1
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A review of glucoregulatory hormones potentially applicable to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: mechanism and brain delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Gesmundo I, Silvagno F, Banfi D, Monica V, Fanciulli A, Gamba G, Congiusta N, Libener R, Riganti C, Ghigo E, Granata R. Calcitriol Inhibits Viability and Proliferation in Human Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:559586. [PMID: 33133014 PMCID: PMC7579995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.559586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor, often associated with exposure to asbestos and characterized by poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, exerts anticancer effects in many cell types, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy drugs, through binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR); however, the role of calcitriol in MPM is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the potential antitumor role of calcitriol in MPM. The results showed that calcitriol reduces cell viability and proliferation in human MPM cells lines, which express both cytoplasmic and nuclear VDR; furthermore, calcitriol potentiated the inhibitory activity of the chemotherapy drug PEM. These effects were paralleled by cell cycle arrest and inhibition in expression of c-Myc and cyclins involved in cell cycle progression. Exposure of MPM cells to calcitriol also produced an alteration in mitochondrial function and inhibition in the expression of respiratory chain complex subunits. Finally, the inhibitory effects of calcitriol were also observed on viability of human primary MPM cells. Collectively, these results indicate a novel anticancer role for calcitriol in MPM, suggesting potential for vitamin D derivatives, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Dana Banfi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Monica
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanciulli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gamba
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Noemi Congiusta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Libener
- Pathology Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio General Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccarda Granata
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3
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Foroughi K, Jahanbani S, Khaksari M, Shayannia A. Obestatin attenuated methamphetamine-induced PC12 cells neurotoxicity via inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:301-310. [PMID: 31726888 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119886036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit dopaminergic neurotoxin and is an extremely addictive psychostimulant drug that influences monoamine neurotransmitter system of the brain and is responsible for enhancing energy and satisfaction and feelings of alertness. Long-lasting exposure to METH causes psychosis and increases the risk of Parkinson's disease. Studies have revealed that obestatin (OB) is a novel endogenous ligand, which may have neuroprotective effects. Hence, we hypothesized that OB might appropriately limit METH-induced neurotoxicity via the control of apoptotis and autophagy. In the current study, PC12 cells were exposed to both METH (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 mmol/L) and pretreatment OB (1, 10, 100, and 200 nmol/L) in vitro for 24 h to determine appropriate dose, and then downstream pathways were measured to investigate apoptosis and autophagy. The results have shown that OB reduced the apoptotic response post-METH exposure in PC12 cells by developing cell viability and diminishing apoptotic rates. Furthermore, the study has exhibited OB decreased gene expression of Beclin-1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction and LC3-II by Western blotting in METH-induced PC12 cells, which demonstrated that autophagy is reduced. The study is proposed that OB is useful in reducing oxidative stress, which may also play an essential role in the regulation of METH-triggered apoptotic response. So these data indicate that OB could potentially alleviate METH-induced neurotoxicity via the reduction of apoptotic and autophagy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Foroughi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - S Jahanbani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - M Khaksari
- Addiction Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - A Shayannia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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4
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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5
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Gesmundo I, Di Blasio L, Banfi D, Villanova T, Fanciulli A, Favaro E, Gamba G, Musuraca C, Rapa I, Volante M, Munegato S, Papotti M, Gontero P, Primo L, Ghigo E, Granata R. Proton pump inhibitors promote the growth of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells through ErbB2, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β signaling and inhibition of cellular prostatic acid phosphatase. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:252-262. [PMID: 30790678 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancer in men. Although hormone-sensitive PCa responds to androgen-deprivation, there are no effective therapies for castration-resistant PCa. It has been recently suggested that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the risk of certain cancers; however, association with PCa remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the tumorigenic activities of PPIs in vitro, in PCa cell lines and epithelial cells from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in vivo, in PCa mice xenografts. PPIs increased survival and proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in LNCaP cells. These effects were attenuated or absent in androgen-insensitive DU-145 and PC3 cells, respectively. Specifically, omeprazole (OME) promoted cell cycle progression, increased c-Myc expression, ErbB2 activity and PSA secretion. Furthermore, OME induced the phosphorylation of MAPK-ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt and GSK-3β, and blunted the expression and activity of cellular prostatic acid phosphatase. OME also increased survival, proliferation and PSA levels in BPH cells. In vivo, OME promoted tumor growth in mice bearing LNCaP xenografts. Our results indicate that PPIs display tumorigenic activities in PCa cells, suggesting that their long-term administration in patients should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Laura Di Blasio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, 10060, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Banfi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Tania Villanova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanciulli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Enrica Favaro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gamba
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Chiara Musuraca
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Ida Rapa
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Stefania Munegato
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Gontero
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, 10060, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy.
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6
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Zhang R, Guo L, Ji Z, Li X, Zhang C, Ma Z, Fu Q, Qu R, Ma S. Radix Scutellariae Attenuates CUMS-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior by Promoting Neurogenesis via cAMP/PKA Pathway. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2111-2120. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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8
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Morgan AH, Rees DJ, Andrews ZB, Davies JS. Ghrelin mediated neuroprotection - A possible therapy for Parkinson's disease? Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:317-326. [PMID: 29277488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting 10 million people worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still unclear. The disease is characterised by dopamine nerve cell loss in the mid-brain and intra-cellular accumulation of α-synuclein that results in motor and non-motor dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of the stomach hormone, ghrelin, in models of Parkinson's disease. Recent findings suggest that it may modulate mitochondrial function and autophagic clearance of impaired organelle in response to changes in cellular energy balance. We consider the putative cellular mechanisms underlying ghrelin-action and the possible role of ghrelin mimetics in slowing or preventing Parkinson's disease progression. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwena H Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Daniel J Rees
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK.
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9
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Liu Y, Xing YX, Gao XY, Kuang HY, Zhang J, Liu R. Obestatin prevents H 2O 2-induced damage through activation of TrkB in RGC-5 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1061-1065. [PMID: 29136785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD In the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, the damage of retinal ganglion cells already exists, promoting the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role and the mechanisms of obestatin against H2O2-induced damage in RGC-5 cells. METHODS RGC-5 cells were incubated with various concentrations of obestatin for 24h before H2O2 added. The survival rates of RGC-5 were measured by MTT assay. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and TrkB pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our data showed that H2O2 evidently decreased the survival rate of RGC-5 cells. However, obestatin pretreatment reversed the decreased activity. Moreover, obestatin effectively increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax. In addition, obestatin potentially plays a role in protecting RGC-5 by activating of TrkB. Obestatin notablely increased the phosphorylation of TrkB, AKT and ERK1/2. All these effects of obestatin can be inhibited by GLP-1R antagonist exendin (9-39). CONCLUSIONS Obestatin prevents H2O2-induced damage in RGC-5 cells by activating TrkB pathway. Moreover, GLP-1R is closely related to the function of obestatin in RGC-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue-Xian Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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10
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Morgan AH, Andrews ZB, Davies JS. Less is more: Caloric regulation of neurogenesis and adult brain function. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28771924 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calorie intake is essential for regulating normal physiological processes and is fundamental to maintaining life. Indeed, both extremes of calorie intake result in increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the effect of calorie intake on adult brain function, with an emphasis on the beneficial effects of mild calorie restriction. Recent findings relating to the regenerative and protective effects of the gastrointestinal hormone, ghrelin, suggest that it may underlie the beneficial effects of calorie restriction. We discuss the putative cellular mechanisms underlying the action of ghrelin and their possible role in supporting healthy brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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11
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Kim S, Kim C, Park S. Mdivi-1 Protects Adult Rat Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells against Palmitate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1947. [PMID: 28891994 PMCID: PMC5618596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitate concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients are higher than in healthy subjects. The prolonged elevation of plasma palmitate levels induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. In this study, we examined the role of mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-regulated protein 1 (Drp1), on the survival of cultured hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) exposed to high palmitate. Treatment of hippocampal NSCs with mdivi-1 attenuated palmitate-induced increase in cell death and apoptosis. Palmitate exposure significantly increased Drp1 protein levels, which were prevented by pretreatment of cells with mdivi-1. We found that cytosolic Drp1 was translocated to the mitochondria when cells were exposed to palmitate. In contrast, palmitate-induced translocation of Drp1 was inhibited by mdivi-1 treatment. We also investigated mdivi-1 regulation of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. Mdivi-1 rescued cells from palmitate-induced lipotoxicity by suppressing intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and stabilizing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Mdivi-1-treated cells showed an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, prevention of cytochrome c release, and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. Our data suggest that mdivi-1 protects hippocampal NSCs against lipotoxicity-associated oxidative stress by preserving mitochondrial integrity and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Chanyang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Seungjoon Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to ROS and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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12
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Penna C, Tullio F, Femminò S, Rocca C, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Gallo MP, Gesmundo I, Fanciulli A, Brizzi MF, Pagliaro P, Alloatti G, Granata R. Obestatin regulates cardiovascular function and promotes cardioprotection through the nitric oxide pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3670-3678. [PMID: 28744974 PMCID: PMC5706590 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with ischaemic heart disease or chronic heart failure show altered levels of obestatin, suggesting a role for this peptide in human heart function. We have previously demonstrated that GH secretagogues and the ghrelin gene-derived peptides, including obestatin, exert cardiovascular effects by modulating cardiac inotropism and vascular tone, and reducing cell death and contractile dysfunction in hearts subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), through the Akt/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying the cardiac actions of obestatin remain largely unknown. Thus, we suggested that obestatin-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/NO and PKG signalling is implicated in protection of the myocardium when challenged by adrenergic, endothelinergic or I/R stress. We show that obestatin exerts an inhibitory tone on the performance of rat papillary muscle in both basal conditions and under β-adrenergic overstimulation, through endothelial-dependent NO/cGMP/PKG signalling. This pathway was also involved in the vasodilator effect of the peptide, used both alone and under stress induced by endothelin-1. Moreover, when infused during early reperfusion, obestatin reduced infarct size in isolated I/R rat hearts, through an NO/PKG pathway, comprising ROS/PKC signalling, and converging on mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium [mitoK(ATP)] channels. Overall, our results suggest that obestatin regulates cardiovascular function in stress conditions and induces cardioprotection by mechanisms dependent on activation of an NO/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/PKG pathway. In fact, obestatin counteracts exaggerated β-adrenergic and endothelin-1 activity, relevant factors in heart failure, suggesting multiple positive effects of the peptide, including the lowering of cardiac afterload, thus representing a potential candidate in pharmacological post-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tullio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gallo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alloatti
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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Xing YX, Yang L, Kuang HY, Gao XY, Liu HL. Function of obestatin in the digestive system. Nutrition 2017; 34:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Kim S, Kim C, Park S. Ghrelin gene products rescue cultured adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells from high glucose insult. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:171-84. [PMID: 27530317 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is decreased in type 2 diabetes, and this impairment appears to be important in cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies suggest that ghrelin gene products (acylated ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and obestatin (OB)) promote neurogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that ghrelin gene products may reduce the harmful effects of high glucose (HG) on hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these peptides on the survival of cultured hippocampal NSCs exposed to HG insult. Treatment of hippocampal NSCs with AG, UAG or OB inhibited HG-induced cell death and apoptosis. Exposure of cells to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a antagonist abolished the protective effects of AG against HG toxicity, whereas those of UAG or OB were preserved. All three peptides attenuated HG-induced decrease in BrdU-labeled and phosphohistone-H3-labeled cells. We also investigated the effects of ghrelin gene products on the regulation of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. AG, UAG or OB rescued hippocampal NSCs from HG insult by inhibiting intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and stabilizing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In addition, cells treated with ghrelin gene products showed an increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax levels, thereby increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, inhibiting cytochrome c release and preventing caspase-3 activation. Finally, AG-, UAG- or OB-mediated protection was dependent on the activities of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/uncoupling protein 2 pathway. Our data indicate that ghrelin gene products may act as survival factors that preserve mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Biomedical ScienceGraduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chanyang Kim
- Department of Biomedical ScienceGraduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungjoon Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to ROS and Biomedical Science InstituteSchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Phosphoinositides: Two-Path Signaling in Neuronal Response to Oligomeric Amyloid β Peptide. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3236-3252. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Gesmundo I, Villanova T, Gargantini E, Arvat E, Ghigo E, Granata R. The Mineralocorticoid Agonist Fludrocortisone Promotes Survival and Proliferation of Adult Hippocampal Progenitors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 27379018 PMCID: PMC4910464 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation has been shown to reduce adult hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. By contrast, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is associated with neuronal survival in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and impairment of hippocampal MR has been linked to pathological conditions, such as depression or neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we aimed to further clarify the protective role of MR in adult hippocampal neurons by studying the survival and proliferative effects of the highly potent MR agonist fludrocortisone (Fludro) in adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPs), along with the associated signaling mechanisms. Fludro, which upregulated MR but not GR expression, increased survival and proliferation and prevented apoptosis in AHPs cultured in growth factor-deprived medium. These effects were blunted by the MR antagonist spironolactone and by high doses of the GR agonist dexamethasone. Moreover, they involved signaling through cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and its downstream targets glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and mammalian target of rapamycin. Furthermore, Fludro attenuated the detrimental effects of amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42) on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in AHPs, and increased the phosphorylation of both PI3K/Akt and GSK-3β, which was reduced by Aβ1-42. Finally, Fludro blocked Aβ1-42-induced hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, which is a main feature of Alzheimer's disease. Overall, these results are the first to show the protective and proliferative role of Fludro in AHPs, suggesting the potential therapeutic importance of targeting MR for increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Villanova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gargantini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Oncological Endocrinology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccarda Granata,
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