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Baba RA, Mir HA, Mokhdomi TA, Bhat HF, Ahmad A, Khanday FA. Quercetin suppresses ROS production and migration by specifically targeting Rac1 activation in gliomas. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1318797. [PMID: 38362155 PMCID: PMC10867961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1318797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
P66Shc and Rac1 proteins are responsible for tumor-associated inflammation, particularly in brain tumors characterized by elevated oxidative stress and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Quercetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, is a well-known redox modulator with anticancer properties. It has the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and, thus, could be a possible drug against brain tumors. In this study, we explored the effect of quercetin on Rac1/p66Shc-mediated tumor cell inflammation, which is the principal pathway for the generation of ROS in brain cells. Glioma cells transfected with Rac1, p66Shc, or both were treated with varying concentrations of quercetin for different time points. Quercetin significantly reduced the viability and migration of cells in an ROS-dependent manner with the concomitant inhibition of Rac1/p66Shc expression and ROS production in naïve and Rac1/p66Shc-transfected cell lines, suggestive of preventing Rac1 activation. Through molecular docking simulations, we observed that quercetin showed the best binding compared to other known Rac1 inhibitors and specifically blocked the GTP-binding site in the A-loop of Rac1 to prevent GTP binding and, thus, Rac1 activation. We conclude that quercetin exerts its anticancer effects via the modulation of Rac1-p66Shc signaling by specifically inhibiting Rac1 activation, thus restraining the production of ROS and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia A. Baba
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Cancer Diagnostic & Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Hilal A. Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hina F. Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Jasper AE, Faniyi AA, Davis LC, Grudzinska FS, Halston R, Hazeldine J, Parekh D, Sapey E, Thickett DR, Scott A. E-cigarette vapor renders neutrophils dysfunctional due to filamentous actin accumulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:320-329.e8. [PMID: 37678576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to rise despite concerns of long-term effects, especially the risk of developing lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Neutrophils are central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with changes in phenotype and function implicated in tissue damage. OBJECTIVE We sought to measure the impact of direct exposure to nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-cigarette vapor on human neutrophil function and phenotype. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from the whole blood of self-reported nonsmoking, nonvaping healthy volunteers. Neutrophils were exposed to 40 puffs of e-cigarette vapor generated from e-cigarette devices using flavorless e-cigarette liquids with and without nicotine before functions, deformability, and phenotype were assessed. RESULTS Neutrophil surface marker expression was altered, with CD62L and CXCR2 expression significantly reduced in neutrophils treated with e-cigarette vapor containing nicotine. Neutrophil migration to IL-8, phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus pHrodo bioparticles, oxidative burst response, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophil extracellular trap formation were all significantly reduced by e-cigarette vapor treatments, independent of nicotine content. E-cigarette vapor induced increased levels of baseline polymerized filamentous actin levels in the cytoplasm, compared with untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in effector neutrophil functions after exposure to high-power e-cigarette devices, even in the absence of nicotine, is associated with excessive filamentous actin polymerization. This highlights the potentially damaging impact of vaping on respiratory health and reinforces the urgency of research to uncover the long-term health implications of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Jasper
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aduragbemi A Faniyi
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren C Davis
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frances S Grudzinska
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Halston
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; PIONEER HDR-UK Hub in Acute Care, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David R Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Kuhn TB, Minamide LS, Tahtamouni LH, Alderfer SA, Walsh KP, Shaw AE, Yanouri O, Haigler HJ, Ruff MR, Bamburg JR. Chemokine Receptor Antagonists Prevent and Reverse Cofilin-Actin Rod Pathology and Protect Synapses in Cultured Rodent and Human iPSC-Derived Neurons. Biomedicines 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38255199 PMCID: PMC10813319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss is the principal cause of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders (ADRD). Synapse development depends on the intricate dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Cofilin, the major protein regulating actin dynamics, can be sequestered into cofilactin rods, intra-neurite bundles of cofilin-saturated actin filaments that can disrupt vesicular trafficking and cause synaptic loss. Rods are a brain pathology in human AD and mouse models of AD and ADRD. Eliminating rods is the focus of this paper. One pathway for rod formation is triggered in ~20% of rodent hippocampal neurons by disease-related factors (e.g., soluble oligomers of Amyloid-β (Aβ)) and requires cellular prion protein (PrPC), active NADPH oxidase (NOX), and cytokine/chemokine receptors (CCRs). FDA-approved antagonists of CXCR4 and CCR5 inhibit Aβ-induced rods in both rodent and human neurons with effective concentrations for 50% rod reduction (EC50) of 1-10 nM. Remarkably, two D-amino acid receptor-active peptides (RAP-103 and RAP-310) inhibit Aβ-induced rods with an EC50 of ~1 pM in mouse neurons and ~0.1 pM in human neurons. These peptides are analogs of D-Ala-Peptide T-Amide (DAPTA) and share a pentapeptide sequence (TTNYT) antagonistic to several CCR-dependent responses. RAP-103 does not inhibit neuritogenesis or outgrowth even at 1 µM, >106-fold above its EC50. N-terminal methylation, or D-Thr to D-Ser substitution, decreases the rod-inhibiting potency of RAP-103 by 103-fold, suggesting high target specificity. Neither RAP peptide inhibits neuronal rod formation induced by excitotoxic glutamate, but both inhibit rods induced in human neurons by several PrPC/NOX pathway activators (Aβ, HIV-gp120 protein, and IL-6). Significantly, RAP-103 completely protects against Aβ-induced loss of mature and developing synapses and, at 0.1 nM, reverses rods in both rodent and human neurons (T½ ~ 3 h) even in the continuous presence of Aβ. Thus, this orally available, brain-permeable peptide should be highly effective in reducing rod pathology in multifactorial neurological diseases with mixed proteinopathies acting through PrPC/NOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Lubna H. Tahtamouni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Sydney A. Alderfer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Keifer P. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Alisa E. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Omar Yanouri
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Henry J. Haigler
- Creative Bio-Peptides, Inc., 10319 Glen Road, Suite 100, Potomac, MD 20854, USA; (H.J.H.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Michael R. Ruff
- Creative Bio-Peptides, Inc., 10319 Glen Road, Suite 100, Potomac, MD 20854, USA; (H.J.H.); (M.R.R.)
| | - James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (L.H.T.); (K.P.W.); (A.E.S.)
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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Tahtamouni LH, Alderfer SA, Kuhn TB, Minamide LS, Chanda S, Ruff MR, Bamburg JR. Characterization of a Human Neuronal Culture System for the Study of Cofilin-Actin Rod Pathology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2942. [PMID: 38001943 PMCID: PMC10669520 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilactin rod pathology, which can initiate synapse loss, has been extensively studied in rodent neurons, hippocampal slices, and in vivo mouse models of human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In these systems, rod formation induced by disease-associated factors, such as soluble oligomers of Amyloid-β (Aβ) in AD, utilizes a pathway requiring cellular prion protein (PrPC), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and cytokine/chemokine receptors (CCR5 and/or CXCR4). However, rod pathways have not been systematically assessed in a human neuronal model. Here, we characterize glutamatergic neurons differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the formation of rods in response to activators of the PrPC-dependent pathway. Optimization of substratum, cell density, and use of glial-conditioned medium yielded a robust system for studying the development of Aβ-induced rods in the absence of glia, suggesting a cell-autonomous pathway. Rod induction in younger neurons requires ectopic expression of PrPC, but this dependency disappears by Day 55. The quantification of proteins within the rod-inducing pathway suggests that increased PrPC and CXCR4 expression may be factors in the doubling of the rod response to Aβ between Days 35 and 55. FDA-approved antagonists to CXCR4 and CCR5 inhibit the rod response. Rods were predominantly observed in dendrites, although severe cytoskeletal disruptions prevented the assignment of over 40% of the rods to either an axon or dendrite. In the absence of glia, a condition in which rods are more readily observed, neurons mature and fire action potentials but do not form functional synapses. However, PSD95-containing dendritic spines associate with axonal regions of pre-synaptic vesicles containing the glutamate transporter, VGLUT1. Thus, our results identified stem cell-derived neurons as a robust model for studying cofilactin rod formation in a human cellular environment and for developing effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dementias arising from multiple proteinopathies with different rod initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna H. Tahtamouni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Sydney A. Alderfer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Soham Chanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Michael R. Ruff
- Creative Bio-Peptides, Inc., 10319 Glen Road, Suite 100, Potomac, MD 20854, USA;
| | - James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.B.K.); (L.S.M.); (S.C.)
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Zhang B, Galluzzi M, Zhou G, Yu H. A study of macrophage mechanical properties and functional modulation based on the Young's modulus of PLGA-PEG fibers. Biomater Sci 2022; 11:153-161. [PMID: 36385648 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune response of macrophages plays an important role in defending against viral infection, tumor deterioration and repairing of contused tissue. Macrophage functional differentiation induced by nanodrugs is the leading edge of current research, but nanodrugs have toxic side effects, and the influence of their physical properties on macrophages is not clear. Here we create an alternative way to modulate macrophage function through PLGA-PEG fibers' Young's modulus. Previously, we revealed that by controlling the Young's modulus of the fibers from kPa to MPa, all the fibers entered murine macrophage cells (RWA 264.7) in a similar manner, and based on that, we found that macrophages' mechanical properties were affected by the fibers' Young's modulus, that is, hard fibers with a Young's modulus of ∼1 MPa increased the cell average Young's modulus, but did not affect the cell shape, while soft fibers with a Young's modulus of ∼100 kPa decreased the cell average Young's modulus and modulated the cell shape to a more spherical one. On the other hand, only the soft fibers induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion, indicating an M1 macrophage functional modulation by low Young's modulus fibers. This study explored the mechanical properties of the interactions between PLGA-PEG fibers and cells, in particular, when guiding the direction of the modulation of macrophage function, which is of great significance for the applications of material biology in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhang
- DGENE (Dongjin) Bighealth (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, P.R. China. .,BenHealth Biopharmaceutical (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, P.R. China.,Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiao Zhou
- Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- DGENE (Dongjin) Bighealth (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, P.R. China. .,BenHealth Biopharmaceutical (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, P.R. China
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6
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"White cord syndrome after cervical or thoracic spinal cord decompression. Haemodynamic complication or mechanical damage? An understimated nosographic entity". World Neurosurg 2022; 164:243-250. [PMID: 35589039 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ischemia-reperfusion mechanism is believed to be responsible for parenchymal damage caused by temporary hypoperfusion and worsened by the subsequent attempt of reperfusion. This represents a true challenge for physicians of several fields, including neurosurgeons. A limited number of papers have shed the light on a rare pathological condition that affects patients experiencing an unexplained neurological deficit after spine surgery, the so-called "white cord syndrome". This entity is believed to be caused by an "ischemia-reperfusion" injury on the spinal cord, documented by a post-operative intramedullary hyperintensity on T2 weighted MRI sequences. To date, the cases of white cord syndrome reported in literature mostly refer to cervical spine surgery. However, the analysis of several reviews focusing on spine surgery outcome suggest that post-operative neurological deficits of new onset could be charged to a mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion, even if the physiopathology of this event is seldom explored or at least discussed. The same neuroradiological finding can suggest a mechanical damage due to surgical inappropriate manipulation. On this purpose, we performed a systematic revision of literature with the aim to identify and analyze all the factors potentially contributing to ischemic-reperfusion damage of the spinal cord that may potentially complicate any spinal surgery, without distinction between cervical or thoracic segment. Finally, we believe that post-operative neurological deficit after spinal surgery constituting the "white cord syndrome", could be underreported, while both neurosurgeons and patients should be fully aware of this rare but potentially devasting complication burdening cervical and thoracic spine surgery.
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Carcy R, Cougnon M, Poet M, Durandy M, Sicard A, Counillon L, Blondeau N, Hauet T, Tauc M, F Pisani D. Targeting oxidative stress, a crucial challenge in renal transplantation outcome. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:258-270. [PMID: 33892115 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) are the most common causes of debilitating diseases and death in stroke, cardiovascular ischemia, acute kidney injury or organ transplantation. In the latter example the I/R step defines both the amplitude of the damages to the graft and the functional recovery outcome. During transplantation the kidney is subjected to blood flow arrest followed by a sudden increase in oxygen supply at the time of reperfusion. This essential clinical protocol causes massive oxidative stress which is at the basis of cell death and tissue damage. The involvement of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxides (NO) has been shown to be a major cause of these cellular damages. In fact, in non-physiological situations, these species escape endogenous antioxidant control and dangerously accumulate in cells. In recent years, the objective has been to find clinical and pharmacological treatments to reduce or prevent the appearance of oxidative stress in ischemic pathologies. This is very relevant because, due to the increasing success of organ transplantation, clinicians are required to use limit organs, the preservation of which against oxidative stress is crucial for a better outcome. This review highlights the key actors in oxidative stress which could represent new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Carcy
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Mallorie Poet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Manon Durandy
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France; CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, Nice, France; Clinical Research Unit of Université Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA), France
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | | | - Thierry Hauet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Didier F Pisani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France.
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Arsenault EJ, McGill CM, Barth BM. Sphingolipids as Regulators of Neuro-Inflammation and NADPH Oxidase 2. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:25-46. [PMID: 33547562 PMCID: PMC9020407 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation accompanies numerous neurological disorders and conditions where it can be associated with a progressive neurodegenerative pathology. In a similar manner, alterations in sphingolipid metabolism often accompany or are causative features in degenerative neurological conditions. These include dementias, motor disorders, autoimmune conditions, inherited metabolic disorders, viral infection, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, psychiatric conditions, and more. Sphingolipids are major regulators of cellular fate and function in addition to being important structural components of membranes. Their metabolism and signaling pathways can also be regulated by inflammatory mediators. Therefore, as certain sphingolipids exert distinct and opposing cellular roles, alterations in their metabolism can have major consequences. Recently, regulation of bioactive sphingolipids by neuro-inflammatory mediators has been shown to activate a neuronal NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) that can provoke damaging oxidation. Therefore, the sphingolipid-regulated neuronal NOX2 serves as a mechanistic link between neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration. Moreover, therapeutics directed at sphingolipid metabolism or the sphingolipid-regulated NOX2 have the potential to alleviate neurodegeneration arising out of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Arsenault
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Colin M McGill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Brian M Barth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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9
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Lima SNP, Cerdeira CD, Santos GB, Fernandes MDM, Giusti-Paiva A, Brigagão MRPL. Tempol modulates the leukocyte response to inflammatory stimuli and attenuates endotoxin-induced sickness behaviour in mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:341-347. [PMID: 30465447 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1538247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that is able to activate the peripheral immune system, leading to changes in signalling pathways that act locally and systemically to achieve adaptive responses. Sickness behaviour is a motivational state in response to endotoxin exposure and includes depressed activity and a reduction of exploratory behaviour, potentially reorganising organism priorities to cope with infectious diseases. We hypothesised that 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Tempol) modulates the leukocyte response to endotoxins and decreases LPS-induced sickness behaviour in mice.Methods: The effects of Tempol on LPS-induced peritonitis and the respiratory burst of neutrophils primed with LPS and triggered by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) were evaluated. To evaluate the effects of Tempol on sickness behaviour, the mice were submitted to an open field and forced swim tests.Results: Tempol (50-100 μM/106 cells) decreased the respiratory burst of LPS-primed and PMA-stimulated neutrophils in vitro. In vivo, this nitroxide (30 and 100 mg/kg body weight) inhibited leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity after LPS administration in mice. Moreover, Tempol pretreatment (30 and 100 mg/kg body weight) before LPS administration also attenuated sickness behavioural changes.Conclusions: Together, these findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory potential and confirm the therapeutic potential of nitroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nuno Pereira Lima
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Gérsika Bitencourt Santos
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Mateus de Mello Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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Terzi A, Suter DM. The role of NADPH oxidases in neuronal development. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:33-47. [PMID: 32370993 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function when produced in physiological ranges. Important sources of cellular ROS include NADPH oxidases (Nox), which are evolutionary conserved multi-subunit transmembrane proteins. Nox-mediated ROS regulate variety of biological processes including hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, cell migration, and immunity. ROS participate in intracellular signaling by introducing post-translational modifications to proteins and thereby altering their functions. The central nervous system (CNS) expresses different Nox isoforms during both development and adulthood. Here, we review the role of Nox-mediated ROS during CNS development. Specifically, we focus on how individual Nox isoforms contribute to signaling in neural stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation, as well as neurite outgrowth and guidance. We also discuss how ROS regulates the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the neuronal growth cone. Finally, we review recent evidence that Nox-derived ROS modulate axonal regeneration upon nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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11
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Chao MW, Kuo HC, Tong SY, Yang YS, Chuang YC, Tseng CY. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of the Effects of 3,5-DMA and Its Metabolites in Neural Oxidative Stress and Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:405-419. [PMID: 30590852 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Dimethylaniline (3,5-DMA), a monocyclic aromatic amine, is widely present in a spectrum of sources including tobacco, dyes, combustion products, and suspended particulates. 3,5-DMA and its metabolites form superoxides, resulting in apoptosis or oncogenesis. Data of a direct effect of 3,5-DMA on the nervous system, especially the developing brain, are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 3,5-DMA and its metabolites on fetal neurite growth and brain development using in vitro cell cultures of primary cortical neurons to observe whether these compounds caused neuronal cytotoxicity and affected neurite structural development. With increasing concentrations of 3,5-DMA (10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μM) and its major metabolite 5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP) (10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μM), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, and DNA damage increased significantly in the cells and dendritic arborization decreased. The addition of 5 mM N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, reduced ROS in the cells and alleviated the neuronal damage. In vivo studies in Sprague Dawley pregnant rats suggested that exposure to 3,5-DMA (10, 30, 60, 100 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously from GD15 to GD17 led to fetal cerebral cortex thinning. BrdU labeling showed that 3,5-DMA reduced the number and generation of cortical cells. To detect the laminar position of newly generated neurons, cortex layer markers such as Satb2, Ctip2, and Tbr1 were used. 3,5-DMA perturbed the cortical layer distribution in developing fetal rats. In summary, this is the first study to provide evidence for 3,5-DMA and its metabolites causing anomalies of the fetal central nervous system development through ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Yu Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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12
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Kang ES, Hwang JS, Lee WJ, Lee GH, Choi MJ, Paek KS, Lim DS, Seo HG. Ligand-activated PPARδ inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting ROS. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210482. [PMID: 30620754 PMCID: PMC6324793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-triggered hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, significantly inhibited Ang II-stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by [3H]-leucine incorporation. GW501516-activated PPARδ also suppressed Ang II-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARδ significantly reversed the effects of GW501516 on [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation, indicating that PPARδ is involved in these effects. By contrast, these GW501516-mediated actions were potentiated in VSMCs transfected with siRNA against NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 or 4, suggesting that ligand-activated PPARδ elicits these effects by modulating NOX-mediated ROS generation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also inhibited Ang II-stimulated [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation by preventing membrane translocation of Rac1. These observations suggest that PPARδ is an endogenous modulator of Ang II-triggered hypertrophy of VSMCs, and is thus a potential target to treat vascular diseases associated with hypertrophic changes of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hee Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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13
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Importance of the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract in renovascular hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:587-597. [PMID: 30622315 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rodent renovascular hypertension model has been used to investigate the mechanisms promoting hypertension. The importance of the carotid body for renovascular hypertension has been demonstrated. As the commissural NTS (cNTS) is the first synaptic site in the central nervous system that receives information from carotid body chemoreceptors, we evaluated the contribution of cNTS to renovascular hypertension in the present study. Normotensive male Holtzman rats were implanted with a silver clip around the left renal artery to induce two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension. Six weeks later, isoguvacine (a GABAA agonist) or losartan (an AT1 antagonist) was injected into the cNTS, and the effects were compared with carotid body removal. Immunohistochemistry for Iba-1 and GFAP to label microglia and astrocytes, respectively, and RT-PCR for components of the renin-angiotensin system and cytokines in the NTS were also performed 6 weeks after renal surgery. The inhibition of cNTS with isoguvacine or the blockade of AT1 receptors with losartan in the cNTS decreased the blood pressure and heart rate of 2K1C rats even more than carotid body removal did. The mRNA expression of NOX2, TNF-α and IL-6, microglia, and astrocytes also increased in the cNTS of 2K1C rats compared to that of normotensive rats. These results indicate that tonically active neurons within the cNTS are essential for the maintenance of hypertension in 2K1C rats. In addition to signals from the carotid body, the present results suggest that angiotensin II directly activates the cNTS and may also induce microgliosis and astrogliosis within the NTS, which, in turn, cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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14
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Sandoval R, Lazcano P, Ferrari F, Pinto-Pardo N, González-Billault C, Utreras E. TNF-α Increases Production of Reactive Oxygen Species through Cdk5 Activation in Nociceptive Neurons. Front Physiol 2018; 9:65. [PMID: 29467671 PMCID: PMC5808211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NOX1 and NOX2/NADPH oxidase has been documented during inflammatory pain. However, the molecular mechanism involved in their activation is not fully understood. We reported earlier a key role of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) during inflammatory pain. In particular, we demonstrated that TNF-α increased p35 expression, a Cdk5 activator, causing Cdk5-mediated TRPV1 phosphorylation followed by an increment in Ca2+ influx in nociceptive neurons and increased pain sensation. Here we evaluated if Cdk5 activation mediated by p35 transfection in HEK293 cells or by TNF-α treatment in primary culture of nociceptive neurons could increase ROS production. By immunofluorescence we detected the expression of catalytic subunit (Nox1 and Nox2) and their cytosolic regulators (NOXO1 and p47phox) of NOX1 and NOX2/NADPH oxidase complexes, and their co-localization with Cdk5/p35 in HEK293 cells and in nociceptive neurons. By using a hydrogen peroxide sensor, we detected a significant increase of ROS production in p35 transfected HEK293 cells as compared with control cells. This effect was significantly blocked by VAS2870 (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) or by roscovitine (Cdk5 activity inhibitor). Also by using another ROS probe named DCFH-DA, we found a significant increase of ROS production in nociceptive neurons treated with TNF-α and this effect was also blocked by VAS2870 or by roscovitine treatment. Interestingly, TNF-α increased immunodetection of p35 protein and NOX1 and NOX2/NADPH oxidase complexes in primary culture of trigeminal ganglia neurons. Finally, the cytosolic regulator NOXO1 was significantly translocated to plasma membrane after TNF-α treatment and roscovitine blocked this effect. Altogether these results suggest that Cdk5 activation is implicated in the ROS production by NOX1 and NOX2/NADPH oxidase complexes during inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Sandoval
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lazcano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Ferrari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Pinto-Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Doctorate in Biomedicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Elías Utreras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Pan Y, Wang N, Xia P, Wang E, Guo Q, Ye Z. Inhibition of Rac1 ameliorates neuronal oxidative stress damage via reducing Bcl-2/Rac1 complex formation in mitochondria through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:149-166. [PMID: 29129468 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the neuroprotective effects of Rac1 inhibition have been reported in various cerebral ischemic models, the molecular mechanisms of action have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of Rac1 provided neuroprotection in a diabetic rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and hyperglycemia-exposed PC-12 cells. Intracerebroventricular administration of lentivirus expressing the Rac1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and specific Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 not only decreased the infarct volumes and improved neurologic deficits with a correlated significant activation of mitochondrial DNA specific proteins, such as OGG1 and POLG, but also elevated Bcl-2 S70 phosphorylation in mitochondria. Furthermore, the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR increased, while 8-OHdG, ROS production and Bcl-2/Rac1 complex formation in mitochondria reduced in both Rac1-shRNA- and NSC23766-treated rats. Moreover, to confirm our in vivo observations, inhibition of Rac1 activity by NSC23766 suppressed the interactions between Bcl-2 and Rac1 in the mitochondria of PC-12 cells cultured in high glucose conditions and protected PC-12 cells from high glucose-induced neurotoxicity. More importantly, these beneficial effects of Rac1 inhibition were abolished by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In contrast to NSC23766 treatment, LY294002 had little effect on the decrement of p-PTEN level. Taken together, these findings revealed novel neuroprotective roles of Rac1 inhibition against cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in vivo and high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in PC-12 cells in vitro, by reducing Bcl-2/Rac1 complex formation in mitochondria through the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundan Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Pingping Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - E Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China.
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16
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Simpson NJ, Ferguson AV. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α excites subfornical organ neurons. J Neurophysiol 2017. [PMID: 28637815 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00238.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in cardiovascular and autonomic regulation via actions in the central nervous system. TNF-α-/- mice do not develop angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension, and administration of TNF-α into the bloodstream of rats increases blood pressure and sympathetic tone. Recent studies have shown that lesion of the subfornical organ (SFO) attenuates the hypertensive and autonomic effects of TNF-α, while direct administration of TNF-α into the SFO increases blood pressure, suggesting the SFO to be a key site for the actions of TNF-α. Therefore, we used patch-clamp techniques to examine both acute and long-term effects of TNF-α on the excitability of Sprague-Dawley rat SFO neurons. It was observed that acute bath application of TNF-α depolarized SFO neurons and subsequently increased action potential firing rate. Furthermore, the magnitude of depolarization and the proportion of depolarized SFO neurons were concentration dependent. Interestingly, following 24-h incubation with TNF-α, the basal firing rate of the SFO neurons was increased and the rheobase was decreased, suggesting that TNF-α elevates SFO neuron excitability. This effect was likely mediated by the transient sodium current, as TNF-α increased the magnitude of the current and lowered its threshold of activation. In contrast, TNF-α did not appear to modulate either the delayed rectifier potassium current or the transient potassium current. These data suggest that acute and long-term TNF-α exposure elevates SFO neuron activity, providing a basis for TNF-α hypertensive and sympathetic effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Considerable recent evidence has suggested important links between inflammation and the pathological mechanisms underlying hypertension. The present study describes cellular mechanisms through which acute and long-term exposure of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) influences the activity of subfornical organ neurons by modulating the voltage-gated transient Na+ current. This provides critical new information regarding the specific pathological mechanisms through which inflammation and TNF-α in particular may result in the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Simpson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wilson C, Terman JR, González-Billault C, Ahmed G. Actin filaments-A target for redox regulation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:577-595. [PMID: 27309342 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Actin and its ability to polymerize into dynamic filaments is critical for the form and function of cells throughout the body. While multiple proteins have been characterized as affecting actin dynamics through noncovalent means, actin and its protein regulators are also susceptible to covalent modifications of their amino acid residues. In this regard, oxidation-reduction (Redox) intermediates have emerged as key modulators of the actin cytoskeleton with multiple different effects on cellular form and function. Here, we review work implicating Redox intermediates in post-translationally altering actin and discuss what is known regarding how these alterations affect the properties of actin. We also focus on two of the best characterized enzymatic sources of these Redox intermediates-the NADPH oxidase NOX and the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL-and detail how they have both been identified as altering actin, but share little similarity and employ different means to regulate actin dynamics. Finally, we discuss the role of these enzymes and redox signaling in regulating the actin cytoskeleton in vivo and highlight their importance for neuronal form and function in health and disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wilson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390. .,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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18
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Cort A, Ozben T, Saso L, De Luca C, Korkina L. Redox Control of Multidrug Resistance and Its Possible Modulation by Antioxidants. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4251912. [PMID: 26881027 PMCID: PMC4736404 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4251912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of anticancer chemotherapies is dramatically hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) dependent on inherited traits, acquired defence against toxins, and adaptive mechanisms mounting in tumours. There is overwhelming evidence that molecular events leading to MDR are regulated by redox mechanisms. For example, chemotherapeutics which overrun the first obstacle of redox-regulated cellular uptake channels (MDR1, MDR2, and MDR3) induce a concerted action of phase I/II metabolic enzymes with a temporal redox-regulated axis. This results in rapid metabolic transformation and elimination of a toxin. This metabolic axis is tightly interconnected with the inducible Nrf2-linked pathway, a key switch-on mechanism for upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying systems. As a result, chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic by-products of their metabolism (ROS, hydroperoxides, and aldehydes) are inactivated and MDR occurs. On the other hand, tumour cells are capable of mounting an adaptive antioxidant response against ROS produced by chemotherapeutics and host immune cells. The multiple redox-dependent mechanisms involved in MDR prompted suggesting redox-active drugs (antioxidants and prooxidants) or inhibitors of inducible antioxidant defence as a novel approach to diminish MDR. Pitfalls and progress in this direction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Cort
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sanko University, İncili Pınar, Gazi Muhtar Paşa Bulvarı, Sehitkamil, 27090 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Campus, Dumlupınar Street, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Evidence-Based Well-Being (EB-WB) Ltd., 31 Alt-Stralau, 10245 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liudmila Korkina
- Centre of Innovative Biotechnological Investigations Nanolab, 197 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia
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19
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Granger DN, Kvietys PR. Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept. Redox Biol 2015; 6:524-551. [PMID: 26484802 PMCID: PMC4625011 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury, the paradoxical tissue response that is manifested by blood flow-deprived and oxygen-starved organs following the restoration of blood flow and tissue oxygenation, has been a focus of basic and clinical research for over 4-decades. While a variety of molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) continues to receive much attention as a critical factor in the genesis of reperfusion injury. As a consequence, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the dominant cellular and enzymatic sources of excess ROS production following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Of the potential ROS sources described to date, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase (Nox), mitochondria, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase have gained a status as the most likely contributors to reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and represent priority targets for therapeutic intervention against reperfusion-induced organ dysfunction and tissue damage. Although all four enzymatic sources are present in most tissues and are likely to play some role in reperfusion injury, priority and emphasis has been given to specific ROS sources that are enriched in certain tissues, such as xanthine oxidase in the gastrointestinal tract and mitochondria in the metabolically active heart and brain. The possibility that multiple ROS sources contribute to reperfusion injury in most tissues is supported by evidence demonstrating that redox-signaling enables ROS produced by one enzymatic source (e.g., Nox) to activate and enhance ROS production by a second source (e.g., mitochondria). This review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and summarizes current understanding of the four most frequently invoked enzymatic sources of ROS production in post-ischemic tissue. Reperfusion injury is implicated in a variety of human diseases and disorders. Evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury continues to grow. Several enzymes are candidate sources of ROS in post-ischemic tissue. Inter-enzymatic ROS-dependent signaling enhances the oxidative stress caused by I/R. .
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, United States.
| | - Peter R Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Weber D, Davies MJ, Grune T. Determination of protein carbonyls in plasma, cell extracts, tissue homogenates, isolated proteins: Focus on sample preparation and derivatization conditions. Redox Biol 2015; 5:367-380. [PMID: 26141921 PMCID: PMC4506980 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein oxidation is involved in regulatory physiological events as well as in damage to tissues and is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases and in the aging process. Protein-bound carbonyls represent a marker of global protein oxidation, as they are generated by multiple different reactive oxygen species in blood, tissues and cells. Sample preparation and stabilization are key steps in the accurate quantification of oxidation-related products and examination of physiological/pathological processes. This review therefore focuses on the sample preparation processes used in the most relevant methods to detect protein carbonyls after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with an emphasis on measurement in plasma, cells, organ homogenates, isolated proteins and organelles. Sample preparation, derivatization conditions and protein handling are presented for the spectrophotometric and HPLC method as well as for immunoblotting and ELISA. An extensive overview covering these methods in previously published articles is given for researchers who plan to measure protein carbonyls in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
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21
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Mustafa EH, Mahmoud HT, Al-Hudhud MY, Abdalla MY, Ahmad IM, Yasin SR, Elkarmi AZ, Tahtamouni LH. 2-deoxy-D-Glucose Synergizes with Doxorubicin or L-Buthionine Sulfoximine to Reduce Adhesion and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3213-22. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Mayo JN, Chen CH, Liao FF, Bearden SE. Homocysteine disrupts outgrowth of microvascular endothelium by an iNOS-dependent mechanism. Microcirculation 2015; 21:541-50. [PMID: 24655004 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that Hcy impairs angiogenic outgrowth through an iNOS-dependent mechanism. METHODS Adult C57Bl/6 mouse choroid explants were used in angiogenic outgrowth assays. Mouse microvascular endothelial cells were studied in culture during scrape-induced migration and dispersed cell locomotion experiments. Activity of iNOS was manipulated with pharmacology (1400 W), siRNA, and by use of choroid explants from iNOS knockout mice (iNOS(-/-)). RESULTS Hcy (20 μM) significantly decreased the area of endothelial outgrowth without altering the number of cells in the choroid explant angiogenic assay, resulting in more densely packed outgrowth. Hcy prevented the outward orientation of actin filaments and decreased the number of actin projections along the leading edge of outgrowth. Hcy also slowed outgrowth from the edge of a scraped endothelial monolayer and in cultures of dispersed cells, Hcy impaired cell locomotion without affecting proliferation. Inhibition of iNOS activity rescued the effect of Hcy on area of explant outgrowth, cell density, number of projections, cell locomotion, and rate of outgrowth following scraping. CONCLUSIONS Hcy impairs microvascular endothelial outgrowth, but not proliferation, by disrupting cell locomotion through an iNOS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Mayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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23
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Kim EA, Han AR, Choi J, Ahn JY, Choi SY, Cho SW. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:73-83. [PMID: 24975832 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The activation of microglia is crucially associated with the neurodegeneration observed in many neuroinflammatory pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. We have examined various thiazole derivatives with the goal of developing new anti-neuroinflammatory drugs. Thiazole derivatives are attractive candidates for drug development, because they are efficiently synthesized and active against a number of disease organisms and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. The present study investigated the effects of a new compound, N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine (KHG26693), against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cultured BV-2 microglial cells. KHG26693 suppressed several inflammatory responses in LPS-activated cells, as evidenced by decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation. These anti-inflammatory/antioxidative actions occurred as a result of the downregulation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) content, but not as a result of the upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase activity. The pharmacological properties of KHG26693 were also facilitated via inhibition of both the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, KHG26693 successfully blocked the migration of LPS-activated microglia, most likely by modulating the ERK pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions of KHG26693 are mediated, at least in part, through the control of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-A Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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Oxygen radicals elicit paralysis and collapse of spinal cord neuron growth cones upon exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:191767. [PMID: 25050325 PMCID: PMC4090484 DOI: 10.1155/2014/191767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A persistent inflammatory and oxidative stress is a hallmark of most chronic CNS pathologies (Alzheimer's (ALS)) as well as the aging CNS orchestrated by the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Loss of the integrity and plasticity of neuronal morphology and connectivity comprises an early step in neuronal degeneration and ultimate decline of cognitive function. We examined in vitro whether TNFα or IL-1β impaired morphology and motility of growth cones in spinal cord neuron cultures. TNFα and IL-1β paralyzed growth cone motility and induced growth cone collapse in a dose-dependent manner reflected by complete attenuation of neurite outgrowth. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity rescued loss of neuronal motility and morphology. TNFα and IL-1β provoked rapid, NOX-mediated generation of ROS in advancing growth cones, which preceded paralysis of motility and collapse of morphology. Increases in ROS intermediates were accompanied by an aberrant, nonproductive reorganization of actin filaments. These findings suggest that NADPH oxidase serves as a pivotal source of oxidative stress in neurons and together with disruption of actin filament reorganization contributes to the progressive degeneration of neuronal morphology in the diseased or aging CNS.
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Hobbs GA, Zhou B, Cox AD, Campbell SL. Rho GTPases, oxidation, and cell redox control. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28579. [PMID: 24809833 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous studies support regulation of Ras GTPases by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the Rho subfamily has received considerably less attention. Over the last few years, increasing evidence is emerging that supports the redox sensitivity of Rho GTPases. Moreover, as Rho GTPases regulate the cellular redox state by controlling enzymes that generate and convert reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, redox feedback loops likely exist. Here, we provide an overview of cellular oxidants, Rho GTPases, and their inter-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Bingying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Walsh KP, Minamide LS, Kane SJ, Shaw AE, Brown DR, Pulford B, Zabel MD, Lambeth JD, Kuhn TB, Bamburg JR. Amyloid-β and proinflammatory cytokines utilize a prion protein-dependent pathway to activate NADPH oxidase and induce cofilin-actin rods in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95995. [PMID: 24760020 PMCID: PMC3997518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurites of neurons under acute or chronic stress form bundles of filaments (rods) containing 1∶1 cofilin∶actin, which impair transport and synaptic function. Rods contain disulfide cross-linked cofilin and are induced by treatments resulting in oxidative stress. Rods form rapidly (5-30 min) in >80% of cultured hippocampal or cortical neurons treated with excitotoxic levels of glutamate or energy depleted (hypoxia/ischemia or mitochondrial inhibitors). In contrast, slow rod formation (50% of maximum response in ∼6 h) occurs in a subpopulation (∼20%) of hippocampal neurons upon exposure to soluble human amyloid-β dimer/trimer (Aβd/t) at subnanomolar concentrations. Here we show that proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) also induce rods at the same rate and within the same neuronal population as Aβd/t. Neurons from prion (PrP(C))-null mice form rods in response to glutamate or antimycin A, but not in response to proinflammatory cytokines or Aβd/t. Two pathways inducing rod formation were confirmed by demonstrating that NADPH-oxidase (NOX) activity is required for prion-dependent rod formation, but not for rods induced by glutamate or energy depletion. Surprisingly, overexpression of PrP(C) is by itself sufficient to induce rods in over 40% of hippocampal neurons through the NOX-dependent pathway. Persistence of PrP(C)-dependent rods requires the continuous activity of NOX. Removing inducers or inhibiting NOX activity in cells containing PrP(C)-dependent rods causes rod disappearance with a half-life of about 36 min. Cofilin-actin rods provide a mechanism for synapse loss bridging the amyloid and cytokine hypotheses for Alzheimer disease, and may explain how functionally diverse Aβ-binding membrane proteins induce synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keifer P. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alisa E. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Pulford
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Zabel
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Reactive oxygen species contribute to neuropathic pain and locomotor dysfunction via activation of CamKII in remote segments following spinal cord contusion injury in rats. Pain 2013; 154:1699-1708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Castro JP, Jung T, Grune T, Almeida H. Actin carbonylation: from cell dysfunction to organism disorder. J Proteomics 2013; 92:171-80. [PMID: 23684956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation is an important event in the context of proteostasis because of its frequency, non-enzymatic nature and irreversible effects. The carbonylation of proteins disturbs their function and leads to protein aggregates, which may precede cellular senescence and cell death. Actin, an evolutionarily conserved cytoskeletal protein that is involved in important cellular processes, is one of the proteins most susceptible to carbonylation. Conditions resulting in oxidative stress are likely to lead to its carbonylation, loss of function and aggregate formation. In this review, we summarise actin susceptibility to carbonylation, as verified in cell free extracts, cell lines and animal models, and review its fate through the activation of cell mechanisms aimed at removing damaged proteins. Their insufficient activity may underlie age-related diseases and the ageing process. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
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30
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Gornati R, Colombo G, Clerici M, Rossi F, Gagliano N, Riva C, Colombo R, Dalle-Donne I, Bernardini G, Milzani A. Protein carbonylation in human endothelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:118-28. [PMID: 23396223 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a significant independent risk factor for vascular diseases and is a leading cause of structural and functional alterations of the vascular endothelium. In this study, we show protein carbonylation in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV-304) exposed to whole-phase cigarette smoke extract. The main carbonylated proteins, including cytoskeletal proteins, glycolytic enzymes, xenobiotic metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and endoplasmic reticulum proteins, were identified by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (redox proteomics). Morphological analyses by fluorescence microscopy evidenced alterations in the microtubule cytoskeleton, especially at longer exposure time to cigarette smoke extract. Morphological analyses by transmission electron microscopy showed vacuolisation of the cytoplasm, alteration of mitochondria ultrastructure, and some enlargement of the perinuclear space. The possible role played by protein carbonylation caused by reactive species contained in cigarette smoke in the cigarette smoke-induced endothelial injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I-21100 Varese, Italy
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31
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Zeng KW, Zhao MB, Ma ZZ, Jiang Y, Tu PF. Protosappanin A inhibits oxidative and nitrative stress via interfering the interaction of transmembrane protein CD14 with Toll-like receptor-4 in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:558-69. [PMID: 23000519 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrative stresses have been established to play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. During inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced by activated microglia, further inducing increased neuronal injury in the brain. Protosappanin A (PTA) is a bioactive compound isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine, Caesalpinia sappan L. (Lignum Sappan), showing immunosuppressive effects. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-oxidative and nitrative activity of PTA have not been elucidated, particularly in central nervous system. In this study, we found that PTA significantly inhibited ROS and NO production by suppression of NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Moreover, PTA modulated IKK/IκB/NF-κB inflammation signal pathway to inhibit the activity and expressions of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. A further study indicated that PTA didn't inhibit LPS interaction with transmembrane protein CD14, which is a receptor for LPS binding. However, PTA interfered with the interaction of CD14 with Toll-like receptor (TLR4), an early cell event of IKK/IκB/NF-κB inflammation signal activation, resulting in a block on LPS translocation from CD14 to TLR4. Therefore, CD14/TLR4 interaction may be a potential drug target in neuroinflammation-related oxidative and nitrative stress. Taken together, these results suggest that PTA has anti-oxidative/nitrative activities on brain immune and neuroinflammation through regulation of CD14/TLR4-dependent IKK/IκB/NF-κB inflammation signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Gundimeda U, McNeill TH, Elhiani AA, Schiffman JE, Hinton DR, Gopalakrishna R. Green tea polyphenols precondition against cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via stimulation of laminin receptor, generation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of protein kinase Cε. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34694-708. [PMID: 22879598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the development of synthetic drugs for the prevention of stroke has proven challenging, utilization of natural products capable of preconditioning neuronal cells against ischemia-induced cell death would be a highly useful complementary approach. In this study using an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in PC12 cells, we show that 2-day pretreatment with green tea polyphenols (GTPP) and their active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), protects cells from subsequent OGD/R-induced cell death. A synergistic interaction was observed between GTPP constituents, with unfractionated GTPP more potently preconditioning cells than EGCG. GTPP-induced preconditioning required the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR), to which EGCG binds with high affinity. 67LR also mediated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via activation of NADPH oxidase. An exogenous ROS-generating system bypassed 67LR to induce preconditioning, suggesting that sublethal levels of ROS are indeed an important mediator in GTPP-induced preconditioning. This role for ROS was further supported by the fact that antioxidants blocked GTPP-induced preconditioning. Additionally, ROS induced an activation and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC), particularly PKCε from the cytosol to the membrane/mitochondria, which was also blocked by antioxidants. The crucial role of PKC in GTPP-induced preconditioning was supported by use of its specific inhibitors. Preconditioning was increased by conditional overexpression of PKCε and decreased by its knock-out with siRNA. Collectively, these results suggest that GTPP stimulates 67LR and thereby induces NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which in turn induces activation of PKC, particularly prosurvival isoenzyme PKCε, resulting in preconditioning against cell death induced by OGD/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Gundimeda
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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33
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Lee H, Ham SA, Kim MY, Kim JH, Paek KS, Kang ES, Kim HJ, Hwang JS, Yoo T, Park C, Kim JH, Lim DS, Han CW, Seo HG. Activation of PPARδ counteracts angiotensin II-induced ROS generation by inhibiting rac1 translocation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:912-9. [PMID: 22519881 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.687448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated modification of the redox milieu of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ counteracts Ang II-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand for PPARδ, significantly reduced Ang II-induced ROS generation in VSMCs. This effect was, however, reversed in the presence of small interfering (si)RNA against PPARδ. The marked increase in ROS levels induced by Ang II was also eliminated by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) but not of protein kinase C, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in this process. Accordingly, ablation of Akt with siRNA further enhanced the inhibitory effects of GW501516 in Ang II-induced superoxide production. Ligand-activated PPARδ also blocked Ang II-induced translocation of Rac1 to the cell membrane, inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidases and consequently ROS generation. These results indicate that ligand-activated PPARδ plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress by decreasing ROS generated by Ang II in vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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A nonpolar blueberry fraction blunts NADPH oxidase activation in neuronal cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:768101. [PMID: 22530077 PMCID: PMC3317020 DOI: 10.1155/2012/768101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are key to the progressive neuronal degeneration common to chronic pathologies, traumatic injuries, and aging processes in the CNS. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) orchestrates cellular stress by stimulating the production and release of neurotoxic mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidases (NOX), ubiquitously expressed in all cells, have recently emerged as pivotal ROS sources in aging and disease. We demonstrated the presence of potent NOX inhibitors in wild Alaska bog blueberries partitioning discretely into a nonpolar fraction with minimal antioxidant capacity and largely devoid of polyphenols. Incubation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with nonpolar blueberry fractions obstructed the coalescing of lipid rafts into large domains disrupting NOX assembly therein and abolishing ROS production characteristic for TNF-α exposure. These findings illuminate nutrition-derived lipid raft modulation as a novel therapeutic approach to blunt inflammatory and oxidative stress in the aging or diseased CNS.
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35
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Lie PPY, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. The biology of interleukin-1: emerging concepts in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell junction dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:487-500. [PMID: 21744066 PMCID: PMC3297025 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine with important roles in innate immunity, as well as in normal tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, recent studies have also shown IL-1 to function in the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions. For example, treatment of different epithelia with IL-1α often results in the restructuring of the actin network and cell junctions, thereby leading to junction disassembly. In this review, we highlight new and interesting findings that show IL-1 to be a critical player of restructuring events in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P. Y. Lie
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Dolores D. Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Wang H, Wittchen ES, Jiang Y, Ambati B, Grossniklaus HE, Hartnett ME. Upregulation of CCR3 by age-related stresses promotes choroidal endothelial cell migration via VEGF-dependent and -independent signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8271-7. [PMID: 21917937 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanisms by which the C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) regulate choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) migration and the interactions with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. METHODS Human retinal sections from young and aged donor normal eyes were immunolabeled. By real-time PCR, CCR3 mRNA was measured in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)/choroids obtained from young and aged human donor eyes and in cultured CECs exposed to hydrogen peroxide. CCR3 ligand and CCL11- or VEGF-stimulated CEC migration was also measured in the presence of the CCR3 inhibitor or control using fluorescence microscopy. Activation of Rac1, phosphorylated Akt as a readout for phosphoinositol 3-kinase signaling, and VEGFR2 activation were measured in CECs incubated with CCL11, VEGF, or combined CCL11/VEGF. RESULTS CCR3 was expressed to a greater level in older compared with that in younger human retinas or RPE/choroids. Ligand-activated CCR3 increased CEC migration, which was inhibited by the CCR3 inhibitor. Rac1 activity, p-Akt, and p-VEGFR2 were significantly increased in CECs incubated with CCL11. The CCR3 inhibitor prevented VEGF-induced CEC migration and Rac1 activation in CECs. Rac1 activity was additively increased in CECs treated with CCL11 and VEGF compared with that in cells with CCL11 or VEGF treatment alone. Ligand-activated CCR3 caused VEGFR2 phosphorylation and coimmunoprecipitation of VEGFR2 and CCR3. CONCLUSIONS Activated CCR3 promotes CEC migration and Rac1 activation and causes an association with and activation of VEGFR2. Cross-talk between CCR3 and VEGF signaling exists and may be important in choroidal neovascularization in human age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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37
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Barth BM, Gustafson SJ, Kuhn TB. Neutral sphingomyelinase activation precedes NADPH oxidase-dependent damage in neurons exposed to the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:229-42. [PMID: 21932365 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation accompanied by severe oxidative stress plays a vital role in the orchestration and progression of neurodegeneration prevalent in chronic and acute central nervous system pathologies as well as in aging. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) elicits the formation of the bioactive ceramide by stimulating the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase activities. Ceramide stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic mechanisms in both neurons and nonneuronal cells, establishing a link between sphingolipid metabolism and oxidative stress. We demonstrated in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurons that TNFα is a potent stimulator of Mg(2+) -dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (Mg(2+) -nSMase) activity, and sphingomyelin hydrolysis, rather than de novo synthesis, was the predominant source of ceramide increases. Mg(2+) -nSMase activity preceded an accumulation of ROS by a neuronal NADPH oxidase (NOX). Notably, TNFα provoked an NOX-dependent oxidative damage to sphingosine kinase-1, which generates sphingosine-1-phosphate, a ceramide metabolite associated with neurite outgrowth. Indeed, ceramide and ROS inhibited neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons by disrupting growth cone motility. Blunting ceramide and ROS formation both rescued sphingosine kinase-1 activity and neurite outgrowth. Our studies suggest that TNFα-mediated activation of Mg(2+) -nSMase and NOX in neuronal cells not only produced the neurotoxic intermediates ceramide and ROS but also directly antagonized neuronal survival mechanisms, thus accelerating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barth
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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38
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Barth BM, I Altinoğlu E, Shanmugavelandy SS, Kaiser JM, Crespo-Gonzalez D, DiVittore NA, McGovern C, Goff TM, Keasey NR, Adair JH, Loughran TP, Claxton DF, Kester M. Targeted indocyanine-green-loaded calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles for in vivo photodynamic therapy of leukemia. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5325-5337. [PMID: 21675727 DOI: 10.1021/nn2005766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is one of the most common and aggressive adult cancers, as well as the most prevalent childhood cancer. Leukemia is a cancer of the hematological system and can be divided into a diversity of unique malignancies based on the onset of the disease as well as the specific cell lineages involved. Cancer stem cells, including recently identified leukemia stem cells (LSCs), are hypothesized to be responsible for cancer development, relapse, and resistance to treatment, and new therapeutics targeting these cellular populations are urgently needed. Nontoxic and nonaggregating calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles (CPSNPs) encapsulating the near-infrared fluoroprobe indocyanine green (ICG) were recently developed for diagnostic imaging and drug delivery as well as for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumors. Prior studies revealed that specific targeting of CPSNPs allowed for enhanced accumulation within breast cancer tumors, via CD71 targeting, or pancreatic cancer tumors, via gastrin receptor targeting. In the present study, ICG-loaded CPSNPs were evaluated as photosensitizers for PDT of leukemia. Using a novel bioconjugation approach to specifically target CD117 or CD96, surface features enhanced on leukemia stem cells, in vitro ICG-CPSNP PDT of a murine leukemia cell line and human leukemia samples were dramatically improved. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of PDT was dramatically enhanced in a murine leukemia model by utilizing CD117-targeted ICG-CPSNPs, resulting in 29% disease-free survival. Altogether, this study demonstrates that leukemia-targeted ICG-loaded CPSNPs offer the promise to effectively treat relapsing and multidrug-resistant leukemia and to improve the life of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barth
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Barth BM, Gustafson SJ, Young MM, Fox TE, Shanmugavelandy SS, Kaiser JM, Cabot MC, Kester M, Kuhn TB. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by glucosylceramide confers chemoresistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:1126-36. [PMID: 20935456 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.11.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide induces oxidative stress by disrupting mitochondrial function and stimulating NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, both implicated in cell death mechanisms. Many anticancer chemotherapeutics (anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel, and fenretinide), as well as physiological stimuli such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), stimulate ceramide accumulation and increase oxidative stress in malignant cells. Consequently, ceramide metabolism in malignant cells and, in particular the up-regulation of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), has gained considerable interest in contributing to chemoresistance. We hypothesized that increases in GCS activity and thus glucosylceramide, the product of GCS activity, represents an important resistance mechanism in glioblastoma. In our study, we determined that increased GCS activity effectively blocked reactive oxygen species formation by NOX. We further showed, in both glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells that glucosylceramide directly interfered with NOX assembly, hence delineating a direct resistance mechanism. Collectively, our findings indicated that pharmacological or molecular targeting of GCS, using non-toxic nanoliposome delivery systems, successfully augmented NOX activity, and improved the efficacy of known chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barth
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Herz J, Zipp F, Siffrin V. Neurodegeneration in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tempol protects the gallbladder against ischemia/reperfusion. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:161-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase inhibition for the treatment of asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:1-4. [PMID: 20383885 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ghosh S, Tewari R, Dixit D, Sen E. TNFα induced oxidative stress dependent Akt signaling affects actin cytoskeletal organization in glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Méndez-Samperio P, Pérez A, Torres L. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin-mediated up-regulation of the human cathelicidin LL-37 in A549 cells. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:252-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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