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Saied-Santiago K, Baxter M, Mathiaparanam J, Granato M. Serotonin neuromodulation directs optic nerve regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.12.607648. [PMID: 39185204 PMCID: PMC11343150 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.12.607648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Optic nerve (ON) regeneration in mammalian systems is limited by an overshadowing dominance of inhibitory factors. This has severely hampered the identification of pro- regenerative pathways. Here, we take advantage of the regenerative capacity of larval zebrafish to identify pathways that promote ON regeneration. From a small molecule screen, we identified modulators of serotonin (5-HT) signaling that inhibit ON regeneration. We find several serotonin type-1 receptor genes are expressed in RGC neurons during regeneration and that inhibiting 5- HT1 receptors or components of the 5-HT pathway selectively impedes ON regeneration. We show that 5-HT1 receptor signaling is dispensable during ON development yet is critical for regenerating axons to emerge from the injury site. Blocking 5-HT receptors once ON axons have crossed the chiasm does not inhibit regeneration, suggesting a selective role for 5-HT receptor signaling early during ON regeneration. Finally, we show that agonist-mediated activation of 5-HT1 receptors leads to enhanced and ectopic axonal regrowth. Combined, our results provide evidence for mechanisms through which serotonin-dependent neuromodulation directs ON regeneration in vivo. Summary Statement 5-HT1 receptors selectively promote early optic nerve regrowth in zebrafish but are dispensable during development. Serotonin receptor-dependent modulation instructs regenerating optic nerve axons toward the brain in vivo.
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Maxson Jones K, Morgan JR. Lampreys and spinal cord regeneration: "a very special claim on the interest of zoologists," 1830s-present. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113961. [PMID: 37228651 PMCID: PMC10203415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing history of science methods, including analyses of the scientific literature, archival documents, and interviews with scientists, this paper presents a history of lampreys in neurobiology from the 1830s to the present. We emphasize the lamprey's roles in helping to elucidate spinal cord regeneration mechanisms. Two attributes have long perpetuated studies of lampreys in neurobiology. First, they possess large neurons, including multiple classes of stereotypically located, 'identified' giant neurons in the brain, which project their large axons into the spinal cord. These giant neurons and their axonal fibers have facilitated electrophysiological recordings and imaging across biological scales, ranging from molecular to circuit-level analyses of nervous system structures and functions and including their roles in behavioral output. Second, lampreys have long been considered amongst the most basal extant vertebrates on the planet, so they have facilitated comparative studies pointing to conserved and derived characteristics of vertebrate nervous systems. These features attracted neurologists and zoologists to studies of lampreys between the 1830s and 1930s. But, the same two attributes also facilitated the rise of the lamprey in neural regeneration research after 1959, when biologists first wrote about the spontaneous, robust regeneration of some identified CNS axons in larvae after spinal cord injuries, coupled with recovery of normal swimming. Not only did large neurons promote fresh insights in the field, enabling studies incorporating multiple scales with existing and new technologies. But investigators also were able to attach a broad scope of relevance to their studies, interpreting them as suggesting conserved features of successful, and sometimes even unsuccessful, CNS regeneration. Lamprey research demonstrated that functional recovery takes place without the reformation of the original neuronal connections, for instance, by way of imperfect axonal regrowth and compensatory plasticity. Moreover, research performed in the lamprey model revealed that factors intrinsic to neurons are integral in promoting or hindering regeneration. As this work has helped illuminate why basal vertebrates accomplish CNS regeneration so well, whereas mammals do it so poorly, this history presents a case study in how biological and medical value have been, and could continue to be, gleaned from a non-traditional model organism for which molecular tools have been developed only relatively recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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Nitzan A, Corredor-Sanchez M, Galron R, Nahary L, Safrin M, Bruzel M, Moure A, Bonet R, Pérez Y, Bujons J, Vallejo-Yague E, Sacks H, Burnet M, Alfonso I, Messeguer A, Benhar I, Barzilai A, Solomon AS. Inhibition of Sema-3A Promotes Cell Migration, Axonal Growth, and Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 34817617 PMCID: PMC8626852 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Semaphorin 3A (Sema-3A) is a secreted protein that deflects axons from inappropriate regions and induces neuronal cell death. Intravitreal application of polyclonal antibodies against Sema-3A prevents loss of retinal ganglion cells ensuing from axotomy of optic nerves. This suggested a therapeutic approach for neuroprotection via inhibition of the Sema-3A pathway. Methods To develop potent and specific Sema-3A antagonists, we isolated monoclonal anti-Sema-3A antibodies from a human antibody phage display library and optimized low-molecular weight Sema-3A signaling inhibitors. The best inhibitors were identified using in vitro scratch assays and semiquantitative repulsion assays. Results A therapeutic approach for neuroprotection must have a long duration of action. Therefore, antibodies and low-molecular weight inhibitors were formulated in extruded implants to allow controlled and prolonged release. Following release from the implants, Sema-3A inhibitors antagonized Sema-3A effects in scratch and repulsion assays and protected retinal ganglion cells in animal models of optic nerve injury, retinal ischemia, and glaucoma. Conclusions and Translational Relevance Collectively, our findings indicate that the identified Sema-3A inhibitors should be further evaluated as therapeutic candidates for the treatment of Sema-3A-driven central nervous system degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Nitzan
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miriam Corredor-Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronit Galron
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Nahary
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mary Safrin
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Bruzel
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman Bonet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itai Benhar
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arieh S Solomon
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Vanhunsel S, Beckers A, Moons L. Designing neuroreparative strategies using aged regenerating animal models. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101086. [PMID: 32492480 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our ever-aging world population, the risk of age-related neuropathies has been increasing, representing both a social and economic burden to society. Since the ability to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system is very limited, brain trauma and neurodegeneration are often permanent. As a consequence, novel scientific challenges have emerged and many research efforts currently focus on triggering repair in the damaged or diseased brain. Nevertheless, stimulating neuroregeneration remains ambitious. Even though important discoveries have been made over the past decades, they did not translate into a therapy yet. Actually, this is not surprising; while these disorders mainly manifest in aged individuals, most of the research is being performed in young animal models. Aging of neurons and their environment, however, greatly affects the central nervous system and its capacity to repair. This review provides a detailed overview of the impact of aging on central nervous system functioning and regeneration potential, both in non-regenerating and spontaneously regenerating animal models. Additionally, we highlight the need for aging animal models with regenerative capacities in the search for neuroreparative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Baudet S, Bécret J, Nicol X. Approaches to Manipulate Ephrin-A:EphA Forward Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070140. [PMID: 32629797 PMCID: PMC7407804 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A (EphA) receptors and their ephrin-A ligands are key players of developmental events shaping the mature organism. Their expression is mostly restricted to stem cell niches in adults but is reactivated in pathological conditions including lesions in the heart, lung, or nervous system. They are also often misregulated in tumors. A wide range of molecular tools enabling the manipulation of the ephrin-A:EphA system are available, ranging from small molecules to peptides and genetically-encoded strategies. Their mechanism is either direct, targeting EphA receptors, or indirect through the modification of intracellular downstream pathways. Approaches enabling manipulation of ephrin-A:EphA forward signaling for the dissection of its signaling cascade, the investigation of its physiological roles or the development of therapeutic strategies are summarized here.
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Neuroprotective Strategies for Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072262. [PMID: 32218163 PMCID: PMC7177277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving the patients with optic neuropathies with permanent visual loss. An effective RGCs-directed therapy could provide a beneficial effect to prevent the progression of the disease. Axonal injury leads to the functional loss of RGCs and subsequently induces neuronal death, and axonal regeneration would be essential to restore the neuronal connectivity, and to reestablish the function of the visual system. The manipulation of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors has been proposed in order to stimulate axonal regeneration and functional repairing of axonal connections in the visual pathway. However, there is a missing point in the process since, until now, there is no therapeutic strategy directed to promote axonal regeneration of RGCs as a therapeutic approach for optic neuropathies.
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Koganti L, Liu J, DeMajewski A, Agostini MA, Wong TW, Faber DS, Zottoli SJ. Invasion of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes into the Mauthner axon myelin sheath following spinal cord injury of the adult goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Morphol 2019; 281:135-152. [PMID: 31774588 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid activation of resident glia occurs after spinal cord injury. Somewhat later, innate and adaptive immune responses occur with the invasion of peripheral immune cells into the wound site. The activation of resident and peripheral immune cells has been postulated to play harmful as well as beneficial roles in the regenerative process. Mauthner cells, large identifiable neurons located in the hindbrain of most fish and amphibians, provided the opportunity to study the morphological relationship between reactive cells and Mauthner axons (M-axons) severed by spinal cord crush or by selective axotomy. After crossing in the hindbrain, the M-axons of adult goldfish, Carassius auratus, extend the length of the spinal cord. Following injury, the M-axon undergoes retrograde degeneration within its myelin sheath creating an axon-free zone (proximal dieback zone). Reactive cells invade the wound site, enter the axon-free dieback zone and are observed in the vicinity of the retracted M-axon tip as early as 3 hr postinjury. Transmission electron microscopy allowed the detection of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes, some of which appear to be neutrophil-like, at each of these locations. We believe that this is the first report of the invasion of such cells within the myelin sheath of an identifiable axon in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). We speculate that microglia/macrophages and granulocytes that are attracted within a few hours to the damaged M-axon are part of an inflammatory response that allows phagocytosis of debris and plays a role in the regenerative process. Our results provide the baseline from which to utilize immunohistochemical and genetic approaches to elucidate the role of non-neuronal cells in the regenerative process of a single axon in the vertebrate CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahari Koganti
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea DeMajewski
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Agostini
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Tina W Wong
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Donald S Faber
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Steven J Zottoli
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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Namazi Sarvestani N, Saberi Firouzi S, Falak R, Karimi MY, Davoodzadeh Gholami M, Rangbar A, Hosseini A. Phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 inhibitors produce protective effects against high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via modulation of the oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1293-1306. [PMID: 29713919 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most common diabetic complication. It is estimated diabetic population will increase to 592 million by the year 2035. This is while at least 50-60% of all diabetic patients will suffer from neuropathy in their lifetime. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation are crucial pathways in development and progression of DN. Since there is also no selective and effective therapeutic agent to prevent or treat high glucose (HG)-induced neuronal cell injury, it is crucial to explore tools by which one can reduce factors related to these pathways. Phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 (PDE 4 and 7) regulate oxidative damage, neurodegenaration, and inflammatory responses through modulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, and thus can be as important drug targets for regulating DN. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of inhibitors of PDE 4 and 7, named rolipram and BRL5048, on HG-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells as an in vitro cellular model for DN and determine the possible mechanisms for theirs effects. We report that the PC12 cells pre-treatment with rolipram (2 μM) and/or BRL5048 (0.2 μM) for 60 min and then exposing the cells to HG (4.5 g/L for 72 h) or normal glucose (NG) (1 g/L for 72 h) condition show: (1) significant attenuation in ROS, MDA and TNF-a levels, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, expression of caspase 3 and UCP2 proteins; (2) significant increase in viability, GSH/GSSG ratio, MMP and ATP levels. All these data together led us to propose PDE 4 and 7 inhibitors, and specifically, rolipram and BRL5048, as potential drugs candidate to be further studied for the prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Namazi Sarvestani
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, Department of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Saberi Firouzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Akram Rangbar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dun XP, Parkinson DB. Role of Netrin-1 Signaling in Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030491. [PMID: 28245592 PMCID: PMC5372507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 was the first axon guidance molecule to be discovered in vertebrates and has a strong chemotropic function for axonal guidance, cell migration, morphogenesis and angiogenesis. It is a secreted axon guidance cue that can trigger attraction by binding to its canonical receptors Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and Neogenin or repulsion through binding the DCC/Uncoordinated (Unc5) A–D receptor complex. The crystal structures of Netrin-1/receptor complexes have recently been revealed. These studies have provided a structure based explanation of Netrin-1 bi-functionality. Netrin-1 and its receptor are continuously expressed in the adult nervous system and are differentially regulated after nerve injury. In the adult spinal cord and optic nerve, Netrin-1 has been considered as an inhibitor that contributes to axon regeneration failure after injury. In the peripheral nervous system, Netrin-1 receptors are expressed in Schwann cells, the cell bodies of sensory neurons and the axons of both motor and sensory neurons. Netrin-1 is expressed in Schwann cells and its expression is up-regulated after peripheral nerve transection injury. Recent studies indicated that Netrin-1 plays a positive role in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, Schwann cell proliferation and migration. Targeting of the Netrin-1 signaling pathway could develop novel therapeutic strategies to promote peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Peng Dun
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK.
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Wang C, Guo J, Guo R. Effect of XingPiJieYu decoction on spatial learning and memory and cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF pathway in rat model of depression through chronic unpredictable stress. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 28118829 PMCID: PMC5260079 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive low mood and loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities, and often results in cognitive dysfunction. The disturbance of cognitive processes associated with depression, especially the impairment of learning and memory, exacerbates illness and increases recurrence of depression. XingPiJieYu (XPJY) is one of the most widely clinical formulas of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and can improve the symptoms of depression, including learning and memory. However, its regulatory effects haven't been comprehensively studied so far. Recently, some animal tests have indicated that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in hippocampus is closely related to depression and the pathogenesis of cognitive function impairments. The present study was performed to investigate the effect and mechanism of XPJY on depression and learning and memory in animal model. MATERIALS The rat model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 21 days. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, CUS group, CUS + XPJY (1.4 g/kg, 0.7 g/kg and 0.35 g/kg) groups, and CUS + sertraline (10 mg/kg) group. The sucrose preference, open field exploration and Morris water maze (MWM) were tested. The expression of cAMP, CREB, PKA and BDNF protein in hippocampus was examined with Elisa and Western Blot. The mRNA level of CREB and BDNF in hippocampus was measured with PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that rats subjected to CUS exhibited decreases in sucrose preference, total ambulation, percentage of central ambulation, rearing in the open field test and spatial performance in the MWM. CUS reduced the expression of cAMP, PKA, CREB and BDNF in hippocampus of model rats. These effects could be reversed by XPJY. CONCLUSION The results indicated that XPJY can improve depression and related learning and memory and the effect of XPJY is partly exerted through the cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway.
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11
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Learning to swim, again: Axon regeneration in fish. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:318-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Lang DM, Romero-Alemán MDM, Dobson B, Santos E, Monzón-Mayor M. Nogo-A does not inhibit retinal axon regeneration in the lizardGallotia galloti. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:936-954. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Maria del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Bryony Dobson
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Elena Santos
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Maximina Monzón-Mayor
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
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You SW, Hellström M, Pollett MA, LeVaillant C, Moses C, Rigby PJ, Penrose M, Rodger J, Harvey AR. Large-scale reconstitution of a retina-to-brain pathway in adult rats using gene therapy and bridging grafts: An anatomical and behavioral analysis. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:197-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pushchina EV, Shukla S, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in optic nerve and brain integration centers of adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after optic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:578-90. [PMID: 27212918 PMCID: PMC4870914 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishes have remarkable ability to effectively rebuild the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers after central nervous system injury. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In order to address this issue, we investigated the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in contralateral and ipsilateral optic nerves, after stab wound injury to the eye of an adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Heterogenous population of proliferating cells was investigated at 1 week after injury. TUNEL labeling gave a qualitative and quantitative assessment of apoptosis in the cells of optic nerve of trout 2 days after injury. After optic nerve injury, apoptotic response was investigated, and mass patterns of cell migration were found. The maximal concentration of apoptotic bodies was detected in the areas of mass clumps of cells. It is probably indicative of massive cell death in the area of high phagocytic activity of macrophages/microglia. At 1 week after optic nerve injury, we observed nerve cell proliferation in the trout brain integration centers: the cerebellum and the optic tectum. In the optic tectum, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-immunopositive radial glia-like cells were identified. Proliferative activity of nerve cells was detected in the dorsal proliferative (matrix) area of the cerebellum and in parenchymal cells of the molecular and granular layers whereas local clusters of undifferentiated cells which formed neurogenic niches were observed in both the optic tectum and cerebellum after optic nerve injury. In vitro analysis of brain cells of trout showed that suspension cells compared with monolayer cells retain higher proliferative activity, as evidenced by PCNA immunolabeling. Phase contrast observation showed mitosis in individual cells and the formation of neurospheres which gradually increased during 1-4 days of culture. The present findings suggest that trout can be used as a novel model for studying neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V. Pushchina
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sachin Shukla
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anatoly A. Varaksin
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry K. Obukhov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Dagda RK, Das Banerjee T. Role of protein kinase A in regulating mitochondrial function and neuronal development: implications to neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:359-70. [PMID: 25741943 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) signaling elevates synaptic plasticity, promotes neuronal development, and increases dopamine synthesis. By contrast, a decline in PKA signaling contributes to the etiology of several brain degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, suggesting that PKA predominantly plays a neuroprotective role. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are large multidomain scaffold proteins that target PKA and other signaling molecules to distinct subcellular sites to strategically localize PKA signaling at dendrites, dendritic spines, cytosol, and axons. PKA can be recruited to the outer mitochondrial membrane by associating with three different AKAPs to regulate mitochondrial dynamics, structure, mitochondrial respiration, trafficking, dendrite morphology, and neuronal survival. In this review, we survey the myriad of essential neuronal functions modulated by PKA but place a special emphasis on mitochondrially localized PKA. Finally, we offer an updated overview of how loss of PKA signaling contributes to the etiology of several brain degenerative diseases.
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Integrated analyses of zebrafish miRNA and mRNA expression profiles identify miR-29b and miR-223 as potential regulators of optic nerve regeneration. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:591. [PMID: 26265132 PMCID: PMC4534052 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike mammals, zebrafish have the ability to regenerate damaged parts of their central nervous system (CNS) and regain functionality of the affected area. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish regeneration may therefore provide insight into how CNS repair might be induced in mammals. Although many studies have described differences in gene expression in zebrafish during CNS regeneration, the regulatory mechanisms underpinning the differential expression of these genes have not been examined. Results We used microarrays to analyse and integrate the mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of zebrafish retina after optic nerve crush to identify potential regulatory mechanisms that underpin central nerve regeneration. Bioinformatic analysis identified 3 miRNAs and 657 mRNAs that were differentially expressed after injury. We then combined inverse correlations between our miRNA expression and mRNA expression, and integrated these findings with target predictions from TargetScan Fish to identify putative miRNA-gene target pairs. We focused on two over-expressed miRNAs (miR-29b and miR-223), and functionally validated seven of their predicted gene targets using RT-qPCR and luciferase assays to confirm miRNA-mRNA binding. Gene ontology analysis placed the miRNA-regulated genes (eva1a, layna, nefmb, ina, si:ch211-51a6.2, smoc1, sb:cb252) in key biological processes that included cell survival/apoptosis, ECM-cytoskeleton signaling, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding, Conclusion Our results suggest a key role for miR-29b and miR-223 in zebrafish regeneration. The identification of miRNA regulation in a zebrafish injury model provides a framework for future studies in which to investigate not only the cellular processes required for CNS regeneration, but also how these mechanisms might be regulated to promote successful repair and return of function in the injured mammalian brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1772-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Yang P, Qin Y, Zhang W, Bian Z, Wang R. Sensorimotor Cortex Injection of Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Mediates Knockout of PTEN in Neurons of the Brain and Spinal Cord of Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:470-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Danilov CA, Steward O. Conditional genetic deletion of PTEN after a spinal cord injury enhances regenerative growth of CST axons and motor function recovery in mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 266:147-60. [PMID: 25704959 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that conditional genetic deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in neonatal mice enhances the ability of axons to regenerate following spinal cord injury (SCI) in adults. Here, we assessed whether deleting PTEN in adult neurons post-SCI is also effective, and whether enhanced regenerative growth is accompanied by enhanced recovery of voluntary motor function. PTEN(loxP/loxP) mice received moderate contusion injuries at cervical level 5 (C5). One group received unilateral injections of adeno-associated virus expressing CRE (AAV-CRE) into the sensorimotor cortex; controls received a vector expressing green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) or injuries only (no vector injections). Forelimb function was tested for 14weeks post-SCI using a grip strength meter (GSM) and a hanging task. The corticospinal tract (CST) was traced by injecting mini-ruby BDA into the sensorimotor cortex. Forelimb gripping ability was severely impaired immediately post-SCI but recovered slowly over time. The extent of recovery was significantly greater in PTEN-deleted mice in comparison to either the AAV-GFP group or the injury only group. BDA tract tracing revealed significantly higher numbers of BDA-labeled axons in caudal segments in the PTEN-deleted group compared to control groups. In addition, in the PTEN-deleted group, there were exuberant collaterals extending from the main tract rostral to the lesion and into and around the scar tissue at the injury site. These results indicate that PTEN deletion in adult mice shortly post-SCI can enhance regenerative growth of CST axons and forelimb motor function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia A Danilov
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Cyclic AMP and the regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:66-73. [PMID: 24796847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a brief review of studies that have reported therapeutic benefits of elevated cAMP on plasticity and regeneration after injury to the central nervous system (CNS). We also provide new data on the cellular mechanisms by which elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) promotes cytokine driven regeneration of adult CNS axons, using the visual system as the experimental model. cAMP is a second messenger for many intracellular signalling pathways. Elevation of cAMP in the eye by intravitreal injection of the cell permeant analogue (8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; CPT-cAMP), when added to recombinant ciliary neurotrophic factor (rCNTF), significantly enhances rCNTF-induced regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons into peripheral nerve (PN) grafted onto transected optic nerve. This effect is mediated to some extent by protein kinase A (PKA) signalling, but CPT-cAMP also acts via PI3K/Akt signalling to reduce suppressor of cytokine signalling protein 3 (SOCS3) activity in RGCs. Another target for cAMP is the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), which can also mediate cAMP-induced axonal growth. Here we describe some novel results and discuss to what extent the pro-regenerative effects of CPT-cAMP on adult RGCs are mediated via Epac as well as via PKA-dependent pathways. We used the established PN-optic nerve graft model and quantified the survival and regenerative growth of adult rat RGCs after intravitreal injection of rCNTF in combination with a selective activator of PKA and/or a specific activator of Epac. Viable RGCs were identified by βIII-tubulin immunohistochemistry and regenerating RGCs retrogradely labelled and quantified after an injection of fluorogold into the distal end of the PN grafts, 4 weeks post-transplantation. The specific agonists of either PKA or Epac were both effective in enhancing the effects of rCNTF on RGC axonal regeneration, but interestingly, injections that combined rCNTF with both agonists were significantly less effective. The results are discussed in relation to previous CPT-cAMP studies on RGCs, and we also consider the need to modulate cAMP levels in order to obtain the most functionally effective regenerative response after CNS trauma. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Kranz K, Warnecke A, Lenarz T, Durisin M, Scheper V. Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor rolipram improves survival of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92157. [PMID: 24642701 PMCID: PMC3958480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural deafness is caused by damage of hair cells followed by degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons and can be moderated by cochlear implants. However, the benefit of the cochlear implant depends on the excitability of the spiral ganglion neurons. Therefore, current research focuses on the identification of agents that will preserve their degeneration. In this project we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Rolipram as a promising agent to improve the viability of the auditory neurons. It is a pharmaceutical agent that acts by selective inhibition of the phosphodiesterase 4 leading to an increase in cyclic AMP. Different studies reported a neuroprotective effect of Rolipram. However, its significance for the survival of SGN has not been reported so far. Thus, we isolated spiral ganglion cells of neonatal rats for cultivation with different Rolipram concentrations and determined the neuronal survival rate. Furthermore, we examined immunocytologically distinct proteins that might be involved in the neuroprotective signalling pathway of Rolipram and determined endogenous BDNF by ELISA. When applied at a concentration of 0.1 nM, Rolipram improved the survival of SGN in vitro. According to previous studies, our immunocytological data showed that Rolipram application induces the phosphorylation and thereby activation of the transcription factor CREB. This activation can be mediated by the cAMP-PKA-signalling pathway as well as via ERK as a part of the MAP-kinase pathway. However, only in cultures pre-treated with BDNF, an endogenous increase of BDNF was detected. We conclude that Rolipram has the potential to improve the vitality of neonatal auditory nerve cells in vitro. Further investigations are necessary to prove the effect of Rolipram in vivo in the adult organism after lesion of the hair cells and insertion of cochlear implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kranz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Durisin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Scheper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zou S, Tian C, Ge S, Hu B. Neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cells is not essential to visual functional recovery after optic nerve injury in adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57280. [PMID: 23437359 PMCID: PMC3577741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) possesses a strong neural regeneration ability to restore visual function completely after optic nerve injury (ONI). However, whether neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) contributes to functional recovery remains controversial. Our quantitative analysis of RGCs in different ONI models showed that almost all RGCs survived in optic nerve crush (ONC) model; while over 90% of RGCs survived in the first 2 weeks with 75% remaining after 7 weeks in optic nerve transection (ONT) model. Retrograde labeling from tectum revealed a surprising regeneration rate, with over 90% and over 50% of RGCs regrowing axons to tectum at the first week in ONC and ONT model respectively. In the latter one, the number of regenerative RGCs after 4 weeks had no significant difference from the control group. As for neurogenesis, newborn RGCs were rarely detected either by double retrograde labeling or BrdU marker. Since few RGCs died, microglia number showed a temporary increase at 3 days post injury (dpi) and a decrease at 14 dpi. Finally, myelin structure within retina kept integrity and optomotor response (OMR) test demonstrated visual functional restoration at 5 weeks post injury (wpi). In conclusion, our results have directly shown that RGC survival and axon regrowth are responsible for functional recovery after ONI in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqi Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Chen Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Shuchao Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bing Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Schaal SM, Garg MS, Ghosh M, Lovera L, Lopez M, Patel M, Louro J, Patel S, Tuesta L, Chan WM, Pearse DD. The therapeutic profile of rolipram, PDE target and mechanism of action as a neuroprotectant following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43634. [PMID: 23028463 PMCID: PMC3446989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) can be reduced by various neuroprotective regimens that include maintaining levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), via administration of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor Rolipram. The current study sought to determine the optimal neuroprotective dose, route and therapeutic window for Rolipram following contusive SCI in rat as well as its prominent PDE target and putative mechanism of protection. Rolipram or vehicle control (10% ethanol) was given subcutaneously (s.c.) daily for 2 wk post-injury (PI) after which the preservation of oligodendrocytes, neurons and central myelinated axons was stereologically assessed. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg (given at 1 h PI) increased neuronal survival; 0.5 mg to 1.0 mg/kg protected oligodendrocytes and 1.0 mg/kg produced optimal preservation of central myelinated axons. Ethanol also demonstrated significant neuronal and oligo-protection; though the preservation provided was significantly less than Rolipram. Subsequent use of this optimal Rolipram dose, 1.0 mg/kg, via different routes (i.v., s.c. or oral, 1 h PI), demonstrated that i.v. administration produced the most significant and consistent cyto- and axo- protection, although all routes were effective. Examination of the therapeutic window for i.v. Rolipram (1.0 mg/kg), when initiated between 1 and 48 h after SCI, revealed maximal neuroprotection at 2 h post-SCI, although the protective efficacy of Rolipram could still be observed when administration was delayed for up to 48 h PI. Importantly, use of the optimal Rolipram regimen significantly improved locomotor function after SCI as measured by the BBB score. Lastly we show SCI-induced changes in PDE4A, B and D expression and phosphorylation as well as cytokine expression and immune cell infiltration. We demonstrate that Rolipram abrogates SCI-induced PDE4B1 and PDE4A5 production, PDE4A5 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression and immune cell infiltration, while preventing post-injury reductions in IL-10. This work supports the use of Rolipram as an acute neuroprotectant following SCI and defines an optimal administration protocol and target for its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marie Schaal
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Sen Garg
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lilie Lovera
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Lopez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monal Patel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jack Louro
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samik Patel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luis Tuesta
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Damien Daniel Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodger J, Salvatore L, Migani P. Should I stay or should I go? Ephs and ephrins in neuronal migration. Neurosignals 2012; 20:190-201. [PMID: 22456188 DOI: 10.1159/000333784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuroscience, Ephs and ephrins are perhaps best known for their role in axon guidance. It was first shown in the visual system that graded expression of these proteins is instrumental in providing molecular coordinates that define topographic maps, particularly in the visual system, but also in the auditory, vomeronasal and somatosensory systems as well as in the hippocampus, cerebellum and other structures. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the role of these proteins in regulating cell-cell interactions also has an impact on cell mobility, with evidence that Eph-ephrin interactions segregate cell populations based on contact-mediated attraction or repulsion. Consistent with these studies, evidence has accumulated that Ephs and ephrins play important roles in the migration of specific cell populations in the developing and adult brain. This review focusses on two examples of neuronal migration that require Eph/ephrin signalling - radial and tangential migration of neurons in cortical development and the migration of newly generated neurons along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb in the adult brain. We discuss the challenge involved in understanding how cells determine whether they respond to signals by migration or axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology M317, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Rodger J, Mo C, Wilks T, Dunlop SA, Sherrard RM. Transcranial pulsed magnetic field stimulation facilitates reorganization of abnormal neural circuits and corrects behavioral deficits without disrupting normal connectivity. FASEB J 2012; 26:1593-606. [PMID: 22223750 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-194878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the organization of neuronal circuitry is shaped by activity patterns, the capacity to modify and/or optimize the structure and function of whole projection pathways using external stimuli is poorly defined. We investigate whether neuronal activity induced by pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) alters brain structure and function. We delivered low-intensity PMFs to the posterior cranium of awake, unrestrained mice (wild-type and ephrin-A2A5(-/-)) that have disorganized retinocollicular circuitry and associated visuomotor deficits. Control groups of each genotype received sham stimulation. Following daily stimulation for 14 d, we measured biochemical, structural (anterograde tracing), and functional (electrophysiology and behavior) changes in the retinocollicular projection. PMFs induced BDNF, GABA, and nNOS expression in the superior colliculus and retina of wild-type and ephrin-A2A5(-/-) mice. Furthermore, in ephrin-A2A5(-/-) mice, PMFs corrected abnormal neuronal responses and selectively removed inaccurate ectopic axon terminals to improve structural and functional organization of their retinocollicular projection and restore normal visual tracking behavior. In contrast, PMFs did not alter the structure or function of the normal projection in wild-type mice. Sham PMF stimulation had no effect on any mice. Thus, PMF-induced biochemical changes are congruent with its capacity to facilitate beneficial reorganization of abnormal neural circuits without disrupting normal connectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology M317, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Neurotrophic factors and the regeneration of adult retinal ganglion cell axons. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 106:1-33. [PMID: 23211458 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407178-0.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult central nervous system (CNS) has only a limited capacity to regenerate axons after injury. This is due to a number of factors including the presence of extrinsic inhibitory factors that limit plasticity, lack of effective trophic support, and intrinsic changes in neuronal responsiveness. In this review, we describe the expression and role of neurotrophins in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) during development and adulthood, and the receptors and miscellaneous signaling systems that influence axonal regeneration after injury. The impact of exogenous neurotrophic factors on adult RGCs injured at different sites in the visual pathway is described for several modes of delivery, including recombinant factors, viral vectors, cell transplantation, as well as combinatorial treatments involving other pharmacotherapeutic agents. Indirect, off-target effects of neurotrophic factors on RGC axonal regeneration are also considered. There remain unresolved issues relating to optimal delivery of neurotrophic factors, and we emphasize the need to develop safe, reliable methods for the regulation of exogenous supply of these factors to the injured CNS.
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Fouad K, Tetzlaff W. Rehabilitative training and plasticity following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:91-9. [PMID: 21333646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rehabilitative training is currently one of the most successful treatments to promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Nevertheless, there are many unanswered questions including the most effective and beneficial design, and the mechanisms underlying the training effects on motor recovery. Furthermore, rehabilitative training will certainly be combined with pharmacological treatments developed to promote the "repair" of the injured spinal cord. Thus, insight into training-induced mechanisms will be of great importance to fine tune such combined treatments. In this review we address current challenges of rehabilitative training and mechanisms involved in promoting motor recovery with the focus on animal models. These challenges suggest that although rehabilitative training appears to be a relatively straight forward treatment approach, more research is needed to optimize its effect on functional outcome in order to enhance our chances of success when combining pharmacological treatments promoting axonal growth and rehabilitative training in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Rosenzweig S, Raz-Prag D, Nitzan A, Galron R, Paz M, Jeserich G, Neufeld G, Barzilai A, Solomon AS. Sema-3A indirectly disrupts the regeneration process of goldfish optic nerve after controlled injury. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:1423-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Douglas MR, Morrison KC, Jacques SJ, Leadbeater WE, Gonzalez AM, Berry M, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Off-target effects of epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists mediate retinal ganglion cell disinhibited axon growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:3102-21. [PMID: 19783665 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of central nervous system axon growth is reportedly mediated in part by calcium-dependent phosphorylation of axonal epidermal growth factor receptor, with local administration of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors AG1478 and PD168393 to an optic nerve lesion site promoting adult retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration. Here, we show that epidermal growth factor receptor was neither constitutively expressed, nor activated in optic nerve axons in our non-regenerating and regenerating optic nerve injury models, a finding that is inconsistent with phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent intra-axonal signalling of central nervous system myelin-related axon growth inhibitory ligands. However, epidermal growth factor receptor was localized and activated within most glia in the retina and optic nerve post-injury, and thus an indirect glial-dependent mechanism for stimulated retinal ganglion cell axon growth by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors seemed plausible. Using primary retinal cultures with added central nervous system myelin extracts, we confirmed previous reports that AG1478/PD168393 blocks epidermal growth factor receptor activation and promotes disinhibited neurite outgrowth. Paradoxically, neurites did not grow in central nervous system myelin extract-containing cultures after short interfering ribonucleic acid-mediated knockdown of epidermal growth factor receptor. However, addition of AG1478 restored neurite outgrowth to short interfering ribonucleic acid-treated cultures, implying that epidermal growth factor receptor does not mediate AG1478-dependent effects. TrkA-/B-/C-Fc fusion proteins and the kinase blocker K252a abrogated the neuritogenic activity in these cultures, correlating with the presence of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 in the supernatant and increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity. Neurotrophins released by AG1478 stimulated disinhibited retinal ganglion cell axon growth in central nervous system myelin-treated cultures by the induction of regulated intramembraneous proteolysis of p75(NTR) and Rho inactivation. Retinal astrocytes/Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells were the source of neurotrophins, with neurite outgrowth halved in the presence of glial inhibitors. We attribute AG1478-stimulated neuritogenesis to the induced release of neurotrophins together with raised cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in treated cultures, leading to axon growth and disinhibition by neurotrophin-induced regulated intramembraneous proteolysis of p75(NTR). These off-target effects of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibition suggest a novel therapeutic approach for designing treatments to promote central nervous system axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Douglas
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Tavares Gomes AL, Maia FB, Oliveira-Silva P, Marques Ventura AL, Paes-De-Carvalho R, Serfaty CA, Campello-Costa P. Purinergic modulation in the development of the rat uncrossed retinotectal pathway. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1061-8. [PMID: 19619617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator implicated in nervous system development and plasticity and its effects are mediated by inhibitory (A(1), A(3)) and excitatory (A(2a), A(2b)) receptors. The role of adenosine in the synaptic activity depends mainly on a balanced activation of A(1) and A(2a) receptors which are activated by various ranges of adenosine concentrations. Herein, we investigated the expression of A(1) and A(2a) receptors and also the accumulation of cAMP in the superior colliculus at different stages of development. Furthermore, we examined the effects of an acute in vivo blockade of adenosine deaminase during the critical period when the elimination of misplaced axons/terminals takes place with a simultaneous fine tuning of terminal arbors into appropriate terminal zones. Lister Hooded rats ranging from postnatal days (PND) 0-70 were used for ontogeny studies. Our results indicate that A(1) expression in the visual layers of the superior colliculus is higher until PND 28, while A(2a) expression increases after PND 28 in a complementary developmental pattern. Accordingly, the incubation of collicular slices with 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine, a non-specific adenosine receptor agonist, showed a significant reduction in cAMP accumulation at PND 14 and an increase in adults. For the anatomical studies, the uncrossed retinotectal projections were traced after the intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase. One group received daily injections of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl adenine), 10 mg/kg i.p.) between PND 10 and 13, while control groups were treated with vehicle injections (NaCl 0.9%, i.p.). We found that a short-term blockade of adenosine deaminase during the second postnatal week induced an expansion of retinotectal terminal fields in the rostrocaudal axis of the tectum. Taken together, the results suggest that a balance of purinergic A(1) and A(2a) receptors through cAMP signaling plays a pivotal role during the development of topographic order in the retinotectal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Tavares Gomes
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
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The glia-derived extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C promotes embryonic and postnatal retina axon outgrowth via the alternatively spliced fibronectin type III domain TNfnD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:271-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x09990020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (Tnc) is an astrocytic multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that potentially promotes or inhibits neurite outgrowth. To investigate its possible functions for retinal development, explants from embryonic day 18 (E18) rat retinas were cultivated on culture substrates composed of poly-d-lysine (PDL), or PDL additionally coated with Tnc or laminin (LN)-1, which significantly increased fiber length. When combined with LN, Tnc induced axon fasciculation that reduced the apparent number of outgrowing fibers. In order to circumscribe the stimulatory region, Tnc-derived fibronectin type III (TNfn) domains fused to the human Ig-Fc-fragment TNfnD6-Fc, TNfnBD-Fc, TNFnA1A2-Fc and TNfnA1D-Fc were studied. The fusion proteins TNfnBD-Fc and to a lesser degree TNfnA1D-Fc were stimulatory when compared with the Ig-Fc-fragment protein without insert. In contrast, the combination TNfnA1A2-Fc reduced fiber outgrowth beneath the values obtained for the Ig-Fc domain, indicating potential inhibitory properties. The monoclonal J1/tn2 antibody (clone 578) that is specific for domain TNfnD blocked the stimulatory properties of the TNfn-Fc fusions. When postnatal day 7 retinal ganglion cells were used rather that explants, Tnc and Tnc-derived proteins proved permissive for neurite outgrowth. The present study highlights a strong retinal axon growth-promoting activity of the Tnc domain TNfnD, which is modulated by neighboring domains.
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Voisin P, Bernard M. Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of rhodopsin gene transcription in cultured retinal precursor cells of chicken embryo. J Neurochem 2009; 110:318-27. [PMID: 19457115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a robust 50-fold increase in rhodopsin gene transcription by cAMP in cultured retinal precursor cells of chicken embryo. Retinal cells isolated at embryonic day 8 (E8) and cultured for 3 days in serum-supplemented medium differentiated mostly into red-sensitive cones and to a lesser degree into green-sensitive cones, as indicated by real-time RT-PCR quantification of each specific opsin mRNA. In contrast, both rhodopsin mRNA concentration and rhodopsin gene promoter activity required the presence of cAMP-increasing agents [forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)] to reach significant levels. This response was rod-specific and was sufficient to activate rhodopsin gene transcription in serum-free medium. The increase in rhodopsin mRNA levels evoked by a series of cAMP analogs suggested the response was mediated by protein kinase A, not by EPAC. Membrane depolarization by high KCl concentration also increased rhodopsin mRNA levels and this response was strongly potentiated by IBMX. The rhodopsin gene response to cAMP-increasing agents was developmentally gated between E6 and E7. Rod-specific transducin alpha subunit mRNA levels also increased up to 50-fold in response to forskolin and IBMX, while rod-specific phosphodiesterase-VI and rod arrestin transcripts increased 3- to 10-fold. These results suggest a cAMP-mediated signaling pathway may play a role in rod differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Voisin
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Poitiers, France.
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Park KK, Hu Y, Muhling J, Pollett MA, Dallimore EJ, Turnley AM, Cui Q, Harvey AR. Cytokine-induced SOCS expression is inhibited by cAMP analogue: impact on regeneration in injured retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:313-24. [PMID: 19394427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) regrow axons into peripheral nerve (PN) grafted onto cut optic nerve. Survival and regeneration of RGCs is increased by intraocular injections of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and axonal regeneration is further enhanced by co-injection of a cyclic AMP analogue (CPT-cAMP). Based on these data, and because cytokine signaling is negatively regulated by suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, we set out to determine whether CNTF injections increase retinal SOCS expression and whether any changes are attenuated by co-injection with CPT-cAMP. Using quantitative PCR we found increased SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3 mRNA levels at various times after a single CNTF injection. Expression remained high for many days. SOCS protein levels were also increased. In situ hybridization revealed that RGCs express SOCS3 mRNA, and SOCS expression in cultured RGCs was increased by CNTF. Co-injection of CPT-cAMP reduced CNTF induced expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 mRNA and decreased SOCS3 protein expression. CNTF injection also transiently increased retinal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression, an effect that was also moderated by CPT-cAMP. We propose that, along with known reparative effects of elevated cAMP on neurons, reducing SOCS upregulation may be an additional way in which cyclic nucleotides augment cytokine-induced regenerative responses in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Park
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Functional topography and integration of the contralateral and ipsilateral retinocollicular projections of ephrin-A-/- mice. J Neurosci 2008; 28:7376-86. [PMID: 18632942 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1135-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Topographically ordered projections are established by molecular guidance cues and refined by neuronal activity. Retinal input to a primary visual center, the superior colliculus (SC), is bilateral with a dense contralateral projection and a sparse ipsilateral one. Both projections are topographically organized, but in opposing anterior-posterior orientations. This arrangement provides functionally coherent input to each colliculus from the binocular visual field, supporting visual function. When guidance cues involved in contralateral topography (ephrin-As) are absent, crossed retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons form inappropriate terminations within the SC. However, the organization of the ipsilateral projection relative to the abnormal contralateral input remains unknown, as does the functional capacity of both projections. We show here that in ephrin-A(-/-) mice, the SC contains an expanded, diffuse ipsilateral projection. Electrophysiological recording demonstrated that topography of visually evoked responses recorded from the contralateral superior colliculus of ephrin-A(-/-) mice displayed similar functional disorder in all genotypes, contrasting with their different degrees of anatomical disorder. In contrast, ipsilateral responses were retinotopic in ephrin-A2(-/-) but disorganized in ephrin-A2/A5(-/-) mice. The lack of integration of binocular input resulted in specific visual deficits, which could be reversed by occlusion of one eye. The discrepancy between anatomical and functional topography in both the ipsilateral and contralateral projections implies suppression of inappropriately located terminals. Moreover, the misalignment of ipsilateral and contralateral visual information in ephrin-A2/A5(-/-) mice suggests a role for ephrin-As in integrating convergent visual inputs.
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Abstract
A characteristic feature of developing neural circuits is that they are spontaneously active. There are several examples, including the retina, spinal cord, and hippocampus, where spontaneous activity is highly correlated among neighboring cells, with large depolarizing events occurring with a periodicity on the order of minutes. One likely mechanism by which neurons can "decode" these slow oscillations is through activation of second messenger cascades that either influence transcriptional activity or drive posttranslational modifications. Here, we describe recent experiments where imaging has been used to characterize slow oscillations in the cAMP/PKA second messenger cascade in retinal neurons. We review the latest techniques in imaging this specific second messenger cascade, its intimate relationship with changes in intracellular calcium concentration, and several hypotheses regarding its role in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Dunn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Argaw A, Duff G, Boire D, Ptito M, Bouchard JF. Protein kinase A modulates retinal ganglion cell growth during development. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:494-502. [PMID: 18423622 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During development, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend their axons toward their thalamic and mesencephalic targets. Their navigation is largely directed by guidance cues present in their environment. Since cAMP is an important second messenger that mediates the neural response to guidance molecules and its intracellular levels seem to decrease significantly following birth, we tested whether modulation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway would affect the normal development of RGC axons. At postnatal day 1, hamsters received a unilateral intraocular injection of either 0.9% saline solution, 12 mM of the membrane-permeable cAMP analogue (dibutyryl cAMP; db-cAMP), or 10 microM of the PKA inhibitor KT5720. Intraocular elevation of cAMP significantly accelerated RGC axonal growth while inhibition of PKA activity decreased it. Moreover, when highly purified RGC cultures were treated with forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) or cAMP analogues (db-cAMP and Sp-cAMP), neurite length, growth cone (GC) surface area and GC filopodia number were significantly increased. This indicates that intraocular elevation of cAMP acts directly on RGCs. Since these effects were prevented by PKA inhibitors, it demonstrates that cAMP also exerts its action via the PKA pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that the cAMP/PKA cascade is essential for the normal development of retinothalamic projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Argaw
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
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Lang DM, Monzon-Mayor M, del Mar Romero-Aleman M, Yanes C, Santos E, Pesheva P. Tenascin-R and axon growth-promoting molecules are up-regulated in the regenerating visual pathway of the lizard (Gallotia galloti). Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:899-916. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Curinga G, Smith GM. Molecular/genetic manipulation of extrinsic axon guidance factors for CNS repair and regeneration. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:333-42. [PMID: 17706643 PMCID: PMC2255571 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During development, guidance molecules play a key role in the formation of complex circuits required for neural functions. With the cessation of development, this exuberant growth process slows and stabilizes, and inhibitory molecules expressed by glia prevent initial attempts for axonal regeneration. In this review, we discuss the expression patterns and relative contribution of several guidance molecules on the regenerative process. Injury to the immature CNS or species capable of regenerating exhibit a complete or partial recapitulation of their developmental guidance patterns, whereas similar injuries to adult mammals results in altered expression that acts to further hinder regeneration. Manipulations of guidance molecules after injury have been used to control detrimental effects of axon sprouting and target regenerating axons within the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Curinga
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Koriyama Y, Homma K, Sugitani K, Higuchi Y, Matsukawa T, Murayama D, Kato S. Upregulation of IGF-I in the goldfish retinal ganglion cells during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:749-56. [PMID: 17363112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can regrow their axons after optic nerve injury. However, the reason why goldfish RGCs can regenerate after nerve injury is largely unknown at the molecular level. To investigate regenerative properties of goldfish RGCs, we divided the RGC regeneration process into two components: (1) RGC survival, and (2) axonal elongation processes. To characterize the RGC survival signaling pathway after optic nerve injury, we investigated cell survival/death signals such as Bcl-2 family members in the goldfish retina. Amounts of phospho-Akt (p-Akt) and phospho-Bad (p-Bad) in the goldfish retina rapidly increased four- to five-fold at the protein level by 3-5 days after nerve injury. Subsequently, Bcl-2 levels increased 1.7-fold, accompanied by a slight reduction in caspase-3 activity 10-20 days after injury. Furthermore, level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which activates the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt system, increased 2-3 days earlier than that of p-Akt in the goldfish retina. The cellular localization of these molecular changes was limited to RGCs. IGF-I treatment significantly induced phosphorylation of Akt, and strikingly induced neurite outgrowth in the goldfish retina in vitro. On the contrary, addition of the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, and IGF-I antibody inhibited Akt phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth in an explant culture. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, the signal cascade for early upregulation of IGF-I, leading to RGC survival and axonal regeneration in adult goldfish retinas through PI3K/Akt system after optic nerve injury. The present data strongly indicate that IGF-I is one of the most important molecules for controlling regeneration of RGCs after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Koriyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Bradshaw D, Ladyman M, Stewart T. Effect of hypernatraemia and the neurohypophysial peptide, arginine vasotocin (AVT) on behavioural thermoregulation in the agamid lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:34-40. [PMID: 16908023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypernatraemia induced by chronic injections of sodium chloride provokes thermal depression in the agamid lizard, Ctenophorus (formerly Amphibolurus) ornatus, with a fall of two degrees Celsius in the mean body temperature selected behaviourally in a photo-thermal gradient. The placement of an electrolytic lesion in the base of the hypothalamus, designed to eliminate secretion of the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT), did not affect the lizards' thermoregulatory behaviour and their Preferred Body Temperature (PBT) was not significantly different from that of unoperated controls. Saline loading, however, did not induce thermal depression in these tract-operated individuals and their PBT was significantly higher than that of salt-loaded intact individuals. When AVT was injected into operated, salt-loaded, animals, however, thermal depression was observed, supporting the hypothesis that thermal depression brought about by hypernatraemia is mediated through the action of AVT. AVT similarly significantly depressed the PBT of injected intact individuals by 3.2 degrees C when compared with hydrated controls. Immunostaining for AVT confirmed that the lesions placed in the region of the median eminence virtually eliminated AVT located in the neurohypophysial tract, and the pars nervosa. This is the first report of an effect of this peptide on behavioural thermoregulation in a lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Bradshaw
- School of Animal Biology and Centre for Native Animal Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Bignone PA, King MDA, Pinder JC, Baines AJ. Phosphorylation of a threonine unique to the short C-terminal isoform of betaII-spectrin links regulation of alpha-beta spectrin interaction to neuritogenesis. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:888-96. [PMID: 17088250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605920200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrin tetramers are cytoskeletal proteins required in the formation of complex animal tissues. Mammalian alphaII- and betaII-spectrin subunits form dimers that associate head to head with high affinity to form tetramers, but it is not known if this interaction is regulated. We show here that the short C-terminal splice variant of betaII-spectrin (betaIISigma2) is a substrate for phosphorylation. In vitro, protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates Ser-2110 and Thr-2159; protein kinase A phosphorylates Thr-2159. Antiphospho-Thr-2159 peptide antibody detected phosphorylated betaIISigma2 in Cos-1 cells. Immunoreactivity was increased in Cos-1 cells by treatment with forskolin, indicating that phosphorylation is promoted by elevated cAMP. The effect of forskolin was counteracted by the cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor, H89. In vitro, protein kinase A phosphorylation of an active fragment of betaIISigma2 greatly reduced its interaction with alphaII-spectrin at the tetramerization site. Mutation of Thr-2159 to alanine eliminated inhibition by phosphorylation. Among the processes that require spectrin in mammals is the formation of neurites (incipient nerve axons). We tested the relationship of spectrin phosphorylation to neuritogenesis by transfecting the neuronal cell line, PC12, with enhanced green fluorescent protein-coupled fragments of betaIISigma2-spectrin predicted to act as inhibitors of spectrin tetramer formation. Both wild-type and T2159E mutant fragments allowed normal neuritogenesis in PC12 cells in response to nerve growth factor. The mutant T2159A inhibited neuritogenesis. Because the T2159A mutant represents a high affinity inhibitor of tetramer formation, we conclude that tetramers are requisite for neuritogenesis. Furthermore, because both the T2159E mutant and the wild-type allow neuritogenesis, we conclude that the short C-terminal betaII-spectrin is phosphorylated during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Bignone
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, Great Britain
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Harvey AR, Hu Y, Leaver SG, Mellough CB, Park K, Verhaagen J, Plant GW, Cui Q. Gene therapy and transplantation in CNS repair: The visual system. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006; 25:449-89. [PMID: 16963308 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Normal visual function in humans is compromised by a range of inherited and acquired degenerative conditions, many of which affect photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelium. As a consequence the majority of experimental gene- and cell-based therapies are aimed at rescuing or replacing these cells. We provide a brief overview of these studies, but the major focus of this review is on the inner retina, in particular how gene therapy and transplantation can improve the viability and regenerative capacity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Such studies are relevant to the development of new treatments for ocular conditions that cause RGC loss or dysfunction, for example glaucoma, diabetes, ischaemia, and various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, RGCs and associated central visual pathways also serve as an excellent experimental model of the adult central nervous system (CNS) in which it is possible to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with neuroprotection and axonal regeneration after neurotrauma. In this review we present the current state of knowledge pertaining to RGC responses to injury, neurotrophic and gene therapy strategies aimed at promoting RGC survival, and how best to promote the regeneration of RGC axons after optic nerve or optic tract injury. We also describe transplantation methods being used in attempts to replace lost RGCs or encourage the regrowth of RGC axons back into visual centres in the brain via peripheral nerve bridges. Cooperative approaches including novel combinations of transplantation, gene therapy and pharmacotherapy are discussed. Finally, we consider a number of caveats and future directions, such as problems associated with compensatory sprouting and the reformation of visuotopic maps, the need to develop efficient, regulatable viral vectors, and the need to develop different but sequential strategies that target the cell body and/or the growth cone at appropriate times during the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Harvey
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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