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Lin RR, Lin DA, Maderal AD. Toxic Ingredients in Personal Care Products: A Dermatological Perspective. Dermatitis 2024; 35:121-131. [PMID: 38109205 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental dermatology is the study of how environmental factors affect the integumentary system. The environment includes natural and built habitats, encompassing ambient exposure, occupational exposures, and lifestyle exposures secondary to dietary and personal care choices. This review explores common toxins found in personal care products and packaging, such as bisphenols, parabens, phthalates, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, p-phenylenediamine, and formaldehyde. Exposure to these toxins has been associated with carcinogenic, obesogenic, or proinflammatory effects that can potentiate disease. In addition, these compounds have been implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can worsen dermatological conditions such as acne vulgaris, or dermatitis. Certain pollutants found in personal care products are not biodegradable and have the potential to bioaccumulate in humans. Therefore, even short-term exposure can cause long-lasting issues for communities. The skin is often the first point of contact for environmental exposures and serves as the conduit between environmental toxins and the human body. Therefore, it is important for dermatologists to understand common pollutants and their acute, subacute, and chronic impact on dermatological conditions to better diagnose and manage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Lin
- From the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah A Lin
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea D Maderal
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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2
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Davidsen N, Ramhøj L, Ballegaard ASR, Rosenmai AK, Henriksen CS, Svingen T. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) disrupts cadherin-16 in the developing rat thyroid gland. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100154. [PMID: 38352163 PMCID: PMC10861841 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) can disrupt the thyroid hormone (TH) system in rodents, potentially affecting perinatal growth and neurodevelopment. Some studies also suggest that gestational exposure to PFOS can lead to lower TH levels throughout life, indicating that PFOS may compromise thyroid gland development. To address this question, we utilized a rat thyroid gland ex vivo culture system to study direct effects of PFOS on the developing thyroid. No significant changes to follicular structure or size were observed with 1 µM or 10 µM PFOS exposure. However, the transcription factor Foxe1, together with Tpo and Lrp2, were upregulated, whereas the key transcription factor Pax8 and its downstream target gene Cdh16 were significantly downregulated at the transcript level, observed with both RT-qPCR and RNAscope. Notably, Cdh16 expression was not uniformly downregulated across Cdh16-postive cells, but instead displayed a patchy expression pattern across the thyroid gland. This is a significant change in expression pattern compared to control thyroids where Cdh16 is expressed relatively uniformly. The disrupted expression pattern was also seen at the protein level. This suggests that PFOS exposure can impact follicular growth and structure. Compromised follicle integrity, if irreversible, could help explain reduced TH synthesis postnatally. This view is supported by observed changes to Tpo and Lrp2 expression, two factors that play a role in TH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichlas Davidsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Louise Ramhøj
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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3
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Yi S, Wang J, Wang R, Liu M, Zhong W, Zhu L, Jiang G. Structure-Related Thyroid Disrupting Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonate-like Substances in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:182-193. [PMID: 38156633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), hydrogenated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 H-PFESA), and chlorinated polyfluorooctanesulfonate (Cl-PFOS) share structural similarities with the regulated perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), but their toxic potential is rarely known. Here, the thyroid disrupting potential of these four compounds in zebrafish larvae has been comparably investigated. PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were accumulated in the larvae at similar levels, approximately 1.3-1.6 times higher than 6:2 H-PFESA. Additionally, PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited stronger disruption than 6:2 H-PFESA on genetic regulation, particularly concerning thyroid hormone (TH) activation and action and on TH homeostasis in both free and total forms of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). These results indicate that chlorination or oxygen insertion does not substantially alter the thyrotoxicity of PFOS, but hydrogenation mitigates it. Molecular docking analysis and the luciferase reporter gene assay provided mechanistic perspectives that the PFOS-like substances could competitively replace THs to bind with TH plasma and membrane transporters, thereby disrupting TH transport and action, respectively. Moreover, they are also potent to disrupt TH synthesis and activation through Na+/K+-dependent transport of I- or competitive binding to the sites of deiodinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rouyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Du Y, Chen C, Zhou G, Cai Z, Man Q, Liu B, Wang WC. Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts thyroid-specific genes expression and regulation via the TSH-TSHR signaling pathway in thyroid cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117372. [PMID: 37827365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a highly persistent and widespread chemical in the environment with endocrine disruption effects. Although it has been reported that PFOA can affect multiple aspects of thyroid function, the exact mechanism by which it reduces thyroxine levels has not yet been elucidated. In this study, FRTL-5 rat thyroid follicular cells were used as a model to study the toxicity of PFOA to the genes related to thyroid hormone synthesis and their regulatory network. Our results reveal that PFOA interfered with the phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) induced by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as the transcription levels of paired box 8 (PAX8), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), sodium/iodide cotransporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO). However, the above outcomes can be alleviated by enhancing cAMP production with forskolin treatment. Further investigations showed that PFOA reduced the mRNA level of TSH receptor (TSHR) and impaired its N-glycosylation, suggesting that PFOA has disrupting effects on both transcriptional regulation and post-translational regulation. In addition, PFOA increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and decreased ER mass in FRTL-5 cells. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that PFOA disrupts the TSH-activated cAMP signaling pathway by inhibiting TSHR expression and its N-glycosylation. We propose that this mechanism may contribute to the decrease in thyroid hormone levels caused by PFOA. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism by which PFOA can disrupt thyroid function and provides new insights and potential targets for interventions to counteract the disruptive effects of PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Du
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China; The Base of Achievement Transformation, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guangdi Zhou
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cai
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Qiuhong Man
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Baolin Liu
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China; Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Weiye Charles Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China.
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Gao XX, Zuo QL, Fu XH, Song LL, Cen MQ, Wu J. Association between prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and neurodevelopment in children: Evidence based on birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116812. [PMID: 37536558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have examined the effect of prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure on neurodevelopment in children, findings have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To better understand the effects of PFAS exposure during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment, we conducted a systematic review of prenatal exposure to different types of PFAS and neurodevelopment in children. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE electronic databases up to March 2023. Only birth cohort studies that report a specific association between PFAS exposure during pregnancy and neurodevelopment were included in this review. RESULTS 31 birth cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria were qualitatively integrated. Among these, 14 studies investigated the impact of PFAS exposure during pregnancy on cognition, 13 on neurobehavior, and 4 on both cognition and neurobehavior. Additionally, 4 studies explored the influence of PFAS on children's comprehensive development. CONCLUSION Prenatal PFAS exposure was associated with poor neurodevelopment in children, including psychomotor development, externalizing behavior, and comprehensive development. However, conclusive evidence regarding its effects on other neurological outcomes remains limited. In addition, sex-specific effects on social behavior and sleep problems were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qian-Lin Zuo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xi-Hang Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling-Ling Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man-Qiu Cen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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6
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Zhuchen HY, Wang JY, Liu XS, Shi YW. Research Progress on Neurodevelopmental Toxicity in Offspring after Indirect Exposure to PFASs in Early Life. TOXICS 2023; 11:571. [PMID: 37505537 PMCID: PMC10386615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread environmental pollutants. There is increasing evidence that PFASs have various adverse health effects, including renal toxicity, metabolic dysfunction, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity. PFASs have been found to accumulate in the placenta, and some PFASs can cross the placental barrier and subsequently accumulate in the fetus via the maternal-fetal circulation. An increasing number of studies have shown that early life exposure to PFASs can affect fetal neurodevelopment. This paper reviews the characteristics of indirect exposure to PFASs in early life, the effects on neurodevelopment in offspring, and the possible mechanisms of toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yu Zhuchen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yan-Wei Shi
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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7
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Zang L, Liu X, Xie X, Zhou X, Pan Y, Dai J. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121504. [PMID: 36965679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported an association between maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, results have been inconsistent. Few studies have focused on the combined effects of emerging and legacy PFASs on glucose homeostasis while humans are always exposed to multiple PFASs simultaneously. Moreover, the potential pathways by which PFAS exposure induces GDM are unclear. A total of 295 GDM cases and 295 controls were enrolled from a prospective cohort of 2700 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. In total, 16 PFASs were determined in maternal spot serum samples in early pregnancy. We used conditional logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine individual and joint effects of PFAS exposure on GDM risk and oral glucose tolerance test outcomes. The mediating effects of maternal serum biochemical parameters, including thyroid and liver function were further assessed. Maternal perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure was associated with an increased risk of GDM (odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.10, 2.57), consistent with higher concentrations in GDM cases than controls. Based on mediation analysis, an increase in the free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine ratio partially explained the effect of this association. For continuous glycemic outcomes, positive associations were observed between several PFASs and 1-h and 2-h glucose levels. In BKMR, PFAS mixture exposure showed a positive trend with GDM incidence, although the CIs were wide. These associations were more pronounced among women with normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Mixed PFAS congeners may affect glucose homeostasis by increasing 1-h glucose levels, with perfluorononanoic acid found to be a main contributor. Exposure to PFASs was associated with increased risk of GDM and disturbance in glucose homeostasis, especially in normal weight women. The PFAS-associated disruption of maternal thyroid function may alter glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xianjing Xie
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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8
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Stoker TE, Wang J, Murr AS, Bailey JR, Buckalew AR. High-Throughput Screening of ToxCast PFAS Chemical Library for Potential Inhibitors of the Human Sodium Iodide Symporter. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:380-389. [PMID: 36821091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been increased concern for environmental chemicals that can target various sites within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis to potentially disrupt thyroid synthesis, transport, metabolism, and/or function. One well-known thyroid target in both humans and wildlife is the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) that regulates iodide uptake into the thyroid gland, the first step of thyroid hormone synthesis. Our laboratory previously developed and validated a radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) high-throughput assay in a stably transduced human NIS cell line (hNIS-HEK293T-EPA) to identify chemicals with potential for NIS inhibition. So far, we have tested over 2000 chemicals (US EPA's ToxCast chemical libraries PI_v2, PII, and e1K) and discovered a subset of chemicals that significantly inhibit iodide uptake in the hNIS assay. Here, we utilized this screening assay to test a set of 149 unique per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (ToxCast PFAS library) for potential NIS inhibition. For this evaluation, the 149 blinded samples were screened in a tiered approach, first in an initial single-concentration (≤100 μM) RAIU assay and subsequent evaluation of the chemicals that produced ≥20% inhibition using multiconcentration (MC) response (0.001-100 μM) testing in parallel RAIU and cell viability assays. Of this set, 38 of the PFAS chemicals inhibited iodide uptake ≥20% in the MC testing with 25 displaying inhibition ≥50%. To prioritize the most potent PFAS NIS inhibitors in this set, chemicals were ranked based on outcomes of both iodide uptake and cytotoxicity and normalized to perchlorate, a known positive control. Consistent with previous findings, PFOS and PFHxS were again found to be potent NIS inhibitors, yet significant inhibition was also observed for several other screened PFAS chemicals. Although further studies are clearly warranted, this initial screening effort identifies NIS as a molecular target for potential thyroid disruption by this persistent and structurally diverse class of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy E Stoker
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ashley S Murr
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jarod R Bailey
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Angela R Buckalew
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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9
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Huang Y, Nian M, Yu G, Tian Y, Zhang J, Jiang F, Zhang J. Environmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and sleep disturbance in pregnant women: A prospective cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156869. [PMID: 35752248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the association between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and sleep patterns in pregnant women are limited. This cohort study aims to assess the associations between PFAS and sleep quality in pregnant women. Of the 4127 women who participated in the Shanghai Birth Cohort, 3174, 3070, and 2887 women in their first, second, and third trimesters of gestation, respectively, were included in our analysis. Sleep measures were taken using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Ten PFAS were measured in blood samples collected in early pregnancy. We first evaluate the associations between individual PFAS and sleep quality in the three trimesters. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were performed to test the overall effect of the PFAS mixture on sleep quality during the three trimesters. Longitudinal analyses throughout pregnancy were performed with generalized estimating equation models. Furthermore, the effect of the PFAS mixture on longitudinal sleep patterns was examined using longitudinal latent class analyses combined with WQS models. The single pollutant analysis suggested that most PFAS were associated with increased sleep disturbance risk, lower sleep efficiency, and shorter sleep duration in the three trimesters. Similarly, the WQS models revealed a significant association between the PFAS mixtures and elevated sleep disturbance risk in pregnant women, with perfluorobutane sulfonate acting as the predominant risk factor. Additionally, the longitudinal analysis confirmed the effects of PFAS exposure on increased sleep disturbance over time. The PFAS mixture was positively associated with higher risks of poor sleep quality and sleep medicine use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.10; 95 % confidence interval (95%CI): 1.01, 1.20; and aOR = 1.25 (95%CI: 1.04, 1.50) respectively] throughout the three trimesters. Our study suggests that PFAS may increase the risk of sleep disturbance in pregnant women. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and elucidate potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Nian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Guoqi Yu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institution, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200052, China.
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10
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Derakhshan A, Kortenkamp A, Shu H, Broeren MAC, Lindh CH, Peeters RP, Bornehag CG, Demeneix B, Korevaar TIM. Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy in the SELMA study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107420. [PMID: 35870378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during early pregnancy with markers of the maternal thyroid system. METHODS Serum concentrations of seven PFAS as well as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (FT4 and TT4), free and total triiodothyronine (FT3 and TT3) were measured in pregnant women in early pregnancy in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study. Outcomes were concentrations of TSH and thyroid hormones, FT4/FT3 or TT4/TT3 ratios, TSH/FT4 ratio as a marker of the negative feedback loop, TT4/FT4 or TT3/FT3 ratios as markers of the binding of thyroid hormones to binding proteins. RESULTS The study population comprised 2,008 women with median (95% range) gestational age of 10 (6-14) weeks. There was no association between PFAS and TSH. Higher PFNA, PFDA, PFHpA and PFOA levels were associated with a higher FT4 (largest effect estimate for PFDA: β [95% CI]: 0.27 [0.10 to 0.45], P = 0.002). Higher PFUnDA levels, but no other PFAS, were associated with a lower FT3 (β [95% CI]: -0.05 [-0.09 to -0.01], P = 0.005). Higher PFUnDA levels were associated with lower TT4 (β [95% CI]: -1.58 [-3.07 to -0.09]) and there was an inverted U-shaped association of PFOS with TT4 (P = 0.03). Higher PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHpA levels were associated with a lower TT3. Overall, higher PFAS concentrations were associated with a higher FT4/FT3 ratio and a higher TT4/TT3 ratio. There was no association of PFAS with the TSH/FT4 ratio. Higher concentrations of several PFAS were associated with lower TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios. CONCLUSIONS These findings translate results from experimental studies suggesting that exposure to PFAS may interfere with the thyroid system during pregnancy. Further experimental studies should take into account human evidence to better understand the potential underlying mechanisms of thyroid disruption by PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Derakhshan
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Huan Shu
- Department of Public Health, Karlstad University, Sweden
| | - Maarten A C Broeren
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, De Run, 4600, The Netherlands
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Public Health, Karlstad University, Sweden; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Laboratoire d'Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 15, 3051 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Jane L Espartero L, Yamada M, Ford J, Owens G, Prow T, Juhasz A. Health-related toxicity of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Comparison to legacy PFOS and PFOA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113431. [PMID: 35569538 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent, manufactured chemicals used in various manufacturing processes and found in numerous commercial products. With over 9000 compounds belonging to this chemical class, there is increasing concern regarding human exposure to these compounds due to their persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. Human exposure to PFAS may occur from a variety of exposure sources, including, air, food, indoor dust, soil, water, from the transfer of PFAS from non-stick wrappers to food, use of cosmetics, and other personal care products. This critical review presents recent research on the health-related impacts of PFAS exposure, highlighting compounds other than Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) that cause adverse health effects, updates the current state of knowledge on PFAS toxicity, and, where possible, elucidates cause-and-effect relationships. Recent reviews identified that exposure to PFAS was associated with adverse health impacts on female and male fertility, metabolism in pregnancy, endocrine function including pancreatic dysfunction and risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, lipid metabolism and risk of childhood adiposity, hepatic and renal function, immune function, cardiovascular health (atherosclerosis), bone health including risk for dental cavities, osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency, neurological function, and risk of developing breast cancer. However, while cause-and-effect relationships for many of these outcomes were not able to be clearly elucidated, it was identified that 1) the evidence derived from both animal models and humans suggested that PFAS may exert harmful impacts on both animals and humans, however extrapolating data from animal to human studies was complicated due to differences in exposure/elimination kinetics, 2) PFAS precursor kinetics and toxicity mechanism data are still limited despite ongoing exposures, and 3) studies in humans, which provide contrasting results require further investigation of the long-term-exposed population to better evaluate the biological toxicity of chronic exposure to PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Jane L Espartero
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Miko Yamada
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Judith Ford
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Owens
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tarl Prow
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia; Skin Research Centre, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia.
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12
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Solan ME, Senthilkumar S, Aquino GV, Bruce ED, Lavado R. Comparative cytotoxicity of seven per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in six human cell lines. Toxicology 2022; 477:153281. [PMID: 35933025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to several diseases associated with adverse health outcomes. Animal studies have been conducted, though these may not be sufficient due to the inherent differences in metabolic processes between humans and rodents. Acquiring relevant data on the health effects of short-chain PFAS can be achieved through methods supported by in vitro human cell-based models. Specifically, cytotoxicity assays are the crucial first step to providing meaningful information used for determining safety and providing baseline information for further testing. To this end, we exposed human cell lines representative of six different tissue types, including colon (CaCo-2), liver (HepaRG), kidney (HEK293), brain (HMC-3), lung (MRC-5), and muscle (RMS-13) to five short-chain PFAS and two legacy PFAS. The exposure of the individual PFAS was assessed using a range of concentrations starting from a low concentration (10-11 M) to a high concentration of (10-4 M). Our results indicated that CaCo-2 and HEK293 cells were the least sensitive to PFAS exposure, while HMC-3, HepaRG, MRC-5, and RMS-13 demonstrated significant decreases in viability in a relatively narrow range (EC50 ranging from 1 to 70 µM). The most sensitive cell line was the neural HMC-3 for all short- and long-chain PFAS (with EC50 ranging from 1.34 to 2.73 µM). Our data suggest that PFAS do not exert toxicity on all cell types equally, and the cytotoxicity estimates we obtained varied from previously reported values. Overall, this study is novel because it uses human cell lines that have not been widely used to understand human health outcomes associated with PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Grace V Aquino
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Erica D Bruce
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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13
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Liu M, Zhang G, Meng L, Han X, Li Y, Shi Y, Li A, Turyk ME, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Associations between Novel and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Serum and Thyroid Cancer: A Case and Healthy Population in Shandong Province, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6144-6151. [PMID: 34618433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely detected in the environment and may cause adverse human health effects after exposure. Studies on the effect of PFASs on some health end points, including cancer, are still limited and show inconsistent results. In this research, 319 participants were recruited from Shandong Province, East China, consisting of patients with thyroid cancer and healthy controls. Seven novel and legacy PFASs were frequently detected (detection rate > 75%) in the serum samples of the participants. The concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the highest in the case and control groups. Males showed significantly higher concentrations of PFASs than females. Exposure to PFASs was inversely associated with the risk of thyroid cancer. In the control group, we identified significant positive associations between PFASs and free thyroxine (FT4) as well as between PFOA and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in females. A significant negative association between perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and triiodothyronine (T3) was observed in males. Our results suggest that exposure to certain PFASs could interfere with thyroid function. To our knowledge, this is the first case-control study demonstrating associations between novel and legacy PFASs in human and thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Mary E Turyk
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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14
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Santaliz Casiano A, Lee A, Teteh D, Madak Erdogan Z, Treviño L. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Breast Cancer: Disparities in Exposure and Importance of Research Inclusivity. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6553110. [PMID: 35325096 PMCID: PMC9391683 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are known contributors to breast cancer development. Exposures to EDCs commonly occur through food packaging, cookware, fabrics, and personal care products, as well as external environmental sources. Increasing evidence highlights disparities in EDC exposure across racial/ethnic groups, yet breast cancer research continues to lack the inclusion necessary to positively impact treatment response and overall survival in socially disadvantaged populations. Additionally, the inequity in environmental exposures has yet to be remedied. Exposure to EDCs due to structural racism poses an unequivocal risk to marginalized communities. In this review, we summarize recent epidemiological and molecular studies on 2 lesser-studied EDCs, the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the parabens, the health disparities that exist in EDC exposure between populations, and their association with breast carcinogenesis. We discuss the importance of understanding the relationship between EDC exposure and breast cancer development, particularly to promote efforts to mitigate exposures and improve breast cancer disparities in socially disadvantaged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie Santaliz Casiano
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Annah Lee
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Dede Teteh
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Zeynep Madak Erdogan, PhD, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Lindsey Treviño
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Correspondence: Lindsey S. Treviño, PhD, Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, Duarte - Main Campus, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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15
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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020044. [PMID: 35202231 PMCID: PMC8878656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments.
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16
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De Toni L, Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, Pedrucci F, Garolla A, Dall’Acqua S, Guidolin D, Ferlin A, Foresta C. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Legacy and New Generation Perfluoralkyl Substances (PFAS) on Thyroid Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:915096. [PMID: 35813651 PMCID: PMC9259843 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are environment-persitent emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals raising health concerns worldwide. Exposure to PFAS has been associated with the imbalance of thyroid hormones. However, available studies addressing the cell mechanism underlying thyroid disrupting feature of legacy PFAS, such as perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoro-octane-sulfonic acid (PFOS), and the new generation substitutes, such as C6O4, are still lacking. In this study the potential disrupting effect of PFOA, PFOS, and C6O4 on a murine thyroid cell model was assessed. METHODS A rat FRTL-5 cell line was used as the normal thyroid follicular cell model. Cell iodide-uptake, induced by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), was used to assess the functional impact of PFAS exposure on cell function. Tetrazolium salt-based cell viability assay and merocyanine 540-based cell staining were used to address the possible involvement of cell toxicity and membrane biophysical properties on altered cell function. The possible direct interaction of PFAS with TSH-receptor (TSH-R) was investigated by computer-based molecular docking and analysis of molecular dynamics. Evaluation of intracellular cAMP levels and gene expression analysis were used to validate the direct impairment of TSH-R-mediated downstream events upon PFAS exposure. RESULTS Different from PFOS or C6O4, exposure to PFOA at a concentration ≥ 10 ng/mL was associated with significant impairment of the iodide uptake upon TSH stimulation (respectively: basal 100.0 ± 19.0%, CTRL + TSH 188.9 ± 7.8%, PFOA 10 ng/mL + TSH 120.4 ± 20.9%, p= 0.030 vs CTRL + TSH; PFOA 100 ng/mL + TSH 115,6 ± 12,3% p= 0.017 vs CTRL + TSH). No impairment of cell viability or membrane stability was observed. Computational analysis showed a possible direct differential interaction of C6O4, PFOA, and PFOS on a same binding site of the extracellular domain of TSH-R. Finally, exposure to PFOA was associated with a significant reduction of downstream intracellular cAMP levels and both sodium-iodide transporter and thyroperoxidase gene expression upon TSH-R stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that legacy and new generation PFAS can differentially influence TSH dependent signaling pathways through the direct interaction with TSH-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Santa Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Pedrucci
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlo Foresta,
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Solan ME, Lavado R. The use of in vitro methods in assessing human health risks associated with short-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:1298-1309. [PMID: 34873727 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of industrial chemicals with a ubiquitous and persistent presence in the environment. Of the thousands of PFAS used by consumers and industry, very few have been thoroughly characterized for potential adverse effects. This is especially true for the novel short-chain (C < 8) alternatives that replaced legacy PFAS. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances have revealed inconsistencies in the toxicokinetics predicted by animal models and empirical findings in humans. To adequately assess the possible health effects of short-chain PFAS, there is a need for robust aggregated data sets on the mechanistic underpinnings and physiochemical properties of these alternatives. Acquiring relevant data on the health effects of short-chain PFAS can be achieved through high-throughput methods supported by in vitro human cell-based models. This review briefly summarizes some of the toxicity data obtained using human cells in vitro, discusses the advantages and limitations of cell-based models, and provides insights on potential solutions to challenges presented with the use of these methods for use in safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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18
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Birru RL, Liang HW, Farooq F, Bedi M, Feghali M, Haggerty CL, Mendez DD, Catov JM, Ng CA, Adibi JJ. A pathway level analysis of PFAS exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Health 2021; 20:63. [PMID: 34022907 PMCID: PMC8141246 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been found to be associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) development, a maternal health disorder in pregnancy with negative effects that can extend beyond pregnancy. Studies that report on this association are difficult to summarize due to weak associations and wide confidence intervals. One way to advance this field is to sharpen the biologic theory on a causal pathway behind this association, and to measure it directly by way of molecular biomarkers. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature that supports a novel pathway between PFAS exposure and GDM development. Epidemiological studies demonstrate a clear association of biomarkers of thyroid hormones and glucose metabolism with GDM development. We report biologic plausibility and epidemiologic evidence that PFAS dysregulation of maternal thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) may disrupt glucose homeostasis, increasing the risk of GDM. Overall, epidemiological studies demonstrate that PFAS were positively associated with TSH and negatively with triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). PFAS were generally positively associated with glucose and insulin levels in pregnancy. We propose dysregulation of thyroid function and glucose metabolism may be a critical and missing component in the accurate estimation of PFAS on the risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L. Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Fouzia Farooq
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Megha Bedi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Maisa Feghali
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Catherine L. Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Dara D. Mendez
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Janet M. Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Carla A. Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jennifer J. Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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19
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de Lima Junior NC, Camilo JF, do Carmo PR, de Andrade MN, Braz BF, Santelli RE, de Brito Gitirana L, Ferreira ACF, de Carvalho DP, Miranda-Alves L, Dias GRM. Subacute exposure to lead promotes disruption in the thyroid gland function in male and female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115889. [PMID: 33223335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, is a global public health problem. Lead has a long historic relation to several adverse health conditions and was recently classified as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subacute exposure to lead on the thyroid gland function. Adult male and female Wistar rats received a lead acetate solution containing 10 or 25 mg/kg, by gavage, three times a week, for 14 days. One week later, behavioral testing showed no alterations in anxiety and motor-exploratory parameters, as evaluated by Open-Field and Plus-Maze Tests, but impairment in learning and memory was found in the male 25 mg/kg lead-treated group and in both female lead-treated groups, as evaluated by the Inhibitory Avoidance Test. After one week, serum levels of tT3 were reduced in the 25 mg/kg female group and in the 10 mg∕ kg male group. However, tT4 levels were increased in the 25 mg/kg male group and in both female treated groups. TSH levels did not change and lead serum levels were undetectable. Morphologic alterations were observed in the thyroid gland, including abnormal thyroid parenchyma follicles of different sizes, epithelial stratification and vacuolization of follicular cells, decrease in colloid eosinophilia and vascular congestion, accompanied by morphometric alterations. An increase in collagen deposition was also observed. No differences were observed in TPO activity or protein expression, H2O2 generation by NADPH oxidases or hepatic D1 mRNA expression. However, thyroid NIS protein expression was considerably decreased in the male and female lead-treated groups, while TSHr expression was decreased in the 25 mg/kg female lead-treated group. These findings demonstrated that subacute exposure to lead acetate disrupts thyroid gland function in both sexes, leading to morphophysiological impairment and to changes in learning and memory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niedson Correia de Lima Junior
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Franco Camilo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Rodrigues do Carmo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Novaes de Andrade
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Ferreira Braz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Erthal Santelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lycia de Brito Gitirana
- Laboratory of Integrative Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Glaecir Roseni Mundstock Dias
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Panieri E, Buha-Đorđevic A, Saso L. Endocrine disruption by PFAS: A major concern associated with legacy and replacement substances. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perand poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a great variety of processes and products by virtue of their exceptional properties, versatility and chemical stability. Nevertheless, it is increasingly recognized that these substances can represent a serious hazard to human health and living organisms due to their persistence, long-range transport potential and tendency to accumulate in biota. For this reason, some efforts have been made across the EU to identify alternative molecules, with a shorter carbon chain and theoretically safer profile, that might replace the previous generation of legacy PFAS. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been entirely successful and serious concerns are still posed by PFAS in different human populations. Among others, an emerging aspect is represented by the adverse effects that both legacy and alternative PFAS can exert on the human endocrine system, with respect to vulnerable target subpopulations. In this review we will briefly summarize PFAS properties, uses and environmental fate, focusing on their effects on human reproductive capacity and fertility, body weight control and obesity as well as thyroid function.
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21
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Coperchini F, Croce L, Ricci G, Magri F, Rotondi M, Imbriani M, Chiovato L. Thyroid Disrupting Effects of Old and New Generation PFAS. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:612320. [PMID: 33542707 PMCID: PMC7851056 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.612320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a group of synthetic compounds widely used in industry plants due to their low grade of degradation, surfactant properties, thermic and flame resistance. These characteristics are useful for the industrial production, however they are also potentially dangerous for human health and for the environment. PFAS are persistent pollutants accumulating in waters and soil and recoverable in foods due to their release by food packaging. Humans are daily exposed to PFAS because these compounds are ubiquitous and, when assimilated, they are difficult to be eliminated, persisting for years both in humans and animals. Due to their persistence and potential danger to health, some old generation PFAS have been replaced by newly synthesized PFAS with the aim to use alternative compounds presumably safer for humans and the environment. Yet, the environmental pollution with PFAS remains a matter of concern worldwide and led to large-scale epidemiological studies both on plants' workers and on exposed people in the general population. In this context, strong concern emerged concerning the potential adverse effects of PFAS on the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones play a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, and thyroid function is related to cardiovascular disease, fertility, and fetal neurodevelopment. In vitro, ex vivo data, and epidemiological studies suggested that PFASs may disrupt the thyroid hormone system in humans, with possible negative repercussions on the outcome of pregnancy and fetal-child development. However, data on the thyroid disrupting effect of PFAS remain controversial, as well as their impact on human health in different ages of life. Aim of the present paper is to review recent data on the effects of old and new generation PFAS on thyroid homeostasis. To this purpose we collected information from in vitro studies, animal models, and in vivo data on exposed workers, general population, and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Chiovato,
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