1
|
Xiong S, He J, Qiu H, van Gestel CAM, He E, Qiao Z, Cao L, Li J, Chen G. Maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics causes defective retinal development and function in progeny mice by disturbing metabolic profiles. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141513. [PMID: 38387657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are widely spreading in our living environment, accumulating in the human body and potentially threating human health. The retina, which is a terminally differentiated extension of the central nervous system, is essential for the visual system. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms of MPs/NPs on retina development and function are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects and modes of action of polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) on the retina using mice as a mammalian model species. Maternal PS-NP exposure (100 nm) at an environmentally realistic concentration of 10 mg L-1 (or 2.07 *1010 particles mL-1) via drinking water from the first day of pregnancy till the end of lactation (21 days after birth) caused defective neural retinal development in the neonatal mice, by depositing in the retinal tissue and reducing the number of retinal ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Exposure to PS-NPs retarded retinal vascular development, while abnormal electroretinogram (ERG) responses and an increased level of oxidative stress were also observed in the retina of the progeny mice after maternal PS-NP exposure. Metabolomics showed significant dysregulation of amino acids that are pivotal to neuron retinal function, such as glutamate, aspartate, alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, taurine, and serotonin. Transcriptomics identified significantly dysregulated genes, which were enriched in processes of angiogenesis, visual system development and lens development. Regulatory analysis showed that Fos gene mediated pathways could be a potential key target for PS-NP exposure in retinal development and function. Our study revealed that maternal exposure to PS-NPs generated detrimental effects on retinal development and function in progeny mice, offering new insights into the visual toxicity of PS-NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jincan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - ErKai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhengdong Qiao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai International Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangquan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwantwi LB. The dual and multifaceted role of relaxin-2 in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2763-2771. [PMID: 36947362 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase in cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Although increasing evidence has demonstrated the pivotal role of relaxin-2 in multiple cancers, their role is a double-edged sword with both protumor and antitumor having been reported in various malignant tumors. Considering this dual role, it appears the biological mechanism underpinning the action of relaxin-2 in cancer is not clear and further studies to elucidate their potential as a preventive factor for cancers are of prime importance. Herein, a summarized up-to-date report on the role of relaxin-2 in human cancer including detailed clinical and experimental evidence supporting their tumor-promoting and inhibitory functions in cancer development and progression has been elucidated. Also, signaling pathways and other factors orchestrating the activities of relaxin-2 in the tumor microenvironment has been discussed. Collectively, the evidence from this review has demonstrated the need for further evaluation of the role of relaxin-2 as a diagnostic and or prognostic biomarker for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The effects of female sexual hormones on the endothelial glycocalyx. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:89-137. [PMID: 37080682 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer composed of carbohydrate side chains bound to core proteins that lines the vascular endothelium. The integrity of the glycocalyx is essential for endothelial cells' performance and vascular homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems influence the composition, maintenance, activity and degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx. The female organism has unique characteristics, and estrogen and progesterone, the main female hormones are essential to the development and physiology of the reproductive system and to the ability to develop a fetus. Female sex hormones also exert a wide variety of effects on other organs, including the vascular endothelium. They upregulate nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, decrease oxidative stress, increase vasodilation, and protect from vascular injury. This review will discuss how female hormones and pregnancy, which prompts to high levels of estrogen and progesterone, modulate the endothelial glycocalyx. Diseases prevalent in women that alter the glycocalyx, and therapeutic forms to prevent glycocalyx degradation and potential treatments that can reconstitute its structure and function will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wieczfinska J, Pawliczak R. Relaxin Affects Airway Remodeling Genes Expression through Various Signal Pathways Connected with Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158413. [PMID: 35955554 PMCID: PMC9368845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is one of the parameters of lung tissue remodeling in asthma. Relaxin has emerged as a natural suppressor of fibrosis, showing efficacy in the prevention of a multiple models of fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the aptitudes of relaxin, in the context of its immunomodulatory properties, in the development of airway remodeling. WI-38 and HFL1 fibroblasts, as well as epithelial cells (NHBE), were incubated with relaxin. Additionally, remodeling conditions were induced with two serotypes of rhinovirus (HRV). The expression of the genes contributing to airway remodeling were determined. Moreover, NF-κB, c-Myc, and STAT3 were knocked down to analyze the pathways involved in airway remodeling. Relaxin decreased the mRNA expression of collagen I and TGF-β and increased the expression of MMP-9 (p < 0.05). Relaxin also decreased HRV-induced expression of collagen I and α-SMA (p < 0.05). Moreover, all the analyzed transcription factors—NF-κB, c-Myc, and STAT3—have shown its influence on the pathways connected with relaxin action. Though relaxin requires further study, our results suggest that this natural compound offers great potential for inhibition of the development, or even reversing, of factors related to airway remodeling. The presented contribution of the investigated transcription factors in this process additionally increases its potential possibilities through a variety of its activity pathways.
Collapse
|
5
|
Immunoexpression of Relaxin and Its Receptors in Stifle Joints of Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070819. [PMID: 35405809 PMCID: PMC8996950 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most frequently encountered joint diseases in dogs, often leading to disabling chronic progressive osteoarthritis. The cause of the progressive intra-articular collagen matrix degradation, leading to tear and mechanical failure, is unknown. A variety of contributing factors has been found, however, an initiating mediator triggering the collagen degrading cascade remains to be identified. Our finding of strong relaxin- and relaxin receptor expression on intra-articular target tissues, such as on ligament fibrocytes and synovial membranes, renders relaxin a candidate for pathogenetic involvement, for collagen lysis, and progressive ligament fiber disruption. If confirmed, this opens the way for medical treatment of the disease in its early stages. In addition, further proof of relaxin involvement in canine osteoarthritis and ligament rupture would constitute a useful spontaneous animal model for human disease. Abstract The etiology of spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs is unknown despite being one of the most impacting orthopedic diseases in dogs. Numerous studies have contributed to the understanding of a multifactorial pathogenesis, this, however, without identifying a pivotal link to explain progressive collagen degeneration and osteoarthritic changes. In human medicine, recent reports have identified relaxin as a triggering factor in ligament ruptures in knee and metacarpal joints. We thus hypothesized that relaxin might also play a role in canine cruciate ligament rupture. Relaxin’s primarily known property is connective tissue remodeling through collagenolysis. We therefore investigated relaxin and its cognate receptors LGR7/LGR8 in 18 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) and compared them to a group of dogs with normal stifle joints. Applying immunohistochemistry (IHC), double immunofluorescence (dIF), and western blot analysis (WB), we found strong and significantly increased expression of both relaxin and its receptors in ruptured cruciate ligaments, and in synovial membranes. Pattern of immuno-staining on dIF strongly suggests relaxin binding to primed receptors and activation of signaling properties, which in turn may have affected collagen matrix metabolism. Thus, in canine cranial cruciate ligament disease, relaxin/receptor signaling may be a primary trigger for collagen fiber degradation and collagen lysis, eventually followed by ligament rupture.
Collapse
|
6
|
Babaitis R, Villegas FJ, Hoyos AE, Perez M, Mogollon IR. TULUA Male High-Definition Abdominoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:96-104. [PMID: 34936608 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominoplasty is a surgical technique for body contouring that has been shown to improve the patient's quality of life. It has become more common among male patients, so clear differences between procedures for men and women have to be stated. The authors present their experience with high-definition lipoabdominoplasty with transverse plication in men. METHODS Records of male patients undergoing transverse plication full abdominoplasty in addition to high-definition liposculpture were analyzed. A total of 24 consecutive cases were found between January of 2017 and June of 2019. Patient ages ranged from 24 to 60 years. Patients aged 18 years or younger were excluded. Body mass index ranged from 25 to 33 kg/m2. Photographic records were taken before and during follow-up at 2 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Male TULUA (transverse plication, no undermining, full liposuction, neoumbilicoplasty, and low transverse abdominal scar) with high-definition lipoabdominoplasty was successfully achieved in 24 cases. No major complications were reported. Six minor complications were reported (25 percent). Rectus abdominis diastases are less common in men compared to women, as pregnancy is the most determining factor in its development. Fat distribution is also a key difference when performing lipoabdominoplasty for the male or the female patient. The authors recommend a transverse plication of the abdominal wall, instead of a vertical one, as flap viability is preserved and enhanced muscular definition can be accomplished. CONCLUSIONS Combining transverse plication with high-definition lipoabdominoplasty (transverse plication, no undermining, full liposuction, neoumbilicoplasty, and low transverse abdominal scar plus high-definition lipoabdominoplasty) is a safe and reproducible technique for the male patient. It offers higher aesthetic results in line with modern beauty ideals. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Babaitis
- From the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Universidad del Valle; and Total Definer Research Group
| | - Francisco J Villegas
- From the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Universidad del Valle; and Total Definer Research Group
| | - Alfredo E Hoyos
- From the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Universidad del Valle; and Total Definer Research Group
| | - Mauricio Perez
- From the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Universidad del Valle; and Total Definer Research Group
| | - Ivan R Mogollon
- From the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Universidad del Valle; and Total Definer Research Group
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen TY, Li X, Goobie GC, Hung CH, Hung TK, Hamilton K, Bahudhanapati H, Tan J, Kass DJ, Zhang Y. Identification of a distal RXFP1 gene enhancer with differential activity in fibrotic lung fibroblasts involving AP-1. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0254466. [PMID: 34972106 PMCID: PMC8719731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) mediates relaxin’s antifibrotic effects and has reduced expression in the lung and skin of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD) including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). This may explain the failure of relaxin-based anti-fibrotic treatments in SSc, but the regulatory mechanisms controlling RXFP1 expression remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify regulatory elements of RXFP1 that may function differentially in fibrotic fibroblasts. We identified and evaluated a distal regulatory region of RXFP1 in lung fibroblasts using a luciferase reporter system. Using serial deletions, an enhancer upregulating pGL3-promoter activity was localized to the distal region between -584 to -242bp from the distal transcription start site (TSS). This enhancer exhibited reduced activity in IPF and SSc lung fibroblasts. Bioinformatic analysis identified two clusters of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor binding sites within the enhancer. Site-directed mutagenesis of the binding sites confirmed that only one cluster reduced activity (-358 to -353 relative to distal TSS). Co-expression of FOS in lung fibroblasts further increased enhancer activity. In vitro complex formation with a labeled probe spanning the functional AP-1 site using nuclear proteins isolated from lung fibroblasts confirmed a specific DNA/protein complex formation. Application of antibodies against JUN and FOS resulted in the complex alteration, while antibodies to JUNB and FOSL1 did not. Analysis of AP-1 binding in 5 pairs of control and IPF lung fibroblasts detected positive binding more frequently in control fibroblasts. Expression of JUN and FOS was reduced and correlated positively with RXFP1 expression in IPF lungs. In conclusion, we identified a distal enhancer of RXFP1 with differential activity in fibrotic lung fibroblasts involving AP-1 transcription factors. Our study provides insight into RXFP1 downregulation in fILD and may support efforts to reevaluate relaxin-based therapeutics alongside upregulation of RXFP1 transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yun Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Gillian C. Goobie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Clinician Investigator Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Kan Hung
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kyle Hamilton
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jiangning Tan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Kass
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aragón-Herrera A, Feijóo-Bandín S, Moraña-Fernández S, Anido-Varela L, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, Tarazón E, Lage R, Moscoso I, Barral L, Bani D, Bigazzi M, Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. Relaxin has beneficial effects on liver lipidome and metabolic enzymes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21737. [PMID: 34143495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin is an insulin-like hormone with pleiotropic protective effects in several organs, including the liver. We aimed to characterize its role in the control of hepatic metabolism in healthy rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with human recombinant relaxin-2 for 2 weeks. The hepatic metabolic profile was analyzed using UHPLC-MS platforms. Hepatic gene expression of key enzymes of desaturation (Fads1/Fads2) of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) N-methyltransferase (Pemt), of fatty acid translocase Cd36, and of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) were quantified by Real Time-PCR. Activation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was analyzed by Western Blot. Relaxin-2 significantly modified the hepatic levels of 19 glycerophospholipids, 2 saturated (SFA) and 1 monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids (FA), 3 diglycerides, 1 sphingomyelin, 2 aminoacids, 5 nucleosides, 2 nucleotides, 1 carboxylic acid, 1 redox electron carrier, and 1 vitamin. The most noteworthy changes corresponded to the substantially decreased lysoglycerophospholipids, and to the clearly increased FA (16:1n-7/16:0) and MUFA + PUFA/SFA ratios, suggesting enhanced desaturase activity. Hepatic gene expression of Fads1, Fads2, and Pemt, which mediates lipid balance and liver health, was increased by relaxin-2, while mRNA levels of the main regulator of hepatic FA uptake Cd36, and of the essential glycolysis enzyme Gpi, were decreased. Relaxin-2 augmented the hepatic activation of the hepatoprotector and master regulator of energy homeostasis AMPK. Relaxin-2 treatment also rised FADS1, FADS2, and PEMT gene expression in cultured Hep G2 cells. Our results bring to light the hepatic metabolic features stimulated by relaxin, a promising hepatoprotective molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Aragón-Herrera
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela and Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Anido-Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Institute La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Institute La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Institute La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela and Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Moscoso
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela and Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Barral
- Polymers Research Group, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of A Coruña, Polytechnic University School of Serantes, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Daniele Bani
- Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Bigazzi
- Endocrine Section, Prosperius Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saúde) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago) NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma Q, Cao Z, Li H, Wang W, Tian Y, Yan L, Liao Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Shi Y, Tang S, Zhou N. Two naturally occurring mutations of human GPR103 define distinct G protein selection bias. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119046. [PMID: 33872671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide 26RFa plays important roles in the regulation of many physiological functions. 26RFa has been recognized as an endogenous ligand for receptor GPR103. In the present study, we demonstrate that GPR103 dually couples to Gαq and Gαi/o proteins. However, two naturally occurring missense mutations were identified from a young male patient. In the first, Y68H, induction of Ca2+ mobilization was noted without detection of ERK1/2 activation. In the second, R371W, the potential to activate ERK1/2 signaling was retained but with failure to evoke Ca2+ mobilization. Further analysis provides evidence that Gαq, L-type Ca2+ channel and PKCβI and βII are involved in the Y68H-mediated signaling pathway, whereas Gαi/o, Gβγ, and PKCζ are implicated in the R371W-induced signaling. Our results demonstrate that two point mutations, Y68H and R371W, affect the equilibrium between the different receptor conformations, leading to alteration of G protein-coupling preferences. Importantly, these findings provide a foundation for future elucidation of GPCR-mediated biased signaling and the physiological implications of their bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, MOE Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huanzheng Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiangnan Chen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shaohua Tang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ligand-activated RXFP1 gene therapy ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2499-2513. [PMID: 33839322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent episodes of decompensated heart failure (HF) represent an emerging cause of hospitalizations in developed countries with an urgent need for effective therapies. Recently, the pregnancy-related hormone relaxin (RLN) was found to mediate cardio-protective effects and act as a positive inotrope in the cardiovascular system. RLN binds to the RLN family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), which is predominantly expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes. We therefore hypothesized that ventricular RXFP1 expression might exert potential therapeutic effects in an in vivo model of cardiac dysfunction. Thus, mice were exposed to pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction and treated with AAV9 to ectopically express RXFP1. To activate RXFP1 signaling, RLN was supplemented subcutaneously. Ventricular RXFP1 expression was well tolerated. Additional RLN administration not only abrogated HF progression but restored left ventricular systolic function. In accordance, upregulation of fetal genes and pathological remodeling markers were significantly reduced. In vitro, RLN stimulation of RXFP1-expressing cardiomyocytes induced downstream signaling, resulting in protein kinase A (PKA)-specific phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB), which was distinguishable from β-adrenergic activation. PLB phosphorylation corresponded to increased calcium amplitude and contractility. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ligand-activated cardiac RXFP1 gene therapy represents a therapeutic approach to attenuate HF with the potential to adjust therapy by exogenous RLN supplementation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Burston HE, Kent OA, Communal L, Udaskin ML, Sun RX, Brown KR, Jung E, Francis KE, La Rose J, Lowitz J, Drapkin R, Mes-Masson AM, Rottapel R. Inhibition of relaxin autocrine signaling confers therapeutic vulnerability in ovarian cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142677. [PMID: 33561012 DOI: 10.1172/jci142677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly gynecological malignancy, with unmet clinical need for new therapeutic approaches. The relaxin peptide is a pleiotropic hormone with reproductive functions in the ovary. Relaxin induces cell growth in several types of cancer, but the role of relaxin in OC is poorly understood. Here, using cell lines and xenograft models, we demonstrate that relaxin and its associated GPCR RXFP1 form an autocrine signaling loop essential for OC in vivo tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and viability. We determined that relaxin signaling activates expression of prooncogenic pathways, including RHO, MAPK, Wnt, and Notch. We found that relaxin is detectable in patient-derived OC tumors, ascites, and serum. Further, inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α activated transcription of relaxin via recruitment of STAT3 and NF-κB to the proximal promoter, initiating an autocrine feedback loop that potentiated expression. Inhibition of RXFP1 or relaxin increased cisplatin sensitivity of OC cell lines and abrogated in vivo tumor formation. Finally, we demonstrate that a relaxin-neutralizing antibody reduced OC cell viability and sensitized cells to cisplatin. Collectively, these data identify the relaxin/RXFP1 autocrine loop as a therapeutic vulnerability in OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Burston
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver A Kent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Molly L Udaskin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren X Sun
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Euihye Jung
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle E Francis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose La Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sassoli C, Nistri S, Chellini F, Bani D. Human Recombinant Relaxin (Serelaxin) as Anti-fibrotic Agent: Pharmacology, Limitations and Actual Perspectives. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:196-208. [PMID: 33687895 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210309113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin (recombinant human relaxin-2 hormone; RLX-2; serelaxin) had raised expectations as a new medication for fibrotic diseases. A plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies have offered convincing demonstrations that relaxin promotes remodelling of connective tissue extracellular matrix mediated by inhibition of multiple fibrogenic pathways, especially the downstream signalling of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a major pro-fibrotic cytokine, and the recruitment and activation of myofibroblast, the main fibrosis-generating cells. However, all clinical trials with relaxin in patients with fibrotic diseases gave inconclusive results. In this review, we have summarized the molecular mechanisms of fibrosis, highlighting those which can be effectively targeted by relaxin. Then, we have performed a critical reappraisal of the clinical trials performed to-date with relaxin as anti-fibrotic drug, in order to highlight their key points of strength and weakness and to identify some future opportunities for the therapeutic use of relaxin, or its analogues, in fibrotic diseases and pathologic scarring which, in our opinion, deserve to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Human Anatomy. Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Human Anatomy. Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li R, Huang C, Ho JCH, Leung CCT, Kong RYC, Li Y, Liang X, Lai KP, Tse WKF. The use of glutathione to reduce oxidative stress status and its potential for modifying the extracellular matrix organization in cleft lip. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:130-138. [PMID: 33422675 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cleft lip (CL) is a common congenital anomaly that can be syndromic or non-syndromic. It can be triggered by the mutation of gene or environmental factors. The incidence of CL is about 1 out of 700 live births. Facial development is a complex process, and there is no existing therapy to prevent the disease development. One of the characteristics in this facial malformation is the increased presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we hypothesize that the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) could help to attenuate the oxidative stress in this disease. METHODS Bioinformatics network pharmacology was applied to determine pharmacological targets and molecular mechanisms of GSH treatment for CL. Moreover, RNA-sequencing of the POLR1C knockdown osteoblast CL model was applied to validate the in silico data of using GSH in CL. RESULTS Twenty-two core targets of GSH and CL were identified via various bioinformatics tools. The GO and KEGG analysis indicated that GSH could modulate two major families (matrix metalloproteinase and integrins), which are related to extracellular matrix modification and composition for facial development in CL. The findings from POLR1C knockdown model further supported the rescue response of GSH in CL. CONCLUSIONS The study uncovered the possible pharmacological mechanism of GSH for treating CL. The data helps research group to focus on the specific pathways for understanding the biological action of GSH for treating the CL in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chen Huang
- The Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Business School, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jeff Cheuk Hin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romero G, Salama G. Relaxin abrogates genomic remodeling of the aged heart. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:419-448. [PMID: 33706957 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
"Healthy" aging drives structural and functional changes in the heart including maladaptive electrical remodeling, fibrosis and inflammation, which lower the threshold for cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite mixed results in clinical trials, Relaxin-therapy for 2-days reduced mortality by 37% at 180-days post-treatment, in patients with acute decompensated HF. Relaxin's short lifespan (2-3h) but long-lasting protective actions suggested that relaxin acts at a genomic level to reverse maladaptive remodeling in AF, HF and aging. Our recent studies showed that a 2-week treatment with Relaxin (0.4mg/kg/day) of aged (24months old F-344 rats) increases the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels (mRNA, Nav1.5 and INa), connexin-43, abrogates inflammatory and immune responses and reverses myocardial fibrosis and cellular hypertrophy of the aged hearts. Relaxin acts directly at a wide range of cell types in the cardiovascular system that express its cognate GPCR receptor, RXFP1. RNA-seq analysis of young and aged hearts with and without Relaxin treatment revealed that "normal" aging altered the expression of ~10% of genes expressed in the ventricles, including: ion channels, components of fibrosis, hemodynamic biomarkers, immune and inflammatory responses which were reversed by Relaxin. The extensive cardiovascular remodeling caused by Relaxin was mediated through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway which was otherwise suppressed by in adult cardiomyocytes intracellular by cytosolic Dickkopf1 (Dkk1). Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a mechanism that can explain the pleiotropic actions of Relaxin and the marked reversal of genomic changes that occur in aged hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Romero
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Guy Salama
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu X, Li X, Hua B, Yang X, Zheng J, Liu S. WNT16 is upregulated early in mouse TMJ osteoarthritis and protects fibrochondrocytes against IL-1β induced inflammatory response by regulation of RUNX2/MMP13 cascade. Bone 2021; 143:115793. [PMID: 33301961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
WNT16 has been shown to play important roles in joint formation, bone homeostasis and knee joint osteoarthritis. However, whether WNT16 has any effect during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is still unknown. Here, we first established a surgically induced TMJOA model by performing partial discectomy in discs of TMJ in mice. Further, we investigated the role of WNT16 during the initiation and progression of TMJOA. Our results showed that WNT16 expression is upregulated early at 4 weeks after initiation of osteoarthritis by partial discectomy in mouse TMJ cartilage, but decreased after 12 weeks post-surgery. Further cellular and molecular analyses revealed that WNT16 signals via both the canonical WNT/β-catenin and non-canonical WNT/JNK-cJUN pathways, upregulates the expression of Lubricin and SOX9, and protects against IL-1β induced inflammatory response by regulation of RUNX2/MMP13 cascade in fibrochondrocytes. In conclusion, WNT16 may play an important role in the early stage of TMJOA by regulating cartilage anabolic and catabolic factors, and may serve as novel therapeutic targets for TMJOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinping Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqiang Hua
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu T, Wang X, Zhai J, Wang Q, Zhang B. Long Noncoding RNA UCA1 Facilitates Endometrial Cancer Development by Regulating KLF5 and RXFP1 Gene Expressions. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:521-533. [PMID: 32412793 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Long noncoding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) was found to facilitate endometrial cancer cell metastasis, and high UCA1 expression predicted endometrial cancer development and patients' worsened outcomes. This research aimed to investigate the cancer promoting role and mechanism of UCA1 in endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: Around 64 endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients' tissue specimens were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Primary endometrial cancer cell culture was established in vitro. UCA1 overexpression or knockdown was executed by adenoviral transduction. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, colony formation, transwell invasion, and epithelia-to-mesenchymal transition of primary endometrial cancer cells were assessed. Interactions among UCA1, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs were investigated by luciferase reporter assay and argonaute 2 (AGO2)-RNA immunoprecipitation. Nude mouse xenograft assay was used to explore the role of UCA1 in endometrial cancer in vivo. Results: UCA1 was significantly upregulated in endometrial cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. High expression of UCA1 associated with endometrial cancer progression and patients' decreased survival. Overexpressing UCA1 significantly increased the malignancy of primary endometrial cancer cells in vitro, while UCA1 knockdown showed opposite effect. Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) and relaxin like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) were found as two UCA1 co-expressing genes in endometrial cancer. UCA1 increased the malignancy of endometrial cells partially through KLF5, and it increased the relaxin 2-induced endometrial cancer cell metastasis through RXFP1. UCA1 reduced the si-RNA-induced silencing of KLF5 and RXFP1 genes in endometrial cancer cells. MiR-143-3p and miR-1-3p were found to interact with both UCA1 and KLF5 mRNA. In addition, knockdown of UCA1 suppressed tumor growth in endometrial cancer in vivo. Conclusion: UCA1 might facilitate endometrial cancer development by upregulating KLF5 and RXFP1 gene expression by sponging miR-143-3p and miR-1-3p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingfang Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee YH, Park HK, Auh QS, Nah H, Lee JS, Moon HJ, Heo DN, Kim IS, Kwon IK. Emerging Potential of Exosomes in Regenerative Medicine for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041541. [PMID: 32102392 PMCID: PMC7073204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized vesicles (30–140 nm) of endocytic origin that play important roles in regenerative medicine. They are derived from cell membranes during endocytic internalization and stabilize in biological fluids such as blood and synovia. Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is a degenerative disease, which, in addition to chronic pain, is characterized by progressive cartilage breakdown, condylar bone remodeling, and synovitis. However, traditional clinical treatments have limited symptom- and structure-modifying effects to restore damaged cartilage and other TMJ tissues. This is due to the limited self-healing capacity of condylar cartilage. Recently, stem-cell-derived exosomes have been studied as an alternative therapeutic approach to tissue repair and regeneration. It is known that trophic regulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects under pathological conditions, and research on MSC-derived exosomes is rapidly accumulating. MSC-derived exosomes mimic the major therapeutic effects of MSCs. They affect the activity of immune effector cells and possess multilineage differentiation potential, including chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, exosomes are capable of regenerating cartilage or osseous compartments and restoring injured tissues and can treat dysfunction and pain caused by TMJ OA. In this review, we looked at the uniqueness of TMJ, the pathogenesis of TMJ OA, and the potential role of MSC-derived exosomes for TMJ cartilage and bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (Q.-S.A.)
| | - Hee-Kyung Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Q-Schick Auh
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (Q.-S.A.)
| | - Haram Nah
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.N.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jae Seo Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.N.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ho-Jin Moon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-J.M.); (D.N.H.)
| | - Dong Nyoung Heo
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-J.M.); (D.N.H.)
| | - In San Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-J.M.); (D.N.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-9409; Fax: +82-2-958-9454
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rossi M, Buonuomo PS, Battafarano G, Conforti A, Mariani E, Algeri M, Pelle S, D'Agostini M, Macchiaiolo M, De Vito R, Gonfiantini MV, Jenkner A, Rana I, Bartuli A, Del Fattore A. Dissecting the mechanisms of bone loss in Gorham-Stout disease. Bone 2020; 130:115068. [PMID: 31525474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive osteolysis and angiomatous proliferation. Since the mechanisms leading to bone loss in GSD are not completely understood, we performed histological, serum, cellular and molecular analyses of 7 patients. Increased vessels, osteoclast number and osteocyte lacunar area were revealed in patients' bone biopsies. Biochemical analysis of sera showed high levels of ICTP, Sclerostin, VEGF-A and IL-6. In vitro experiments revealed increased osteoclast differentiation and activity, and impaired mineralization ability of osteoblasts. To evaluate the involvement of systemic factors in GSD, control cells were treated with patients' sera and displayed an increase of osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption activity and a reduction of osteoblast function. Interestingly, GSD sera stimulated the vessel formation by endothelial cells EA.hy926. These results suggest that bone cell autonomous alterations with the cooperation of systemic factors are involved in massive bone loss and angiomatous proliferation observed in GSD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Conforti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eda Mariani
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Algeri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita De Vito
- Histopathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Jenkner
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ippolita Rana
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park Y, Chen S, Ahmad N, Hayami T, Kapila S. Estrogen Selectively Enhances TMJ Disc but Not Knee Meniscus Matrix Loss. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1532-1538. [PMID: 31526329 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519875956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preponderance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degenerative disorders in women and their early onset during reproductive years have implicated female sex hormones, particularly 17-β estradiol (E2), in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which E2 contributes to TMJ degenerative disorders and the reasons for its targeted effects on the TMJ but not other joints remain poorly understood. Here, we developed an ovariectomized mouse model in which systemic E2 concentrations mimicked those in cycling women, and we determined the effect of E2 on the targeted turnover of TMJ fibrocartilage matrix via E2-induced matrix metalloproteinases MMP9 and MMP13. Infusion of E2 and progesterone (P4; hormone control) over 7 d resulted in 5- and 8-fold greater serum E2 and P4 levels relative to controls, respectively, achieving systemic hormone levels similar to high baseline levels in cycling women. Administration of E2 but not P4 caused a significant loss of TMJ collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which was accompanied by amplification of ERα and specific increases in MMP9 and MMP13 expression. This dose of E2 had no effect on knee meniscus fibrocartilage, demonstrating the specificity of the degradative effect of E2. Dose-response experiments showed a greater sensitivity and a higher peak induction of MMP9 and MMP13 in TMJ fibrocartilaginous cells than knee meniscus cells to E2, providing an explanation for the differential responses of these tissues to E2. Using MMP9- and MMP13-null mice, we observed no discernible effects of each proteinase individually to E2-mediated TMJ matrix loss but noted a significant compensatory reciprocal induction of each MMP by E2 in the absence of the other. The redundancy in E2's induction of MMP9 and MMP13 suggests that the proteinases may together contribute to E2-mediated TMJ fibrocartilage loss. These results advance our understanding of E2-mediated upregulation of MMP9 and MMP13 on fibrocartilage matrix turnover targeted to the TMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Park
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N Ahmad
- Biology Department, Henry Ford College, Dearborn, MI, USA.,Wayne County Community College, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - T Hayami
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Kapila
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Valkovic AL, Bathgate RA, Samuel CS, Kocan M. Understanding relaxin signalling at the cellular level. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:24-33. [PMID: 30592984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone relaxin mediates many biological actions including anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and organ protective effects across a range of tissues. At the cellular level, relaxin binds to the G protein-coupled receptor relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) to activate a variety of downstream signal transduction pathways. This signalling cascade is complex and also varies in diverse cellular backgrounds. Moreover, RXFP1 signalling shows crosstalk with other receptors to mediate some of its physiological functions. This review summarises known signalling pathways induced by acute versus chronic treatment with relaxin across a range of cell types, it describes RXFP1 crosstalk with other receptors, signalling pathways activated by other ligands targeting RXFP1, and it also outlines physiological relevance of RXFP1 signalling outputs. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of relaxin actions in fibrosis, vasodilation, as well as organ protection, will further support relaxin's clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Valkovic
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ross Ad Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boccalini G, Sassoli C, Bani D, Nistri S. Relaxin induces up-regulation of ADAM10 metalloprotease in RXFP1-expressing cells by PI3K/AKT signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:80-86. [PMID: 29180109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ADAM10 metalloprotease is required for activation of Notch-1, a transmembrane receptor regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, whose intracellular proteolytic fragment NICD mediates some key cardiovascular effects of the hormone relaxin (RLX). This study demonstrates the involvement of ADAM10 and PI3K/Akt signaling in mediating RLX-induced Notch-1 activation. H9c2 cardiomyocytes and NIH3T3 fibroblasts were incubated with human RLX-2 (17 nmol/l, 24 h) in presence or absence of the PI3K or Akt inhibitors wortmannin (WT, 100 nmol/l) and triciribine (TCN, 1 μmol/l). Cyclohexanedione-inactivated RLX (iRLX) served as negative control. RLX significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, ADAM10 and NICD expression, which were abolished by WT or TCN and did not occur with iRLX. These findings highlight a new receptor-specific signal transduction pathway of RLX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Boccalini
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Dept. Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Section of Anatomy & Histology, Dept. Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Dept. Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Dept. Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duarte C, Kobayashi Y, Morita J, Kawamoto T, Moriyama K. A preliminary investigation of the effect of relaxin on bone remodelling in suture expansion. Eur J Orthod 2018; 39:227-234. [PMID: 27141932 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Relaxin (RLN) is an insulin-like hormone associated with extracellular matrix degradation, osteoclastogenesis, and osteoblast differentiation. This study aimed to assess the effect of RLN during and after lateral expansion of murine calvarial sagittal sutures. Materials and methods RLN was injected topically using a nano-sized liposome carrier into the sagittal sutures of 8- to 10-week-old wild type mice just before lateral expansion. Suture morphology, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone volume were analysed by micro-computed tomography. Collagen deposition and osteoclast differentiation were observed by Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, respectively. Results Less collagen staining and higher tissue-specific relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor (Rxfp)-1 and -2 expression were observed in the RLN-treated samples after 48 hours. Increased BMD and volume, and thick well-organised osteoid tissue, with multinucleated TRAP-positive cells, were observed in RLN-treated samples after 1 week. Increased Rxfp-1 expression was observed in the sagittal sutures in the mid-suture fibrous tissue following RLN treatment. Rxfp-2 was only expressed in the calvarial bone under tensile stimulation and RLN treatment further increased its expression. Limitations RLN-liposomes were not detected at any instance under the current experimental conditions. This is a preliminary study and the sample number limits the power of its results. VVG staining cannot quantify collagen contents but can provide preliminary information on the presence of collagen fibres. Conclusions RLN treatment may modify bone remodelling and collagen metabolism during and after suture expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Duarte
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Jumpei Morita
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.,Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.,Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahmad N, Chen S, Wang W, Kapila S. 17β-estradiol Induces MMP-9 and MMP-13 in TMJ Fibrochondrocytes via Estrogen Receptor α. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1023-1030. [PMID: 29621430 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518767108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including degenerative TMJ disease, occur primarily in women of reproductive age. Previous studies showed elevated estrogen levels in subjects with TMJ disorders relative to controls and the presence of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) in TMJ fibrocartilage. Additionally, estrogen-induced overexpression of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-9 and MMP-13, in TMJ fibrocartilage is accompanied by loss of extracellular matrices. However, the contribution of ERα and ERβ in estrogen-mediated induction of MMP-9 and MMP-13 and the signaling cascade leading to the upregulation of these MMPs have not been elucidated. Here, we show that specific siRNAs and selective ER antagonists effectively block ERα or ERβ expression in primary mouse TMJ fibrochondrocytes, but that only blockage of ERα suppresses MMP-9 and MMP-13 levels induced by 17β-estradiol (E2). Overexpression of ERα but not ERβ enhances E2-induced MMP-9. Using the same loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that E2 stimulates ERK activation through ERα and that inhibition of ERK phosphorylation reduces E2-induced MMP-9. Furthermore, we reveal that E2 promotes NF-κB and ELK-1 activation through ERα/ERK signaling and that knockdown of either one decreases the respective activity of these signaling mediators and MMP-9 expression induced by E2, indicating that both contribute to E2/ERα/ERK-mediated MMP-9 upregulation. This is supported by findings in which mutated binding sites of either NF-κB or ELK-1 in the MMP-9 promoter lead to a significant reduction of E2-stimulated promoter activity. Our findings provide novel molecular mechanisms for the understanding of E2-mediated upregulation of MMPs, having implications to pathophysiologic TMJ cartilage matrix turnover that may yield therapeutic intervention targets for TMJ disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmad
- 1 Biology Department, Henry Ford College, Dearborn, MI, USA.,2 Wayne County Community College, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - S Chen
- 3 Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Wang
- 4 Private Practice, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Kapila
- 3 Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Expression of Phospho-ELK1 and Its Prognostic Significance in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518027 PMCID: PMC5877638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using preclinical models, we have recently found that ELK1, a transcriptional factor that activates downstream targets, including c-fos proto-oncogene, induces bladder cancer outgrowth. Here, we immunohistochemically determined the expression status of phospho-ELK1, an activated form of ELK1, in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC). Overall, phospho-ELK1 was positive in 47 (47.5%; 37 weak (1+) and 10 moderate (2+)) of 99 UUTUCs, which was significantly (P = 0.002) higher than in benign urothelium (21 (25.3%) of 83; 17 1+ and 4 2+) and was also associated with androgen receptor expression (P = 0.001). Thirteen (35.1%) of 37 non-muscle-invasive versus 34 (54.8%) of 62 muscle-invasive UUTUCs (P = 0.065) were immunoreactive for phospho-ELK1. Lymphovascular invasion was significantly (P = 0.014) more often seen in phospho-ELK1(2+) tumors (80.0%) than in phospho-ELK1(0/1+) tumors (36.0%). There were no statistically significant associations between phospho-ELK1 expression and tumor grade, presence of concurrent carcinoma in situ or hydronephrosis, or pN status. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests revealed that patients with phospho-ELK1(2+) tumor had marginally and significantly higher risks of disease progression (P = 0.055) and cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.008), respectively, compared to those with phospho-ELK1(0/1+) tumor. The current results thus support our previous observations in bladder cancer and further suggest that phospho-ELK1 overexpression serves as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with UUTUC.
Collapse
|
25
|
Li D, Yue J, Wu Y, Barnie PA, Wu Y. HtrA1 up-regulates expression of MMPs via Erk1/2/Rock-dependent pathways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:998-1008. [PMID: 31938194 PMCID: PMC6958014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies that have identified the potential role of a high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). This study was undertaken to investigate the regulatory role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mRNA levels of HtrA1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of human intervertebral disc degeneration tissues were measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and a correlation between the expression level of HtrA1 and MMPs was also investigated. Human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) were challenged with rHtrA1, and expression of MMPs was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. Moreover, to analyze the mechanism by which HtrA1 up-regulates MMPs, ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway inhibitors were also used. RESULTS We found significant increases in mRNA expression of HtrA1 and MMP1, 3, 9, and 13 in IDD tissues compared with control. HtrA1 expression level was associated with the levels of MMP1, 3, and 13. Expression of MMP1, 3, and 13 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in HNPCs treated by rHtrA1. Moreover, administration of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor or ROCK signaling pathway inhibitor decreased rHtrA1-induced MMPs production. Therefore, changes in HtrA1 expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of IDD. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HtrA1 can induce increases in MMPs in HNPCs via the ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway, thus providing new insights into the role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiawei Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape CoastGhana
| | - Yumin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mahmood AK, Moen A, Stafne SN, Robinson HS, Vøllestad NK, Salvesen KÅ, Mørkved S, Gjerstad J. The MMP9 rs17576 A>G polymorphism is associated with increased lumbopelvic pain-intensity in pregnant women. Scand J Pain 2018; 18:93-98. [PMID: 29794283 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is an enzyme that may affect degradation of several extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the pelvic ligaments during pregnancy. Previous studies indicate that genetic variations in the gene encoding MMP9 may affect the enzymatic activity. One such genetic variant is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs17576 A>G. In this study we investigated whether the MMP9 SNP rs17576 A>G may be associated with increased lumbopelvic pain in 838 pregnant woman. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 00476567) on May 21, 2007. METHODS Lumbopelvic pain-intensity was measured by visual analog scale (VAS) at two time points during pregnancy, T1 (18-22 weeks), T2 (32-36 weeks) and 3 months after delivery. Blood samples were collected at each point and SNP genotyping was carried out using predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS The results showed a significant association between the number of G alleles and pain-intensity in the evening at T2. The pain among G/G carriers was higher than among A/G carriers, which in turn was higher than among the A/A carriers. The most pronounced association between the G allele and pain-intensity was observed in primiparae. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the MMP9 rs17576 A>G polymorphism is associated with increased lumbopelvic pain-intensity during pregnancy. The present data support the hypothesis that lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy may be related to a relaxin - MMP9 - tissue remodeling mechanism. IMPLICATIONS The present findings may be important for future mechanistic studies on how MMP9 rs17576 A>G may affect changes in the ECM components in pelvic ligaments and lumbopelvic pain-intensity during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Moen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Signe Nilssen Stafne
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Service, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Stendal Robinson
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Køpke Vøllestad
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Åsmund Salvesen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Service, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv Mørkved
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Service, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu XP, Wang HJ, Wang YL, Shen HR, Tan YZ. Serelaxin inhibits differentiation and fibrotic behaviors of cardiac fibroblasts by suppressing ALK-5/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2017; 362:17-27. [PMID: 28987540 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Serelaxin, a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, is currently regarded as a novel drug for treatment of acute heart failure. However, whether therapeutic effects of serelaxin are achieved by inhibiting cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigate effects of serelaxin on inhibiting cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were isolated from the hearts of adult rats. Effects of serelaxin on differentiation of CFs towards myofibroblasts (MFs) and their fibrotic behaviors after induction with TGF-β1 were examined. Synthesis and degradation of collagens, secretion of IL-10, and expression of ALK-5 and p-Smad2/3 of TGF-β1-induced cells were assessed after treatment with serelaxin. Serelaxin inhibited differentiation of TGF-β1-induced CFs towards MFs, and reduced proliferation and migration of the induced cells. Moreover, serelaxin down-regulated expression of collagen I/III and TIMP-2, and up-regulated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the cells. After treatment with serelaxin, activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and secretion of IL-10 increased, expression of ALK-5 and the level of Smad2/3 phosphorylation was reduced significantly. These results suggest that serelaxin can inhibit differentiation of TGF-β1-induced CFs towards MFs, reduce production of collagens by suppressing ALK-5/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, and enhance extracellular matrix degradation by increasing MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio and IL-10 secretion. Serelaxin may be a potential therapeutic drug for inhibiting cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, 277# 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Jie Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, 277# 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Li Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, 277# 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Ran Shen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, 277# 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, 277# 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sheehy S, Annabi B. A Transcriptional Regulatory Role for the Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase in Carcinogen-Induced Inflammasome Gene Expression. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28634425 PMCID: PMC5467917 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017713996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal-transducing functions driven by the cytoplasmic domain of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) are believed to regulate many inflammation-associated cancer cell functions including migration, proliferation, and survival. Aside from upregulation of the inflammation biomarker cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, MT1-MMP’s role in relaying intracellular signals triggered by extracellular pro-inflammatory cues remains poorly understood. Here, we triggered inflammation in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), an inducer of COX-2 and of MT1-MMP. To assess the global transcriptional regulatory role that MT1-MMP may exert on inflammation biomarkers, we combined gene array screens with a transient MT1-MMP gene silencing strategy. Expression of MT1-MMP was found to exert both stimulatory and repressive transcriptional control of several inflammasome-related biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-12A, and IL-33, as well as of transcription factors such as EGR1, ELK1, and ETS1/2 in PMA-treated cells. Among the signal-transducing pathways explored, the silencing of MT1-MMP prevented PMA from phosphorylating extracellular signal–regulated kinase, inhibitor of κB, and p105 nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) intermediates. We also found a signaling axis linking MT1-MMP to MMP-9 transcriptional regulation. Altogether, our data indicate a significant involvement of MT1-MMP in the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory biomarkers consolidating its contribution to signal transduction functions in addition to its classical hydrolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sheehy
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Howatt DA, Dajee M, Xie X, Moorleghen J, Rateri DL, Balakrishnan A, Da Cunha V, Johns DG, Gutstein DE, Daugherty A, Lu H. Relaxin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Circ J 2017; 81:888-890. [PMID: 28420827 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined whether relaxin or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 influences angiotensin II (AngII)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA).Methods and Results:Male C57BL/6 or apolipoprotein E-/-mice were infused with AngII with or without relaxin. Relaxin did not influence AngII-induced AAA in either mouse strain. Infusion of AngII reduced, but relaxin increased, MMP-9 mRNA in macrophages. We then determined the effects of MMP-9 deficiency on AAA in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. MMP-9 deficiency led to AAA formation in the absence of AngII, and augmented AngII-induced aortic rupture and AAA incidence. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 deficiency augmented AngII-induced AAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Dajee
- Cardio-Metabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiovascular Research Center, Merck & Co., Inc
| | - Xiaojie Xie
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine
| | | | - Debra L Rateri
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Valdeci Da Cunha
- Cardio-Metabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiovascular Research Center, Merck & Co., Inc
| | - Douglas G Johns
- Cardio-Metabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiovascular Research Center, Merck & Co., Inc
| | - David E Gutstein
- Cardio-Metabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiovascular Research Center, Merck & Co., Inc
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky
| | - Hong Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Konopka JA, DeBaun MR, Chang W, Dragoo JL. The Intracellular Effect of Relaxin on Female Anterior Cruciate Ligament Cells. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2384-92. [PMID: 27245459 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516646374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female collegiate athletes with serum relaxin concentrations above 6.0 pg/mL have been shown to have more than 4 times increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. However, the intracellular effect of relaxin on ACL cells has not been elucidated. HYPOTHESES The hypotheses were that relaxin binding to receptors on female ACL cells will result in (1) an increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and decrease in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) gene expression, (2) a decrease in collagen and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression, (3) inhibition of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced fibrosis, and (4) an increase in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production and that these changes will not be observed in male ACL cells. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Ligament cells from ACL tissue were isolated from 7 male and 7 female human donors and expanded in vitro. The cells were incubated with escalating concentrations of relaxin-2, as well as with TGFβ1 or 17β-estradiol in certain groups. Cells were then lysed and analyzed for MMP1 (collagenase-1), MMP3 (stromelysin-1), MMP13 (collagenase-3), TIMP1, type I collagen, type III collagen, and/or αSMA mRNA expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular cAMP levels were assessed via an enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS ACL cells primed with estrogen and treated with 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL relaxin illustrated increased MMP1 expression (P = .012 and .006, respectively) and MMP3 expression (P = .005 and .001, respectively). Treatment with 100 ng/mL relaxin decreased αSMA expression (P = .001). When ACL tissue isolated from female donors with a history of oral contraceptive use was excluded from the analysis, 100 ng/mL of relaxin decreased type I collagen (P = .005) and type III collagen (P = .028) expression in cells primed with estrogen. Relaxin exhibited no significant effect on male-derived ACL cells. CONCLUSION Relaxin-2 significantly upregulated intracellular processes in human female ACL cells, but no effect was observed in male cells. Relaxin increased MMP (MMP1 and MMP3) and decreased αSMA and type I and III collagen expression, which may act to alter the structural integrity of the ACL tissue over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Female athletes with higher circulating relaxin levels may be more susceptible to ACL injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Konopka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Malcolm R DeBaun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Wenteh Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jason L Dragoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sarwar M, Du XJ, Dschietzig TB, Summers RJ. The actions of relaxin on the human cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:933-949. [PMID: 27239943 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like peptide relaxin, originally identified as a hormone of pregnancy, is now known to exert a range of pleiotropic effects including vasodilatory, anti-fibrotic, angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in both males and females. Relaxin produces these effects by binding to a cognate receptor RXFP1 and activating a variety of signalling pathways including cAMP, cGMP and MAPKs as well as by altering gene expression of TGF-β, MMPs, angiogenic growth factors and endothelin receptors. The peptide has been shown to be effective in halting or reversing many of the adverse effects including fibrosis in animal models of cardiovascular disease including ischaemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Relaxin given to humans is safe and produces favourable haemodynamic changes. Serelaxin, the recombinant form of relaxin, is now in extended phase III clinical trials for the treatment of acute heart failure. Previous clinical studies indicated that a 48 h infusion of relaxin improved 180 day mortality, yet the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear. This article provides an overview of the cellular mechanism of effects of relaxin and summarizes its beneficial actions in animal models and in the clinic. We also hypothesize potential mechanisms for the clinical efficacy of relaxin, identify current knowledge gaps and suggest new ways in which relaxin could be useful therapeutically. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Sarwar
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas B Dschietzig
- Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany.,Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Relaxera Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Bensheim, Germany
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Antifibrotic Actions of Serelaxin – New Roles for an Old Player. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:485-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
33
|
Yang L, Li Y, Wang X, Mu X, Qin D, Huang W, Alshahrani S, Nieman M, Peng J, Essandoh K, Peng T, Wang Y, Lorenz J, Soleimani M, Zhao ZQ, Fan GC. Overexpression of miR-223 Tips the Balance of Pro- and Anti-hypertrophic Signaling Cascades toward Physiologic Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15700-13. [PMID: 27226563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been extensively examined in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, few studies focused on profiling the miRNA alterations in physiological hypertrophic hearts. In this study we generated a transgenic mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-223. Our results showed that elevation of miR-223 caused physiological cardiac hypertrophy with enhanced cardiac function but no fibrosis. Using the next generation RNA sequencing, we observed that most of dys-regulated genes (e.g. Atf3/5, Egr1/3, Sfrp2, Itgb1, Ndrg4, Akip1, Postn, Rxfp1, and Egln3) in miR-223-transgenic hearts were associated with cell growth, but they were not directly targeted by miR-223. Interestingly, these dys-regulated genes are known to regulate the Akt signaling pathway. We further identified that miR-223 directly interacted with 3'-UTRs of FBXW7 and Acvr2a, two negative regulators of the Akt signaling. However, we also validated that miR-223 directly inhibited the expression of IGF-1R and β1-integrin, two positive regulators of the Akt signaling. Lastly, Western blotting did reveal that Akt was activated in miR-223-overexpressing hearts. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of miR-223 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induced cell hypertrophy, which was blocked by the addition of MK2206, a specific inhibitor of Akt Taken together, these data represent the first piece of work showing that miR-223 tips the balance of promotion and inactivation of Akt signaling cascades toward activation of Akt, a key regulator of physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, our study suggests that the ultimate phenotype outcome of a miRNA may be decided by the secondary net effects of the whole target network rather than by several primary direct targets in an organ/tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Yang
- From the Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China, Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics
| | - Yutian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics
| | | | | | - Dongze Qin
- From the Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China, Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Hospital and Department of Medicine, and
| | - Michelle Nieman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0575
| | - Jiangtong Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China, and
| | | | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - John Lorenz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0575
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Hospital and Department of Medicine, and
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- From the Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang C, Kemp-Harper BK, Kocan M, Ang SY, Hewitson TD, Samuel CS. The Anti-fibrotic Actions of Relaxin Are Mediated Through a NO-sGC-cGMP-Dependent Pathway in Renal Myofibroblasts In Vitro and Enhanced by the NO Donor, Diethylamine NONOate. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:91. [PMID: 27065874 PMCID: PMC4815292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anti-fibrotic hormone, relaxin, has been inferred to disrupt transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad2 phosphorylation (pSmad2) signal transduction and promote collagen-degrading gelatinase activity via a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway. Here, we determined the extent to which NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were directly involved in the anti-fibrotic actions of relaxin using a selective NO scavenger and sGC inhibitor, and comparing and combining relaxin's effects with that of an NO donor. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary renal cortical myofibroblasts isolated from injured rat kidneys were treated with human recombinant relaxin (RLX; 16.8 nM), the NO donor, diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO; 0.5-5 μM) or the combined effects of RLX (16.8 nM) and DEA/NO (5 μM) over 72 h. The effects of RLX (16.8 nM) and DEA/NO (5 μM) were also evaluated in the presence of the NO scavenger, hydroxocobalamin (HXC; 100 μM) or sGC inhibitor, ODQ (5 μM) over 72 h. Furthermore, the effects of RLX (30 nM), DEA/NO (5 μM) and RLX (30 nM) + DEA/NO (5 μM) on cGMP levels were directly measured, in the presence or absence of ODQ (5 μM). Changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 (cell media), pSmad2 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; a measure myofibroblast differentiation) (cell layer) were assessed by gelatin zymography and Western blotting, respectively. At the highest concentration tested, both RLX and DEA/NO promoted MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels by 25-33%, while inhibiting pSmad2 and α-SMA expression by up to 50% (all p < 0.05 vs. untreated and vehicle-treated cells). However, 5μM of DEA/NO was required to produce the effects seen with 16.8 nM of RLX over 72 h. The anti-fibrotic effects of RLX or DEA/NO alone were completely abrogated by HXC and ODQ (both p < 0.01 vs. RLX alone or DEA/NO alone), but were significantly enhanced when added in combination (all p < 0.05 vs. RLX alone). Additionally, the direct cGMP-promoting effects of RLX, DEA/NO and RLX+DEA/NO (which all increased cGMP levels by 12-16-fold over basal levels; all p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated cells) were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment of ODQ (all p < 0.05 vs. the respective treatments alone). CONCLUSION These findings confirmed that RLX mediates its TGF-β1-inhibitory and gelatinase-promoting effects via a NO-sGC-cGMP-dependent pathway, which was additively augmented by co-administration of DEA/NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Sheng Yu Ang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, ParkvilleVIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Frati A, Ricci B, Pierucci F, Nistri S, Bani D, Meacci E. Role of sphingosine kinase/S1P axis in ECM remodeling of cardiac cells elicited by relaxin. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 29:53-67. [PMID: 25415609 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of heart failure is linked to adverse cardiac remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during disease mainly through the deregulation of myocardial metalloproteinases (MMPs). Relaxin (RLX), a peptide hormone acting as a physiological cardiac effector, is a key regulator of ECM remodeling in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. Studying primary cultures of mouse cardiac muscle cells and rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, we have obtained evidence for a new signaling pathway activated by RLX to induce ECM remodeling that involves the bioactive sphingolipids sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide. In both cell populations, recombinant human RLX increased sphingosine kinase activity and S1P formation, whereas sphingomyelin and ceramide content were decreased in [(3)H]serine-labeled cells. According to the literature, RLX promoted MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression/release. Pharmacological inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism and silencing of sphingosine kinase 1, the enzyme responsible for S1P formation, were able to prevent MMP expression/release elicited by the hormone and induce the expression of tissue inhibitor of MMPs. In addition, we found that sphingolipid signaling is required for the regulation of connective tissue growth factor, a member of the CCN 1-3 family of genes that are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Finally, the induction of cardiomyoblast maturation induced by RLX was also found to be counteracted by inhibition of S1P formation. In conclusion, these findings provide a novel mechanism by which RLX acts on cardiac ECM remodeling and cardiac cell differentiation and offer interesting therapeutic options to prevent heart fibrosis and to favor myocardial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Frati
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences (A.F., B.R., F.P., E.M.), Research Unit of Biochemistry, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (S.N., D.B.), Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dehghan F, Yusof A, Muniandy S, Salleh N. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α, β and progesterone receptor (PR) mediates changes in relaxin receptor (RXFP1 and RXFP2) expression and passive range of motion of rats' knee. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:785-791. [PMID: 26447688 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high risk of knee injuries in female may be associated with sex-steroid hormone fluctuations during the menstrual cycle by its effect on ligaments and tendons stiffness. This study examined changes in knee range of motion in presence of estrogen and progesterone and investigated the interaction of their antagonists to relaxin receptors. METHOD Sixty WKY rats were divided into 10 different groups receiving 17β-estradiol (0.2, 2, 20 and 50 μg/kg), progesterone (4 mg/kg), estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182/780, ERβ antagonist PHTPP, ERα antagonist MPP, and mifepristone in presence of estrogen and progesterone. Physiologic dose were injected subcutaneously 30 min before of hormone injection for 3 days consequently. Sham group received peanut oil (vehicle) also for 3 consecutive days. Following the treatment administrations, the knee range of motion and RXFP1/RXFP2 mRNA and protein expression were examined in the patellar tendon, lateral collateral ligament, and hamstring muscle. RESULTS Our data showed that the knee range of motion was significantly increased in progesterone and high doses estrogen treatment but not significantly increased in low doses of estrogen treatment. The range of motion was decreased in the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182/780, ERβ antagonist PHTPP, ERα antagonist MPP, and mifepristone, independently. CONCLUSION Progesterone and high doses of estrogen treatment resulted in the highest range of knee laxity correlated to expression of both relaxin receptor isoforms in knee tissues. Our findings thus suggested that female subjects are more vulnerable toward non-traumatic knee injury due to estrogen and progesterone fluctuation as compared to male subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Halls ML, Bathgate RAD, Sutton SW, Dschietzig TB, Summers RJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCV. Recent advances in the understanding of the pharmacology and biological roles of relaxin family peptide receptors 1-4, the receptors for relaxin family peptides. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:389-440. [PMID: 25761609 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxin, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), relaxin-3, and INSL5 are the cognate ligands for the relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors 1-4, respectively. RXFP1 activates pleiotropic signaling pathways including the signalosome protein complex that facilitates high-sensitivity signaling; coupling to Gα(s), Gα(i), and Gα(o) proteins; interaction with glucocorticoid receptors; and the formation of hetero-oligomers with distinctive pharmacological properties. In addition to relaxin-related ligands, RXFP1 is activated by Clq-tumor necrosis factor-related protein 8 and by small-molecular-weight agonists, such as ML290 [2-isopropoxy-N-(2-(3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)benzamide], that act allosterically. RXFP2 activates only the Gα(s)- and Gα(o)-coupled pathways. Relaxin-3 is primarily a neuropeptide, and its cognate receptor RXFP3 is a target for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and autism. A variety of peptide agonists, antagonists, biased agonists, and an allosteric modulator target RXFP3. Both RXFP3 and the related RXFP4 couple to Gα(i)/Gα(o) proteins. INSL5 has the properties of an incretin; it is secreted from the gut and is orexigenic. The expression of RXFP4 in gut, adipose tissue, and β-islets together with compromised glucose tolerance in INSL5 or RXFP4 knockout mice suggests a metabolic role. This review focuses on the many advances in our understanding of RXFP receptors in the last 5 years, their signal transduction mechanisms, the development of novel compounds that target RXFP1-4, the challenges facing the field, and current prospects for new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Steve W Sutton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Thomas B Dschietzig
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park Y, Hosomichi J, Ge C, Xu J, Franceschi R, Kapila S. Immortalization and characterization of mouse temporomandibular joint disc cell clones with capacity for multi-lineage differentiation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1532-42. [PMID: 25887369 PMCID: PMC4558381 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc in normal function and disease, studying the responses of its cells has been complicated by the lack of adequate characterization of the cell subtypes. The purpose of our investigation was to immortalize, clone, characterize and determine the multi-lineage potential of mouse TMJ disc cells. DESIGN Cells from 12-week-old female mice were cultured and immortalized by stable transfection with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The immortalized cell clones were phenotyped for fibroblast- or chondrocyte-like characteristics and ability to undergo adipocytic, osteoblastic and chondrocytic differentiation. RESULTS Of 36 isolated clones, four demonstrated successful immortalization and maintenance of stable protein expression for up to 50 passages. Two clones each were initially characterized as fibroblast-like and chondrocyte-like on the basis of cell morphology and growth rate. Further the chondrocyte-like clones had higher mRNA expression levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) (>3.5-fold), collagen X (>11-fold), collagen II expression (2-fold) and collagen II:I ratio than the fibroblast-like clones. In contrast, the fibroblast-like clones had higher mRNA expression level of vimentin (>1.5-fold), and fibroblastic specific protein 1 (>2.5-fold) than the chondrocyte-like clones. Both cell types retained multi-lineage potential as demonstrated by their capacity to undergo robust adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS These studies are the first to immortalize TMJ disc cells and characterize chondrocyte-like and fibroblast-like clones with retained multi-differentiation potential that would be a valuable resource in studies to dissect the behavior of specific cell types in health and disease and for tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Park
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Hosomichi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinping Xu
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sunil Kapila
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou X, Chen X, Cai JJ, Chen LZ, Gong YS, Wang LX, Gao Z, Zhang HQ, Huang WJ, Zhou H. Relaxin inhibits cardiac fibrosis and endothelial-mesenchymal transition via the Notch pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4599-611. [PMID: 26316699 PMCID: PMC4541540 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relaxin (RLX) can prevent cardiac fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the possible mechanism and signal transduction pathway of RLX inhibiting cardiac fibrosis. METHODS Isoproterenol (5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) was used to establish the cardiac fibrosis model in rats, which were administered RLX. The cardiac function, related targets of cardiac fibrosis, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) were measured. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) was used to induce EndMT in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which were pretreated with RLX, 200 ng·mL(-1), then with the inhibitor of Notch. Transwell cell migration was used to evaluate cell migration. CD31 and vimentin content was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Notch protein level was examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS RLX improved cardiac function in rats with cardiac fibrosis; it reduced the content of collagen I and III, increased the microvascular density of the myocardium, and suppressed the EndMT in heart tissue. In vitro, RLX decreased the mobility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by TGF-β, increased the expression of endothelial CD31, and decreased vimentin content. Compared to TGF-β and RLX co-culture alone, TGF-β + RLX + Notch inhibitor increased cell mobility and the EndMT, but decreased the levels of Notch-1, HES-1, and Jagged-1 proteins. CONCLUSION RLX may inhibit the cardiac fibrosis via EndMT by Notch-mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - X Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - J J Cai
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - L Z Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Y S Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - L X Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - H Q Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - W J Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
RLN2 Is a Positive Regulator of AKT-2-Induced Gene Expression Required for Osteosarcoma Cells Invasion and Chemoresistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:147468. [PMID: 26229955 PMCID: PMC4503584 DOI: 10.1155/2015/147468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of H2 relaxin (RLN2) on invasion, migration, and chemosensitivity to cisplatin in human osteosarcoma U2-OS and MG-63 cells and then to investigate the effect of RLN2 on the AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. The expression of RLN2, p-AKT (Ser473), and p-ERK1/2 (Phospho-Thr202/Tyr204) proteins was detected by western blot in OS tissues from 21 patients with pulmonary metastatic disease, and the correlation between RLN2 and p-AKT or RLN2 and p-ERK1/2 expression was investigated. RLN2 expression was inhibited by RLN2 siRNA transfection in the MG-63 cells. RLN2 was overexpressed in the U2-OS cells by treatment with recombinant relaxin. The results showed that positive relation was found between RLN2 and p-AKT expression in tissues of OS. Silencing RLN2 inhibited cell migratory and invasive ability and angiogenesis formation and increased the chemosensitivity to cisplatin in MG-63 cells. RLN2 overexpression promoted migratory and invasive ability and angiogenesis and increased the chemoresistance to cisplatin in U2-OS cells. Silencing RLN2 inhibited the activity of AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in MG-63 cells, and vice versa. Blockage of both pathways by specific inhibitors abrogated RLN2-induced survival and invasion of OS cells, and vice versa. Our results indicated RLN2 confers to migratory and invasive ability, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance to cisplatin via modulating the AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro.
Collapse
|
41
|
Serum Levels of IL-1 β , IL-6, TGF- β , and MMP-9 in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting and Regulation of MMP-9 in a New In Vitro Model of THP-1 Cells Activated by Stenting. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:956082. [PMID: 26113783 PMCID: PMC4465715 DOI: 10.1155/2015/956082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiological process after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Monocyte is a significant source of inflammatory cytokines in vascular remodeling. Telmisartan could reduce inflammation. In our study, we first found that, after CAS, the serum IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, and MMP-9 levels were significantly increased, but only MMP-9 level was elevated no less than 3 months. Second, we established a new in vitro model, where THP-1 monocytes were treated with the supernatants of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that were scratched by pipette tips, which mimics monocytes activated by mechanical injury of stenting. The treatment enhanced THP-1 cell adhesion, migration and invasion ability, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1 and MMP-9 expression were significantly increased. THP-1 cells pretreated with PD98095 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1 and upregulation of MMP-9, while pretreatment with telmisartan merely decreased the phosphorylation of Elk-1 and MMP-9 expression. These results suggested that IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, and MMP-9 participate in the pathophysiological process after CAS. Our new in vitro model mimics monocytes activated by stenting. MMP-9 expression could be regulated through ERK1/2/Elk-1 pathway, and the protective effects of telmisartan after stenting are partly attributed to its MMP-9 inhibition effects via suppression of Elk-1.
Collapse
|
42
|
Duarte C, Kobayashi Y, Kawamoto T, Moriyama K. RELAXIN enhances differentiation and matrix mineralization through Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (Rxfp2) in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Bone 2014; 65:92-101. [PMID: 24857857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RELAXIN (RLN) is a polypeptide hormone of the insulin-like hormone family; it facilitates birth by softening and widening the pubic symphysis and cervix in many mammals, including humans. The role of RLN in bone metabolism was recently suggested by its ability to induce osteoclastogenesis and activate osteoclast function. RLN binds to RELAXIN/INSULIN-LIKE FAMILY PEPTIDE 1 (RXFP1) and 2 (RXFP2), with varying species-specific affinities. Young men with mutated RXFP2 are at high risk for osteoporosis, as RXFP2 influences osteoblast metabolism by binding to INSULIN-LIKE PEPTIDE 3 (INSL3). However, there have been no reports on RLN function in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization or on the functionally dominant receptors for RLN in osteoblasts. We previously described Rxfp1 and 2 expression patterns in developing mouse oral components, including the maxillary and mandibular bones, Meckel's cartilage, tongue, and tooth primordia. We hypothesized that Rln/Rxfp signaling is a key mediator of skeletal development and metabolism. Here, we present the gene expression patterns of Rxfp1 and 2 in developing mouse calvarial frontal bones as determined by in situ hybridization. In addition, RLN enhanced osteoblastic differentiation and caused abnormal mineralization and extracellular matrix metabolism through Rxfp2, which was predominant over Rxfp1 in MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Our data suggest a novel role for Rln in craniofacial skeletal development and metabolism through Rxfp2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Duarte
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Su W, Wang P, Chen H, Li H. Role of protein kinase C β₂ in relaxin-mediated inhibition of cardiac fibrosis. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:559-64. [PMID: 24729283 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relaxin is a pleiotropic hormone owing endogenous antifibrosis effect on numerous organs. We demonstrated relaxin's inhibitive effect on cardiac fibrosis previously. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) β2 in relaxin's action under high glucose conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were isolated, exposed to high glucose and incubated with recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX). Western blot analysis revealed a relaxin-mediated decrease in total expression and translocation of PKCβ2, showing downregulation of PKCβ2 is involved in relaxin's action. Blocking PKCβ2 pathway with ruboxistaurin accelerated rhRLX-mediated inhibition in both proliferation of CFs and deposition of collagen. CONCLUSION In conclusion, relaxin can inhibit high glucose-associated cardiac fibrosis partly through PKCβ2 pathway. Further work should be done to fully understand intracellular mechanisms of relaxin's action to accelerate its clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Su
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95, Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tsai CL, Chen WC, Lee IT, Chi PL, Cheng SE, Yang CM. c-Src-dependent transactivation of PDGFR contributes to TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression and functional impairment in osteoblasts. Bone 2014; 60:186-97. [PMID: 24361597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 especially, have been shown to be induced by cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and may contribute to bone inflammatory diseases and postnatal bone modeling and remodeling. However, the mechanisms underlying MMP-9 expression induced by TNF-α in osteoblasts remain unclear. Here, we showed that in MC3T3-E1 cells, TNF-α induced MMP-9 gene expression determined by real-time PCR, zymography, and promoter assay. TNF-α-mediated responses were attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK; genistein), c-Src (PP1), PDGFR (AG1296), PI3K (LY294002), Akt (SH-5), MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), JNK1/2 (SP600125), or AP-1 (Tanshinone IIA) and transfection with siRNA of c-Src, PDGFR, p85, Akt, c-Jun, or ATF2. Moreover, TNF-α also time-dependently stimulated phosphorylation of c-Src and PDGFR and c-Src/PDGFR complex formation, which were reduced by pretreatment with PP1 or AG1296. TNF-α-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by genistein, PP1, AG1296, LY294002, or SH5. We further demonstrated that TNF-α stimulated ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 phosphorylation via a c-Src-dependent PDGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway. TNF-α stimulated AP-1 activation, including c-Jun and ATF2 phosphorylation and AP-1 transcription activity via MAPK-dependent pathways. In addition, TNF-α-induced MMP-9 promoter activity was mediated through an AP-1 binding domain of the MMP-9 promoter region. Finally, we found that up-regulation of MMP-9 contributes to MMP-mediated type I collagen degradation and osteoblasts detachment. These results suggested that TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression is mediated through a c-Src-dependent PDGFR transactivation and PI3K/Akt cascade linking to MAPK-mediated activation of AP-1 (c-Jun/ATF2) and leading to functional impairment in osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lan Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ei Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dehghan F, Muniandy S, Yusof A, Salleh N. Sex-steroid regulation of relaxin receptor isoforms (RXFP1 & RXFP2) expression in the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament of female WKY rats. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:180-91. [PMID: 24465164 PMCID: PMC3894403 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The incidence of non-contact knee injury was found higher in female than in male and is related to the phases of the menstrual cycle. This raised the possibility that female sex-steroids are involved in the mechanism underlying this injury via affecting the expression of the receptors for relaxin, a peptide hormone known to modulate ligament laxity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of sex-steroids on relaxin receptor isoforms (RXFP1 & RXFP2) expression in the ligaments and tendons of the knee. METHODS Ovariectomized adult female WKY rats were treated with different doses of estrogen (0.2, 2, 20 μg/kg), progesterone (4mg) and testosterone (125 & 250μg/kg) for three consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament were harvested for mRNA and protein expression analyses by Real Time PCR and Western blotting respectively. RESULTS RXFP1, the main isoform expressed in these knee structures and RXFP2 showed a dose-dependent increase in expression with estrogen. Progesterone treatment resulted in an increase while testosterone caused a dose-dependent decrease in the mRNA and protein expression of both relaxin receptor isoforms. DISCUSSION Progesterone and high dose estrogen up-regulate while testosterone down-regulates RXFP1 and RXFP2 expression in the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament of rat's knee. CONCLUSION Relaxin receptor isoforms up-regulation by progesterone and high dose estrogen could provide the basis for the reported increase in knee laxity while down-regulation of these receptor isoforms by testosterone could explain low incidence of non-contact knee injury in male.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Dehghan
- 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- 2. Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- 3. Department of Physiology, Sport Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Glogowska A, Kunanuvat U, Stetefeld J, Patel TR, Thanasupawat T, Krcek J, Weber E, Wong GW, Del Bigio MR, Hoang-Vu C, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T. C1q-tumour necrosis factor-related protein 8 (CTRP8) is a novel interaction partner of relaxin receptor RXFP1 in human brain cancer cells. J Pathol 2013; 231:466-79. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Usakorn Kunanuvat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Trushar R Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Jerry Krcek
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Ekkehard Weber
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Cuong Hoang-Vu
- Clinics of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fang Z, Tang Y, Jiao W, Xing Z, Guo Z, Wang W, Shi B, Xu Z, Liu Z. Nitidine chloride inhibits renal cancer cell metastasis via suppressing AKT signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:246-51. [PMID: 23911800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitidine Chloride (NC) has been shown to have anti-cancer effects on various tumors. However, whether NC could exert anti-metastasis activity in renal cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this work, our data demonstrated the anti-metastasis effects of NC on renal cancer cells in vitro. With scratch assay and transwell assays, we found that NC potently suppressed the migration and invasion of 786-O and A498 cells. Mechanistically, we presented that NC significantly decreased phosphorylation of AKT, accompanied by down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, a specific AKT inhibitor, LY294002, could enhance the anti-metastasis effects of NC, which indicated that NC suppressed metastasis of renal cancer cells partly via inhibition of AKT activity. Taken together, our results imply that NC can be developed as a potential anti-metastasis agent to renal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang P, Zhang P, Zhou M, Jiang H, Zhang H, Shi B, Pan X, Gao H, Sun H, Li Z. Exon 4 deletion variant of epidermal growth factor receptor enhances invasiveness and cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2639-46. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
49
|
Sassoli C, Chellini F, Pini A, Tani A, Nistri S, Nosi D, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Bani D, Formigli L. Relaxin prevents cardiac fibroblast-myofibroblast transition via notch-1-mediated inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63896. [PMID: 23704950 PMCID: PMC3660557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone relaxin (RLX) is produced by the heart and has beneficial actions on the cardiovascular system. We previously demonstrated that RLX stimulates mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte growth, suggesting its involvement in endogenous mechanisms of myocardial histogenesis and regeneration. In the present study, we extended the experimentation by evaluating the effects of RLX on primary cultures of neonatal cardiac stromal cells. RLX inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, as judged by its ability to down-regulate α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression. We also found that the hormone up-regulated metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and downregulated the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 in TGF-β1-stimulated cells. Interestingly, the effects of RLX on cardiac fibroblasts involved the activation of Notch-1 pathway. Indeed, Notch-1 expression was significantly decreased in TGF-β1-stimulatedfibroblasts as compared to the unstimulated controls; this reduction was prevented by the addition of RLX to TGF-β1-stimulated cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of endogenous Notch-1 signaling by N-3,5-difluorophenyl acetyl-L-alanyl-2-phenylglycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT), a γ-secretase specific inhibitor, as well as the silencing of Notch-1 ligand, Jagged-1, potentiated TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and abrogated the inhibitory effects of RLX. Interestingly, RLX and Notch-1 exerted their inhibitory effects by interfering with TGF-β1 signaling, since the addition of RLX to TGF-β1-stimulated cells caused a significant decrease in Smad3 phosphorylation, a typical downstream event of TGF-β1 receptor activation, while the treatment with a prevented this effect. These data suggest that Notch signaling can down-regulate TGF-β1/Smad3-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and that RLX could exert its well known anti-fibrotic action through the up-regulation of this pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study beside supporting the role of RLX in the field of cardiac fibrosis, provide novel experimental evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Formigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bathgate RAD, Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET, Callander GE, Kocan M, Summers RJ. Relaxin family peptides and their receptors. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:405-80. [PMID: 23303914 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are seven relaxin family peptides that are all structurally related to insulin. Relaxin has many roles in female and male reproduction, as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system, as a vasodilator and cardiac stimulant in the cardiovascular system, and as an antifibrotic agent. Insulin-like peptide-3 (INSL3) has clearly defined specialist roles in male and female reproduction, relaxin-3 is primarily a neuropeptide involved in stress and metabolic control, and INSL5 is widely distributed particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. Although they are structurally related to insulin, the relaxin family peptides produce their physiological effects by activating a group of four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), relaxin family peptide receptors 1-4 (RXFP1-4). Relaxin and INSL3 are the cognate ligands for RXFP1 and RXFP2, respectively, that are leucine-rich repeat containing GPCRs. RXFP1 activates a wide spectrum of signaling pathways to generate second messengers that include cAMP and nitric oxide, whereas RXFP2 activates a subset of these pathways. Relaxin-3 and INSL5 are the cognate ligands for RXFP3 and RXFP4 that are closely related to small peptide receptors that when activated inhibit cAMP production and activate MAP kinases. Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding the mode of action of relaxin family peptides, it is clear that they have important physiological roles that could be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A D Bathgate
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|