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Zhang L, Wong C, Li Y, Huang T, Wang J, Lin C. Artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis of early tc markers and its application. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:172. [PMID: 38761260 PMCID: PMC11102422 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine malignancy with an increasing incidence worldwide. Early diagnosis is particularly important for TC patients, because it allows patients to receive treatment as early as possible. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides great advantages for complex healthcare systems by analyzing big data based on machine learning. Nowadays, AI is widely used in the early diagnosis of cancer such as TC. Ultrasound detection and fine needle aspiration biopsy are the main methods for early diagnosis of TC. AI has been widely used in the detection of malignancy in thyroid nodules by ultrasound images, cytopathology images and molecular markers. It shows great potential in auxiliary medical diagnosis. The latest clinical trial has shown that the performance of AI models matches with the diagnostic efficiency of experienced clinicians, and more efficient AI tools will be developed in the future. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the recent advances in the application of AI algorithms in assessing the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The objective of this review was to provide a data base for the clinical use of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC, as well as to provide new ideas for the next generation of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laney Zhang
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chinting Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yungeng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenghe Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Overexpression of ST7-AS1 Enhances Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Via microRNA-181b-5p-Dependent Inhibition Tripartite Motif Containing 3. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:477-490. [PMID: 36030355 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of great significance in the pathogenesis and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). LncRNA tumorigenicity 7 antisense RNA 1 (ST7-AS1) is a newly identified lncRNA serving as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in different tumors; however, the role of ST7-AS1 in PTC remains completely unknown. In this study, ST7-AS1 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of PTC cells and presented reduced expression in THCA tumors and PTC cell lines. Functional experiments revealed that overexpressed ST7-AS1 inhibited the viability and proliferation of PTC cells, whereas accelerated the apoptosis of PTC cells. The expression of miR-181b-5p was upregulated and it bound with ST7-AS1 in PTC cells. Moreover, TRIM3 exhibited downregulated expression level in PTC cells and ST7-AS1 elevated TRIM3 expression via harboring miR-181b-5p. Rescue experiments illuminated that knockdown of TRIM3 reversed ST7-AS1 overexpression-induced promotion on PTC cell proliferation and suppression on PTC cell apoptosis. Overall, overexpression of ST7-AS1 enhances apoptosis and represses proliferation of PTC cells via targeting the miR-181b-5p/TRIM3 axis, which may help broaden the horizon and establish the foundation to develop therapeutic strategies for PTC in the future.
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Ma B, Luo Y, Xu W, Han L, Liu W, Liao T, Yang Y, Wang Y. LINC00886 Negatively Regulates Malignancy in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7023373. [PMID: 36726346 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive type of thyroid cancer. This study aimed to identify specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with ATC, and further investigated their biological functions and molecular mechanism underlying regulation of malignancy in ATC. We searched for lncRNAs associated with dedifferentiation and screened out specific lncRNAs significantly deregulated in ATC by using transcriptome data of dedifferentiation cancers from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The above lncRNAs were analyzed to identify a potential biomarker in thyroid cancer patients from the FUSCC, GEO, and The Cancer Genome Atlas, which was then investigated for its functional roles and molecular mechanism in ATC in vitro. The clinicopathological association analyses revealed that LINC00886 expression was significantly correlated with dedifferentiation and suppressed in ATC. In vitro, LINC00886 was confirmed to negatively regulate cell proliferation, and cell migration and invasion of ATC. LINC00886 physically interacted with protein kinase R (PKR) and affected its stability through the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation pathway in the ATC cell. Decreased PKR caused by downregulation of LINC00886 enhanced the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) via reducing phosphorylation of eIF2α and thus promoted protein synthesis to maintain ATC malignancy. Our findings identify LINC00886 as a novel biomarker of thyroid cancer and suggest that LINC00886/PKR/eIF2α signaling is a potential therapeutic target in ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Ma T, Wu FH, Wu HX, Fa Q, Chen Y. Long Non-Coding RNA MCM3AP-AS1: A Crucial Role in Human Malignancies. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610194. [PMID: 35783356 PMCID: PMC9243217 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer continues to grow and is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) is a group of RNA transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides in length, and although it cannot encode proteins, it can regulate different biological functions by controlling gene expression, transcription factors, etc. LncRNA micro-chromosome maintenance protein 3-associated protein antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) is involved in RNA processing and cell cycle-related functions, and MCM3AP-AS1 is dysregulated in expression in various types of cancers. This biomarker is involved in many processes related to carcinogens, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and migration. In this review, we summarize the roles of MCM3AP-AS1 in different human cancers and its biological functions with a view to providing ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fa-Hong Wu
- Department of General Surgery Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong Fa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The 940th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen,
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A diagnostic and prognostic value of blood-based circulating long non-coding RNAs in Thyroid, Pancreatic and Ovarian Cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 171:103598. [PMID: 35033662 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the potential of circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as promising cancer biomarkers. Herein, we addressed the regulatory role of circulating lncRNAs and their potential value as diagnostic/prognostic markers for thyroid, pancreatic and ovarian cancers. Furthermore, we analyzed and measured the clinical implications and association of lncRNAs with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Based on our meta-analysis, we found that GAS8-AS1 could discriminate thyroid cancer from non-cancer and other cancers with higher accuracy (AUC = 0.746; sensitivity = 61.70%, and specificity = 90.00%). Similarly, for ovarian cancer, lncRNA RP5-837J1.2 was found to have ideal diagnostic potential with critical clinical specifications of AUC = 0.996; sensitivity = 97.30% and specificity = 94.60%. Whereas we could not find any lncRNA having high diagnostic/prognostic efficiency in pancreatic cancer. We believe that lncRNAs mentioned above may explore clinical settings for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Ai K, Ni W, Li Z. LncRNA ZFPM2-AS1 boosts retinoblastoma development by targeting miR-3612/NT5E signaling axis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2022; 32:69-82. [DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022042697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Emerging Biomarkers in Thyroid Practice and Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010204. [PMID: 35008368 PMCID: PMC8744846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor biomarkers are molecules at genetic or protein level, or certain evaluable characteristics. These help in perfecting patient management. Over the past decade, advanced and more sensitive techniques have led to the identification of many new biomarkers in the field of oncology. A knowledge of the recent developments is essential for their application to clinical practice, and furthering research. This review provides a comprehensive account of such various markers identified in thyroid carcinoma, the most common endocrine malignancy. While some of these have been brought into use in routine patient management, others are novel and need more research before clinical application. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent developments in molecular biological techniques have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of thyroid neoplasms. This has culminated in the updating of thyroid tumor classification, including the re-categorization of existing and introduction of new entities. In this review, we discuss various molecular biomarkers possessing diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and therapeutic roles in thyroid cancer. A comprehensive account of epigenetic dysregulation, including DNA methylation, the function of various microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, germline mutations determining familial occurrence of medullary and non-medullary thyroid carcinoma, and single nucleotide polymorphisms predisposed to thyroid tumorigenesis has been provided. In addition to novel immunohistochemical markers, including those for neuroendocrine differentiation, and next-generation immunohistochemistry (BRAF V600E, RAS, TRK, and ALK), the relevance of well-established markers, such as Ki-67, in current clinical practice has also been discussed. A tumor microenvironment (PD-L1, CD markers) and its influence in predicting responses to immunotherapy in thyroid cancer and the expanding arena of techniques, including liquid biopsy based on circulating nucleic acids and plasma-derived exosomes as a non-invasive technique for patient management, are also summarized.
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Lv D, Tan L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Lin J, Yu Y, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Ding Q, Deng Z. WITHDRAWN: LINC00342 promotes thyroid carcinoma progression by targeting miR-384/CHMP5 pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 223:153272. [PMID: 34044217 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Hongying Ma
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangshan County Red Cross Taiyou Hospital General Hospital of Medical and Health Group, Ningbo, 315731, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Zhongbo Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Qunli Ding
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
| | - Zaichun Deng
- Department of Pulmonology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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Jeong S, Lee SG, Kim H, Lee G, Park S, Kim IK, Lee J, Jo YS. Simultaneous Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA FAL1 and Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 Defines Tumour Behaviour in Young Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133223. [PMID: 34203279 PMCID: PMC8268647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary FAL1 upregulation has been reported in many types of human cancers. The up-regulatory mechanism was identified in ovarian cancer but was not investigated in other type of cancers. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified simultaneous upregulation of FAL1 adjacent to chromosome 1q21.3. Among 53 putative transcription factors for FAL1 and neighbouring genes, we selected c-JUN and JUND as the best candidates. This simultaneous upregulation defines molecular biological features representing RAS-driven PTC-enriched immune-related gene sets. These findings suggest that the simultaneous upregulation might be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for RAS-driven PTC. Abstract We investigated the regulatory mechanism of FAL1 and unravelled the molecular biological features of FAL1 upregulation in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Correlation analyses of FAL1 and neighbouring genes adjacent to chromosome 1q21.3 were performed. Focal amplification was performed using data from copy number alterations in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. To identify putative transcriptional factors, PROMO and the Encyclopaedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) were used. To validate c-JUN and JUND as master transcription factors for FAL1 and ECM1, gene set enrichment analysis was performed according to FAL1 and ECM1 expression. Statistical analyses of the molecular biological features of FAL1- and ECM1-upregulated PTCs were conducted. FAL1 expression significantly correlated with that of neighbouring genes. Focal amplification of chromosome 1q21.3 was observed in ovarian cancer but not in thyroid carcinoma. However, PROMO suggested 53 transcription factors as putative common transcriptional factors for FAL1 and ECM1 simultaneously. Among them, we selected c-JUN and JUND as the best candidates based on ENCODE results. The expression of target genes of JUND simultaneously increased in FAL1- and ECM1-upregulated PTCs, especially in young patients. The molecular biological features represented RAS-driven PTC and simultaneously enriched immune-related gene sets. FAL1 and ECM1 expression frequently increased simultaneously and could be operated by JUND. The simultaneous upregulation might be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for RAS-driven PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Eulji University School of Medicine, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35233, Korea;
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (G.L.); (I.-K.K.)
| | - Gibbeum Lee
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (G.L.); (I.-K.K.)
| | - Sunmi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - In-Kyu Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (G.L.); (I.-K.K.)
| | - Jandee Lee
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (G.L.); (I.-K.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-2100 (J.L.); +82-2-2228-0752 (Y.-S.J.); Fax: +82-2-313-8289 (J.L.); +82-2-393-6884 (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Young-Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.J.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-2100 (J.L.); +82-2-2228-0752 (Y.-S.J.); Fax: +82-2-313-8289 (J.L.); +82-2-393-6884 (Y.-S.J.)
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Possieri C, Locantore P, Salis C, Bacci L, Aiello A, Fadda G, De Crea C, Raffaelli M, Bellantone R, Grassi C, Strigari L, Farsetti A, Pontecorvi A, Nanni S. Combined molecular and mathematical analysis of long noncoding RNAs expression in fine needle aspiration biopsies as novel tool for early diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2021; 72:711-720. [PMID: 33030666 PMCID: PMC8159833 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In presence of indeterminate lesions by fine needle aspiration (FNA), thyroid cancer cannot always be easily diagnosed by conventional cytology. As a consequence, unnecessary removal of thyroid gland is performed in patients without cancer based on the lack of optimized diagnostic criteria. Aim of this study is identifying a molecular profile based on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression capable to discriminate between benign and malignant nodules. METHODS Patients were subjected to surgery (n = 19) for cytologic suspicious thyroid nodules or to FNA biopsy (n = 135) for thyroid nodules suspicious at ultrasound. Three thyroid-specific genes (TG, TPO, and NIS), six cancer-associated lncRNAs (MALAT1, NEAT1, HOTAIR, H19, PVT1, MEG3), and two housekeeping genes (GAPDH and P0) were analyzed using Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR). RESULTS Based on higher co-expression in malignant (n = 11) but not in benign (n = 8) nodules after surgery, MALAT1, PVT1 and HOTAIR were selected as putative cancer biomarkers to analyze 135 FNA samples. Cytological and histopathological data from a subset of FNA patients (n = 34) were used to define a predictive algorithm based on a Naïve Bayes classifier using co-expression of MALAT1, PVT1, HOTAIR, and cytological class. This classifier exhibited a significant separation capability between malignant and benign nodules (P < 0.0001) as well as both rule in and rule out test potential with an accuracy of 94.12% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 91.67%. CONCLUSIONS ddPCR analysis of selected lncRNAs in FNA biopsies appears a suitable molecular tool with the potential of improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Locantore
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - C Salis
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bacci
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G Fadda
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - C De Crea
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - M Raffaelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bellantone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - C Grassi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - A Pontecorvi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - S Nanni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Ren R, Du Y, Niu X, Zang R. ZFPM2-AS1 transcriptionally mediated by STAT1 regulates thyroid cancer cell growth, migration and invasion via miR-515-5p/TUSC3. J Cancer 2021; 12:3393-3406. [PMID: 33976749 PMCID: PMC8100800 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our purpose was to study the roles and molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ZFPM2 Antisense RNA 1 (ZFPM2-AS1) in thyroid cancer. Methods: Firstly, the expression of ZFPM2-AS1, miR-515-5p and TUSC3 was detected in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. Secondary, their biological functions (proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion) were analyzed by a serious of functional experiments including cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), wound healing and Transwell assays. Thirdly, the mechanisms of STAT1/ZFPM2-AS1 and ZFPM2-AS1/miR-515-5p/TUSC were validated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP), pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. Results: ZFPM2-AS1 and TUSC were both highly expressed and miR-515-5p was down-regulated in thyroid cancer tissues as well as cells. Their knockdown weakened thyroid cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. ZFPM2-AS1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of thyroid cancer cells. Mechanistically, up-regulation of ZFPM2-AS1 was induced by transcription factor STAT1 in line with CHIP and luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, as a sponge of miR-515-5p, ZFPM2-AS1 decreased the ability of miR-515-5p to inhibit TUSC3 expression by pull-down, luciferase reporter and gain-and-loss assays, thereby promoting malignant progression of thyroid cancer. Conclusion: ZFPM2-AS1 acted as an oncogene in thyroid cancer, which was transcriptionally mediated by STAT1. Furthermore, ZFPM2-AS1 weakened the inhibitory effect of miR-515-5p on TUSC3. Thus, ZFPM2-AS1 could be an underlying biomarker for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanna Du
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Niu
- Department of Second Clinical College, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Rukun Zang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
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12
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Epigenetic regulation of papillary thyroid carcinoma by long non-coding RNAs. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:253-260. [PMID: 33785446 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common primary endocrine malignancy with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) its most common subtype. The jump in diagnoses over last many years has prompted re-assessment of molecularly targeted therapies and the discovery of novel targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly being assessed for their expression in various PTC models. Interestingly, in addition to cell line models, a large proportion of the reported studies have evaluated lncRNA levels in PTC patient samples providing an immediate clinical relevance of their findings. While most lncRNAs either promote or suppress PTC pathogenesis, data on individual lncRNAs is not very clear. As expected, lncRNAs function in PTC through sponging of microRNAs as well as modulation of several signaling pathways. The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the PI3K/Akt and wnt signaling pathways have emerged as the primary targets of lncRNAs in PTC. This comprehensive review discusses all the information that is available on lncRNAs in PTC, ranging from in vitro and in vivo findings to the possible role of lncRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers.
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Zhou P, Xu T, Hu H, Hua F. Overexpression of PAX8-AS1 Inhibits Malignant Phenotypes of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells via miR-96-5p/PKN2 Axis. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5499963. [PMID: 34745257 PMCID: PMC8564208 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5499963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is the most frequent endocrine malignancy. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the major subtype of THCA, accounting for over 80% of all THCA cases. LncRNA PAX8-AS1, a tumor suppressor associated with various human cancers, has been reported to be relevant to the regulation of all sorts of cellular processes. The purpose of this study was to verify the role of PAX8-AS1 in PTC. METHODS Three human PTC cell lines (K1, TPC-1, and IHH4) and one normal human thyroid cell line, Nthy-ori3-1, were used in our study. The expression of genes was detected by qRT-PCR. The bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm the binding relationship of PAX8-AS1 to miR-96-5p, and the targeting relationship of miR-96-5p to PKN2 was also predicted. Cell proliferation and apoptosis capacities were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. EdU assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Western blot assay was employed to examine protein expression. RESULTS The expression of PAX8-AS1 was decreased in PTC tissues and cells. PAX8-AS1 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of PTC cells and promoted cell apoptosis. In addition, PAX8-AS1 bonds with miR-96-5p, whose downregulation elevated the expression of PKN2 in PTC cells. Importantly, according to the rescue experiments, PKN2 silencing partially reversed the inhibitory effects of PAX8-AS1 expression on PTC cell proliferation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS We found that the PAX8-AS1/miR-96-5p/PKN2 axis was closely related to the progression of PTC, which could be a potential target for treating PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongdao Xu
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Xiong G, Chen J, Wu Z, He S, Lian M, Fang J. Long Non-Coding RNA LUCAT1 Promotes Progression of Thyroid Carcinoma by Reinforcing ADAM10 Expression Through Sequestering microRNA-493. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:847-860. [PMID: 33116777 PMCID: PMC7569253 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s273461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LUCAT1 has recently been recognized as an oncogene in several malignancies. This study was launched to probe its role in thyroid carcinoma (TC) development and the implicated molecules. Methods LUCAT1 expression in TC cell lines and in normal thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-ori3-1 was determined by RT-qPCR. Binding relationships between LUCAT1 and microRNA (miR)-493, and between miR-493 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-10 (ADAM10) were predicted on a bioinformatics system and then validated through luciferase reporter gene assays. Expression of miR-493 and ADAM10 in TC cells was determined. Gain- and loss-of functions of LUCAT1, miR-493 and ADAM10 were performed to explore their influences on the behaviors of TC cells. Xenograft tumors were induced in nude mice for in vivo studies. Results LUCAT1 and ADAM10 were highly expressed, while miR-493 was poorly expressed in TC cell lines. LUCAT1 served as a miR-493 sponge to upregulate ADAM10 expression. Silencing of LUCAT1 discouraged proliferation, invasion, and migration but triggered apoptosis of TC cells. By contrast, these changes were abrogated by further miR-493 inhibition or ADAM10 upregulation. The in vitro experiment results were reproduced in vivo. In addition, miR-493 inhibition or ADAM10 overexpression was found to increase the phosphorylation of STAT3 in cells. Conclusion This study evidenced that LUCAT1 increases ADAM10 expression through sequestering miR-493, leading to JAK-STAT activation and TC cell growth and metastasis. LUCAT1 and ADAM10 may serve as therapeutic targets for TC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhi He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pitto L, Gorini F, Bianchi F, Guzzolino E. New Insights into Mechanisms of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: The Epigenetic Way. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217787. [PMID: 33114343 PMCID: PMC7662297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the presence in the environment of chemical compounds with thyroid-disrupting effects is progressively increased. This phenomenon has risen concern for human health as the preservation of thyroid system homeostasis is essential for fetal development and for maintaining psychological and physiological wellbeing. An increasing number of studies explored the role of different classes of toxicants in the occurrence and severity of thyroid diseases, but large epidemiological studies are limited and only a few animal or in vitro studies have attempted to identify the mechanisms of chemical action. Recently, epigenetic changes such as alteration of methylation status or modification of non-coding RNAs have been suggested as correlated to possible deleterious effects leading to different thyroid disorders in susceptible individuals. This review aims to analyze the epigenetic alterations putatively induced by chemical exposures and involved in the onset of frequent thyroid diseases such as thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis and disruption of fetal thyroid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Pitto
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 39-050-3153090
| | - Francesca Gorini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Guzzolino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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16
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Xin S, Ye X. Knockdown of long non‑coding RNA CCAT2 suppresses the progression of thyroid cancer by inhibiting the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:2047-2056. [PMID: 33125134 PMCID: PMC7595661 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common malignancies with a high mortality rate. Long non-coding RNA CCAT2 (CCAT2) participates in the occurrence and development of certain human cancers; however, whether it is involved in TC remains unclear. Thus, the present study investigated the role of CCAT2 in TC and the underlying mechanism. CCAT2 expression in both TC tissues and cell lines was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. CCAT2 expression was silenced in TC cell lines by a specific small interfering (si)RNA against CCAT2 (si-CCAT2). The effects of CCAT2 silencing on TC cell proliferation were detected by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis of the treated TC cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to detect the effects of si-CCAT2 on the migration and invasion of TC cells. Apoptosis-related proteins and Wnt/β-catenin cascade-associated agents were examined by western blotting. The interaction between CCAT2 and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the transfected cells was detected by performing a dual-luciferase reporter assay. CCAT2 expression was increased in TC tissue samples and cell lines compared with the controls. Tissue CCAT2 level was associated with T stage and tumor-node-metastasis stage of TC. Silencing CCAT2 inhibited TC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted TC cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, CCAT2 knockdown suppressed the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in TC cells treated with lithium chloride. In summary, the present study demonstrated that CCAT2 knockdown suppresses TC progression via inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin cascade, indicating that suppressing CCAT2 and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
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17
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Chen D, Huang Z, Ning Y, Lou C. Knockdown of LINC02471 Inhibits Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Invasion and Metastasis by Targeting miR-375. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:8757-8771. [PMID: 33061573 PMCID: PMC7519868 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s243767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LncRNAs play important roles in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). LINC02471 has been reported to be related to PTC prognosis. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of LINC02471 on human PTC cells. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine LINC02471 expression in PTC tissues and cells and miR-375 expression in PTC cells. SiLINC02471, miR-375 mimic and miR-375 inhibitor were used for cell transfection. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were detected by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation assay, flow cytometry, scratch assay, and transwell assay. Western blot was carried out to detect protein levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Snail. The target gene for LINC02471 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results LINC02471 was highly expressed in PTC tissues and cells. After silencing LINC02471, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were reduced, but cell apoptosis was increased. SiLINC02471 increased the expressions of E-cadherin and miR-375, and inhibited the expressions of N-Cadherin and Snail. LINC02471 directly targeted miR-375 in PTC cells. Overexpression of miR-375 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion of PTC cells and reduced the expressions of N-Cadherin and Snail but promoted the cell apoptosis and increased E-cadherin expression, while miR-375 inhibitor produced opposite effects to overexpressed miR-375. After inhibiting miR-375 expression, siLINC02471 reversed the effect of miR-375 inhibitor. Conclusion LINC02471 could promote the development of PTC. Knocking down LINC02471 could inhibit invasion and metastasis and promote PTC cell apoptosis through directly targeting miR-375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiasha Branch of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongke Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Ning
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiasha Branch of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen Lou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Nylén C, Mechera R, Maréchal-Ross I, Tsang V, Chou A, Gill AJ, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG, Sywak MS, Sidhu SB, Glover AR. Molecular Markers Guiding Thyroid Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082164. [PMID: 32759760 PMCID: PMC7466065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing, mostly due to the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (TC). The increasing use of potent preclinical models, high throughput molecular technologies, and gene expression microarrays have provided a deeper understanding of molecular characteristics in cancer. Hence, molecular markers have become a potent tool also in TC management to distinguish benign from malignant lesions, predict aggressive biology, prognosis, recurrence, as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets. In differentiated TC, molecular markers are mainly used as an adjunct to guide management of indeterminate nodules on fine needle aspiration biopsies. In contrast, in advanced thyroid cancer, molecular markers enable targeted treatments of affected signalling pathways. Identification of the driver mutation of targetable kinases in advanced TC can select treatment with mutation targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to slow growth and reverse adverse effects of the mutations, when traditional treatments fail. This review will outline the molecular landscape and discuss the impact of molecular markers on diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of differentiated, poorly differentiated and anaplastic follicular TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nylén
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L1:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Mechera
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Maréchal-Ross
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Venessa Tsang
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Gill
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Bruce G. Robinson
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark S. Sywak
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Stan B. Sidhu
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Glover
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9463-1477
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Tan J, Liu L, Zuo Z, Song B, Cai T, Ding D, Lu Y, Ye X. Overexpression of novel long intergenic non‑coding RNA LINC02454 is associated with a poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1489-1501. [PMID: 32945494 PMCID: PMC7448410 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been revealed from microarray data analysis that long intergenic non-coding RNA 02454 (LINC02454) is highly expressed in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The aim of the present study was to explore the potential role of LINC02454 in the tumorigenesis of PTC. The mRNA expression levels of LINC02454 were assessed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GSE66783 cohort in thyroid cancer, and were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 104 patients with PTC recruited in the present study. The association between the LINC02454 mRNA expression levels and the clinicopathological features of the 104 patients with PTC were also analyzed. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted on the differentially expressed genes in the high and low LINC02454 expression groups that were identified from the TCGA cohort. RNA interference, using short interfering (si)RNA against LINC02454, was used to investigate the role of LINC02454 in the biological functions of PTC cells in vitro. The expression level of LINC02454 was significantly increased in PTC tissues (P=0.0011) and was significantly associated with a larger tumor size, T stage, an advanced TNM stage and an increased lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), which was consistent with that in the TCGA and GSE66783 cohort. High expression levels of LINC02454 were observed in patients with PTC that also had BRAF mutations (P<0.001), and were significantly associated with a poorer disease-free survival in the TCGA cohort (P<0.05). Functional enrichment analysis indicated that LINC02454-related genes were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology terms, such as ‘positive regulation of cell proliferation’, ‘positive regulation of cell division’ and ‘cell adhesion’, and the following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways: ‘Pathways in cancer’ ‘proteoglycans in cancer’ and ‘ECM-receptor interaction’. In vitro, the knockdown of LINC02454 markedly arrested the cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and also led to an overall increase in apoptosis, as well as to an unexpected decrease in cell proliferation. LINC02454 may thus potentially function as an oncogene, which inhibits the apoptosis and enhances proliferation of PTC cells. Thus, as suggested by the findings of the present study, LINC02454 may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PTC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
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Samimi H, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Seifirad S, Atlasi R, Mahmoodzadeh H, Faghihi MA, Haghpanah V. Molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs in anaplastic thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:352. [PMID: 32760219 PMCID: PMC7392660 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers. Evidence has shown that the tumorigenesis of ATC is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. Several studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may play an important role in the development and progression of ATC. In this article, we have collected the published reports about the role of lncRNAs in ATC. METHODS "Scopus", "Web of Science", "PubMed", "Embase", etc. were systematically searched for articles published since 1990 to 2020 in English language, using the predefined keywords. RESULTS 961 papers were reviewed and finally 33 papers which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Based on this systematic review, among a lot of evidences on examining the function of lncRNAs in thyroid cancer, there are only a small number of studies about the role of lncRNAs and their molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ATC. CONCLUSIONS lncRNAs play a crucial role in regulation of different processes involved in the development and progression of ATC. Currently, just a few lncRNAs have been identified in ATC that may serve as prognosis markers such as GAS5, MIR22HG, and CASC2. Also, because of the dysregulation of Klhl14-AS, HOTAIRM1, and PCA3 during ATC development and progression, they may act as therapeutic targets. However, for most lncRNAs, only a single experiment has evaluated the expression profile in ATC tissues/cells. Therefore, further functional studies and expression profiling is needed to resolve this limitation and identify novel and valid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Seifirad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, PERFUSE Study Group, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rasha Atlasi
- Evidence Based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Iranian National Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faghihi
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Dr. Faghihi’s Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114 Iran
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21
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Subramanian C, Gorney R, Wang T, Ge D, Zhang N, Zuo A, Blagg BSJ, Cohen MS. A novel heat shock protein inhibitor KU757 with efficacy in lenvatinib-resistant follicular thyroid cancer cells overcomes up-regulated glycolysis in drug-resistant cells in vitro. Surgery 2020; 169:34-42. [PMID: 32718802 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer develop resistance to lenvatinib treatment from metabolic dysregulation. Heat shock protein 90 is a molecular chaperone that plays an important role in glycolysis and metabolic pathway regulation. We hypothesize that lenvatinib-resistant differentiated thyroid cancer cells will have an increased dependency on glycolysis and that a novel C-terminal heat shock protein 90 inhibitor (KU757) can effectively treat lenvatinib-resistant cells by targeting glycolysis. METHODS Inhibitory concentration 50 values of thyroid cancer cells were determined by CellTiter-Glo assay (Promega Corp, Madison, WI). Glycolysis was measured through Seahorse experiments. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot evaluated glycolytic pathway genes/proteins. Exosomes were isolated/validated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot. Differentially expressed long non-coding ribonucleic acids in exosomes and cells were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Extracellular acidification rate demonstrated >2-fold upregulation of glycolysis in lenvatinib-resistant cells versus parent cells and was downregulated after KU757 treatment. Lenvatinib-resistant cells showed increased expression of the glycolytic genes lactic acid dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M1/2, and hexokinase 2. KU757 treatment resulted in downregulation of these genes and proteins. Several long non-coding ribonucleic acids associated with glycolysis were significantly upregulated in WRO-lenvatinib-resistant cells and exosomes and downregulated after KU757 treatment. CONCLUSION Lenvatinib resistance leads to increased glycolysis, and KU757 effectively treats lenvatinib-resistant cells and overcomes this increased glycolysis by targeting key glycolytic genes, proteins, and long non-coding ribonucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Gorney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ton Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Derek Ge
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nina Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Wen HL, Xu ZM, Wen D, Lin SY, Liang Y, Xie JP. Long noncoding RNAs SET-binding factor 2-antisense RNA1 promotes cell growth through targeting miR-431-5p/CDK14 axis in human papillary thyroid cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:808-816. [PMID: 32602632 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a frequent thyroid malignancy. With the significant regulatory role in tumor progression, more attention has been employed to investigate mechanism of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in progression of PTC. We prospectively explored the mechanism whereby lncRNA SET-binding factor 2-antisense RNA1 (SBF2-AS1) is implicated in pathogenesis of PTC. First, differentially expressed SBF2-AS1 between PTC and normal adjacent thyroid tissues was determined, and result indicated a higher SBF2-AS1 expression in PTC tissues than adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, highly SBF2-AS1 expression predicted a poor prognosis in PTC patients. Second, SBF2-AS1 overexpression promoted cell viability and cycle of PTC, while inhibited cell apoptosis. However, SBF2-AS1 downregulation reduced viability and cycle, while promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, SBF2-AS1 could bind with miR-431-5p and showed negative correlation with miR-431-5p in PTC patients. Furthermore, miR-431-5p bind with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 14 and showed negative correlation with CDK14 in PTC patients. Finally, overexpression of CDK14 counteracted with the inhibitory role of SBF2-AS1 downregulation on cell viability, cycle, and apoptosis of PTC. In conclusion, SBF2-AS1 exhibited oncogenic property in PTC, and knockdown of SBF2-AS1 could be a therapeutic strategy for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Ling Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Min Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Yu Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Wei LB, Gao JR, Gao YC, Liu XC, Jiang H, Qin XJ. Effect of the traditional Chinese medicine Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules on chronic glomerulonephritis rats studied by using long noncoding RNAs expression profiling. Gene 2019; 728:144279. [PMID: 31821871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is the most common form of primary glomerular disease. Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules have been proposed as a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of CGN, however,the comprehensive molecular mechanism underlying this therapeutic effectremains unclear to date. Our study aimed to evaluate and analyze the possible roles and molecular mechanisms of Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granule-mediated treatment of CGN induced by adriamycin in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA-sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied to identify specifically expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in glomerular tissues of rats from the control group, adriamycin-induced group, and Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules group (n = 3). Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs (messengerRNAs) were screened out among the 3 groups. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed to analyze the biological functions and pathways for mRNAs. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed to analyse for the genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was visualized. RESULTS A total of 473 significantly up and down-regulated lncRNAs, 753 up and down-regulated mRNAs were identified. Additionally, it is worth noting that TOP2a (topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha), with the highest connectivity degree in PPI network, was enriched in variouskinds of pathways. Coding-non-coding gene co-expression networks (CNC network) were drawn based on the correlation analysis between lncRNAs and mRNAs. Ten lncRNAs, NONRATT009275.2, NONRATT025409.2, NONRATT025419.2, MSTRG.7681.1, ENSRNOT00000084373, NONRATT000512.2, NONRATT006734.2, ENSRNOT00000084386, NONRATT021738.2, ENSRNOT00000084080, were selected to analyse the relationship between LncRNAs and Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules via the CNC network (Coding-non-coding gene co-expression networks) and GO analysis. Real-time PCR results confirmed that the six lncRNAs were specifically expressed in the Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules rats. CONCLUSIONS The ten lncRNAs might play important roles in the Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules treatment of CGN. Key genes, such as Ptprc (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C), TOP2a, Fos (FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene), Myc (myelocytomatosis oncogene), etc, may be crucial biomarkers for Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
| | - Jia-Rong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
| | - Ya-Chen Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiao-Chuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiu-Juan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The first affiliated hospital of Anhui university of Chinese medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China.
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24
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Wang Y, Hardin H, Chu YH, Esbona K, Zhang R, Lloyd RV. Long Non-coding RNA Expression in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 2019; 30:262-269. [PMID: 31468286 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-019-09589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in transcription and in epigenetic or post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They also have roles in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and in carcinogenesis. Because lncRNAs may also have a role in thyroid cancer progression, we examined a group of thyroid tumors which included papillary thyroid carcinomas and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas to determine the specific lncRNAs that were upregulated during thyroid tumor progression. An RT2 Profiler PCR Array Human Cancer Pathway Finder consisting of 84 lncRNAs (Qiagen) and fresh tissues of normal thyroid, PTCs, and ATCs with gene expression profiling was used to determine genes upregulated and downregulated in ATCs. Two of the most highly upregulated genes, prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and HOX antisense intergenic RNA myeloid 1 (HOTAIRM1 or HAM-1), were selected for further studies using a thyroid tissue microarray(TMA) with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of normal thyroid (NT, n = 10), nodular goiters (NG, n = 10), follicular adenoma (FA, n = 32), follicular carcinoma (FCA, n = 28), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC, n = 28), follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC, n = 28), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC, n = 10). TMA sections were analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH) using RNAscope technology. The results of ISH analyses were imaged with Vectra imaging technology and quantified with Nuance® and inForm® software. The TMA analysis was validated by qRT-PCR using FFPE tissues for RNA preparation. Cultured thyroid carcinoma cell lines (n = 7) were also used to analyze for lncRNAs by qRT-PCR. The results showed 11 lncRNAs upregulated and 7 downregulated lncRNAs more than twofold in the ATCS compared with PTCs. Two of the upregulated lncRNAs, PCA3 and HAM-1, were analyzed on a thyroid carcinoma TMA. There was increased expression of both lncRNAs in ATCs and PTCs compared with NT after TMA analysis. qRT-PCR analyses showed increased expression of both lncRNAs in ATCs compared with NT and PTCs. Analyses of these lncRNAs from cultured thyroid carcinoma cell lines by qRT-PCR showed the highest levels of lncRNA expression in ATCs. TGF-β treatment of cultured PTC and ATC cells for 21 days led to increased expression of PCA3 lncRNA in both cell lines by day 14. These results show that the lncRNAs PCA3 and HAM-1 are upregulated during thyroid tumor development and progression and may function as oncogenes during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Heather Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ying-Hsia Chu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Karla Esbona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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25
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Luzón-Toro B, Fernández RM, Villalba-Benito L, Torroglosa A, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. Influencers on Thyroid Cancer Onset: Molecular Genetic Basis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E913. [PMID: 31717449 PMCID: PMC6895808 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer, a cancerous tumor or growth located within the thyroid gland, is the most common endocrine cancer. It is one of the few cancers whereby incidence rates have increased in recent years. It occurs in all age groups, from children through to seniors. Most studies are focused on dissecting its genetic basis, since our current knowledge of the genetic background of the different forms of thyroid cancer is far from complete, which poses a challenge for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In this review, we describe prevailing advances and update our understanding of the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, focusing on the main genes related with the pathology, including the different noncoding RNAs associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Luzón-Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel María Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Leticia Villalba-Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.L.-T.); (R.M.F.); (L.V.-B.); (A.T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding of the molecular pathology events involved in thyroid cancer initiation and progression and its subtypes has markedly improved as a result of multiomic studies. Recently, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) have been shown to have a role in cancer initiation and progression and have also been studied in thyroid cancer. RECENT FINDINGS lncRNA are dysregulated in thyroid cancer. lncRNA have tumor suppressive and oncogenic function in thyroid cancer cells and play a role in some of the established genetic drivers of thyroid cancer initiation and progression. Lastly, some lncRNA are associated with clinicopathologic features of thyroid cancer and circulating blood lncRNA could potentially detect the presence of thyroid cancer. SUMMARY We highlight the possible clinical utility of analyzing lncRNAs as biomarkers for thyroid cancer diagnosis and prognosis and their association with common genetic changes associated with thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sedaghati
- Department of Surgery and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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27
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Liang M, Jia J, Chen L, Wei B, Guan Q, Ding Z, Yu J, Pang R, He G. LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 promotes proliferation and invasion through regulating miR-211-5p/SPARC axis in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2019; 65:318-326. [PMID: 31030335 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of regulators in cancer. A lncRNA, MCM3AP-AS1, has been demonstrated as a versatile mediator in many cancers, except papillary thyroid cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of MCM3AP-AS1 in papillary thyroid cancer. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the level of MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-211-5p in papillary thyroid cancer tissues and cells. Western blot was used to detect E-cadherin and secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) protein levels. CCK-8, scratch wound assay, and transwell assay were used to evaluate papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. BLAST alignment and luciferase assay were used to explore the interaction among MCM3AP-AS1, mi/r-211, and SPARC. RESULTS In papillary thyroid cancer, MCM3AP-AS1 was upregulated, while miR-211 was downregulated. MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression promoted papillary thyroid cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion. Further, MCM3AP-AS1 was shown to be negatively correlated with miR-211-5p. We next validated that miR-211-5p overexpression could reverse the promoting role of MCM3AP-AS1 in papillary thyroid cancer, whereby SPARC plays an important regulating role. In vivo, we confirmed the anti-tumor role of MCM3AP-AS1 silencing and the close relation among MCM3AP-AS1, miR-211-5p, and SPARC. CONCLUSIONS MCM3AP-AS1 promotes papillary thyroid cancer by regulating the MCM3AP-AS1/miR-211-5p/SPARC axis, which could potentially be a therapeutic target in papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Jia
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyue Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Guan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Ding
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Pang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing He
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Du P, Liu F, Liu Y, Shao M, Li X, Qin G. Linc00210 enhances the malignancy of thyroid cancer cells by modulating miR-195-5p/IGF1R/Akt axis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1001-1012. [PMID: 31240707 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated that long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating thyroid cancer (TC) development. Linc00210 is a newly identified lncRNA which plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but whether Linc00210 can modulate the development of TC remains elusive. Here, we found that Linc00210 expression was upregulated in TC tissues compared to the matched noncancerous tissues. Overexpression of Linc00210 augmented the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TC cells. Mechanistically, Linc00210 served as a sponge for miR-195-5p, thereby counteracting its ability in downregulating the expression of IGF1R and the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, inhibition of Linc00210 suppressed the growth of TC cells in nude mice. Our findings for the first time uncovered the oncogenic property of Linc00210 in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xialian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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29
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Liu H, Li R, Guan L, Jiang T. Knockdown of lncRNA UCA1 inhibits proliferation and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma through regulating miR-204/IGFBP5 axis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7197-7204. [PMID: 30425512 PMCID: PMC6203091 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s175467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) UCA1 has been reported to function as an oncogene in multiple cancers. However, the biological roles and underlying mechanism of UCA1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the underlying function of UCA1 on thyroid cancer progression. Materials and methods A series of experiments involving Cell Counting Kit-8, wound-healing, and transwell invasion assays were conducted to determine the cellular capabilities of proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. Binding sites between UCA1 and miR-204 were identified using a luciferase reporter system, whereas mRNA and protein expression of target genes were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Results The results revealed that UCA1 was upregulated in PTC tissue and cell lines. UCA1 knockdown significantly suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of TPC-1 cells. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay verified the complementary binding within UCA1 and miR-204 at the 3′-UTR. Moreover, miR-204 inhibition reversed the UCA1 knockdown-mediated inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. We also found that UCA1 could regulate expression of IGFBP5, a direct target of miR-204 in PTC. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that UCA1 exerts activity of oncogenes in PTC through regulating miR-204/IGFBP5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Nangun District, Changchun 130033, China,
| | - Ruil Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lianyue Guan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Nangun District, Changchun 130033, China,
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Nangun District, Changchun 130033, China,
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30
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You X, Zhao Y, Sui J, Shi X, Sun Y, Xu J, Liang G, Xu Q, Yao Y. Integrated analysis of long noncoding RNA interactions reveals the potential role in progression of human papillary thyroid cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5394-5410. [PMID: 30318850 PMCID: PMC6246933 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent scientific evidence has suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important part in tumorigenesis as an important member of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Hundreds of RNA sequence data and relevant clinic information are freely accessible in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. However, the role of cancer‐related lncRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified 461 RNA sequencing data from TCGA. Subsequently, 45 lncRNAs, 21 miRNAs, and 78 mRNAs were chosen to construct a ceRNA network of PTC. Then, we analyzed the correlation between these 45 PTC‐specific lncRNAs and clinic features and patient outcome. Thirty‐seven of these lncRNAs were found to be closely related to age, race, gender, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging system, and patient outcome. Additionally, three of them were linked to PTC patient overall survival. Eventually, we selected eight lncRNAs randomly and performed quantificational real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in 28 newly diagnosed patients with PTC to verify the reliability of the above results. The results of qRT‐PCR are totally in agreement with the bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, it was found that HAND2‐AS1 was negatively related to tumor size (P < 0.05). The results were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis in TCGA. Taken together, we identified the differentially expressed lncRNAs and constructed a PTC ceRNA network. The study provides a new perspective and supplement for our understanding of lncRNAs in PTC development and reveals potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin You
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianbiao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulu Sun
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxiang Xu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongzhong Yao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Thyroid cancer stem-like cell exosomes: regulation of EMT via transfer of lncRNAs. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1133-1142. [PMID: 29967342 PMCID: PMC6138523 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancy and approximately 2% of thyroid cancers are anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), one of the most lethal and treatment resistant human cancers. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) may initiate tumorigenesis, induce resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have multipotent capability and may be responsible for recurrent and metastatic disease. The production of CSCs has been linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the acquisition of stemness. Exosomes are small (30-150 nm) membranous vesicles secreted by most cells that play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), such as long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), can initiate tumorigenesis and the EMT process. Exosomes carry ncRNAs to local and distant cell populations. This study examines secreted exosomes from two in vitro cell culture models; an EMT model and a CSC model. The EMT was induced in a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell line by TGFβ1 treatment. Exosomes from this model were isolated and cultured with naïve PTC cells and examined for EMT induction. In the CSC model, exosomes were isolated from a CSC clonal line, cultured with a normal thyroid cell line and examined for EMT induction. The EMT exosomes transferred the lncRNA MALAT1 and EMT effectors SLUG and SOX2; however, EMT was not induced in this model. The exosomes from the CSC model also transferred the lncRNA MALAT1 and the transcription factors SLUG and SOX2 but additionally transferred linc-ROR and induced EMT in the normal thyroid cells. Preliminary siRNA studies directed towards linc-ROR reduced invasion. We hypothesize that CSC exosomes transfer lncRNAs, importantly linc-ROR, to induce EMT and inculcate the local tumor microenvironment and the distant metastatic niche. Therapies directed towards CSCs, their exosomes and/or the lncRNAs they carry may reduce a tumor's metastatic capacity.
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Zhang R, Hardin H, Huang W, Buehler D, Lloyd RV. Long Non-coding RNA Linc-ROR Is Upregulated in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2018; 29:1-8. [PMID: 29280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-017-9507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression by regulating transcription and gene expression. The role of lncRNAs in the regulation of thyroid cancer progression is being extensively examined. Here, we analyzed three lncRNAs that were overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (Linc-ROR, ROR) PVT1 oncogene (PVT1), and HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) to determine their roles in thyroid tumor development and progression. ROR expression has not been previously examined in thyroid carcinomas. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 129 thyroid cases of benign and malignant tissues were analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH), automated image analysis, and real-time PCR. All three lncRNAs were most highly expressed in the nuclei of PTCs. SiRNA experiments with a PTC cell line, TPC1, showed inhibition of proliferation with siRNAs for all three lncRNAs while invasion was inhibited with siRNAs for ROR and HOTAIR. SiRNA experiments with ROR also led to increased expression of miR-145, supporting the role of ROR as an endogenous miR-145 sponge. After treatment with TGF-β, there was increased expression of ROR, PVT1, and HOTAIR in the PTC1 cell line compared to control groups, indicating an induction of their expression during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). These results indicate that ROR, PVT1, and HOTAIR have important regulatory roles during the development of PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Heather Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Xue S, Wang P, Hurst ZA, Chang YS, Chen G. Active Surveillance for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Challenges and Prospects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 30619082 PMCID: PMC6302022 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) can be considered as an alternative to immediate surgery in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) without clinically apparent lymph nodes, gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and/or distant metastasis according to American Thyroid Association. However, in the past AS has been controversial, as evidence supporting AS in the management of PTMC was scarce. The most prominent of these controversies included, the limited accuracy and utility of ultrasound (US) in the detection of ETE, malignant lymph node involvement or the advent of novel lymph node malignancy during AS, and disease progression. We summarized publications and indicated: (1) US, performer-dependent, could not accurately diagnose gross ETE or malignant lymph node involvement in PTMC. However, the combination of computed tomography and US provided more accurate diagnostic performance, especially in terms of selection sensitivity. (2) Compared to immediate surgery patients, low-risk PTMC patients had a slightly higher rate of lymph node metastases (LNM), although the overall rate for both groups remained low. (3) Recent advances in the sensitivity and specificity of imaging and incorporation of diagnostic biomarkers have significantly improved confidence in the ability to differentiate indolent vs. aggressive PTMCs. Our paper reviewed current imagings and biomarkers with initial promise to help select AS candidates more safely and effectively. These challenges and prospects are important areas for future research to promote AS in PTMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xue
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peisong Wang
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zachary A. Hurst
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Seok Chang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Guang Chen
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Chen
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