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Jones MJ, Jones MC. Cell cycle control by cell-matrix interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102288. [PMID: 38056140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for normal cell cycle progression and accurate cell division. However, how cell adhesion to the wide range of ECM proteins found in human tissues influences the cell cycle is not fully understood. The composition and physical properties of the ECM can have profound effects on cell proliferation but can also promote cell cycle exit and quiescence. Furthermore, during tumor development and progression, changes in the ECM can drive both cancer cell proliferation and dormancy. Cell-matrix adhesion is primarily sensed via integrin-associated adhesion complexes, which in turn are regulated by the cell cycle machinery. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) has been shown to play a crucial role in regulating adhesion complexes during interphase and entry into mitosis. These reciprocal links between cell cycle progression and cell-matrix interactions are now being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jones
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Jones
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU, United Kingdom.
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2
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Thurgur H, Penny J, Pinteaux E. Endothelial cell activation by interleukin-1 and extracellular matrix laminin-10 occurs via the YAP signalling pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 373:577993. [PMID: 36327619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-10 (LM-10) is a key regulator of blood-brain barrier (BBB) repair after hypoxia and inflammation. Here we investigated the signalling mechanisms regulated by LM-10 in human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 in response to interleukin(IL)-1beta(β) in vitro. LM-10 promoted endothelial proliferation and repair of an endothelial monolayer after scratch injury, and upregulated IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. IL-1β and LM-10 regulated YAP signalling pathway in endothelial cells leading to differential expression of YAP target genes, ctgf and serpine-1, providing evidence that the YAP signalling pathway could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of BBB dysfunction in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thurgur
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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3
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Badia-Soteras A, de Vries J, Dykstra W, Broersen LM, Verkuyl JM, Smit AB, Verheijen MHG. High-Throughput Analysis of Astrocyte Cultures Shows Prevention of Reactive Astrogliosis by the Multi-Nutrient Combination Fortasyn Connect. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091428. [PMID: 35563732 PMCID: PMC9099974 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that tile the central nervous system (CNS) and perform numerous essential functions. Astrocytes react to various forms of CNS insults by altering their morphology and molecular profile, through a process known as reactive astrogliosis. Accordingly, astrocyte reactivity is apparent in many neurodegenerative diseases, among which one is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent clinical trials on early-stage AD have demonstrated that Fortasyn Connect (FC), a multi-nutrient combination providing specific precursors and cofactors for phospholipid synthesis, helps to maintain neuronal functional connectivity and cognitive performance of patients. Several studies have shown that FC may act through its effects on neuronal survival and synaptogenesis, leading to reduced astrocyte reactivity, but whether FC can directly counteract astrocyte reactivity remains to be elucidated. Hence, we developed an in vitro model of reactive astrogliosis using the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ together with an automated high-throughput assay (AstroScan) to quantify molecular and morphological changes that accompany reactive astrogliosis. Next, we showed that FC is potent in preventing cytokine-induced reactive astrogliosis, a finding that might be of high relevance to understand the beneficial effects of FC-based interventions in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Badia-Soteras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Janneke de Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Werner Dykstra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Laus M. Broersen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.M.B.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jan Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.M.B.); (J.M.V.)
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Mark H. G. Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Qi X, Zhong X, Xu S, Zeng B, Chen J, Zang G, Zeng L, Bai S, Zhou C, Wei H, Xie P. Extracellular Matrix and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Important Role in the Regulation of Hypothalamic Function by Gut Microbiota. Front Genet 2020; 11:520. [PMID: 32670347 PMCID: PMC7330020 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, our team examined the gut microbiota of healthy individuals and depressed patients using fecal microbiota transplantation of germ-free (GF) mice. Our results showed that depression-like and anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes of host mice were increased, but the molecular mechanism by which gut microbiota regulate host behavioral phenotypes is still unclear. Methods To investigate the molecular mechanism by which gut microbiota regulate host brain function, adult GF mice were colonized with fecal samples derived from healthy control (HC) individuals or patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Transcriptomic profiling of hypothalamus samples was performed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs). qRT-PCR was used for validation experiments. Results Colonization germ-free (CGF) mice had 243 DEGs compared with GF mice. The most enriched KEGG pathways associated with upregulated genes were "protein digestion and absorption," "extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction," and "focal adhesion." MDD mice had 642 DEGs compared with HC mice. The most enriched KEGG pathways associated with upregulated genes in MDD mice were also "protein digestion and absorption," "ECM-receptor interaction," and "focal adhesion." Meanwhile, the most enriched KEGG pathway associated with downregulated genes in these mice was "oxidative phosphorylation," and genes related to this pathway were found to be highly correlated in PPI network analysis. Conclusion In summary, our findings suggested that regulation of ECM is a key mechanism shared by different gut microbiota and that inhibition of energy metabolism in the hypothalamus by gut microbiota derived from MDD patients is a potential mechanism of behavioral regulation and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhong Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunjie Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Reinbach C, Stadler MS, Pröbstl N, Chrzanowski U, Schmitz C, Kipp M, Hochstrasser T. CD44 expression in the cuprizone model. Brain Res 2020; 1745:146950. [PMID: 32524994 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies report that changes in extracellular matrix components and receptors, such as CD44, contribute to immune cell recruitment and thus lesion formation in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, we used the cuprizone model to elucidate the expression pattern of CD44 in a toxin-induced MS model. Therefore, tissues of cuprizone-intoxicated mice were analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining against CD44. Co-localization analyses of CD44-positive cells with glial cell markers were performed by immunofluorescence labeling and in-situ hybridization. To investigate the functional importance of CD44 expression for myelination and glial cell activation, Cd44-deficient mice were used. In this study we demonstrate that CD44 expression is induced in a time-dependent manner in an autoimmune-independent model of MS. Up-regulation of CD44 expression was primarily associated to the superficial and perivascular glia limitans and demyelinated white matter structures, particularly the corpus callosum. In the demyelinated corpus callosum, CD44 was localized on GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglial cells. Despite a robust expression induction, Cd44-deficiency did not ameliorate cuprizone-induced pathology. Although further studies will be needed to examine the functional relevance of CD44 in the cuprizone model, the spatial and temporal expression pattern of CD44 will pave the way to evaluate its precise role in different (immune and non-immune) pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Reinbach
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophia Stadler
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Pröbstl
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Chrzanowski
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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6
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Kim BJ, Choi JY, Choi H, Han S, Seo J, Kim J, Joo S, Kim HM, Oh C, Hong S, Kim P, Choi IS. Astrocyte-Encapsulated Hydrogel Microfibers Enhance Neuronal Circuit Generation. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901072. [PMID: 31957248 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most representative glial cells in the brain, play a multitude of crucial functions for proper neuronal development and synaptic-network formation, including neuroprotection as well as physical and chemical support. However, little attention has been paid, in the neuroregenerative medicine and related fields, to the cytoprotective incorporation of astrocytes into neuron-culture scaffolds and full-fledged functional utilization of encapsulated astrocytes for controlled neuronal development. In this article, a 3D neurosupportive culture system for enhanced induction of neuronal circuit generation is reported, where astrocytes are confined in hydrogel microfibers and protected from the outside. The astrocyte-encapsulated microfibers significantly accelerate the neurite outgrowth and guide its directionality, and enhance the synaptic formation, without any physical contact with the neurons. This astrocyte-laden system provides a pivotal culture scaffold for advanced development of cell-based therapeutics for neural injuries, such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jin Kim
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Ji Yu Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sol Han
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Seo
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jungnam Kim
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sunghoon Joo
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hyo Min Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Chungik Oh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation ResearchDepartment of ChemistryKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
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7
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Galarza S, Crosby AJ, Pak C, Peyton SR. Control of Astrocyte Quiescence and Activation in a Synthetic Brain Hydrogel. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901419. [PMID: 31943839 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineers have designed numerous instructive brain extracellular matrix (ECM) environments with tailored and tunable protein compositions and biomechanical properties in vitro to study astrocyte reactivity during trauma and inflammation. However, a major limitation of both protein-based and synthetic model microenvironments is that astrocytes within fail to retain their characteristic stellate morphology and quiescent state without becoming activated under "normal" culture conditions. Here, a synthetic hydrogel is introduced, which for the first time demonstrates maintenance of astrocyte quiescence and activation on demand. With this synthetic brain hydrogel, the brain-specific integrin-binding and matrix metalloprotease-degradable domains of proteins are shown to control astrocyte star-shaped morphologies, and an ECM condition that maintains astrocyte quiescence with minimal activation can be achieved. In addition, activation can be induced in a dose-dependent manner via both defined cytokine cocktails and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. This synthetic brain hydrogel is envisioned as a new tool to study the physiological role of astrocytes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sualyneth Galarza
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
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8
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Interleukin-1 β Enhances Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion Ability on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via LFA-1/ICAM-1 Interaction. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7267142. [PMID: 31949440 PMCID: PMC6948307 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7267142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of administered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to sites of injury via the bloodstream has been demonstrated. However, the underlying mechanisms of umbilical cord MSC adhesion to endothelial cells during transendothelial migration are still unclear. In this study, our data showed that IL-1β induced LFA-1 expression on MSCs and ICAM-1 expression on HUVECs. We then pretreated MSCs with protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The results showed that IL-1β induced LFA-1 expression on the surface of MSCs via the protein synthesis pathway. Through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor SB 203580, we found that IL-1β induces the expression of LFA-1 through p38 MAPK signaling and enhances ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs. In addition, IL-1β-induced MSC adhesion to HUVECs was found to be inhibited by IL-1RA and the LFA-1 inhibitor lovastatin. These results indicate that IL-1β promotes the cell adhesion of MSCs to HUVECs through LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction. We address the evidence that the cell adhesion mechanism of IL-1β promotes MSC adhesion to HUVECs. The implications of these findings could enhance the therapeutic potential of MSCs.
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9
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Roth M, Enström A, Aghabeick C, Carlsson R, Genové G, Paul G. Parenchymal pericytes are not the major contributor of extracellular matrix in the fibrotic scar after stroke in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:826-842. [PMID: 31758600 PMCID: PMC7154736 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Scar formation after injury of the brain or spinal cord is a common event. While glial scar formation by astrocytes has been extensively studied, much less is known about the fibrotic scar, in particular after stroke. Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor ß‐expressing (PDGFRß+) pericytes have been suggested as a source of the fibrotic scar depositing fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins after detaching from the vessel wall. However, to what extent these parenchymal PDGFRß+ cells contribute to the fibrotic scar and whether targeting these cells affects fibrotic scar formation in stroke is still unclear. Here, we utilize male transgenic mice that after a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model have a shift from a parenchymal to a perivascular location of PDGFRß+ cells due to the loss of regulator of G‐protein signaling 5 in pericytes. We find that only a small fraction of parenchymal PDGFRß+ cells co‐label with type I collagen and fibronectin. Consequently, a reduction in parenchymal PDGFRß+ cells by ca. 50% did not affect the overall type I collagen or fibronectin deposition after stroke. The redistribution of PDGFRß+ cells to a perivascular location, however, resulted in a reduced thickening of the vascular basement membrane and changed the temporal dynamics of glial scar maturation after stroke. We demonstrate that parenchymal PDGFRß+ cells are not the main contributor to the fibrotic ECM, and therefore targeting these cells might not impact on fibrotic scar formation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Roth
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Enström
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Candice Aghabeick
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Carlsson
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Guillem Genové
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts Protein-1 (MLC1) Counteracts Astrocyte Activation in Response to Inflammatory Signals. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8237-8254. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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12
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Haumer A, Bourgine PE, Occhetta P, Born G, Tasso R, Martin I. Delivery of cellular factors to regulate bone healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:285-294. [PMID: 29357301 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue has a strong intrinsic regenerative capacity, thanks to a delicate and complex interplay of cellular and molecular processes, which tightly involve the immune system. Pathological settings of anatomical, biomechanical or inflammatory nature may lead to impaired bone healing. Innovative strategies to enhance bone repair, including the delivery of osteoprogenitor cells or of potent cytokines/morphogens, indicate the potential of 'orthobiologics', but are not fully satisfactory. Here, we review different approaches based on the delivery of regenerative cues produced by cells but in cell-free, possibly off-the-shelf configurations. Such strategies exploit the paracrine effect of the secretome of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, presented in soluble form, shuttled through extracellular vesicles, or embedded within the network of extracellular matrix molecules. In addition to osteoinductive molecules, attention is given to factors targeting the resident immune cells, to reshape inflammatory and immunity processes from scarring to regenerative patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haumer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Emile Bourgine
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paola Occhetta
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gordian Born
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roberta Tasso
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Jha MK, Kim JH, Song GJ, Lee WH, Lee IK, Lee HW, An SSA, Kim S, Suk K. Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:37-69. [PMID: 29247683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), display remarkable heterogeneity in their morphology and function. Besides their physical and metabolic support to neurons, astrocytes modulate the blood-brain barrier, regulate CNS synaptogenesis, guide axon pathfinding, maintain brain homeostasis, affect neuronal development and plasticity, and contribute to diverse neuropathologies via secreted proteins. The identification of astrocytic proteome and secretome profiles has provided new insights into the maintenance of neuronal health and survival, the pathogenesis of brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in proteomics research have provided an excellent catalog of astrocyte-secreted proteins. This review categorizes astrocyte-secreted proteins and discusses evidence that astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal activity and brain function. An in-depth understanding of astrocyte-secreted proteins and their pathways is pivotal for the development of novel strategies for restoring brain homeostasis, limiting brain injury/inflammation, counteracting neurodegeneration, and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Konopka A, Zeug A, Skupien A, Kaza B, Mueller F, Chwedorowicz A, Ponimaskin E, Wilczynski GM, Dzwonek J. Cleavage of Hyaluronan and CD44 Adhesion Molecule Regulate Astrocyte Morphology via Rac1 Signalling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155053. [PMID: 27163367 PMCID: PMC4862642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication of cells with their extracellular environment is crucial to fulfill their function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The literature data provide evidence that such a communication is also important in case of astrocytes. Mechanisms that contribute to the interaction between astrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are still poorly understood. Hyaluronan is the main component of ECM in the brain, where its major receptor protein CD44 is expressed by a subset of astrocytes. Considering the fact that functions of astrocytes are tightly coupled with changes in their morphology (e.g.: glutamate clearance in the synaptic cleft, migration, astrogliosis), we investigated the influence of hyaluronan cleavage by hyaluronidase, knockdown of CD44 by specific shRNA and CD44 overexpression on astrocyte morphology. Our results show that hyaluronidase treatment, as well as knockdown of CD44, in astrocytes result in a "stellate"-like morphology, whereas overexpression of CD44 causes an increase in cell body size and changes the shape of astrocytes into flattened cells. Moreover, as a dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is supposed to be responsible for morphological changes of cells, and this reorganization is controlled by small GTPases of the Rho family, we hypothesized that GTPase Rac1 acts as a downstream effector for hyaluronan and CD44 in astrocytes. We used FRET-based biosensor and a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 to investigate the involvement of Rac1 activity in hyaluronidase- and CD44-dependent morphological changes of astrocytes. Both, hyaluronidase treatment and knockdown of CD44, enhances Rac1 activity while overexpression of CD44 reduces the activity state in astrocytes. Furthermore, morphological changes were blocked by specific inhibition of Rac1 activity. These findings indicate for the first time that regulation of Rac1 activity is responsible for hyaluronidase and CD44-driven morphological changes of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konopka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
| | - Andre Zeug
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Skupien
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
| | - Beata Kaza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
| | - Franziska Mueller
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Chwedorowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grzegorz M. Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02–093, Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 3, Poland
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15
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Johnson KM, Crocker SJ. TIMP-1 couples RhoK activation to IL-1β-induced astrocyte responses. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:165-70. [PMID: 26484505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pleotropic cytokine known to influence the central nervous system (CNS) responses to injury or infection. IL-1β also directly induces astrocytic expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, a potent trophic factor and regulator of matrix metalloproteinase activity. In this study, we examined the functional relationship between IL-1β and TIMP-1 and determined that the behavior of astrocytes in response to IL-1β is determined by TIMP-1 expression. Using primary astrocytes from C57Bl/6 mice, we found astrocytes from wildtype (Wt) mice exhibited a robust wound healing response to a scratch wound that was arrested in response to IL-1β. In contrast, TIMP-1 knockout (TIMP-1KO) astrocytes, exhibited minimal response to the scratch wound but an accelerated response following IL-1β-treatment. We also determined that the scratch wound effect in Wt cultures was attenuated by inhibition of Rho kinase but amplified in the TIMP-1KO cultures. We propose that the specific induction of TIMP-1 from astrocytes in response to IL-1β reflects a previously unrecognized physiological relationship where the directionality of astrocytic behavior is determined by the actions of TIMP‑1. These findings may provide additional insight into glial responses in the context of neuropathology where expression of TIMP-1 may vary and astrocytic responses may be impacted by the inflammatory milieu of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
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16
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Fernández-Klett F, Priller J. The fibrotic scar in neurological disorders. Brain Pathol 2015; 24:404-13. [PMID: 24946078 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, or scar formation, is a common response to damage in most organs of the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal niches. However, disruption of the blood-brain barrier and inflammation can unleash stromal cells and trigger scar formation. Astroglia segregate from the inflammatory lesion core, and the so-called "glial scar" composed of hypertrophic astrocytes seals off the intact neural tissue from damage. In the lesion core, a second type of "fibrotic scar" develops, which is sensitive to inflammatory mediators. Genetic fate mapping studies suggest that pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts are activated, but other precursor cells may also be involved in generating a transient fibrous extracellular matrix in the CNS. The stromal cells sense inflammation and attract immune cells, which in turn drive myofibroblast transdifferentiation. We believe that the fibrotic scar represents a major barrier to CNS regeneration. Targeting of fibrosis may therefore prove to be a valuable therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fernández-Klett
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Tarassishin L, Suh HS, Lee SC. LPS and IL-1 differentially activate mouse and human astrocytes: role of CD14. Glia 2014; 62:999-1013. [PMID: 24659539 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cultures with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands or cytokines has become a popular approach to investigate astrocyte neuroinflammatory responses and to simulate the neural environment in various CNS disorders. However, despite much effort, the mechanism of astrocyte activation such as their responses to the TLR ligands and IL-1 remain highly debated. We compared highly pure primary mouse and human astrocyte cultures in their ability to produce proinflammatory mediators (termed "A1") and immunoregulatory mediators (termed "A2") in response to LPS, poly IC, and IL-1 stimulation. In human astrocytes, IL-1 induced both A1 and A2 responses, poly IC induced mostly A2, and LPS induced neither. In mouse astrocytes, LPS induced mostly an A1-predominant response, poly IC induced both A1 and A2, and IL-1 neither. In addition, mouse astrocytes produce abundant IL-1 protein, whereas human astrocytes did not, despite robust IL-1 mRNA expression. Of the TLR4 receptor complex proteins, human astrocytes expressed TLR4 and MD2 but not CD14, whereas mouse astrocytes expressed all three. Mouse astrocyte CD14 (cell-associated and soluble) was potently upregulated by LPS. Silencing TLR4 or CD14 by siRNA suppressed LPS responses in mouse astrocytes. In vivo, astrocytes in LPS-injected mouse brains also expressed CD14. Our results show striking differences between human and mouse astrocytes in the use of TLR/IL-1R and subsequent downstream signaling and immune activation. IL-1 translational block in human astrocytes may be a built-in mechanism to prevent autocrine and paracrine cell activation and neuroinflammation. These results have important implications for translational research of human CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tarassishin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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18
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Jovanov Milošević N, Judaš M, Aronica E, Kostovic I. Neural ECM in laminar organization and connectivity development in healthy and diseased human brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:159-78. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Zuidema JM, Hyzinski-García MC, Van Vlasselaer K, Zaccor NW, Plopper GE, Mongin AA, Gilbert RJ. Enhanced GLT-1 mediated glutamate uptake and migration of primary astrocytes directed by fibronectin-coated electrospun poly-L-lactic acid fibers. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1439-49. [PMID: 24246642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered fiber substrates are increasingly studied as a means to promote regeneration and remodeling in the injured central nervous system (CNS). Previous reports largely focused on the ability of oriented scaffolds to bridge injured regions and direct outgrowth of axonal projections. In the present work, we explored the effects of electrospun microfibers on the migration and physiological properties of brain astroglial cells. Primary rat astrocytes were cultured on either fibronectin-coated poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) films, fibronectin-coated randomly oriented PLLA electrospun fibers, or fibronectin-coated aligned PLLA electrospun fibers. Aligned PLLA fibers strongly altered astrocytic morphology, orienting cell processes, actin microfilaments, and microtubules along the length of the fibers. On aligned fibers, astrocytes also significantly increased their migration rates in the direction of fiber orientation. We further investigated if fiber topography modifies astrocytic neuroprotective properties, namely glutamate and glutamine transport and metabolism. This was done by quantifying changes in mRNA expression (qRT-PCR) and protein levels (Western blotting) for a battery of relevant biomolecules. Interestingly, we found that cells grown on random and/or aligned fibers increased the expression levels of two glutamate transporters, GLAST and GLT-1, and an important metabolic enzyme, glutamine synthetase, as compared to the fibronectin-coated films. Functional assays revealed increases in glutamate transport rates due to GLT-1 mediated uptake, which was largely determined by the dihydrokainate-sensitive GLT-1. Overall, this study suggests that aligned PLLA fibers can promote directed astrocytic migration, and, of most importance, our in vitro results indicate for the first time that electrospun PLLA fibers can positively modify neuroprotective properties of glial cells by increasing rates of glutamate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - María C Hyzinski-García
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kristien Van Vlasselaer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Nicholas W Zaccor
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - George E Plopper
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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20
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Yang C, Rahimpour S, Yu ACH, Lonser RR, Zhuang Z. Regulation and dysregulation of astrocyte activation and implications in tumor formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4201-11. [PMID: 23420481 PMCID: PMC11113190 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic activation is a cellular response to disturbances of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have demonstrated the remarkable changes in molecular signaling, morphology, and metabolism that occur during astrocyte activation. Based on these studies, it has become clear that the astrocyte activation process is regulated by a variety of signaling pathways, which result in metabolic support, wound healing and scar formation. While normal astrocyte activation pathways drive homeostasis and/or repair in the CNS, dysregulation of these pathways can lead to astrocyte abnormalities, including glioma formation with similar phenotypes as reactive astrocytes. We review the principle pathways responsible for astrocytic activation, as well as their potential contribution to tumor formation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhang Yang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D20, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414 USA
| | - Shervin Rahimpour
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D20, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414 USA
| | - Albert C. H. Yu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory for Neuroscience (Ministry of Public Health), Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Russell R. Lonser
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D20, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414 USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D20, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414 USA
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21
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Summers L, Kangwantas K, Rodriguez-Grande B, Denes A, Penny J, Kielty C, Pinteaux E. Activation of brain endothelial cells by interleukin-1 is regulated by the extracellular matrix after acute brain injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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22
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Rodnight RB, Gottfried C. Morphological plasticity of rodent astroglia. J Neurochem 2012; 124:263-75. [PMID: 23278277 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, there has been an explosion of research on the role of neuroglial interactions in the control of brain homeostasis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Astrocytes, a subtype of glia in the central nervous system, are dynamic signaling elements that regulate neurogenesis and development of brain circuits, displaying intimate dynamic relationships with neurons, especially at synaptic sites where they functionally integrate the tripartite synapse. When astrocytes are isolated from the brain and maintained in culture, they exhibit a polygonal shape unlike their precursors in vivo. However, cultured astrocytes can be induced to undergo morphological plasticity leading to process formation, either by interaction with neurons or by the influence of pharmacological agents. This review highlights studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying morphological plasticity in astrocyte cultures and intact brain tissue, both in situ and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Burnard Rodnight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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23
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Lie PPY, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. The biology of interleukin-1: emerging concepts in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell junction dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:487-500. [PMID: 21744066 PMCID: PMC3297025 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine with important roles in innate immunity, as well as in normal tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, recent studies have also shown IL-1 to function in the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions. For example, treatment of different epithelia with IL-1α often results in the restructuring of the actin network and cell junctions, thereby leading to junction disassembly. In this review, we highlight new and interesting findings that show IL-1 to be a critical player of restructuring events in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P. Y. Lie
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Dolores D. Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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24
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Bonneh-Barkay D, Bissel SJ, Kofler J, Starkey A, Wang G, Wiley CA. Astrocyte and macrophage regulation of YKL-40 expression and cellular response in neuroinflammation. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:530-46. [PMID: 22074331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous inflammatory conditions are associated with elevated YKL-40 expression by infiltrating macrophages. Thus, we were surprised to observe minimal macrophage and abundant astrocyte expression of YKL-40 in neuroinflammatory conditions. The aims of the current study were to better delineate this discrepancy, characterize the factors that regulate YKL-40 expression in macrophages and astrocytes and study whether YKL-40 expression correlates with cell morphology and/or activation state. In vitro, macrophages expressed high levels of YKL-40 that was induced by classical activation and inhibited by alternative activation. Cytokines released from macrophages induced YKL-40 transcription in astrocytes that was accompanied by morphological changes and altered astrocytic motility. Because coculturing of astrocytes and macrophages did not reverse this in vitro expression pattern, additional components of the in vivo central nervous system (CNS) milieu must be required to suppress macrophage and induce astrocyte expression of YKL-40.
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Miljković D, Timotijević G, Stojković MM. Astrocytes in the tempest of multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3781-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Sato K, Horiuchi Y, Jin Y, Malchinkhuu E, Komachi M, Kondo T, Okajima F. Unmasking of LPA1 receptor-mediated migration response to lysophosphatidic acid by interleukin-1β-induced attenuation of Rho signaling pathways in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2011; 117:164-74. [PMID: 21244430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Action mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to regulate motility, an important process of astrogliosis, was investigated in rat astrocytes. While LPA exerted no significant effect on the cell migration, the prior treatment of the cells with LPS or IL-1β resulted in the appearance of migration activity in response to LPA. The LPS induction of the migration response to LPA was associated with the production of IL-1β precursor protein and inhibited by the IL-1 receptor antagonist. The IL-1β treatment also allowed LPA to activate Rac1. The LPA-induced Rac1 activation and migration were inhibited by pertussis toxin, a small interfering RNA specific to LPA(1) receptors, and LPA(1) receptor antagonists, including Ki16425. However, the IL-1β treatment had no appreciable effect on LPA(1) receptor mRNA expression and LPA-induced activation of ERK, Akt, and proliferation. The induction of the migration response to LPA by IL-1β was inhibited by a constitutively active RhoA. Moreover, LPA significantly activated RhoA through the LPA(1) receptor in the control cells but not in the IL-1β-treated cells. These results suggest that IL-1β inhibits the LPA(1) receptor-mediated Rho signaling through the IL-1 receptor, thereby disclosing the LPA(1) receptor-mediated G(i) protein/Rac/migration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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