garg S, Shaikh LH, Zhou J, Karet Frankl FE, Gurnell M, Happerfield L, Marker A, Bienz M, Azizan EAB, Brown MJ. Pregnancy, Primary Aldosteronism, and Adrenal CTNNB1 Mutations. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1429-36. [PMID: 26397949 PMCID: PMC4612399 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1504869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of somatic mutations permit the recognition of subtypes of aldosterone-producing adenomas with distinct clinical presentations and pathological features. Here we describe three women with hyperaldosteronism, two who presented in pregnancy and one who presented after menopause. Their aldosterone-producing adenomas harbored activating mutations of CTNNB1, encoding β-catenin in the Wnt cell-differentiation pathway, and expressed LHCGR and GNRHR, encoding gonadal receptors, at levels that were more than 100 times as high as the levels in other aldosterone-producing adenomas. The mutations stimulate Wnt activation and cause adrenocortical cells to de-differentiate toward their common adrenal-gonadal precursor cell type. (Funded by grants from the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada E D Teo
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge (A.E.D.T., S.G., L.H.S., J.Z., E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Renal Medicine, University of Cambridge (F.E.K.F.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital (M.G.), Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (L.H., A.M.), and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.B.) - all in Cambridge, United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur (E.A.B.A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that incurs significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, due to glucocorticoid excess. It comprises adrenal (20%) and non-adrenal (80%) aetiologies. While the majority of cases are attributed to pituitary or ectopic corticotropin (ACTH) overproduction, primary cortisol-producing adrenal cortical lesions are increasingly recognised in the pathophysiology of Cushing's syndrome. Our understanding of this disease has progressed substantially over the past decade. Recently, important mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of adrenal hypercortisolism have been elucidated with the discovery of mutations in cyclic AMP signalling (PRKACA, PRKAR1A, GNAS, PDE11A, PDE8B), armadillo repeat containing 5 gene (ARMC5) a putative tumour suppressor gene, aberrant G-protein-coupled receptors, and intra-adrenal secretion of ACTH. Accurate subtyping of Cushing's syndrome is crucial for treatment decision-making and requires a complete integration of clinical, biochemical, imaging and pathology findings. Pathological correlates in the adrenal glands include hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma. While the most common presentation is diffuse adrenocortical hyperplasia secondary to excess ACTH production, this entity is usually treated with pituitary or ectopic tumour resection. Therefore, when confronted with adrenalectomy specimens in the setting of Cushing's syndrome, surgical pathologists are most commonly exposed to adrenocortical adenomas, carcinomas and primary macronodular or micronodular hyperplasia. This review provides an update on the rapidly evolving knowledge of adrenal Cushing's syndrome and discusses the clinicopathological correlations of this important disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Gomez Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|