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Gomaa A, Maacha S, Peng D, Soutto M, Genoula M, Bhat N, Cao L, Zhu S, Castells A, Chen Z, Zaika A, McDonald OG, El-Rifai W. SOX9 is regulated by AURKA in response to Helicobacter pylori infection via EIF4E-mediated cap-dependent translation. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216939. [PMID: 38729556 PMCID: PMC11175609 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main risk factor for gastric cancer. The SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9) serves as a marker of stomach stem cells. We detected strong associations between AURKA and SOX9 expression levels in gastric cancers. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo mouse models, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection induced elevated levels of both AURKA and SOX9 proteins. Notably, the SOX9 protein and transcription activity levels were dependent on AURKA expression. AURKA knockdown led to a reduction in the number and size of gastric gland organoids. Conditional knockout of AURKA in mice resulted in a decrease in SOX9 baseline level in AURKA-knockout gastric glands, accompanied by diminished SOX9 induction following H. pylori infection. We found an AURKA-dependent increase in EIF4E and cap-dependent translation with an AURKA-EIF4E-dependent increase in SOX9 polysomal RNA levels. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated binding of AURKA to EIF4E with a decrease in EIF4E ubiquitination. Immunohistochemistry analysis on tissue arrays revealed moderate to strong immunostaining of AURKA and SOX9 with a significant correlation in gastric cancer tissues. These findings elucidate the mechanistic role of AURKA in regulating SOX9 levels via cap-dependent translation in response to H. pylori infection in gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Selma Maacha
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nadeem Bhat
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Longlong Cao
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Oliver G McDonald
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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Tai Y, Shang J. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the tumor progression of adrenocortical carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1260701. [PMID: 38269250 PMCID: PMC10806569 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1260701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon, aggressive endocrine malignancy with a high rate of recurrence, a poor prognosis, and a propensity for metastasis. Currently, only mitotane has received certification from both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for the therapy of advanced ACC. However, treatment in the advanced periods of the disorders is ineffective and has serious adverse consequences. Completely surgical excision is the only cure but has failed to effectively improve the survival of advanced patients. The aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the catalysts for adrenocortical carcinogenesis. Research has concentrated on identifying methods that can prevent the stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and are safe and advantageous for patients in view of the absence of effective treatments and the frequent alteration of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ACC. Comprehending the complex connection between the development of ACC and Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for accurate pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the potential targets between adrenocortical carcinoma and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We analyze the relevant targets of drugs or inhibitors that act on the Wnt pathway. Finally, we provide new insights into how drugs or inhibitors may improve the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghao Tai
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiwen Shang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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3
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Yin M, Wang Y, Ren X, Han M, Li S, Liang R, Wang G, Gang X. Identification of key genes and pathways in adrenocortical carcinoma: evidence from bioinformatic analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1250033. [PMID: 38053725 PMCID: PMC10694291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with poor prognosis. The disease originates from the cortex of adrenal gland and lacks effective treatment. Efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of ACC, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To identify key genes and pathways in ACC, the expression profiles of GSE12368, GSE90713 and GSE143383 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each microarray dataset on the basis of cut-off, we identified 206 DEGs, consisting of 72 up-regulated and 134 down-regulated genes in three datasets. Function enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed by DAVID online database and the results revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in cell cycle, cell cycle process, mitotic cell cycle, response to oxygen-containing compound, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, p53 signaling pathway. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and modules analysis was performed using Cytoscape. Finally, we filtered out eight hub genes, including CDK1, CCNA2, CCNB1, TOP2A, MAD2L1, BIRC5, BUB1 and AURKA. Biological process analysis showed that these hub genes were significantly enriched in nuclear division, mitosis, M phase of mitotic cell cycle and cell cycle process. Violin plot, Kaplan-Meier curve and stage plot of these hub genes confirmed the reliability of the results. In conclusion, the results in this study provided reliable key genes and pathways for ACC, which will be useful for ACC mechanisms, diagnosis and candidate targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsha Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinhua Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruishuang Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang W, Wang J, Liu C, Li Y, Sun C, Wu J, Wu Q. Crosstalk and plasticity driving between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment: significance of breast cancer metastasis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:827. [PMID: 37978384 PMCID: PMC10657029 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cell population in breast tumors. A functionally diverse population of CAFs increases the dynamic complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The intertwined network of the TME facilitates the interaction between activated CAFs and breast cancer cells, which can lead to the proliferation and invasion of breast cells. Considering the special transmission function of CAFs, the aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the crosstalk between CAFs and breast cancer cells in the TME as well as the relationship between CAFs and extracellular matrix (ECM), soluble cytokines, and other stromal cells in the metastatic state. The crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment also provides a plastic therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis. In the course of the study, the inhibitory effects of different natural compounds on targeting CAFs and the advantages of different drug combinations were summarized. CAFs are also widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The cumulative research on this phenomenon supports the establishment of a targeted immune microenvironment as a possible breakthrough in the prevention of invasive metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China.
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China.
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, 261000, China.
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China.
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5
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Sigala S, Rossini E, Abate A, Tamburello M, Bornstein SR, Hantel C. An update on adrenocortical cell lines of human origin. Endocrine 2022; 77:432-437. [PMID: 35764904 PMCID: PMC9385758 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, heterogenous and highly malignant disease. Management of ACC is dependent on disease stage with complete surgical resection as the only potentially curative option. However, advanced, un-resectable, metastatic stages and also recurrences often require systemic treatments, which are unfortunately nowadays still unsatisfactory. The scarcity of preclinical models reflecting patient heterogeneities and furthermore drug-resistant phenotypes, has hampered the progress and development of new therapies in recent years. In this review, we provide an overview on the classical models and substantial progress which has been made over the last years in context of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Abate
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Tamburello
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Chen WJ, Sung WW, Yu CY, Luan YZ, Chang YC, Chen SL, Lee TH. PNU-74654 Suppresses TNFR1/IKB Alpha/p65 Signaling and Induces Cell Death in Testicular Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:222-232. [PMID: 35723395 PMCID: PMC8928937 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) is a rare malignancy worldwide and is the most common malignancy in males aged 15–44 years. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway mediates numerous essential cellular functions and has potentially important effects on tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The search for drugs to inhibit this pathway has identified a small molecule, PNU-74654, as an inhibitor of the β-catenin/TCF4 interaction. We evaluated the therapeutic role of PNU-74654 in two TC cell lines, NCCIT and NTERA2, by measuring cell viability, cell cycle transition and cell death. Potential pathways were evaluated by protein arrays and Western blots. PNU-74654 decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis of TC cells, with significant increases in the sub G1, Hoechst-stained, Annexin V-PI-positive rates. PNU-74654 treatment of both TC cell lines inhibited the TNFR1/IKB alpha/p65 pathway and the execution phase of apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that PNU-74654 can induce apoptosis in TC cells through mechanisms involving the execution phase of apoptosis and inhibition of TNFR1/IKB alpha/p65 signaling. Therefore, small molecules such as PNU-74654 may identify potential new treatment strategies for TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jung Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (W.-W.S.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Sung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (W.-W.S.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Yu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Yu-Ze Luan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ya-Chuan Chang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Sung-Lang Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (W.-W.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Women’s Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.C.); (T.-H.L.)
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7
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Liu C, Xu J, Guo C, Chen X, Qian C, Zhang X, Zhou P, Yang Y. Gambogenic Acid Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer via the Aurora A Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736350. [PMID: 34692693 PMCID: PMC8526855 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and has a poor prognosis. In the present research, gambogenic acid (GNA), isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine gamboge, markedly induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GNA triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which subsequently activated inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE) 1α and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 2α pathway. Pretreatment with salubrinal (an eIF2α inhibitor) rescued GNA-induced cell death. Furthermore, GNA downregulated the expression of Aurora A. The Aurora A inhibitor alisertib decreased ER stress. In human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue, Aurora A was upregulated compared to normal colorectal epithelial nuclei. Furthermore, GNA ameliorated mouse colitis-associated cancer models. Our findings demonstrated that GNA significantly inhibited the proliferation of CRC through activation of ER stress by regulating Aurora A, which indicates the potential of GNA for preventing the progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xugang Chen
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Qian
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinghong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Su L, Zhang G, Kong X. A Novel Five-Gene Signature for Prognosis Prediction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:642563. [PMID: 34336648 PMCID: PMC8322700 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been a global health issue and attracted wide attention due to its high incidence and poor outcomes. In this study, our purpose was to explore an effective prognostic marker for HCC. Five cohort profile datasets from GEO (GSE25097, GSE36376, GSE62232, GSE76427 and GSE101685) were integrated with TCGA-LIHC and GTEx dataset to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and cancer tissues in HCC patients, then 5 upregulated differentially expressed genes and 32 downregulated DEGs were identified as common DEGs in total. Next, we systematically explored the relationship between the expression of 37 common DEGs in tumor tissues and overall survival (OS) rate of HCC patients in TCGA and constructed a novel prognostic model composed of five genes (AURKA, PZP, RACGAP1, ACOT12 and LCAT). Furthermore, the predicted performance of the five-gene signature was verified in ICGC and another independent clinical samples cohort, and the results demonstrated that the signature performed well in predicting the OS rate of patients with HCC. What is more, the signature was an independent hazard factor for HCC patients when considering other clinical factors in the three cohorts. Finally, we found the signature was significantly associated with HCC immune microenvironment. In conclusion, the prognostic five-gene signature identified in our present study could efficiently classify patients with HCC into subgroups with low and high risk of longer overall survival time and help clinicians make decisions for individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Su
- Department of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Genhao Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Department of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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