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Horta NAC, Fernandes P, Cardoso TSR, Machado FSM, Drummond LR, Coimbra CC, Wanner SP, Maria L Castrucci A, Poletini MO. TRPV1 inactivation alters core body temperature and serum corticosterone levels: Impacts on clock genes expression in the liver and adrenal glands. J Therm Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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2
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Jackson TW, Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Schladweiler MC, Fisher AA, Alewel DI, House JS, Kodavanti UP. Adrenal stress hormone regulation of hepatic homeostatic function after an acute ozone exposure in Wistar-Kyoto male rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:73-90. [PMID: 35737395 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation and pulmonary/hypothalamus gene expression changes are diminished in adrenalectomized (AD) rats. Acute ozone exposure induces metabolic alterations concomitant with increases in epinephrine and corticosterone. We hypothesized that adrenal hormones are responsible for observed hepatic ozone effects, and in AD rats, these changes would be diminished. 5-7 days after sham (SH) or AD surgeries, male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to air or 0.8-ppm ozone for 4-hrs. Serum samples were analyzed for metabolites and liver for transcriptional changes immediately post-exposure. Ozone increased circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty-acids, and leptin in SH but not AD rats. Ozone-induced inhibition of glucose-mediated insulin release was absent in AD rats. Unlike diminution of ozone-induced hypothalamus and lung mRNA expression changes, AD in air-exposed rats (AD-air/SH-air) caused differential hepatic expression of ∼1000 genes. Likewise, ozone in AD rats caused differential expression of ∼1000 genes (AD-ozone/AD-air). Ozone-induced hepatic changes in SH rats reflected enrichment for pathways involving metabolic processes, including acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, TCA cycle, and sirtuins. Upstream predictor analysis identified similarity to responses produced by glucocorticoids and pathways involving forskolin. These changes were absent in AD rats exposed to ozone. However, ozone caused unique changes in AD liver mRNA reflecting activation of synaptogenesis, neurovascular coupling, neuroinflammation, and insulin signaling with inhibition of senescence pathways. In these rats, upstream predictor analysis identified numerous microRNAs involved in glucocorticoid insufficiency. These data demonstrate the critical role of adrenal stress hormones in ozone-induced hepatic homeostasis and necessitate further research elucidating their role in propagating environmentally driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Anna A Fisher
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Devin I Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John S House
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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3
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Che T, Yan C, Tian D, Zhang X, Liu X, Wu Z. Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:88. [PMID: 34620199 PMCID: PMC8499480 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Time-restricted feeding is an emerging dietary intervention that is becoming increasingly popular. There are, however, no randomised clinical trials of time-restricted feeding in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Here, we explored the effects of time-restricted feeding on glycaemic regulation and weight changes in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes over 12 weeks. Methods Overweight adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 120) were randomised 1:1 to two diet groups: time-restricted feeding (n = 60) or control (n = 60). Sixty patients participated in a 10-h restricted feeding treatment program (ad libitum feeding from 8:00 to 18:00 h; fasting between 18:00 and 8:00 h) for 12 weeks. Results Haemoglobin A1c and body weight decreased in the time-restricted feeding group (− 1.54% ± 0.19 and − 2.98 ± 0.43 kg, respectively) relative to the control group over 12 weeks (p < 0.001). Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance changed in the time-restricted feeding group (0.73 ± 0.21, p = 0.005; − 0.51 ± 0.08, p = 0.02, respectively) compared with the control group. The medication effect score, SF-12 score, and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were improved in the time-restricted feeding group (− 0.66 ± 0.17, p = 0.006; 5.92 ± 1.38, p < 0.001; − 0.23 ± 0.08 mmol/L, p = 0.03; − 0.32 ± 0.07 mmol/L, p = 0.01; − 0.42 ± 0.13 mmol/L, p = 0.02, respectively) relative to the control group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion These results suggest that 10-h restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity, results in weight loss, reduces the necessary dosage of hypoglycaemic drugs and enhances quality of life. It can also offer cardiovascular benefits by reducing atherosclerotic lipid levels. Trial registration: This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPR-15006371). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-021-00613-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Che
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Dingyuan Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Zhongming Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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Ishay Y, Kolben Y, Kessler A, Ilan Y. Role of circadian rhythm and autonomic nervous system in liver function: a hypothetical basis for improving the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G400-G412. [PMID: 34346773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00186.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common, incapacitating complication of cirrhosis that affects many patients with cirrhosis. Although several therapies have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of this condition, several patients continue to suffer from covert disease or episodes of relapse. The circadian rhythm has been demonstrated to be pivotal for many body functions, including those of the liver. Here, we explore the impact of circadian rhythm-dependent signaling on the liver and discuss the evidence of its impact on liver pathology and metabolism. We describe the various pathways through which circadian influences are mediated. Finally, we introduce a novel method for improving patient response to drugs aimed at treating HE by utilizing the circadian rhythm. A digital system that introduces a customization-based technique for improving the response to therapies is presented as a hypothetical approach for improving the effectiveness of current medications used for the treatment of recurrent and persistent hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Kolben
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642745. [PMID: 33776640 PMCID: PMC7994532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. ASDs affect nearly 2% of the United States child population and the worldwide prevalence has dramatically increased in recent years. The etiology is not clear but ASD is thought to be caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Circadian rhythms are the ∼24 h rhythms driven by the endogenous biological clock, and they are found in a variety of physiological processes. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of the circadian timing system may be associated with ASD and its pathogenesis. Here we review the findings that link circadian dysfunctions to ASD in both experimental and clinical studies. We first introduce the organization of the circadian system and ASD. Next, we review physiological indicators of circadian rhythms that are found disrupted in ASD individuals, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. Finally, we review evidence in epidemiology, human genetics, and biochemistry that indicates underlying associations between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of ASD. In conclusion, we propose that understanding the functional importance of the circadian clock in normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes may provide a novel perspective to tackle ASD, and clinical treatments for ASD individuals should comprise an integrative approach considering the dynamics of daily rhythms in physical, mental, and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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6
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Xie X, Kukino A, Calcagno HE, Berman AM, Garner JP, Butler MP. Natural food intake patterns have little synchronizing effect on peripheral circadian clocks. BMC Biol 2020; 18:160. [PMID: 33158435 PMCID: PMC7646075 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythms across mammalian tissues are coordinated by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that is principally entrained by light-dark cycles. Prior investigations have shown, however, that time-restricted feeding (TRF)—daily alternation of fasting and food availability—synchronizes peripheral clocks independent of the light-dark cycle and of the SCN. This has led to the idea that downstream peripheral clocks are entrained indirectly by food intake rhythms. However, TRF is not a normal eating pattern, and it imposes non-physiologic long fasts that rodents do not typically experience. Therefore, we tested whether normal feeding patterns can phase-shift or entrain peripheral tissues by measuring circadian rhythms of the liver, kidney, and submandibular gland in mPer2Luc mice under different food schedules. Results We employed home cage feeders to first measure ad libitum food intake and then to dispense 20-mg pellets on a schedule mimicking that pattern. In both conditions, PER2::LUC bioluminescence peaked during the night as expected. Surprisingly, shifting the scheduled feeding by 12 h advanced peripheral clocks by only 0–3 h, much less than predicted from TRF protocols. To isolate the effects of feeding from the light-dark cycle, clock phase was then measured in mice acclimated to scheduled feeding over the course of 3 months in constant darkness. In these conditions, peripheral clock phases were better predicted by the rest-activity cycle than by the food schedule, contrary to expectation based on TRF studies. At the end of both experiments, mice were exposed to a modified TRF with food provided in eight equally sized meals over 12 h. In the light-dark cycle, this advanced the phase of the liver and kidney, though less so than in TRF with ad libitum access; in darkness, this entrained the liver and kidney but had little effect on the submandibular gland or the rest-activity cycle. Conclusions These data suggest that natural feeding patterns can only weakly affect circadian clocks. Instead, in normally feeding mice, the central pacemaker in the brain may set the phase of peripheral organs via pathways that are independent of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xie
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L606, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Current Address: Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ayaka Kukino
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L606, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Haley E Calcagno
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L606, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alec M Berman
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L606, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joseph P Garner
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road - L606, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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7
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Pickel L, Sung HK. Feeding Rhythms and the Circadian Regulation of Metabolism. Front Nutr 2020; 7:39. [PMID: 32363197 PMCID: PMC7182033 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular circadian clock regulates metabolic processes within the cell, and the alignment of these clocks between tissues is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The possibility of misalignment arises from the differential responsiveness of tissues to the environmental cues that synchronize the clock (zeitgebers). Although light is the dominant environmental cue for the master clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, many other tissues are sensitive to feeding and fasting. When rhythms of feeding behavior are altered, for example by shift work or the constant availability of highly palatable foods, strong feedback is sent to the peripheral molecular clocks. Varying degrees of phase shift can cause the systemic misalignment of metabolic processes. Moreover, when there is a misalignment between the endogenous rhythms in physiology and environmental inputs, such as feeding during the inactive phase, the body's ability to maintain homeostasis is impaired. The loss of phase coordination between the organism and environment, as well as internal misalignment between tissues, can produce cardiometabolic disease as a consequence. The aim of this review is to synthesize the work on the mechanisms and metabolic effects of circadian misalignment. The timing of food intake is highlighted as a powerful environmental cue with the potential to destroy or restore the synchrony of circadian rhythms in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Zhang T, Chen M, Guo L, Yu F, Zhou C, Xu H, Wu B. Reverse Erythroblastosis Virus α Antagonism Promotes Homocysteine Catabolism and Ammonia Clearance. Hepatology 2019; 70:1770-1784. [PMID: 31016736 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis of amino acids is essential for human health. Here, we aimed to investigate a potential role for the clock component reverse erythroblastosis virus α (Rev-erbα) in circadian regulation of amino acid metabolism. RNA-seq with Rev-erbα-/- mice showed expression changes in genes involved in amino acid metabolism, particularly, the urea cycle and methionine metabolism. Rev-erbα ablation increased hepatic mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (Bhmt), cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs), and cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth) and decreased the levels of plasma and liver homocysteine in mice. Cell-based assays confirmed negative regulation of these three genes by Rev-erbα. Combined luciferase reporter, mobility-shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified Rev-erbα as a transcriptional repressor of Bhmt, Cbs, and Cth. Rev-erbα ablation or antagonism alleviated chemical-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. This was accompanied by elevated expressions of Bhmt, Cbs, and Cth. Moreover, Rev-erbα ablation or antagonism promoted urea production and ammonia clearance. Of urea cycle-related genes, arginase 1 (Arg1), ornithine transcarbamylase (Otc), and carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (Cps1) expressions were up-regulated in Rev-erbα-/- mice. Negative regulation of these urea cycle genes by Rev-erbα was validated using cell-based experiments. Mechanistic studies revealed that Rev-erbα inhibited CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α transactivation to repress the transcription of Arg1, Cps1, and Otc. Conclusion: Rev-erbα antagonism alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia and promotes ammonia clearance. Targeting Rev-erbα represents an approach for the management of homocysteine- and ammonia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Zhang
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjun Yu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiman Xu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Arola-Arnal A, Cruz-Carrión Á, Torres-Fuentes C, Ávila-Román J, Aragonès G, Mulero M, Bravo FI, Muguerza B, Arola L, Suárez M. Chrononutrition and Polyphenols: Roles and Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2602. [PMID: 31671606 PMCID: PMC6893786 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological rhythms can influence the activity of bioactive compounds, and at the same time, the intake of these compounds can modulate biological rhythms. In this context, chrononutrition has appeared as a research field centered on the study of the interactions among biological rhythms, nutrition, and metabolism. This review summarizes the role of phenolic compounds in the modulation of biological rhythms, focusing on their effects in the treatment or prevention of chronic diseases. Heterotrophs are able to sense chemical cues mediated by phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, promoting their adaptation to environmental conditions. This is called xenohormesis. Hence, the consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in phenolic compounds exerts several health benefits, mainly attributed to the product of their metabolism. However, the profile of phenolic compounds present in plants differs among species and is highly variable depending on agricultural and technological factors. In this sense, the seasonal consumption of polyphenol-rich fruits could induce important changes in the regulation of physiology and metabolism due to the particular phenolic profile that the fruits contain. This fact highlights the need for studies that evaluate the impact of these specific phenolic profiles on health to establish more accurate dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Cruz-Carrión
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, 43204 Reus, Spain.
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Buijs RM, Guzmán Ruiz MA, Méndez Hernández R, Rodríguez Cortés B. The suprachiasmatic nucleus; a responsive clock regulating homeostasis by daily changing the setpoints of physiological parameters. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:43-50. [PMID: 30890347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for determining circadian variations in physiological setpoints. The SCN achieves such control through projections to different target structures within and outside the hypothalamus. Thus the SCN prepares the physiology of the body every 24 h via hormones and autonomic nervous system (ANS), to coming changes in behavior. Resulting rhythms in hormones and ANS activity transmit a precise message to selective organs, adapting their sensitivity to coming hormones, metabolites or other essentials. Thus the SCN as autonomous clock gives rhythm to physiological processes. However when the body is challenged by infections, low or high temperature, food shortage or excess: physiological setpoints need to be changed. For example, under fasting conditions, setpoints for body temperature and glucose levels are lowered at the beginning of the sleep (inactive) phase. However, starting the active phase, a normal increase in glucose and temperature levels take place to support activities associated with the acquisition of food. Thus, the SCN adjusts physiological setpoints in agreement with time of the day and according to challenges faced by the body. The SCN is enabled to do this by receiving extensive input from brain areas involved in sensing the condition of the body. Therefore, when the body receives stimuli contradicting normal physiology, such as eating or activity during the inactive period, this information reaches the SCN, adapting its output to correct this disbalance. As consequence frequent violations of the SCN message, such as by shift work or night eating, will result in development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, PC 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Mara A Guzmán Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, PC 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Rebeca Méndez Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, PC 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Betty Rodríguez Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, PC 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
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11
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Modeling clock-related metabolic syndrome due to conflicting light and food cues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13641. [PMID: 30206243 PMCID: PMC6134130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms possess a light- and food- entrainable circadian clock system enabling their adaptation to daily environmental changes in sunlight and food availability. The mammalian circadian system is composed of multiple clocks throughout the body. These local clocks are entrained by nutrient, neural, endocrine and temperature cues and drive diverse physiological functions including metabolism. In particular, the clock of the pancreatic β cell rhythmically regulates the transcription of genes involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Perturbations of this fine-tuned oscillatory network increase the susceptibility to diseases. Besides chronic jet lag and shift work, common perturbations are ill-timed eating patterns which can lead to metabolic troubles (such as hypoinsulinemia). We have built a mathematical model describing the clock-dependent pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis in rodents. After calibrating the model using experimental data, we have investigated the effect of restricting food access to the normal rest phase. Our simulations show that the conflict between the light-dark cycle and the feeding-fasting cycle creates a differential phase shift in the expression of core clock genes (consistent with experimental observations). Our model further predicts that this induces a non-concomitance between nutrient cues and clock-controlled cues driving metabolic outputs which results in hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia as well as in a loss of food anticipation.
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12
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Yilmaz A, Kalsbeek A, Buijs RM. Functional changes of the SCN in spontaneous hypertension but not after the induction of hypertension. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1221-1235. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1469035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Yilmaz
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Su Y, Foppen E, Mansur Machado FS, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. The role of the daily feeding rhythm in the regulation of the day/night rhythm in triglyceride secretion in rats. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:885-895. [PMID: 29446660 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1438456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels show a clear daily rhythm, however, thus far it is still unknown whether this rhythm results from a daily rhythm in TG production, TG uptake or both. Previous studies have shown that feeding activity affects plasma TG concentrations, but it is not clear how the daily rhythm in feeding activity affects plasma TG concentrations. In the present study, we measured plasma TG concentrations and TG secretion rates in rats at 6 Zeitgeber times to investigate whether plasma TG concentrations and TG secretion show a daily rhythm. We found that plasma TG concentrations and TG secretion show a significant day/night rhythm. Next, we removed the daily rhythm in feeding behavior by introducing a 6-meals-a-day (6M) feeding schedule to investigate whether the daily rhythm in feeding behavior is necessary to maintain the daily rhythm in TG secretion. We found that the day/night rhythm in TG secretion was abolished under 6M feeding conditions. Hepatic apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and microsomal TG transfer protein (Mttp), which are both involved in TG secretion, also lost their daily rhythmicity under 6M feeding conditions. Together, these results indicate that: (1) the daily rhythm in TG secretion contributes to the formation of a day/night rhythm in plasma TG levels and (2) a daily feeding rhythm is essential for maintaining the daily rhythm in TG secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- a Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms , Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Fliers
- b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- a Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms , Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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14
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Eggink HM, Oosterman JE, de Goede P, de Vries EM, Foppen E, Koehorst M, Groen AK, Boelen A, Romijn JA, la Fleur SE, Soeters MR, Kalsbeek A. Complex interaction between circadian rhythm and diet on bile acid homeostasis in male rats. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1339-1353. [PMID: 29028359 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1363226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Desynchronization between the master clock in the brain, which is entrained by (day) light, and peripheral organ clocks, which are mainly entrained by food intake, may have negative effects on energy metabolism. Bile acid metabolism follows a clear day/night rhythm. We investigated whether in rats on a normal chow diet the daily rhythm of plasma bile acids and hepatic expression of bile acid metabolic genes is controlled by the light/dark cycle or the feeding/fasting rhythm. In addition, we investigated the effects of high caloric diets and time-restricted feeding on daily rhythms of plasma bile acids and hepatic genes involved in bile acid synthesis. In experiment 1 male Wistar rats were fed according to three different feeding paradigms: food was available ad libitum for 24 h (ad lib) or time-restricted for 10 h during the dark period (dark fed) or 10 h during the light period (light fed). To allow further metabolic phenotyping, we manipulated dietary macronutrient intake by providing rats with a chow diet, a free choice high-fat-high-sugar diet or a free choice high-fat (HF) diet. In experiment 2 rats were fed a normal chow diet, but food was either available in a 6-meals-a-day (6M) scheme or ad lib. During both experiments, we measured plasma bile acid levels and hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism at eight different time points during 24 h. Time-restricted feeding enhanced the daily rhythm in plasma bile acid concentrations. Plasma bile acid concentrations are highest during fasting and dropped during the period of food intake with all diets. An HF-containing diet changed bile acid pool composition, but not the daily rhythmicity of plasma bile acid levels. Daily rhythms of hepatic Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 mRNA expression followed the hepatic molecular clock, whereas for Shp expression food intake was leading. Combining an HF diet with feeding in the light/inactive period annulled CYp7a1 and Cyp8b1 gene expression rhythms, whilst keeping that of Shp intact. In conclusion, plasma bile acids and key genes in bile acid biosynthesis are entrained by food intake as well as the hepatic molecular clock. Eating during the inactivity period induced changes in the plasma bile acid pool composition similar to those induced by HF feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Eggink
- a Department Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Johanneke E Oosterman
- b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Goede
- b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Emmely M de Vries
- c Department of Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- d Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- d Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,e Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- c Department of Medicine , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- a Department Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,f Metabolism and Reward , Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- a Department Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- a Department Endocrinology and Metabolism , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory of Endocrinology, Deptartment Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,g Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms , Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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15
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Effects of meal composition and meal timing on the expression of genes involved in hepatic drug metabolism in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185520. [PMID: 28968417 PMCID: PMC5624615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction With chronotherapy, drug administration is synchronized with daily rhythms in drug clearance and pharmacokinetics. Daily rhythms in gene expression are centrally mastered by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus as well as by tissue clocks containing similar molecular mechanisms in peripheral organs. The central timing system is sensitive to changes in the external environment such as those of the light-dark cycle, meal timing and meal composition. We investigated how changes in diet composition and meal timing would affect the daily hepatic expression rhythms of the nuclear receptors PXR and CAR and of enzymes involved in P450 mediated drug metabolism, as such changes could have consequences for the practice of chronotherapy. Materials and methods Rats were subjected to either a regular chow or a free choice high-fat-high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet. These diets were provided ad libitum, or restricted to either the light phase or the dark phase. In a second experiment, rats had access to chow either ad libitum or in 6 meals equally distributed over 24 hours. Results Pxr, Alas1 and Por displayed significant day-night rhythms under ad libitum chow fed conditions, which for Pxr was disrupted under fcHFHS diet conditions. Although no daily rhythms were detected in expression of CAR, Cyp2b2 and Cyp3a2, the fcHFHS diet did affect basal expression of these genes. In chow fed rats, dark phase feeding induced a diurnal rhythm in Cyp2b2 expression while light phase feeding induced a diurnal rhythm in Car expression and completely shifted the peak expression of Pxr, Car, Cyp2b2, Alas1 and Por. The 6-meals-a-day feeding only abolished the Pxr rhythm but not the rhythms of the other genes. Conclusion We conclude that although nuclear receptors and enzymes involved in the regulation of hepatic drug metabolism are sensitive to meal composition, changes in meal timing are mainly effectuated via changes in the molecular clock.
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Buijs RM, Guerrero-Vargas NN. Synchrony between suprachiasmatic nucleus-driven signals and the light/dark cycle is essential for liver homeostasis. Hepatology 2017; 65:2110-2112. [PMID: 28198033 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México City, México
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17
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Gnocchi D, Bruscalupi G. Circadian Rhythms and Hormonal Homeostasis: Pathophysiological Implications. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010010. [PMID: 28165421 PMCID: PMC5372003 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that control biological clocks and circadian rhythms has been achieved. In fact, many studies have contributed to unravelling the importance of the molecular clock for the regulation of our physiology, including hormonal and metabolic homeostasis. Here we will review the structure, organisation and molecular machinery that make our circadian clock work, and its relevance for the proper functioning of physiological processes. We will also describe the interconnections between circadian rhythms and endocrine homeostasis, as well as the underlying consequences that circadian dysregulations might have in the development of several pathologic affections. Finally, we will discuss how a better knowledge of such relationships might prove helpful in designing new therapeutic approaches for endocrine and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14186, Sweden.
| | - Giovannella Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
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Sen S, Raingard H, Dumont S, Kalsbeek A, Vuillez P, Challet E. Ultradian feeding in mice not only affects the peripheral clock in the liver, but also the master clock in the brain. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:17-36. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1231689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sen
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hélène Raingard
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Dumont
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Vuillez
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wharfe MD, Wyrwoll CS, Waddell BJ, Mark PJ. Pregnancy-induced changes in the circadian expression of hepatic clock genes: implications for maternal glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E575-86. [PMID: 27406739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00060.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations in maternal carbohydrate metabolism are particularly important in pregnancy because glucose is the principal energy substrate used by the fetus. As metabolic homeostasis is intricately linked to the circadian system via the rhythmic expression of clock genes, it is likely that metabolic adaptations during pregnancy also involve shifts in maternal circadian function. We hypothesized that maternal adaptation in pregnancy involves changes in the hepatic expression of clock genes, which drive downstream shifts in circadian expression of glucoregulatory genes. Maternal liver and plasma (n = 6-8/group) were collected across 24-h periods (0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 0000, 0400) from C57Bl/6J mice under isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia prior to and on days 6, 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy (term = day 19). Hepatic expression of clock genes and glucoregulatory genes was determined by RT-qPCR. Hepatic clock gene expression was substantially altered across pregnancy, most notably in late gestation when the circadian rhythmicity of several clock genes was attenuated (≤64% reduced amplitude on day 18). These changes were associated with a similar decline in rhythmicity of the key glucoregulatory genes Pck1, G6Pase, and Gk, and by day 18, Pck1 was no longer rhythmic. Overall, our data show marked adaptations in the liver clock during mouse pregnancy, changes that may contribute to the altered circadian variation in glucoregulatory genes near term. We propose that the observed reduction of daily oscillations in glucose metabolism ensure a sustained supply of glucose to meet the high demands of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D Wharfe
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Biological Rhythms in the Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060801. [PMID: 27231897 PMCID: PMC4926335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, ≈24 h oscillations in behavior and physiology, are reflected in all cells of the body and function to optimize cellular functions and meet environmental challenges associated with the solar day. This multi-oscillatory network is entrained by the master pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which directs an organism's rhythmic expression of physiological functions and behavior via a hierarchical system. This system has been highly conserved throughout evolution and uses transcriptional-translational autoregulatory loops. This master clock, following environmental cues, regulates an organism's sleep pattern, body temperature, cardiac activity and blood pressure, hormone secretion, oxygen consumption and metabolic rate. Mammalian peripheral clocks and clock gene expression have recently been discovered and are present in all nucleated cells in our body. Like other essential organ of the body, the skin also has cycles that are informed by this master regulator. In addition, skin cells have peripheral clocks that can function autonomously. First described in 2000 for skin, this review summarizes some important aspects of a rapidly growing body of research in circadian and ultradian (an oscillation that repeats multiple times during a 24 h period) cutaneous rhythms, including clock mechanisms, functional manifestations, and stimuli that entrain or disrupt normal cycling. Some specific relationships between disrupted clock signaling and consequences to skin health are discussed in more depth in the other invited articles in this IJMS issue on Sleep, Circadian Rhythm and Skin.
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