1
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Rees TA, Labastida-Ramírez A, Rubio-Beltrán E. Calcitonin/PAC 1 receptor splice variants: a blind spot in migraine research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:651-663. [PMID: 37543479 PMCID: PMC10529278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors are linked to migraine neurobiology. Recent antimigraine therapeutics targeting the signaling of these neuropeptides are effective; however, some patients respond suboptimally, indicating an incomplete understanding of migraine pathophysiology. The CGRP- and PACAP-responsive receptors can be differentially spliced. It is known that receptor splice variants can have different pathophysiological effects in other receptor-mediated pain pathways. Despite considerable knowledge on the structural and pharmacological differences of the CGRP- and PACAP-responsive receptor splice variants and their expression in migraine-relevant tissues, their role in migraine is rarely considered. Here we shine a spotlight on the calcitonin and PACAP (PAC1) receptor splice variants and examine what implications they may have for drug activity and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Alejandro Labastida-Ramírez
- Headache Group, Wolfson Center for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Headache Group, Wolfson Center for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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2
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Alexander TI, Tasma Z, Siow A, Rees TA, Brimble MA, Harris PWR, Hay DL, Walker CS. Novel Fluorescently Labeled PACAP and VIP Highlight Differences between Peptide Internalization and Receptor Pharmacology. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 6:52-64. [PMID: 36654758 PMCID: PMC9841777 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The related peptides pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have diverse biological functions in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Therefore, these peptides and their three receptors represent potential drug targets for several conditions, including neurological and pain-related disorders. However, very little is known about how these peptides regulate their receptors through processes such as internalization. Therefore, we developed tools to study receptor regulation through the synthesis of fluorescently labeled analogues of PACAP-38, PACAP-27, and VIP using copper-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the Cy5 fluorophore. The functionality of Cy5-labeled peptides at their receptors was confirmed in cAMP accumulation assays. Internalization of the Cy5-labeled peptides was then examined and quantified at two distinct PAC1 receptor splice variants, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors in transfected cells. All labeled peptides were functional, exhibiting comparable cAMP pharmacology to their unlabeled counterparts and underwent internalization in a time-dependent manner. Temporal differences in the internalization profiles were observed between Cy5-labeled peptides at the PAC1n, PAC1s, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors. Interestingly, the pattern of Cy5-labeled peptide activity differed for cAMP accumulation and internalization, indicating that these peptides differentially stimulate cAMP accumulation and internalization and therefore display biased agonism. This novel insight into PACAP-responsive receptor signaling and internalization may provide a unique avenue for future therapeutic development. The fluorescently labeled PACAP and VIP peptides described herein, which we validated as tools to study receptor internalization, will have utility across a broad range of applications and provide greater insight into this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyla I. Alexander
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University
of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand,Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Tasma
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tayla A. Rees
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University
of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand,Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,
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3
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Lu J, Piper SJ, Zhao P, Miller LJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8069. [PMID: 35897648 PMCID: PMC9331257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sarah J. Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
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4
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Langer I, Jeandriens J, Couvineau A, Sanmukh S, Latek D. Signal Transduction by VIP and PACAP Receptors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020406. [PMID: 35203615 PMCID: PMC8962308 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis of the human immune system is regulated by many cellular components, including two neuropeptides, VIP and PACAP, primary stimuli for three class B G protein-coupled receptors, VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulate intestinal motility and secretion and influence the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems. Inhibition of VIP and PACAP receptors is an emerging concept for new pharmacotherapies for chronic inflammation and cancer, while activation of their receptors provides neuroprotection. A small number of known active compounds for these receptors still impose limitations on their use in therapeutics. Recent cryo-EM structures of VPAC1 and PAC1 receptors in their agonist-bound active state have provided insights regarding their mechanism of activation. Here, we describe major molecular switches of VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 that may act as triggers for receptor activation and compare them with similar non-covalent interactions changing upon activation that were observed for other GPCRs. Interhelical interactions in VIP and PACAP receptors that are important for agonist binding and/or activation provide a molecular basis for the design of novel selective drugs demonstrating anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. The impact of genetic variants of VIP, PACAP, and their receptors on signalling mediated by endogenous agonists is also described. This sequence diversity resulting from gene splicing has a significant impact on agonist selectivity and potency as well as on the signalling properties of VIP and PACAP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Langer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (I.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jérôme Jeandriens
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (I.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Alain Couvineau
- UMR 1149 Inserm, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Swapnil Sanmukh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dorota Latek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Moody TW, Jensen RT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide [Part 1]: biology, pharmacology, and new insights into their cellular basis of action/signaling which are providing new therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:198-205. [PMID: 33449573 PMCID: PMC7957349 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors in pharmacology, cell biology, and intracellular signaling in cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide new insights into the pharmacology, cell biology of the VIP/PACAP system and show they play important roles in a number of human cancers, as well as in tumor growth/differentiation and are providing an increased understanding of their signaling cascade that is suggesting new treatment targets/approaches. SUMMARY Recent insights from studies of VIP/PACAP and their receptors in both central nervous system disorders and inflammatory disorders suggest possible new treatment approaches. Elucidation of the exact roles of VIP/PACAP in these disorders and development of new therapeutic approaches involving these peptides have been limited by lack of specific pharmacological tools, and exact signaling mechanisms involved, mediating their effects. Reviewed here are recent insights from the elucidation of structural basis for VIP/PACAP receptor activation as well as the signaling cascades mediating their cellular effects (using results primarily from the study of their effects in cancer) that will likely lead to novel targets and treatment approaches in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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6
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Ruel J, Guitton MJ, Gratias P, Lenoir M, Shen S, Puel JL, Brabet P, Wang J. Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Plays a Protective Effect Against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658990. [PMID: 33828461 PMCID: PMC8019930 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-the secretin-glucagon family of neuropeptides. They act through two classes of receptors: PACAP type 1 (PAC1) and type 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Among their pleiotropic effects throughout the body, PACAP functions as neuromodulators and neuroprotectors, rescuing neurons from apoptosis, mostly through the PAC1 receptor. To explore the potential protective effect of endogenous PACAP against Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), we used a knockout mouse model lacking PAC1 receptor expression (PACR1−/−) and a transgenic humanized mouse model expressing the human PAC1 receptor (TgHPAC1R). Based on complementary approaches combining electrophysiological, histochemical, and molecular biological evaluations, we show PAC1R expression in spiral ganglion neurons and in cochlear apical cells of the organ of Corti. Wild-type (WT), PAC1R−/−, and TgHPAC1R mice exhibit similar auditory thresholds. For most of the frequencies tested after acute noise damage, however, PAC1R−/− mice showed a larger elevation of the auditory threshold than did their WT counterparts. By contrast, in a transgene copy number-dependent fashion, TgHPAC1R mice showed smaller noise-induced elevations of auditory thresholds compared to their WT counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that PACAP could be a candidate for endogenous protection against noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ruel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR7291 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu J Guitton
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Gratias
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Brabet
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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7
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Bombesin, endothelin, neurotensin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide cause tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Peptides 2021; 137:170480. [PMID: 33385499 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous peptides including bombesin (BB), endothelin (ET), neurotensin (NTS) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are growth factors for lung cancer cells. The peptides bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) resulting in elevated cAMP and/or phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. In contrast, growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) or neuregulin (NRG)-1 bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the EGFR or HER3, increasing tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in the phosphorylation of protein substrates such as PI3K or phospholipase (PL)C. Peptide GPCRs can transactivate numerous RTKs, especially members of the EGFR/HER family resulting in increased phosphorylation of ERK, leading to cellular proliferation or increased phosphorylation of AKT, leading to cellular survival. GRCR antagonists and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful agents to prevent RTK transactivation and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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8
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Lekholm E, Ceder MM, Forsberg EC, Schiöth HB, Fredriksson R. Differentiation of two human neuroblastoma cell lines alters SV2 expression patterns. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:5. [PMID: 33588752 PMCID: PMC7885392 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) family is essential to the synaptic machinery involved in neurotransmission and vesicle recycling. The isoforms SV2A, SV2B and SV2C are implicated in neurological diseases such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Suitable cell systems for studying regulation of these proteins are essential. Here we present gene expression data of SV2A, SV2B and SV2C in two human neuroblastoma cell lines after differentiation. METHODS Human neuroblastoma cell lines SiMa and IMR-32 were treated for seven days with growth supplements (B-27 and N-2), all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and gene expression levels of SV2 and neuronal targets were analyzed. RESULTS The two cell lines reacted differently to the treatments, and only one of the three SV2 isoforms was affected at a time. SV2B and choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression was changed in concert after growth supplement treatment, decreasing in SiMa cells while increasing in IMR-32. ATRA treatment resulted in no detected changes in SV2 expression in either cell line while VIP increased both SV2C and dopamine transporter (DAT) in IMR-32 cells. CONCLUSION The synergistic expression patterns between SV2B and CHAT as well as between SV2C and DAT mirror the connectivity between these targets found in disease models and knock-out animals, although here no genetic alteration was made. These cell lines and differentiation treatments could possibly be used to study SV2 regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Lekholm
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikaela M Ceder
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erica C Forsberg
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Hayata-Takano A, Shintani Y, Moriguchi K, Encho N, Kitagawa K, Nakazawa T, Hashimoto H. PACAP-PAC1 Signaling Regulates Serotonin 2A Receptor Internalization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732456. [PMID: 34759890 PMCID: PMC8574227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) display psychomotor abnormalities, most of which are ameliorated by atypical antipsychotics with serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2A) antagonism. Heterozygous Pacap mutant mice show a significantly higher hallucinogenic response than wild-type mice to a 5-HT2A agonist. Endogenous PACAP may, therefore, affect 5-HT2A signaling; however, the underlying neurobiological mechanism for this remains unclear. Here, we examined whether PACAP modulates 5-HT2A signaling by addressing cellular protein localization. PACAP induced an increase in internalization of 5-HT2A but not 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, dopamine D2 receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in HEK293T cells. This PACAP action was inhibited by protein kinase C inhibitors, β-arrestin2 silencing, the PACAP receptor PAC1 antagonist PACAP6-38, and PAC1 silencing. In addition, the levels of endogenous 5-HT2A were decreased on the cell surface of primary cultured cortical neurons after PACAP stimulation and were increased in frontal cortex cell membranes of Pacap-/- mice. Finally, intracerebroventricular PACAP administration suppressed 5-HT2A agonist-induced head twitch responses in mice. These results suggest that PACAP-PAC1 signaling increases 5-HT2A internalization resulting in attenuation of 5-HT2A-mediated signaling, although further study is necessary to determine the relationship between behavioral abnormalities in Pacap-/- mice and PACAP-induced 5-HT2A internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hitoshi Hashimoto, ; Atsuko Hayata-Takano,
| | - Yusuke Shintani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Keita Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoki Encho
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohei Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hitoshi Hashimoto, ; Atsuko Hayata-Takano,
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10
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Moody TW, Lee L, Jensen RT. The G Protein–Coupled Receptor PAC1 Regulates Transactivation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase HER3. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1589-1597. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9559. [PMID: 32533011 PMCID: PMC7292827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 32533011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Moody TW, Lee L, Iordanskaia T, Ramos-Alvarez I, Moreno P, Boudreau HE, Leto TL, Jensen RT. PAC1 regulates receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Peptides 2019; 120:170017. [PMID: 30273693 PMCID: PMC6438776 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a growth factor for lung cancer cells. PACAP-27 or PACAP-38 binds with high affinity to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, causing elevated cytosolic Ca2+, increased proliferation and increased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in these processes. Addition of PACAP-38 to NCI-H838 or A549 cells increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR, HER2 and ERK significantly by 4-, 3-, and 2-fold, respectively. The transactivation of the EGFR and HER2 was inhibited by gefitinib or lapatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), PACAP (6-38) (PAC1 antagonist), N-acetylcysteine (NAC is an anti-oxidant) or dipheyleneiodonium (DPI is an inhibitor of Nox and Duox enzymes). PACAP-38 addition to NSCLC cells increased ROS which was inhibited by PACAP (6-38), NAC or DPI. Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2 mRNA was present in many NSCLC cell lines. PACAP-38 stimulated the growth of NSCLC cells whereas PACAP (6-38), gefitinib or DPI inhibited proliferation. The results show that ROS are essential for PAC1 to regulate EGFR and HER2 transactivation as well as proliferation of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 2W-340, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Lingaku Lee
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paola Moreno
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Howard E Boudreau
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lab. Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Thomas L Leto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lab. Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 and the Basis of Its Therapeutic Antagonism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184348. [PMID: 31491880 PMCID: PMC6770453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) is a member of a secretin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its endogenous neuropeptide (VIP), secreted by neurons and immune cells, modulates various physiological functions such as exocrine and endocrine secretions, immune response, smooth muscles relaxation, vasodilation, and fetal development. As a drug target, VPAC1 has been selected for therapy of inflammatory diseases but drug discovery is still hampered by lack of its crystal structure. In this study we presented the homology model of this receptor constructed with the well-known web service GPCRM. The VPAC1 model is composed of extracellular and transmembrane domains that form a complex with an endogenous hormone VIP. Using the homology model of VPAC1 the mechanism of action of potential drug candidates for VPAC1 was described. Only two series of small-molecule antagonists of confirmed biological activity for VPAC1 have been described thus far. Molecular docking and a series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate their binding to VPAC1 and resulting antagonist effect. The presented work provides the basis for the possible binding mode of VPAC1 antagonists and determinants of their molecular recognition in the context of other class B GPCRs. Until the crystal structure of VPAC1 will be released, the presented homology model of VPAC1 can serve as a scaffold for drug discovery studies and is available from the author upon request.
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15
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Lamine A, Poujol de Molliens M, Létourneau M, Hébert TE, Vaudry D, Fournier A, Chatenet D. The amidated PACAP 1-23 fragment is a potent reduced-size neuroprotective agent. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129410. [PMID: 31401178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by neuronal death involving, among other events, mitochondrial dysfunction and excitotoxicity. Along these lines, several attempts have been made to slow this pathology but none have been yet discovered. Based on its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and provide neuronal protection in vitro and in vivo, the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a promising lead molecule. Pharmacological studies showed that PACAP interacts with three different G protein-coupled receptors, i.e. PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2. However, only PAC1 is associated with neuronal anti-apoptotic actions, whilst VPAC activation might cause adverse effects. In the context of the development of PAC1-selective agonists, PACAP(1-23) (PACAP23) appears as the shortest known PACAP bioactive fragment. METHODS Hence, the capacity of this peptide to bind PACAP receptors and protect neuroblastoma cells was evaluated under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate excitotoxicity. In addition, its ability to activate downstream signaling events involving G proteins (Gαs and Gαq), EPAC, and calcium was also assessed. RESULTS Compared to the endogenous peptide, PACAP23 showed a reduced affinity towards PAC1, although this fragment exerted potent neuroprotection. However, surprisingly, some disparities were observed for PACAP23 signaling compared to full length PACAP, suggesting that downstream signaling related to neuroprotection is distinctly regulated following subtle differences in their PAC1 interactions. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this study demonstrates the potent neuroprotective action of amidated PACAP23. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PACAP23 represents an attractive template for development of shorter PACAP-derived neuroprotective molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lamine
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides, 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - M Poujol de Molliens
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides, 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - M Létourneau
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides, 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - T E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - D Vaudry
- INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - A Fournier
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides, 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - D Chatenet
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), 531 boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
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16
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Poujol de Molliens M, Jamadagni P, Létourneau M, Devost D, Hébert TE, Patten SA, Fournier A, Chatenet D. Design and biological assessment of membrane-tethering neuroprotective peptides derived from the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129398. [PMID: 31306709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor (PAC1), a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), has emerged as a promising target for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Unfortunately, despite years of research, no PAC1-specific agonist has been discovered, as activity on two other GPCRs, VPAC1 and VPAC2, is retained with current analogs. Cell signaling is related to structural modifications in the intracellular loops (ICLs) of GPCRs. Thus, we hypothesized that peptides derived from the ICLs (called pepducins) of PAC1 might initiate, as allosteric ligands, signaling cascades after recognition of the parent receptor and modulation of its conformational landscape. METHODS Three pepducins were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to 1) promote cell survival; 2) stimulate various signaling pathways associated with PAC1 activation; 3) modulate selectively PAC1, VPAC1 or VPAC2 activation; and 4) sustain mobility and prevent death of dopaminergic neurons in a zebrafish model of neurodegeneration. RESULTS Assays demonstrated that these molecules promote SH-SY5Y cell survival, a human neuroblastoma cell line expressing PAC1, and activate signaling via Gαs and Gαq, with distinct potencies and efficacies. Also, PAC1-Pep1 and PAC1-Pep2 activated selectively PAC1-mediated Gαs stimulation. Finally, experiments, using a zebrafish neurodegeneration model, showed a neuroprotective action with all three pepducins and in particular, revealed the ability of PAC1-Pep1 and PAC1-Pep3 to preserve fish mobility and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the brain. CONCLUSION We have developed the first neuroprotective pepducins derived from PAC1, a class B GPCR. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PAC1-derived pepducins represent attractive templates for the development of innovative neuroprotecting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poujol de Molliens
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Priyanka Jamadagni
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Fournier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - David Chatenet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada.
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17
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Moody TW. Peptide receptors as cancer drug targets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:141-148. [PMID: 31074514 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides function as neuromodulators in the brain, whereby they are released in a paracrine manner and activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in adjacent cells. Because neuropeptides are made in, and secreted from, cancer cells, then bind to cell surface receptors, they function in an autocrine manner. Bombesin (BB)-like peptides synthesized by neuroendocrine tumor small cell lung cancer (SCLC) bind to BB receptors (BBRs), causing phosphatidylinositol turnover and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Phosphorylated ERK enters the nucleus and alters gene expression of SCLC cells, stimulating growth. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) addition to SCLC cells increases their release rate of BB-like peptides via activation of VIP receptors (VIPR), leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent elevation of cAMP. Protein kinase A is then stimulated, leading to phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), which alters gene expression and stimulates proliferation. The growth of SCLC is inhibited by BBR and VIPR antagonists. This review will focus on how GPCRs for VIP and BB are molecular targets for early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Pedersen SH, la Cour SH, Calloe K, Hauser F, Olesen J, Klaerke DA, Jansen-Olesen I. PACAP-38 and PACAP(6-38) Degranulate Rat Meningeal Mast Cells via the Orphan MrgB 3-Receptor. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:114. [PMID: 30983973 PMCID: PMC6447718 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38) provokes migraine attacks in migraineurs and headache in non-migraineurs. Adverse events like long-lasting flushing and heat sensation can be terminated with oral antihistamine treatment, indicating the involvement of mast cell activation after PACAP-infusion. Degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells was provoked by several isoforms of PACAP via previously unknown receptor pharmacology. The effect might thus be mediated either via specific splice variants of the PAC1-receptor or via an unknown receptor for PACAP-38. In the present study, we characterize degranulation of rat meningeal mast cells in response to PACAP-receptor ligands. Furthermore, we investigate if PACAP-38-induced mast cell degranulation is mediated via PAC1-receptor splice variants and/or via the orphan Mas-related G-protein coupled member B3 (MrgB3)-receptor. To address this, the pharmacological effect of different PACAP isoforms on meningeal mast cell degranulation was investigated in the hemisected skull model after toluidine blue staining followed by microscopic quantification. Presence of mRNA encoding PAC1-receptor splice variants and the MrgB3-receptor in rat mast cells was investigated by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The effect of PACAP isoforms on PAC1- and MrgB3-receptor-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes were performed by two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) electrophysiology. PACAP-38 is a more potent mast cell degranulating agent than Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide-27 (PACAP-27) in the meninges. Presence of mRNA encoding the PAC1-receptor and its different splice variants could not be detected in peritoneal mast cells by RT-PCR, whereas the orphan MrgB3-receptor, recently suggested to be a mediator of basic secretagogues-induced mast cell degranulation, was widely present. In PAC1-receptor-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes both PACAP-38, PACAP-27 and the specific PAC1-receptor agonist maxadilan were equipotent, however, only PACAP-38 showed a significant degranulatory effect on mast cells. We confirmed Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide(6–38) [PACAP(6–38)] to be a PAC1-receptor antagonist, and we demonstrated that it is a potent mast cell degranulator and have an agonistic effect on MrgB3-receptors expressed in oocytes. The present study provides evidence that PACAP-induced mast cell degranulation in rat is mediated through a putative new PACAP-receptor with the order of potency being: PACAP-38 = PACAP(6–38) > > PACAP-27 = maxadilan. The results suggest that the observed responses are mediated via the orphan MrgB3-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hougaard Pedersen
- Glostrup Research Institute, Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Hage la Cour
- Glostrup Research Institute, Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Frank Hauser
- Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Glostrup Research Institute, Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Arne Klaerke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Jansen-Olesen
- Glostrup Research Institute, Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bensalma S, Turpault S, Balandre AC, De Boisvilliers M, Gaillard A, Chadéneau C, Muller JM. PKA at a Cross-Road of Signaling Pathways Involved in the Regulation of Glioblastoma Migration and Invasion by the Neuropeptides VIP and PACAP. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010123. [PMID: 30669581 PMCID: PMC6356933 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains an incurable disease, mainly due to the high migration and invasion potency of GBM cells inside the brain. PI3K/Akt, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), and PKA pathways play major regulatory roles in the progression of GBM. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family of neuropeptides and their receptors, referred in this article as the “VIP-receptor system”, has been reported to regulate proliferation, differentiation, and migration in a number of tumor cell types and more particularly in GBM cells. These neuropeptides are potent activators of the cAMP/PKA pathway. The present study aimed to investigate the cross-talks between the above cited signaling cascades. Regulation by VIP-related neuropeptides of GBM migration and invasion was evaluated ex vivo in rat brain slices explanted in culture. Effects of different combinations of VIP-related neuropeptides and of pharmacological and siRNA inhibitors of PKA, Akt, and of the SHH/GLI1 pathways were tested on GBM migration rat C6 and human U87 GBM cell lines using the wound-healing technique. Quantification of nuclear GLI1, phospho-Akt, and phospho-PTEN was assessed by western-immunoblotting. The VIP-receptor system agonists VIP and PACAP-38 significantly reduced C6 cells invasion in the rat brain parenchyma ex vivo, and C6 and U87 migration in vitro. A VIP-receptor system antagonist, VIP10-28 increased C6 cell invasion in the rat brain parenchyma ex vivo, and C6 and migration in vitro. These effects on cell migration were abolished by selective inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt and of the SHH pathways. Furthermore, VIP and PACAP-38 reduced the expression of nuclear GLI1 while VIP10-28 increased this expression. Selective inhibitors of Akt and PKA abolished VIP, PACAP-38, and VIP10-28 effects on nuclear GLI1 expression in C6 cells. PACAP-38 induced a time-dependent inhibition of phospho-Akt expression and an increased phosphorylation of PTEN in C6 cells. All together, these data indicate that triggering the VIP-receptor system reduces migration and invasion in GBM cells through a PKA-dependent blockade of the PI3K/Akt and of the SHH/GLI1 pathways. Therefore, the VIP-receptor system displays anti-oncogenic properties in GBM cells and PKA is a central core in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheyla Bensalma
- Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), EA3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Soumaya Turpault
- Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), EA3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Annie-Claire Balandre
- STIM Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7003-EA7349, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Madryssa De Boisvilliers
- Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), EA3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC)⁻INSERM UMR-S1084, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Corinne Chadéneau
- Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), EA3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Muller
- Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), EA3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Université de Poitiers, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
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20
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Moldovan Loomis C, Dutzar B, Ojala EW, Hendrix L, Karasek C, Scalley-Kim M, Mulligan J, Fan P, Billgren J, Rubin V, Boshaw H, Kwon G, Marzolf S, Stewart E, Jurchen D, Pederson SM, Perrino McCulloch L, Baker B, Cady RK, Latham JA, Allison D, Garcia-Martinez LF. Pharmacologic Characterization of ALD1910, a Potent Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:26-36. [PMID: 30643015 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disease that affects almost 15% of the population worldwide and is the first cause of disability in people under 50 years of age, yet its etiology and pathophysiology remain incompletely understood. Recently, small molecules and therapeutic antibodies that block the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling pathway have reduced migraine occurrence and aborted acute attacks of migraine in clinical trials and provided prevention in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. Heterogeneity is present within each diagnosis and patient's response to treatment, suggesting migraine as a final common pathway potentially activated by multiple mechanisms, e.g., not all migraine attacks respond to or are prevented by anti-CGRP pharmacological interventions. Consequently, other unique mechanisms central to migraine pathogenesis may present new targets for drug development. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is an attractive novel target for treatment of migraines. We generated a specific, high-affinity, neutralizing monoclonal antibody (ALD1910) with reactivity to both PACAP38 and PACAP27. In vitro, ALD1910 effectively antagonizes PACAP38 signaling through the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide type I receptor, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1, and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2. ALD1910 recognizes a nonlinear epitope within PACAP and blocks its binding to the cell surface. To test ALD1910 antagonistic properties directed against endogenous PACAP, we developed an umbellulone-induced rat model of neurogenic vasodilation and parasympathetic lacrimation. In vivo, this model demonstrates that the antagonistic activity of ALD1910 is dose-dependent, retaining efficacy at doses as low as 0.3 mg/kg. These results indicate that ALD1910 represents a potential therapeutic antibody to address PACAP-mediated migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee Hendrix
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | | | - Pei Fan
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | - Heidi Boshaw
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | - Gayle Kwon
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | - Sam Marzolf
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Baker
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | - Roger K Cady
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Dan Allison
- Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, Washington
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21
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Rubio-Beltrán E, Correnti E, Deen M, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Vigneri S, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Edvinsson L. PACAP38 and PAC 1 receptor blockade: a new target for headache? J Headache Pain 2018; 19:64. [PMID: 30088106 PMCID: PMC6081277 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) is a widely distributed neuropeptide involved in neuroprotection, neurodevelopment, nociception and inflammation. Moreover, PACAP38 is a potent inducer of migraine-like attacks, but the mechanism behind this has not been fully elucidated. Migraine is a neurovascular disorder, recognized as the second most disabling disease. Nevertheless, the antibodies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor are the only prophylactic treatment developed specifically for migraine. These antibodies have displayed positive results in clinical trials, but are not effective for all patients; therefore, new pharmacological targets need to be identified. Due to the ability of PACAP38 to induce migraine-like attacks, its location in structures previously associated with migraine pathophysiology and the 100-fold selectivity for the PAC1 receptor when compared to VIP, new attention has been drawn to this pathway and its potential role as a novel target for migraine treatment. In accordance with this, antibodies against PACAP38 (ALD 1910) and PAC1 receptor (AMG 301) are being developed, with AMG 301 already in Phase II clinical trials. No results have been published so far, but in preclinical studies, AMG 301 has shown responses comparable to those observed with triptans. If these antibodies prove to be effective for the treatment of migraine, several considerations should be addressed, for instance, the potential side effects of long-term blockade of the PACAP (receptor) pathway. Moreover, it is important to investigate whether these antibodies will indeed represent a therapeutic advantage for the patients that do not respond the CGRP (receptor)-antibodies. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor blockade are promising antimigraine therapies, but results from clinical trials are needed in order to confirm their efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edvige Correnti
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marie Deen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katharina Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Kelderman
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Papetti
- Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Vigneri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo; Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena Hospital, Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Poujol de Molliens M, Létourneau M, Devost D, Hébert TE, Fournier A, Chatenet D. New insights about the peculiar role of the 28–38 C-terminal segment and some selected residues in PACAP for signaling and neuroprotection. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Neuropeptide G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Oncotargets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 30008698 PMCID: PMC6033971 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are overexpressed on numerous cancer cells. In a number of tumors, such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC), bombesin (BB) like peptides and neurotensin (NTS) function as autocrine growth factors whereby they are secreted from tumor cells, bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate growth. BB-drug conjugates and BB receptor antagonists inhibit the growth of a number of cancers. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increases the secretion rate of BB-like peptide and NTS from SCLC leading to increased proliferation. In contrast, somatostatin (SST) inhibits the secretion of autocrine growth factors from neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and decreases proliferation. SST analogs such as radiolabeled octreotide can be used to localize tumors, is therapeutic for certain cancer patients and has been approved for four different indications in the diagnosis/treatment of NETs. The review will focus on how BB, NTS, VIP, and SST receptors can facilitate the early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. PACAP and VIP regulate hypoxia-inducible factors in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Neuropeptides 2018; 69:84-91. [PMID: 29699729 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two related peptides acting as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in central and peripheral nervous system. They are also involved in cancer showing a controversial role. Particulary, they are implicated in neuroblastoma differentiation (NB). This pediatric tumor can evolve to a malignant metastatic disease or spontaneously regress towards a benign form, known as ganglioneuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma. A negative hallmark of neoplasia progression is represented by hypoxic microenvironment. Low oxygen tension induces activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) promoting cells proliferation and metastasis formation. Moreover, HIFs trigger vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release favouring high-risk NB phenotype development. In the present work, we have investigated for the first time, if PACAP and VIP interfere with NB differentiation through modulation of hypoxic/angiogenic process. To this end, we analyzed their effect in malignant undifferentiated and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, representing the benign form of this tumor. Our results have suggested tha both peptides, but predominantly VIP, induce NB differentiation into benign form by regulating HIFs, VEGF and VEGFRs expression and distribution. All these data give new insight regarding PACAP/VIP regulatory role in NB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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25
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Sundrum T, Walker CS. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the trigeminovascular system: implications for migraine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:4109-4120. [PMID: 28977676 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in a wide range of functions including vasodilatation, neuroprotection, nociception and neurogenic inflammation. PACAP activates three distinct receptors, the PAC1 receptor, which responds to PACAP, and the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, which respond to both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The trigeminovascular system plays a key role in migraine and contains the trigeminal nerve, which is the major conduit of craniofacial pain. PACAP is expressed throughout the trigeminovascular system and in higher brain regions involved in processing pain. Evidence from human clinical studies suggests that PACAP may act outside the blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of migraine. However, the precise mechanisms involved remain unclear. PACAP potentially induces migraine attacks by activating different receptors in different cell types and tissues. This complexity prompted this review of PACAP receptor pharmacology, expression and function in the trigeminovascular system. Current evidence suggests that the PAC1 receptor is the likely pathophysiological target of PACAP in migraine. However, multiple PACAP receptors are expressed in key parts of the trigeminovascular system and further work is required to determine their contribution to PACAP physiology and the pathology of migraine. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia Sundrum
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Manavalan S, Getachew B, Manaye KF, Khundmiri SJ, Csoka AB, McKinley R, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Tizabi Y. PACAP Protects Against Ethanol and Nicotine Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implications for Drinking-Smoking Co-morbidity. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:8-13. [PMID: 28342135 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of heavy drinking and smoking are multiplied when the two are combined. Treatment modalities for each and especially for the combination are very limited. Although in low concentration, alcohol and nicotine, each may have beneficial effects including neuroprotection, their combination, instead of providing additive protection, may actually lead to toxicity in cell cultures. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous 38 amino-acid peptide with demonstrated protection against neuronal injury, trauma as well as various endogenous and exogenous toxic agents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PACAP may also protect against toxicity induced by high alcohol, high nicotine, or the combination of low alcohol and nicotine concentrations, and if so, whether this effect was mediated via PAC1 receptor. We used the neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells and applied various colorimetric assays for determination of cell viability or toxicity. Results indicate that PACAP blocks toxicity induced by high alcohol and high nicotine as well as their combination at low concentrations. The effects of PACAP in turn were blocked by the PACAP antagonist (PACAP 6-38), indicating involvement of the PACAP receptor PAC1 and possibly vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in PACAP's protection. Moreover, no combined toxicity of low alcohol and low nicotine could be detected in calcium-free medium. These findings suggest possible beneficial effects of PACAP in preventing alcohol and nicotine toxicity and that calcium contributes to the damage induced by combination of low alcohol and nicotine in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, FL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Kebreten F Manaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Syed J Khundmiri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raechel McKinley
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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27
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Neuroendocrine Underpinnings of Increased Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:53-83. [PMID: 28061976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of psychological trauma and the development of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related mental illnesses such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the current chapter, we examine the female hormonal systems that interact with psychobiological stress response systems to elicit maladaptive behavior and mental disease states in traumatized female populations. In addition, we provide a contemporary translational example of a stress vulnerability genomic profile (coding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) that may underlie the specific susceptibilities observed in women. Translational scientific investigations such as those described herein may lead to the identification of risk and resilience factors for PTSD as well as enhanced clinical interventions for treating excessive fear and anxiety.
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28
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Lamine A, Létourneau M, Doan ND, Maucotel J, Couvineau A, Vaudry H, Chatenet D, Vaudry D, Fournier A. Characterizations of a synthetic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide analog displaying potent neuroprotective activity and reduced in vivo cardiovascular side effects in a Parkinson's disease model. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:440-50. [PMID: 26006268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a steady loss of dopamine neurons through apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes. In that line of view, the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), with its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, has proven to offer potent neuroprotection in various PD models. Nonetheless, its peripheral actions, paired with low metabolic stability, hampered its clinical use. We have developed Ac-[Phe(pI)(6), Nle(17)]PACAP(1-27) as an improved PACAP-derived neuroprotective compound. In vitro, this analog stimulated cAMP production, maintained mitochondrial potential and protected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) toxicity, as potently as PACAP. Furthermore, contrasting with PACAP, it is stable in human plasma and against dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. When injected intravenously to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, PACAP and Ac-[Phe(pI)(6), Nle(17)]PACAP(1-27) restored tyrosine hydoxylase expression into the substantia nigra and modulated the inflammatory response. Albeit falls of mean arterial pressure (MAP) were observed with both PACAP- and Ac-[Phe(pI)(6), Nle(17)]PACAP(1-27)-treated mice, the intensity of the decrease as well as its duration were significantly less marked after iv injections of the analog than after those of the native polypeptide. Moreover, no significant changes in heart rate were measured with the animals for both compounds. Thus, Ac-[Phe(pI)(6), Nle(17)]PACAP(1-27) appears as a promising lead molecule for the development of PACAP-derived drugs potentially useful for the treatment of PD or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Lamine
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France
| | - Ngoc Duc Doan
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alain Couvineau
- INSERM U1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16, rue H. Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - David Chatenet
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alain Fournier
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain, Université de Rouen, France.
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Jensen RT. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, and their receptors and cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:38-47. [PMID: 26702849 PMCID: PMC4844466 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1) in human tumors as well as their role in potential novel treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable progress has been made in understanding of the effects of VIP/PACAP on growth of various tumors as well as in the signaling cascades involved, especially in the role of transactivation of the epidermal growth factor family. The overexpression of VPAC1/2 and PAC1 on a number of common neoplasms (breast, lung, prostate, central nervous system and neuroblastoma) is receiving increased attention both as a means of tumor imaging the location and extent of these tumors, as well as for targeted directed treatment, by coupling cytotoxic agents to VIP/PACAP analogues. SUMMARY VIP/PACAP has prominent growth effects on a number of common neoplasms, which frequently overexpressed the three subtypes of their receptors. The increased understanding of their signaling cascades, effect on tumor growth/differentiation and the use of the overexpression of these receptors for localization/targeted cytotoxic delivery are all suggesting possible novel tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- aDepartment of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director bNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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Lamine-Ajili A, Fahmy AM, Létourneau M, Chatenet D, Labonté P, Vaudry D, Fournier A. Effect of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on the autophagic activation observed in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:688-695. [PMID: 26769362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to destruction of the midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. This phenomenon is related to apoptosis and its activation can be blocked by the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Growing evidence indicates that autophagy, a self-degradation activity that cleans up the cell, is induced during the course of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders is yet poorly understood and the potential ability of PACAP to modulate the related autophagic activation has never been significantly investigated. Hence, we explored the putative autophagy-modulating properties of PACAP in in vitro and in vivo models of PD, using the neurotoxic agents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), respectively, to trigger alterations of DA neurons. In both models, following the toxin exposure, PACAP reduced the autophagic activity as evaluated by the production of LC3 II, the modulation of the p62 protein levels, and the formation of autophagic vacuoles. The ability of PACAP to inhibit autophagy was also observed in an in vitro cell assay by the blocking of the p62-sequestration activity produced with the autophagy inducer rapamycin. Thus, the results demonstrated that autophagy is induced in PD experimental models and that PACAP exhibits not only anti-apoptotic but also anti-autophagic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Lamine-Ajili
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7; INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Laboratoire Samuel-de-Champlain, Université de Rouen, France/INRS, Canada
| | - Ahmed M Fahmy
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7; Laboratoire Samuel-de-Champlain, Université de Rouen, France/INRS, Canada
| | - David Chatenet
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Patrick Labonté
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM-U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Laboratoire Samuel-de-Champlain, Université de Rouen, France/INRS, Canada
| | - Alain Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7; Laboratoire Samuel-de-Champlain, Université de Rouen, France/INRS, Canada.
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32
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Optimization of on-resin palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction for peptides and its use in a structure–activity relationship study of a class B GPCR ligand. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 104:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Bonner TI. Should pharmacologists care about alternative splicing? IUPHAR Review 4. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1231-40. [PMID: 24670145 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of mRNAs occurs in the majority of human genes, and most differential splicing results in different protein isoforms with possibly different functional properties. However, there are many reported splicing variations that may be quite rare, and not all combinatorially possible variants of a given gene are expressed at significant levels. Genes of interest to pharmacologists are frequently expressed at such low levels that they are not adequately represented in genome-wide studies of transcription. In single-gene studies, data are commonly available on the relative abundance and functional significance of individual alternatively spliced exons, but there are rarely data that quantitate the relative abundance of full-length transcripts and define which combinations of exons are significant. A number of criteria for judging the significance of splice variants and suggestions for their nomenclature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Bonner
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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He X, Meng F, Wang Y, Li J. Molecular cloning and characterization of two pig vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1-R and VPAC2-R). DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:259-70. [PMID: 24520933 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report the cloning, tissue expression, and functional analyses of the two pig vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptors (pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R). The cloned full-length pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R share high structural similarity with their mammalian counterparts. Functional assay revealed that the full-length pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R-expressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be activated by pVIP and pPACAP38 potently, indicating that pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R are capable of binding VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). In addition to the identification of the transcripts encoding the two full-length receptors, multiple splice transcript variants were isolated. Comparison with the pig genome database revealed that pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R share a unique gene structure with 14 exons different from other vertebrates. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays further showed that the transcript encoding the full-length pVPAC2-R is widely expressed in all adult tissues whereas the splice variants of pVPAC1-R are predominantly expressed in all tissues instead of the transcript encoding the full-length receptor, hinting that pVPAC2-R may play more important roles than pVPAC1-R in mediating VIP and PACAP actions. Our present findings help to elucidate the important role of VIP and PACAP and promote to rethink of their species-specific physiological roles including their actions in regulation of phenotypic traits in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaping He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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STC1 induction by PACAP is mediated through cAMP and ERK1/2 but not PKA in cultured cortical neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 46:75-87. [PMID: 21975601 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective actions of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) in vitro and in vivo suggest that activation of its cognate G protein coupled receptor PAC1 or downstream signaling molecules,and thus activation of PACAP target genes, could be of therapeutic benefit. Here, we show that cultured rat cortical neurons predominantly expressed the PAC1hop and null variants. PACAP receptor activation resulted in the elevation of the two second messengers cAMP and Ca(2+) and expression of the putative neuroprotectant stanniocalcin 1(STC1). PACAP signaling to the STC1 gene proceeded through the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2), but not through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. PACAP- and forskolin-mediated activation of ERK1/2 occurred through cAMP, but not PKA.These results suggest that STC1 gene induction proceeds through cAMP and ERK1/2, independently of PKA, the canonical cAMP effector. In contrast, PACAP signaling to the BDNF gene proceeded through PKA, suggesting that two different neuroprotective cAMP pathways co-exist in differentiated cortical neurons. The selective activation of a potentially neuroprotective cAMP-dependent pathway different from the canonical cAMP pathway used in many physiological processes, such as memory storage, has implications for pharmacological activation of neuroprotection in vivo.
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Blechman J, Levkowitz G. Alternative Splicing of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor PAC1: Mechanisms of Fine Tuning of Brain Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23734144 PMCID: PMC3659299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA encoding for the neuropeptide receptor PAC1/ADCYAP1R1 generates multiple protein products that exhibit pleiotropic activities. Recent studies in mammals and zebrafish have implicated some of these splice isoforms in control of both cellular and body homeostasis. Here, we review the regulation of PAC1 splice variants and their underlying signal transduction and physiological processes in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Blechman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Gil Levkowitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, P. O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel. e-mail:
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Furness SGB, Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Consequences of splice variation on Secretin family G protein-coupled receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:98-109. [PMID: 21718310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Secretin family of GPCRs are endocrine peptide hormone receptors that share a common genomic organization and are the subject of a wide variety of alternative splicing. All GPCRs contain a central seven transmembrane domain responsible for transducing signals from the outside of the cell as well as extracellular amino and intracellular carboxyl termini. Members of the Secretin receptor family have a relatively large N-terminus and a variety of lines of evidence support a common mode of ligand binding and a common ligand binding fold. These receptors are best characterized as coupling to intracellular signalling pathways via G(αs) and G(αq) but are also reported to couple to a multitude of other signalling pathways. The intracellular loops are implicated in regulating the interaction between the receptor and heterotrimeric G protein complexes. Alternative splicing of exons encoding both the extracellular N-terminal domain as well as the extracellular loops of some family members has been reported and as expected these splice variants display altered ligand affinity as well as differential activation by endogenous ligands. Various forms of alternative splicing have also been reported to alter intracellular loops 1 and 3 as well as the C-terminus and as one might expect these display differences in signalling bias towards downstream effectors. These diverse pharmacologies require that the physiological role of these splice variants be addressed but should provide unique opportunities for drug design and development.
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Castorina A, Giunta S, Scuderi S, D'Agata V. Involvement of PACAP/ADNP signaling in the resistance to cell death in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:674-83. [PMID: 22454142 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are sarcomas able to grow under conditions of metabolic stress caused by insufficient nutrients or oxygen. Both pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) have glioprotective potential. However, whether PACAP/ADNP signaling is involved in the resistance to cell death in MPNST cells remains to be clarified. Here, we investigated the involvement of this signaling system in the survival response of MPNST cells against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-evoked death both in the presence of normal serum (NS) and in serum-starved (SS) cells. Results showed that ADNP levels increased time-dependently (6-48 h) in SS cells. Treatment with PACAP38 (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) dose-dependently increased ADNP levels in NS but not in SS cells. PAC(1)/VPAC receptor antagonists completely suppressed PACAP-stimulated ADNP increase and partially reduced ADNP expression in SS cells. NS-cultured cells exposed to H(2)O(2) showed significantly reduced cell viability (~50 %), increased p53 and caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation, without affecting ADNP expression. Serum starvation significantly reduced H(2)O(2)-induced detrimental effects in MPNST cells, which were not further ameliorated by PACAP38. Altogether, these finding provide evidence for the involvement of an endogenous PACAP-mediated ADNP signaling system that increases MPNST cell resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced death upon serum starvation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Nerve Sheath Neoplasms/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/physiology
- Rats
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Moody TW, Osefo N, Nuche-Berenguer B, Ridnour L, Wink D, Jensen RT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide causes tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in lung cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:873-81. [PMID: 22389426 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an autocrine growth factor for some lung cancer cells. The activated PACAP receptor (PAC1) causes phosphatidylinositol turnover, elevates cAMP, and increases the proliferation of lung cancer cells. PAC1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are present in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and the growth of NSCLC cells is inhibited by the PAC1 antagonist PACAP(6-38) and the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. Here, the ability of PACAP to transactivate the EGFR was investigated. Western blot analysis indicated that the addition of PACAP but not the structurally related vasoactive intestinal peptide increased EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation in NCI-H838 or H345 cells. PACAP-27, in a concentration-dependent manner, increased EGFR transactivation 4-fold 2 min after addition to NCI-H838 cells. The ability of 100 nM PACAP-27 to increase EGFR or extracellular signal-regulated kinase tyrosine phosphorylation in NCI-H838 cells was inhibited by PACAP(6-38), gefitinib, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(dimethylethyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2; Src inhibitor), (R)-N4-hydroxy-N1-[(S)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylcarbamoyl-ethyl]-2-isobutyl-succinamide (GM6001; matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), or antibody to transforming growth factor α (TGFα). By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PACAP addition to NCI-H838 cells increased TGFα secretion into conditioned media. EGFR transactivation caused by the addition of PACAP to NCI-H838 cells was inhibited by N-acetyl-cysteine (antioxidant), tiron (superoxide scavenger), diphenylene iodonium (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), or 1-[6-[[(17β)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122; phospholipase C inhibitor), but not N-[2-[[3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propenyl]amino]ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89; protein kinase A inhibitor). PACAP addition to NCI-H838 cells significantly increased reactive oxygen species, and the increase was inhibited by tiron. The results indicate that PACAP causes transactivation of the EGFR in NSCLC cells in an oxygen-dependent manner that involves phospholipase C but not protein kinase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 4A48, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Holighaus Y, Mustafa T, Eiden LE. PAC1hop, null and hip receptors mediate differential signaling through cyclic AMP and calcium leading to splice variant-specific gene induction in neural cells. Peptides 2011; 32:1647-55. [PMID: 21693142 PMCID: PMC3163081 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-mediated activation of its G protein-coupled receptor PAC1 results in activation of the two G proteins Gs and Gq to alter second messenger generation and gene transcription in the nervous system, important for homeostatic responses to stress and injury. Heterologous expression of the three major splice variants of the rat PAC1 receptor, PAC1hop, null and hip, in neural NG108-15 cells conferred PACAP-mediated intracellular cAMP generation, while elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) occurred only in PAC1hop-, and to a lesser extent in PAC1null-expressing cells. Induction of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), two genes potentially involved in PACAP's homeostatic responses, was examined as a function of the expressed PAC1 variant. VIP induction was greatest in PAC1hop-expressing cells, suggesting that a maximal transcriptional response requires combinatorial signaling through both cAMP and Ca(2+). STC1 induction was similar for all three receptor splice variants and was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, indicating that cAMP elevation is sufficient to induce STC1. The degree of activation of two different second messenger pathways appears to determine the transcriptional response, suggesting that cellular responses to stressors are fine-tuned through differential receptor isoform expression. Signaling to the VIP gene proceeded through cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) in these cells, independently of the MAP kinase ERK1/2. STC1 gene induction by PACAP was dependent on cAMP and ERK1/2, independently of PKA. Differential gene induction via different cAMP dependent signaling pathways potentially provides further targets for the design of treatments for stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Holighaus
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gasperini L, Piubelli C, Carboni L. Proteomics of rat hypothalamus, hippocampus and pre-frontal/frontal cortex after central administration of the neuropeptide PACAP. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2921-35. [PMID: 21687973 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that exerts pleiotropic functions, acting as a hypophysiotropic factor, a neurotrophic and a neuroprotective agent. The molecular pathways activated by PACAP to exert its physiological roles in brain are incompletely understood. In this study, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and corticosterone blood levels were determined before and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after PACAP intracerebroventricular administration. PACAP treatment increased ACTH, corticosterone, LH and FSH blood concentrations, while it decreased TSH levels. A proteomics investigation was carried out in hypothalamus, hippocampus and pre-frontal/frontal cortex (P/FC) using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis at 120 min, the end-point suggested by studies on PACAP hypophysiotropic activities. Spots showing statistically significant alterations after PACAP treatment were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Time of flight mass spectrometry. Identified proteins were consistent with PACAP involvement in different molecular processes in brain. Altered expression levels were observed for proteins involved in cytoskeleton modulation and synaptic plasticity: actin in the hypothalamus; stathmin, dynamin, profilin and cofilin in hippocampus; synapsin in P/FC. Proteins involved in cellular differentiation were also modulated: glutathione-S-transferase α and peroxiredoxin in hippocampus; nucleoside diphosphate kinase in P/FC. Alterations were detected in proteins involved in neuroprotection, neurodegeneration and apoptosis: ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 and heat shock protein 90-β in hypothalamus; α-synuclein in hippocampus; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and prohibitin in P/FC. This proteomics study identified new proteins involved in molecular mechanisms mediating PACAP functions in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gasperini
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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Yu R, Zhang H, Huang L, Liu X, Chen J. Anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of VIP and a VPAC1 agonist on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Peptides 2011; 32:216-22. [PMID: 21129425 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory properties, and its receptor, VPAC1, mediates most of the anti-inflammatory effects of VIP. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased oxidation and inflammation due to persistent hyperglycemia. This research was performed to investigate the effects of VIP and a VPAC1 agonist on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Intraperitoneal injection of VIP and VPAC1 agonist (50nmol/kg/day in saline) over a 28-day period (1) decreased food intake, (2) increased body weight, (3) improved visceral index, (4) increased the fasting plasma insulin levels, (5) decreased the fasting plasma glucose, (6) improved the glucose tolerance, (7) decreased pancreas H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and (8) increased total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) in the liver, spleen and pancreas. The results of histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that VIP and the VPAC1 agonist improved the structure and cellularity of islets and ameliorated the insulin-secreting activity of islets. Additionally, administration of VIP or the VPAC1 agonist not only significantly decreased the plasma TNFα and CRP and promoted IL-10 in diabetic mice but also blocked the increased NF-κB activity of pancreatic tissue in diabetic mice. Furthermore, the VPAC1 agonist displayed stronger effects than VIP. These results show that both VIP and VPAC1 agonist ameliorated STZ-induced diabetes and protected mice against oxidative stress and inflammation associated diabetes, with VPAC1 being the receptor most responsible for these positive effects in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yu
- Bio-engineering Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. rongjie
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Moody TW, Ito T, Osefo N, Jensen RT. VIP and PACAP: recent insights into their functions/roles in physiology and disease from molecular and genetic studies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:61-7. [PMID: 21157320 PMCID: PMC3075877 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328342568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as well as the three classes of G-protein-coupled receptors mediating their effects, are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. These peptides are reported to have many effects in different tissues, which are physiological or pharmacological, and which receptor mediates which effect, has been difficult to determine, primarily due to lack of potent, stable, selective agonists/antagonists. Recently the use of animals with targeted knockout of the peptide or a specific receptor has provided important insights into their role in normal physiology and disease states. RECENT FINDINGS During the review period, considerable progress and insights has occurred in the understanding of the role of VIP/PACAP as well as their receptors in a number of different disorders/areas. Particularly, insights into their roles in energy metabolism, glucose regulation, various gastrointestinal processes including gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and motility and their role in the CNS as well as CNS diseases has greatly expanded. SUMMARY PACAP/VIP as well as their three classes of receptors are important in many physiological/pathophysiological processes, some of which are identified in these studies using knockout animals. These studies may lead to new novel treatment approaches. Particularly important are their roles in glucose metabolism and on islets leading to possible novel approaches in diabetes; their novel anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective effects, their CNS neuroprotective effects, and their possible roles in diseases such as schizophrenia and chronic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nuramy Osefo
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Doan ND, Bourgault S, Dejda A, Létourneau M, Detheux M, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Chatenet D, Fournier A. Design and in vitro characterization of PAC1/VPAC1-selective agonists with potent neuroprotective effects. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:552-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kosacka J, Schröder T, Bechmann I, Klöting N, Nowicki M, Mittag A, Gericke M, Spanel-Borowski K, Blüher M. PACAP up-regulates the expression of apolipoprotein D in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DRG/3T3-L1 co-cultures study. Neurosci Res 2010; 69:8-16. [PMID: 20920539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a cross-talk between nerves and fatty tissue is increasingly recognized. Using co-cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-derived cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we have previously shown that the presence of fat cells enhances neurite outgrowth and number of synapses. Vice versa, neural cells induced expression of neurotrophic adipokines apolipoprotein D and E (ApoD, ApoE) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) by adipocytes. Here, we tested whether pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), which is released by sensory fibres and causes Ca(2+) influx into fat cells, is involved in ApoD induction. Using 3T3-L1 cell cultures, we found that PACAP at a dose of 1 nM up-regulated the expression of ApoD protein and mRNA approx. 2.5 fold. This effect was driven by ERK1/2 acting upon PAC1/VPAC2 receptors. In turn, PACAP-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in co-cultures with DRG cells enhanced neurite ramification of neurofilament 200 (NF200)-positive neurons (measured using fluorescence microscopy) and neurofilament 68 protein levels (measured using Western blot analysis). This effect could be blocked using the PAC1/VPAC2 antagonist PACAP(6-38). Scanning cytometry revealed PACAP/ApoD induced low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) and ApoE receptor 2 (apoER2) in NF200-positive cells. Thus, a bidirectional loop seems to exist regulating the innervation of fatty tissues: PACAP released from sensory fibres might stimulate fat cells to synthesize neurotrophic adipokines, which, in turn, support peripheral innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lauenstein HD, Quarcoo D, Plappert L, Schleh C, Nassimi M, Pilzner C, Rochlitzer S, Brabet P, Welte T, Hoymann HG, Krug N, Müller M, Lerner EA, Braun A, Groneberg DA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor 1 mediates anti-inflammatory effects in allergic airway inflammation in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:592-601. [PMID: 21059121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and reversible obstruction. Since the gold standard of therapy, a combination of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and bronchodilatory β(2) agonists, has recently been discussed to be related to an increased mortality, there is a need for novel therapeutic pathways. OBJECTIVE A new experimental concept that encompasses the vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) family of receptors by demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects of the PACAP receptor 1 (PAC1R) in a murine model of allergic asthma is described. METHODS PAC1R expression was investigated in lung tissue and isolated dendritic cells (DCs) via real-time PCR. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma models were used in PAC1R-deficient mice and BALB/c mice treated with PAC1R agonist maxadilan (MAX). Bronchoalveolar lavages have been performed and investigated at the cellular and cytokine levels. Fluorescence staining of a frozen lung section has been performed to detect eosinophil granulocytes in lung tissue. Plasma IgE levels have been quantified via the ELISA technique. Lung function was determined using head-out body plethysmography or whole-body plethysmography. RESULTS Increased PAC1R mRNA expression in lung tissue was present under inflammatory conditions. PAC1R expression was detected on DCs. In OVA-induced asthma models, which were applied to PAC1R-deficient mice (PAC1R(-/-)) and to BALB/c mice treated with the specific PAC1R agonist MAX, PAC1R deficiency resulted in inflammatory effects, while agonistic stimulation resulted in anti-inflammatory effects. No effects on lung function were detected both in the gene-depletion and in the pharmacologic studies. In summary, here, we demonstrate that anti-inflammatory effects can be achieved via PAC1R. CONCLUSION PAC1R agonists may represent a promising target for an anti-inflammatory therapy in airway diseases such as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Lauenstein
- Department of Immunology, Allergology and Immunotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Cochaud S, Chevrier L, Meunier AC, Brillet T, Chadéneau C, Muller JM. The vasoactive intestinal peptide-receptor system is involved in human glioblastoma cell migration. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:373-83. [PMID: 20638719 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults. This cancer has an infiltrative nature and the median survival of patients is about one year. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) belongs to a structurally related family of polypeptides and is a major regulatory factor in the central and peripheral nervous systems. VIP regulates proliferation of astrocytes and of numerous cancer cell lines and modulates migration in prostatic and colonic cancer cell lines. Little is known about the involvement of VIP and its receptors (VIP-receptor system) in proliferation or migration of GBM cells. The effects of VIP, PACAP and of synthetic VIP antagonists were tested in two human GBM cell lines, M059K and M059J, established from two different parts of a single tumor. In these cells, the data revealed that the VIP-receptor system did not affect proliferation but controlled cell migration. Indeed, in M059K cells which express components of the VIP receptor system, the VIP receptor antagonists and a PACAP antibody enhanced migration. The VIP receptor antagonists increased generation of typical migration-associated processes: filopodia and lamellipodia, and activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. Reciprocally, in M059J cells which poorly express the VIP-receptor system, treatments with the agonists VIP and PACAP resulted in decreased cell migration. Furthermore, the peptides appeared to act through a subclass of binding sites displaying an uncommon very high affinity for these ligands. Taken together, these observations suggest that components of the VIP-receptor system negatively regulate cell migration, thus showing potential anti-oncogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Cochaud
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Université de Poitiers, CNRS, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers F-86022, France
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May V, Lutz E, MacKenzie C, Schutz KC, Dozark K, Braas KM. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PAC1HOP1 receptor activation coordinates multiple neurotrophic signaling pathways: Akt activation through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma and vesicle endocytosis for neuronal survival. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9749-9761. [PMID: 20093365 PMCID: PMC2843224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.043117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPK and Akt pathways are predominant mediators of trophic signaling for many neuronal systems. Among the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family of related peptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding to specific PAC(1) receptor isoforms can engage multiple signaling pathways and promote neuroprotection through mechanisms that are not well understood. Using a primary sympathetic neuronal system, the current studies demonstrate that PACAP activation of PAC(1)HOP1 receptors engages both MAPK and Akt neurotrophic pathways in an integrated program to facilitate neuronal survival after growth factor withdrawal. PACAP not only stimulated prosurvival ERK1/2 and ERK5 activation but also abrogated SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK signaling in parallel. In contrast to the potent and rapid effects of PACAP in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PACAP stimulated Akt phosphorylation in a late phase of PAC(1)HOP1 receptor signaling. From inhibitor and immunoprecipitation analyses, the PACAP/PAC(1)HOP1 receptor-mediated Akt responses did not represent transactivation mechanisms but appeared to depend on G alpha(q)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma activity and vesicular internalization pathways. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma-selective inhibitors blocked PACAP-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in primary neuronal cultures and in PAC(1)HOP1-overexpressing cell lines; RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the receptor effectors attenuated PACAP-mediated Akt activation. Similarly, perturbation of endocytic pathways also blocked Akt phosphorylation. Between ERK and Akt pathways, PACAP-stimulated Akt signaling was the primary cascade that attenuated cultured neuron apoptosis after growth factor withdrawal. The partitioning of PACAP-mediated Akt signaling in endosomes may be a key mechanism contributing to the high spatial and temporal specificity in signal transduction necessary for survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor May
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405.
| | - Eve Lutz
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Royal College, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher MacKenzie
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Royal College, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin C Schutz
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Kate Dozark
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Karen M Braas
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Lodge AP, Langmead CJ, Daniel G, Anderson GW, Werry TD. Performance of mouse neural stem cells as a screening reagent: characterization of PAC1 activity in medium-throughput functional assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:159-68. [PMID: 20042531 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109355468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The self-renewal and phenotypic properties of neural stem cells make them an abundant and more physiologically relevant alternative to recombinant cell lines for drug screens to identify ligands acting at neural targets. Here, the authors use high-throughput phenotypic and signaling assays to test the ability of neural stem cells isolated from postnatal mouse hippocampus (mNSCs) to deliver high-content and physiologically relevant data on native peptide receptor activity. The authors find that mNSCs express PAC1 but not the related VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. PAC1 promotes both the proliferation of mNSCs and their differentiation into neuronal-like cells. In addition, the authors show that PAC1 stimulates markedly different extracellular signal-regulated kinase signals in mNSCs than in recombinant CHO-PAC1 cells and is able to couple to Ca(2+) elevation only in CHO-PAC1 cells. These data suggest that G-protein coupling in CHO-PAC1 cells is nonphysiological, which may affect the ligand binding properties of the receptor and thus distort the results of a screen by increasing numbers of false positives/negatives. This work reinforces the emerging pharmacological theory that recombinant cell lines are often inappropriate models of natively expressing primary cells, and the authors conclude that mNSCs are a viable and relevant physiological alternative for use in high-throughput drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Lodge
- Neurosciences CED, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Harlow, Essex, UK
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50
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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