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Turkistani A, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Elhussieny O, AL-Farga A, Aqlan F, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The functional and molecular roles of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75 NTR) in epilepsy. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2024; 16:11795735241247810. [PMID: 38655152 PMCID: PMC11036928 DOI: 10.1177/11795735241247810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder manifested by recurring unprovoked seizures resulting from an imbalance in the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. The process of epileptogenesis involves a complex interplay between the reduction of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the enhancement of excitatory glutamate. Pro-BDNF/p75NTR expression is augmented in both glial cells and neurons following epileptic seizures and status epileptics (SE). Over-expression of p75NTR is linked with the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and augmentation of pro-BDNF/p75NTR is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, the precise mechanistic function of p75NTR in epilepsy has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, this review aimed to revise the mechanistic pathway of p75NTR in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Turkistani
- Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Collage of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Omnya Elhussieny
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Ammar AL-Farga
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudia Arbia
| | - Faisal Aqlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb Governorate, Yemen
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Chehrazi P, Lee KKY, Lavertu-Jolin M, Abbasnejad Z, Carreño-Muñoz MI, Chattopadhyaya B, Di Cristo G. p75 neurotrophin receptor in pre-adolescent prefrontal PV interneurons promotes cognitive flexibility in adult mice. Biol Psychiatry 2023:S0006-3223(23)01238-6. [PMID: 37120061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic cells provide robust perisomatic inhibition to neighboring pyramidal neurons and regulate brain oscillations. Alterations in PV interneuron connectivity and function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been consistently reported in psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive rigidity, suggesting that PV cell deficits could be a core cellular phenotype in these disorders. p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) regulates the time course of PV cell maturation in a cell-autonomous fashion. Whether p75NTR expression during postnatal development affects adult prefrontal PV cell connectivity and cognitive function is unknown. METHODS We generated transgenic mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of p75NTR in postnatal PV cells. We analysed PV cell connectivity and recruitment following a tail pinch, by immunolabeling and confocal imaging, in naïve mice or following p75NTR re-expression in pre- or post-adolescent mice using Cre-dependent viral vectors. Cognitive flexibility was evaluated using behavioral tests. RESULTS PV cell-specific p75NTR deletion increased both PV cell synapse density and the proportion of PV cells surrounded by perineuronal nets, a marker of mature PV cells, in adult mPFC but not visual cortex. Both phenotypes were rescued by viral-mediated re-introduction of p75NTR in pre-adolescent but not post-adolescent mPFC. Prefrontal cortical PV cells failed to upregulate c-Fos following a tail-pinch stimulation in adult cKO mice. Finally, cKO mice showed impaired fear memory extinction learning as well as deficits in a attention set-shifting task. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that p75NTR expression in adolescent PV cells contributes to the fine tuning of their connectivity and promotes cognitive flexibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Chehrazi
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Karen Ka Yan Lee
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marisol Lavertu-Jolin
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Zahra Abbasnejad
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Isabel Carreño-Muñoz
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Graziella Di Cristo
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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Yin L, An Y, Chen X, Yan HX, Zhang T, Lu XG, Yan JT. Local vibration therapy promotes the recovery of nerve function in rats with sciatic nerve injury. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:265-273. [PMID: 35153133 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that local vibration therapy can benefit recovery after peripheral nerve injury, but the optimized parameters and effective mechanism were unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of local vibration therapy of different amplitudes on the recovery of nerve function in rats with sciatic nerve injury (SNI). METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SNI and then randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group, SNI group, SNI + A-1 mm group, SNI + A-2 mm group, and SNI + A-4 mm group (A refers to the amplitude; n = 10 per group). Starting on the 7th day after model initiation, local vibration therapy was given for 21 consecutive days with a frequency of 10 Hz and an amplitude of 1, 2 or 4 mm for 5 min. The sciatic function index (SFI) was assessed before surgery and on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days after surgery. Tissues were harvested on the 28th day after surgery for morphological, immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared with the SNI group, on the 28th day after surgery, the SFIs of the treatment groups were increased; the difference in the SNI + A-2 mm group was the most obvious (95% confidence interval [CI]: [5.86, 27.09], P < 0.001), and the cross-sectional areas of myocytes in all of the treatment groups were improved. The G-ratios in the SNI + A-1 mm group and SNI + A-2 mm group were reduced significantly (95% CI: [-0.12, -0.02], P = 0.007; 95% CI: [-0.15, -0.06], P < 0.001). In addition, the expressions of S100 and nerve growth factor proteins in the treatment groups were increased; the phosphorylation expressions of ERK1/2 protein in the SNI + A-2 mm group and SNI + A-4 mm group were upregulated (95% CI: [0.03, 0.96], P = 0.038; 95% CI: [0.01, 0.94], P = 0.047, respectively), and the phosphorylation expression of Akt in the SNI + A-1 mm group was upregulated (95% CI: [0.11, 2.07], P = 0.031). CONCLUSION Local vibration therapy, especially with medium amplitude, was able to promote the recovery of nerve function in rats with SNI; this result was linked to the proliferation of Schwann cells and the activation of the ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yun An
- Department of Tuina, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200441, China
| | - Hui-Xin Yan
- Department of Tuina, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Tuina, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xin-Gang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jun-Tao Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China.
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Pathak A, Clark S, Bronfman FC, Deppmann CD, Carter BD. Long-distance regressive signaling in neural development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 10:e382. [PMID: 32391977 PMCID: PMC7655682 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system development proceeds via well-orchestrated processes involving a balance between progressive and regressive events including stabilization or elimination of axons, synapses, and even entire neurons. These progressive and regressive events are driven by functionally antagonistic signaling pathways with the dominant pathway eventually determining whether a neural element is retained or removed. Many of these developmental sculpting events are triggered by final target innervation necessitating a long-distance mode of communication. While long-distance progressive signaling has been well characterized, particularly for neurotrophic factors, there remains relatively little known about how regressive events are triggered from a distance. Here we discuss the emergent phenomenon of long-distance regressive signaling pathways. In particular, we will cover (a) progressive and regressive cues known to be employed after target innervation, (b) the mechanisms of long-distance signaling from an endosomal platform, (c) recent evidence that long-distance regressive cues emanate from platforms like death receptors or repulsive axon guidance receptors, and (d) evidence that these pathways are exploited in pathological scenarios. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shayla Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher D. Deppmann
- Departments of Biology, Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bruce D. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tepper B, Bartkowska K, Okrasa M, Ngati S, Braszak M, Turlejski K, Djavadian R. Downregulation of TrkC Receptors Increases Dendritic Arborization of Purkinje Cells in the Developing Cerebellum of the Opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 33013328 PMCID: PMC7511753 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In therian mammals, the cerebellum is one of the late developing structures in the brain. Specifically, the proliferation of cerebellar granule cells occurs after birth, and even in humans, the generation of these cells continues during the first year of life. The main difference between marsupials and eutherians is that the majority of the brain structures in marsupials develop after birth. Herein, we report that in the newborn laboratory opossum (Monodelphis domestica), the cerebellar primordium is distinguishable in Nissl-stained sections. Additionally, bromodeoxyuridine birthdating experiments revealed that the first neurons form the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and Purkinje cells, and are generated within postnatal days (P) 1 and 5. Three weeks after birth, progenitors of granule cells in the external germinal layer (EGL) proliferate, producing granule cells. These progenitor cells persist for a long time, approximately 5 months. Furthermore, to study the effects of neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) during cerebellar development, cells were obtained from P3 opossums and cultured for 8 days. We found that TrkC downregulation stimulates dendritic branching of Purkinje neurons, which was surprising. The number of dendritic branches was higher in Purkinje cells transfected with the shRNA TrkC plasmid. However, there was no morphological change in the number of dendritic branches of granule cells transfected with either control or shRNA TrkC plasmids. We suggest that inhibition of TrkC activity enables NT3 binding to the neurotrophic receptor p75NTR that promotes dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells. This effect of TrkC receptors on dendritic branching is cell type specific, which could be explained by the strong expression of TrkC in Purkinje cells but not in granule cells. The data indicate a new role for TrkC receptors in Monodelphis opossum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tepper
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Okrasa
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Ngati
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Braszak
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Baho E, Chattopadhyaya B, Lavertu-Jolin M, Mazziotti R, Awad PN, Chehrazi P, Groleau M, Jahannault-Talignani C, Vaucher E, Ango F, Pizzorusso T, Baroncelli L, Di Cristo G. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Activation Regulates the Timing of the Maturation of Cortical Parvalbumin Interneuron Connectivity and Promotes Juvenile-like Plasticity in Adult Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4489-4510. [PMID: 30936240 PMCID: PMC6554620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2881-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By virtue of their extensive axonal arborization and perisomatic synaptic targeting, cortical inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) cells strongly regulate principal cell output and plasticity and modulate experience-dependent refinement of cortical circuits during development. An interesting aspect of PV cell connectivity is its prolonged maturation time course, which is completed only by end of adolescence. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) regulates numerous cellular functions; however, its role on cortical circuit development and plasticity remains elusive, mainly because localizing p75NTR expression with cellular and temporal resolution has been challenging. By using RNAscope and a modified version of the proximity ligation assay, we found that p75NTR expression in PV cells decreases between the second and fourth postnatal week, at a time when PV cell synapse numbers increase dramatically. Conditional knockout of p75NTR in single PV neurons in vitro and in PV cell networks in vivo causes precocious formation of PV cell perisomatic innervation and perineural nets around PV cell somata, therefore suggesting that p75NTR expression modulates the timing of maturation of PV cell connectivity in the adolescent cortex. Remarkably, we found that PV cells still express p75NTR in adult mouse cortex of both sexes and that its activation is sufficient to destabilize PV cell connectivity and to restore cortical plasticity following monocular deprivation in vivo Together, our results show that p75NTR activation dynamically regulates PV cell connectivity, and represent a novel tool to foster brain plasticity in adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the cortex, inhibitory, GABA-releasing neurons control the output and plasticity of excitatory neurons. Within this diverse group, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) cells form the larger inhibitory system. PV cell connectivity develops slowly, reaching maturity only at the end of adolescence; however, the mechanisms controlling the timing of its maturation are not well understood. We discovered that the expression of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in PV cells inhibits the maturation of their connectivity in a cell-autonomous fashion, both in vitro and in vivo, and that p75NTR activation in adult PV cells promotes their remodeling and restores cortical plasticity. These results reveal a new p75NTR function in the regulation of the time course of PV cell maturation and in limiting cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Baho
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Bidisha Chattopadhyaya
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Marisol Lavertu-Jolin
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patricia N Awad
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pegah Chehrazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Marianne Groleau
- École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1P1, Canada
| | - Celine Jahannault-Talignani
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, 34090 Montpellier, France, and
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1P1, Canada
| | - Fabrice Ango
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, 34090 Montpellier, France, and
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Neurofarba, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Graziella Di Cristo
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada,
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
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Boakye PA, Rancic V, Whitlock KH, Simmons D, Longo FM, Ballanyi K, Smith PA. Receptor dependence of BDNF actions in superficial dorsal horn: relation to central sensitization and actions of macrophage colony stimulating factor 1. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2308-2322. [PMID: 30995156 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00839.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury elicits an enduring increase in the excitability of the spinal dorsal horn. This change, which contributes to the development of neuropathic pain, is a consequence of release and prolonged exposure of dorsal horn neurons to various neurotrophins and cytokines. We have shown in rats that nerve injury increases excitatory synaptic drive to excitatory neurons but decreases drive to inhibitory neurons. Both effects, which contribute to an increase in dorsal horn excitability, appear to be mediated by microglia-derived BDNF. We have used multiphoton Ca2+ imaging and whole cell recording of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in defined-medium organotypic cultures of GAD67-GFP+ mice spinal cord to determine the receptor dependence of these opposing actions of BDNF. In mice, as in rats, BDNF enhances excitatory transmission onto excitatory neurons. This is mediated via presynaptic TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptors and exclusively by postsynaptic TrkB. By contrast with findings from rats, in mice BDNF does not decrease excitation of inhibitory neurons. The cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) has also been implicated in the onset of neuropathic pain. Nerve injury provokes its de novo synthesis in primary afferents, its release in spinal cord, and activation of microglia. We now show that CSF-1 increases excitatory drive to excitatory neurons via a BDNF-dependent mechanism and decreases excitatory drive to inhibitory neurons via BDNF-independent processes. Our findings complete missing steps in the cascade of events whereby peripheral nerve injury instigates increased dorsal horn excitability in the context of central sensitization and the onset of neuropathic pain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Nerve injury provokes synthesis of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in primary afferents and its release in the dorsal horn. We show that CSF-1 increases excitatory drive to excitatory dorsal horn neurons via BDNF activation of postsynaptic TrkB and presynaptic TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptors. CSF-1 decreases excitatory drive to inhibitory neurons via a BDNF-independent processes. This completes missing steps in understanding how peripheral injury instigates central sensitization and the onset of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boakye
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Vladimir Rancic
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Kerri H Whitlock
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Danielle Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Peter A Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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8
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Xu R, Yallowitz A, Qin A, Wu Z, Shin DY, Kim JM, Debnath S, Ji G, Bostrom MP, Yang X, Zhang C, Dong H, Kermani P, Lalani S, Li N, Liu Y, Poulos MG, Wach A, Zhang Y, Inoue K, Di Lorenzo A, Zhao B, Butler JM, Shim JH, Glimcher LH, Greenblatt MB. Targeting skeletal endothelium to ameliorate bone loss. Nat Med 2018; 24:823-833. [PMID: 29785024 PMCID: PMC5992080 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a specialized subset of CD31hiendomucinhi (CD31hiEMCNhi) vascular endothelium that positively regulates bone formation. However, it remains unclear how CD31hiEMCNhi endothelium levels are coupled to anabolic bone formation. Mice with an osteoblast-specific deletion of Shn3, which have markedly elevated bone formation, demonstrated an increase in CD31hiEMCNhi endothelium. Transcriptomic analysis identified SLIT3 as an osteoblast-derived, SHN3-regulated proangiogenic factor. Genetic deletion of Slit3 reduced skeletal CD31hiEMCNhi endothelium, resulted in low bone mass because of impaired bone formation and partially reversed the high bone mass phenotype of Shn3-/- mice. This coupling between osteoblasts and CD31hiEMCNhi endothelium is essential for bone healing, as shown by defective fracture repair in SLIT3-mutant mice and enhanced fracture repair in SHN3-mutant mice. Finally, administration of recombinant SLIT3 both enhanced bone fracture healing and counteracted bone loss in a mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus, drugs that target the SLIT3 pathway may represent a new approach for vascular-targeted osteoanabolic therapy to treat bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alisha Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dong Yeon Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gang Ji
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mathias P Bostrom
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Adult Reconstruction and Joint Replacement, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pouneh Kermani
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Lalani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Poulos
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Wach
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kazuki Inoue
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason M Butler
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Yoon J, Terman JR. Common effects of attractive and repulsive signaling: Further analysis of Mical-mediated F-actin disassembly and regulation by Abl. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:e1405197. [PMID: 29497471 PMCID: PMC5824934 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1405197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To change their size, shape, and connectivity, cells require actin and tubulin proteins to assemble together into long polymers – and numerous extracellular stimuli have now been identified that alter the assembly and organization of these cytoskeletal structures. Yet, there remains a lack of defined signaling pathways from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton for many of these extracellular signals, and so we still know little of how they exert their precise structural effects. These extracellular cues may be soluble or substrate-bound and have historically been classified into two independently acting and antagonistic groups: growth-promoting/attractants (inducing turning toward the source of the factor/positive chemotropism) or growth-preventing/repellents (turning away from the source of the factor/negative chemotropism). Paradoxically, our recent results directly link the action of growth factors/chemoattractants and their signaling pathways to the promotion of the disassembly of the F-actin cytoskeleton (a defined readout of repellents/repulsive signaling). Herein, we add to this by simply driving a constitutively active form of Mical, which strongly disassembles F-actin/remodels cells in vivo independent of repulsive cues – and find that loss of Abl, which mediates growth factor signaling in these cells, decreases Mical's F-actin disassembly/cellular remodeling effects. Thus, our results are consistent with a hypothesis that cues defined as positive effectors of movement (growth factors/chemoattractants) can at least in some contexts enhance the F-actin disassembly and remodeling activity of repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimok Yoon
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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10
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Functional recovery from sciatic nerve crush injury is delayed because of increased distal atrophy in mice lacking the p75 receptor. Neuroreport 2018; 27:940-7. [PMID: 27348017 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are becoming more common, but without effective treatment, the outcome is often very poor. Recent research shows that p75 plays an important role in nerve regeneration, but its mechanisms of action during behavioral recovery and axon regrowth remain unclear. To investigate these mechanisms, we examined recovery from sciatic nerve crush injury in wild-type and p75 knockout mice. We found that sciatic nerve crush injury upregulates mRNA and protein expressions of p75 and p75 deficiency alters gene and protein expression of molecules associated with distal portion atrophy. However, p75 deletion did not alter gene and protein expression in the spinal cord of molecules related to neuronal intrinsic growth capacity. Behavioral testing showed that functional recovery was delayed in mice lacking p75. These results suggest that p75 regulates gene and protein expression that limits the distal atrophy after sciatic nerve injury, thereby regulating axonal growth and functional recovery.
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11
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Yang T, Massa SM, Tran KC, Simmons DA, Rajadas J, Zeng AY, Jang T, Carsanaro S, Longo FM. A small molecule TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptor co-activator with distinctive effects on neuronal survival and process outgrowth. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:343-361. [PMID: 27334657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are coupled to numerous signaling networks that play critical roles in neuronal survival and plasticity. Several non-peptide small molecule ligands have recently been reported that bind to and activate specific tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk) NT receptors, stimulate their downstream signaling, and cause biologic effects similar to, though not completely overlapping, those of the native NT ligands. Here, in silico screening, coupled with low-throughput neuronal survival screening, identified a compound, LM22B-10, that, unlike prior small molecule Trk ligands, binds to and activates TrkB as well as TrkC. LM22B-10 increased cell survival and strongly accelerated neurite outgrowth, superseding the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3 or the two combined. Additionally, unlike the NTs, LM22B-10 supported substantial early neurite outgrowth in the presence of inhibiting glycoproteins. Examination of the mechanisms of these actions suggested contributions of the activation of both Trks and differential interactions with p75(NTR), as well as a requirement for involvement of the Trk extracellular domain. In aged mice, LM22B-10 activated hippocampal and striatal TrkB and TrkC, and their downstream signaling, and increased hippocampal dendritic spine density. Thus, LM22B-10 may constitute a new tool for the study of TrkB and TrkC signaling and their interactions with p75(NTR), and provides groundwork for the development of ligands that stimulate unique combinations of Trk receptors and activity patterns for application to selected neuronal populations and deficits present in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen M Massa
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory for Computational Neurochemistry and Drug Discovery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Dept. of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Kevin C Tran
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danielle A Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Y Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Carsanaro
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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Naska S, Yuzwa SA, Johnston APW, Paul S, Smith KM, Paris M, Sefton MV, Datti A, Miller FD, Kaplan DR. Identification of Drugs that Regulate Dermal Stem Cells and Enhance Skin Repair. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:74-84. [PMID: 26724904 PMCID: PMC4719140 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we asked whether we could identify pharmacological agents that enhance endogenous stem cell function to promote skin repair, focusing on skin-derived precursors (SKPs), a dermal precursor cell population. Libraries of compounds already used in humans were screened for their ability to enhance the self-renewal of human and rodent SKPs. We identified and validated five such compounds, and showed that two of them, alprostadil and trimebutine maleate, enhanced the repair of full thickness skin wounds in middle-aged mice. Moreover, SKPs isolated from drug-treated skin displayed long-term increases in self-renewal when cultured in basal growth medium without drugs. Both alprostadil and trimebutine maleate likely mediated increases in SKP self-renewal by moderate hyperactivation of the MEK-ERK pathway. These findings identify candidates for potential clinical use in human skin repair, and provide support for the idea that pharmacological activation of endogenous tissue precursors represents a viable therapeutic strategy. Small-molecule screens identify compounds that enhance SKP self-renewal Alprostadil and trimebutine maleate both increase SKP self-renewal Both compounds likely act by promoting activation of the MEK-ERK pathway Both compounds activated dermal precursors in vivo to enhance wound healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Naska
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Scott A Yuzwa
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Adam P W Johnston
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Smitha Paul
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kristen M Smith
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Maryline Paris
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael V Sefton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- S.M.A.R.T. Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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13
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Mónica Brauer M, Smith PG. Estrogen and female reproductive tract innervation: cellular and molecular mechanisms of autonomic neuroplasticity. Auton Neurosci 2014; 187:1-17. [PMID: 25530517 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract undergoes remarkable functional and structural changes associated with cycling, conception and pregnancy, and it is likely advantageous to both individual and species to alter relationships between reproductive tissues and innervation. For several decades, it has been appreciated that the mammalian uterus undergoes massive sympathetic axon depletion in late pregnancy, possibly representing an adaptation to promote smooth muscle quiescence and sustained blood flow. Innervation to other structures such as cervix and vagina also undergo pregnancy-related changes in innervation that may facilitate parturition. These tissues provide highly tractable models for examining cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nervous system plasticity. Studies show that estrogen elicits rapid degeneration of sympathetic terminal axons in myometrium, which regenerate under low-estrogen conditions. Degeneration is mediated by the target tissue: under estrogen's influence, the myometrium produces proteins repulsive to sympathetic axons including BDNF, neurotrimin, semaphorins, and pro-NGF, and extracellular matrix components are remodeled. Interestingly, nerve depletion does not involve diminished levels of classical sympathetic neurotrophins that promote axon growth. Estrogen also affects sympathetic neuron neurotrophin receptor expression in ways that appear to favor pro-degenerative effects of the target tissue. In contrast to the uterus, estrogen depletes vaginal autonomic and nociceptive axons, with the latter driven in part by estrogen-induced suppression of BMP4 synthesis. These findings illustrate that hormonally mediated physiological plasticity is a highly complex phenomenon involving multiple, predominantly repulsive target-derived factors acting in concert to achieve rapid and selective reductions in innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mónica Brauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Peter G Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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14
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Low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves abnormal visual cortical circuit topography and upregulates BDNF in mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10780-92. [PMID: 25100609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0723-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used as a treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although the induced field is focused on a target region during rTMS, adjacent areas also receive stimulation at a lower intensity and the contribution of this perifocal stimulation to network-wide effects is poorly defined. Here, we examined low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS)-induced changes on a model neural network using the visual systems of normal (C57Bl/6J wild-type, n = 22) and ephrin-A2A5(-/-) (n = 22) mice, the latter possessing visuotopic anomalies. Mice were treated with LI-rTMS or sham (handling control) daily for 14 d, then fluorojade and fluororuby were injected into visual cortex. The distribution of dorsal LGN (dLGN) neurons and corticotectal terminal zones (TZs) was mapped and disorder defined by comparing their actual location with that predicted by injection sites. In the afferent geniculocortical projection, LI-rTMS decreased the abnormally high dispersion of retrogradely labeled neurons in the dLGN of ephrin-A2A5(-/-) mice, indicating geniculocortical map refinement. In the corticotectal efferents, LI-rTMS improved topography of the most abnormal TZs in ephrin-A2A5(-/-) mice without altering topographically normal TZs. To investigate a possible molecular mechanism for LI-rTMS-induced structural plasticity, we measured brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the visual cortex and superior colliculus after single and multiple stimulations. BDNF was upregulated after a single stimulation for all groups, but only sustained in the superior colliculus of ephrin-A2A5(-/-) mice. Our results show that LI-rTMS upregulates BDNF, promoting a plastic environment conducive to beneficial reorganization of abnormal cortical circuits, information that has important implications for clinical rTMS.
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15
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Morotti M, Vincent K, Brawn J, Zondervan KT, Becker CM. Peripheral changes in endometriosis-associated pain. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:717-36. [PMID: 24859987 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain remains the cardinal symptom of endometriosis. However, to date, the underlying mechanisms are still only poorly understood. Increasing evidence points towards a close interaction between peripheral nerves, the peritoneal environment and the central nervous system in pain generation and processing. Recently, studies demonstrating nerve fibres and neurotrophic and angiogenic factors in endometriotic lesions and their vicinity have led to increased interest in peripheral changes in endometriosis-associated pain. This review focuses on the origin and function of these nerves and factors as well as possible peripheral mechanisms that may contribute to the generation and modulation of pain in women with endometriosis. METHODS We conducted a systematic search using several databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL) of publications from January 1977 to October 2013 to evaluate the possible roles of the peripheral nervous system in endometriosis pathophysiology and how it can contribute to endometriosis-associated pain. RESULTS Endometriotic lesions and peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis had pronounced neuroangiogenic properties with increased expression of new nerve fibres, a shift in the distribution of sensory and autonomic fibres in some locations, and up-regulation of several neurotrophins. In women suffering from deep infiltrating endometriosis and bowel endometriosis, in which the anatomical distribution of lesions is generally more closely related to pelvic pain symptoms, endometriotic lesions and surrounding tissues present higher nerve fibre densities compared with peritoneal lesions and endometriomas. More data are needed to fully confirm a direct correlation between fibre density in these locations and the amount of perceived pain. A better correlation between the presence of nerve fibres and pain symptoms seems to exist for eutopic endometrium. However, this appears not to be exclusive to endometriosis. No correlation between elevated neurotrophin levels and pain severity appears to exist, suggesting the involvement of other mediators in the modulation of pain. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of neurotrophic factors and nerve fibres in endometriotic lesions, eutopic endometrium and the peritoneum imply a role of such peripheral changes in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated pain. However, a clear link between these findings and pain in patients with endometriosis has so far not been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morotti
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Genoa, Genoa 16100, Italy
| | - Katy Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jennifer Brawn
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christian M Becker
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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16
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Ezkurdia N, Raurell I, Rodríguez S, González A, Esteban R, Genescà J, Martell M. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and axonal regression ameliorates sympathetic atrophy and hemodynamic alterations in portal hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84374. [PMID: 24400086 PMCID: PMC3882227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim A neuronal pathway participates in the development of portal hypertension: blockade of afferent sensory nerves in portal vein ligated (PVL) rats simultaneously prevents brain cardiovascular regularory nuclei activation, neuromodulator overexpression in superior mesenteric ganglia, sympathetic atrophy of mesenteric innervation and hemodynamic alterations. Here we investigated in PVL rats alterations in neuromodulators and signaling pathways leading to axonal regression or apoptosis in the superior mesenteric ganglia and tested the effects of the stimulation of neuronal proliferation/survival by using a tyrosine kinase receptor A agonist, gambogic amide. Results The neuronal pathway was confirmed by an increased neuronal afferent activity at the vagal nodose ganglia and the presence of semaphorin3A in sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons at the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord of PVL rats. Expression of the active form of tyrosine kinase receptor A (phosphorylated), leading to proliferation and survival signaling, showed a significant reduction in PVL comparing to sham rats. In contrast, the apoptotic and axonal retraction pathways were stimulated in PVL, demonstrated by a significant overexpression of semaphorin 3A and its receptor neuropilin1, together with increases of cleaved caspase7, inactive poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and Rho kinase expression. Finally, the administration of gambogic amide in PVL rats showed an amelioration of hemodynamic alterations and sympathetic atrophy, through the activation of survival pathways together with the inhibition of apoptotic cascades and Rho kinase mediated axonal regression. Conclusion The adrenergic alteration and sympathetic atrophy in mesenteric vessels during portal hypertension is caused by alterations on neuromodulation leading to post-ganglionic sympathetic regression and apoptosis and contributing to splanchnic vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahia Ezkurdia
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Raurell
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarai Rodríguez
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Esteban
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Genescà
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Martell
- Hepatic Diseases Laboratory, Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Deconstruction of medulloblastoma cellular heterogeneity reveals differences between the most highly invasive and self-renewing phenotypes. Neoplasia 2013; 15:384-98. [PMID: 23555184 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary pediatric brain tumor. Major research efforts have focused on characterizing and targeting putative brain tumor stem or propagating cell populations from the tumor mass. However, less is known about the relationship between these cells and highly invasive MB cells that evade current therapies. Here, we dissected MB cellular heterogeneity and directly compared invasion and self-renewal. Analysis of higher versus lower self-renewing tumor spheres and stationary versus migrating adherent MB cells revealed differential expression of the cell surface markers CD271 [p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR)] and CD133. Cell sorting demonstrated that CD271 selects for subpopulations with a higher capacity for self-renewal, whereas CD133 selects for cells exhibiting increased invasion in vitro. CD271 expression is higher in human fetal cerebellum and primary samples of the Shh MB molecular variant and lower in the more aggressive, invasive group 3 and 4 subgroups. Global gene expression analysis of higher versus lower self-renewing MB tumor spheres revealed down-regulation of a cell movement transcription program in the higher self-renewing state and a novel potential role for axon guidance signaling in MB-propagating cells. We have identified a cell surface signature based on CD133/CD271 expression that selects for MB cells with a higher self-renewal potential or invasive capacity in vitro. Our study underscores a previously unappreciated role for CD271 in selecting for MB cell phenotypes and suggests that successful treatment of pediatric brain tumors requires concomitant targeting of a spectrum of transitioning self-renewing and highly infiltrative cell subpopulations.
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18
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Howard L, Wyatt S, Nagappan G, Davies AM. ProNGF promotes neurite growth from a subset of NGF-dependent neurons by a p75NTR-dependent mechanism. Development 2013; 140:2108-17. [PMID: 23633509 PMCID: PMC3640218 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The somatosensory and sympathetic innervation of the vertebrate head is derived principally from the neurons of trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia (SCG), respectively. During development, the survival of both populations of neurons and the terminal growth and branching of their axons in the tissues they innervate is regulated by the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by these tissues. NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions. Here, we show that proNGF promotes profuse neurite growth and branching from cultured postnatal mouse SCG neurons. In marked contrast, proNGF does not promote the growth of trigeminal neurites. Studies using compartment cultures demonstrated that proNGF acts locally on SCG neurites to promote growth. The neurite growth-promoting effect of proNGF is not observed in SCG neurons cultured from p75(NTR)-deficient mice, and proNGF does not phosphorylate the NGF receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA. These findings suggest that proNGF selectively promotes the growth of neurites from a subset of NGF-responsive neurons by a p75(NTR)-dependent mechanism during postnatal development when the axons of these neurons are ramifying within their targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Howard
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK.
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19
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Uesugi N, Kimura Y, Yamashita T. Suppression of the p75 receptor signal attenuates the effect of ephrin-B3 and promotes axonal regeneration of the injured optic nerve. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e557. [PMID: 23519126 PMCID: PMC3615738 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is known to transduce the signal from some myelin-associated axon growth inhibitors, including Nogo and myelin-associated glycoprotein. As ephrin-B3, a member of the ephrin family, is also expressed in myelin and inhibits axon growth, the purpose of this study was to assess the possible involvement of p75NTR in ephrin-B3 signaling. Here, we report that p75NTR is required for the inhibitory effect of ephrin-B3 on neurite growth in vitro. While ephrin-B3 inhibited neurite elongation of embryonic cortical neurons, the neurons with p75NTR knockdown or with EphA4 knockdown were less sensitive to ephrin-B3. Although no direct interaction of p75NTR with ephrin-B3 was observed, Pep5, a peptide that specifically inhibits RhoA activation mediated by p75NTR, reduced the effect of ephrin-B3. Therefore, p75NTR functions as a signal transducer for ephrin-B3. Moreover, axonal regeneration in vivo was induced by Pep5 application after optic nerve crush injury in mice. Thus, Pep5 is a promising agent that contributes to axonal regeneration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uesugi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kimura
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Kotlyanskaya L, McLinden KA, Giniger E. Of proneurotrophins and their antineurotrophic effects. Sci Signal 2013; 6:pe6. [PMID: 23405011 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins perform essential processes throughout neural development. They signal through Trk receptor proteins, typically in association with a "low affinity" p75(NTR) pan-neurotrophin co-receptor. Neurotrophins are synthesized as proproteins; the pro domains are removed proteolytically to yield the mature, presumably functional forms of the neurotrophins. Recent findings, however, have revealed a positive role for the proneurotrophins themselves. The proproteins bind with high affinity to the p75(NTR) pan-neurotrophin receptor in the absence of Trks to initiate a separate set of signaling cascades that actively oppose the effects of the mature growth factors. These experiments suggest that the balance between pro- and mature neurotrophin plays a critical role in tuning downstream signaling. This view changes the neurotrophin field substantially and also points to the broader idea that the potential activities of precursor proteins deserve a closer look.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kotlyanskaya
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20854, USA
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21
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Abstract
Growth cone collapse is an easy and efficient test for detecting and characterizing axon guidance activities secreted or expressed by cells. It can also be used to dissect signaling pathways by axon growth inhibitors and to isolate therapeutic compounds that promote axon regeneration. Here, we describe a growth cone collapse assay protocol used to study signal transduction mechanisms of the repulsive axon guidance molecule ephrin-A5 in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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22
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Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Stimamiglio MA, Muñoz JJ, Alfaro D, Terra-Granado E, Garcia-Ceca J, Alonso-Colmenar LM, Savino W, Zapata AG. Developing T-cell migration: role of semaphorins and ephrins. FASEB J 2012; 26:4390-9. [PMID: 22815386 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a crucial event for normal T-cell development, and various ligand/receptor pairs have been implicated. Most of them, including chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins, have attractant properties on thymocytes. We discuss herein two further groups of ligand/receptor pairs, semaphorins/neuropilins and ephs/ephrins, which are constitutively expressed by thymocytes and thymic microenvironmental cells. Evidence shows that the corresponding interactions are relevant for developing T-cell migration, including the entry of bone marrow progenitor cells, migration of CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subpopulations triggered by chemokines and/or extracellular matrix proteins, and thymocyte export. Conceptually, the data summarized here show that thymocyte migration results from a complex network of molecular interactions, which generate not only attraction, but also repulsion of migrating T-cell precursors.
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23
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An activity-regulated microRNA, miR-188, controls dendritic plasticity and synaptic transmission by downregulating neuropilin-2. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5678-5687. [PMID: 22514329 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6471-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently come to be viewed as critical players that modulate a number of cellular features in various biological systems including the mature CNS by exerting regulatory control over the stability and translation of mRNAs. Despite considerable evidence for the regulatory functions of miRNAs, the identities of the miRNA species that are involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity and the mechanisms by which these miRNAs exert functional roles remain largely unknown. In the present study, the expression of microRNA-188 (miR-188) was found to be upregulated by the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). The protein level of neuropilin-2 (Nrp-2), one of the possible molecular targets for miR-188, was decreased during LTP induction. We also confirmed that the luciferase activity of the 3'-UTR of Nrp-2 was diminished by treatment with a miR-188 oligonucleotide but not with a scrambled miRNA oligonucleotide. Nrp-2 serves as a receptor for semaphorin 3F, which is a negative regulator of spine development and synaptic structure. In addition, miR-188 specifically rescued the reduction in dendritic spine density induced by Nrp-2 expression in hippocampal neurons from rat primary culture. Furthermore, miR-188 counteracted the decrease in the miniature EPSC frequency induced by Nrp-2 expression in hippocampal neurons from rat primary culture. These findings suggest that miR-188 serves to fine-tune synaptic plasticity by regulating Nrp-2 expression.
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24
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Sun Y, Lim Y, Li F, Liu S, Lu JJ, Haberberger R, Zhong JH, Zhou XF. ProBDNF collapses neurite outgrowth of primary neurons by activating RhoA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35883. [PMID: 22558255 PMCID: PMC3338794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons extend their dendrites and axons to build functional neural circuits, which are regulated by both positive and negative signals during development. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a positive regulator for neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival but the functions of its precursor (proBDNF) are less characterized. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that proBDNF collapses neurite outgrowth in murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and cortical neurons by activating RhoA via the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). We demonstrated that the receptor proteins for proBDNF, p75NTR and sortilin, were highly expressed in cultured DRG or cortical neurons. ProBDNF caused a dramatic neurite collapse in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was about 500 fold more potent than myelin-associated glycoprotein. Neutralization of endogenous proBDNF by using antibodies enhanced neurite outgrowth in vitro and in vivo, but this effect was lost in p75NTR(-/-) mice. The neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons from p75NTR deficient (p75NTR(-/-)) mice was insensitive to proBDNF. There was a time-dependent reduction of length and number of filopodia in response to proBDNF which was accompanied with a polarized RhoA activation in growth cones. Moreover, proBDNF treatment of cortical neurons resulted in a time-dependent activation of RhoA but not Cdc42 and the effect was absent in p75NTR(-/-) neurons. Rho kinase (ROCK) and the collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) were also involved in the proBDNF action. CONCLUSIONS proBDNF has an opposing role in neurite outgrowth to that of mature BDNF. Our observations suggest that proBDNF collapses neurites outgrowth and filopodial growth cones by activating RhoA through the p75NTR signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Fibers/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers/physiology
- Neurites/drug effects
- Neurites/physiology
- Protein Precursors/pharmacology
- Protein Precursors/physiology
- Pseudopodia/drug effects
- Pseudopodia/physiology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time-Lapse Imaging
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/agonists
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yoon Lim
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Health Science, Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Health Science, Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jian-Jun Lu
- Division of Health Science, Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rainer Haberberger
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jin-Hua Zhong
- Division of Health Science, Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Division of Health Science, Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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25
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Deinhardt K, Kim T, Spellman DS, Mains RE, Eipper BA, Neubert TA, Chao MV, Hempstead BL. Neuronal growth cone retraction relies on proneurotrophin receptor signaling through Rac. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra82. [PMID: 22155786 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth of axons and dendrites is a dynamic process that involves guidance molecules, adhesion proteins, and neurotrophic factors. Although neurite extension is stimulated by the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), we found that the precursor of NGF, proNGF, induced acute collapse of growth cones of cultured hippocampal neurons. This retraction was initiated by an interaction between the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and the sortilin family member SorCS2 (sortilin-related VPS10 domain-containing receptor 2). Binding of proNGF to the p75NTR-SorCS2 complex induced growth cone retraction by initiating the dissociation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio from the p75NTR-SorCS2 complex, resulting in decreased Rac activity and, consequently, growth cone collapse. The actin-bundling protein fascin was also inactivated, contributing to the destabilization and collapse of actin filaments. These results identify a bifunctional signaling mechanism by which proNGF regulates actin dynamics to acutely modulate neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Deinhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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26
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Richeri A, Chalar C, Martínez G, Greif G, Bianchimano P, Brauer MM. Estrogen up-regulation of semaphorin 3F correlates with sympathetic denervation of the rat uterus. Auton Neurosci 2011; 164:43-50. [PMID: 21724473 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that rises in systemic levels of estrogen create in the uterus an inhibitory environment for sympathetic nerves. However, molecular insights of these changes are far from complete. We evaluated if semaphorin 3F mRNA, a sympathetic nerve repellent, was produced by the rat uterus and if its expression was modulated by estrogen. We also analyzed whether uterine nerves express the semaphorin 3F binding receptor, neuropilin-2. Uterine levels of semaphorin 3F mRNA were measured using real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in prepubertal rat controls and following chronic estrogen treatment. Localization of semaphorin 3F transcripts was determined by in situ hybridization and the expression of neuropilin-2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. These studies showed that: (1) chronic estrogen treatment led to a 5-fold induction of semaphorin 3F mRNA in the immature uterus; (2) estrogen provoked a tissue-specific induction of semaphorin 3F which was particularly localized in the connective tissue that borders muscle bundles and surrounds intrauterine blood vessels; (3) two major cell-types were recognized in the areas where transcripts were concentrated, fibroblast-like cells and infiltrating eosinophil leukocytes; and (4) some delicate nerve terminal profiles present in the estrogenized uterus were immunoreactive for neuropilin-2. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of semaphorin 3F/neuropilin-2 are consistent with a possible role of this guidance cue in the remodeling of uterine sympathetic innervation by estrogen. Though correlative in its nature, these data support a model whereby semaphorin 3F, in combination with other inhibitory molecules, converts the estrogenized myometrium to an inhospitable environment for sympathetic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Richeri
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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27
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Skeldal S, Matusica D, Nykjaer A, Coulson EJ. Proteolytic processing of the p75 neurotrophin receptor: A prerequisite for signalling?: Neuronal life, growth and death signalling are crucially regulated by intra-membrane proteolysis and trafficking of p75(NTR). Bioessays 2011; 33:614-25. [PMID: 21717487 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The common neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR) ) regulates various functions in the developing and adult nervous system. Cell survival, cell death, axonal and growth cone retraction, and regulation of the cell cycle can be regulated by p75(NTR) -mediated signals following activation by either mature or pro-neurotrophins and in combination with various co-receptors, including Trk receptors and sortilin. Here, we review the known functions of p75(NTR) by cell type, receptor-ligand combination, and whether regulated intra-membrane proteolysis of p75(NTR) is required for signalling. We highlight that the generation of the intracellular domain fragment of p75(NTR) is associated with many of the receptor functions, regardless of its ligand and co-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Skeldal
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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San Miguel S, Serrano MJ, Sachar A, Henkemeyer M, Svoboda KKH, Benson MD. Ephrin reverse signaling controls palate fusion via a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:357-64. [PMID: 21246652 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary palate fusion requires adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the epithelial layers on opposing palatal shelves. This EMT requires transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3), and its failure results in cleft palate. Ephrins, and their receptors, the Ephs, are responsible for migration, adhesion, and midline closure events throughout development. Ephrins can also act as signal-transducing receptors in these processes, with the Ephs serving as ligands (termed "reverse" signaling). We found that activation of ephrin reverse signaling in chicken palates induced fusion in the absence of TGFβ3, and that PI3K inhibition abrogated this effect. Further, blockage of reverse signaling inhibited TGFβ3-induced fusion in the chicken and natural fusion in the mouse. Thus, ephrin reverse signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce palate fusion independent of TGFβ3. These data describe both a novel role for ephrins in palate morphogenesis, and a previously unknown mechanism of ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symone San Miguel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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29
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Marler KJM, Poopalasundaram S, Broom ER, Wentzel C, Drescher U. Pro-neurotrophins secreted from retinal ganglion cell axons are necessary for ephrinA-p75NTR-mediated axon guidance. Neural Dev 2010; 5:30. [PMID: 21044296 PMCID: PMC2987844 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinotectal map formation develops via topographically specific guidance and branching of retinal axons in their target area. This process is controlled, in part, by reverse signalling of ephrinAs expressed on retinal axons. As glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecules, ephrinAs require transmembrane co-receptors to exert this function, for which the two neurotrophin receptors, p75NTR and TrkB, were recently proposed. RESULTS We show here that the ligands for these receptors, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) and its processed form, BDNF, respectively, control the branching of retinal axons antagonistically, which they mediate by inducing the corresponding neurotrophin receptor-ephrinA complexes. Moreover, scavenging proneurotrophins, by adding antibodies specific for the pro-domain of proBNDF or a soluble extracellular domain of p75NTR, abolish repellent ephrinA reverse signalling in the stripe assay. CONCLUSIONS This indicates that retinal cells secrete proneurotrophins, inducing the ephrinA-p75NTR interaction and enabling repellent axon guidance. The antagonistic functions of proBDNF and BDNF raise the possibility that topographic branching is controlled by local control of processing of proneurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine JM Marler
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Subathra Poopalasundaram
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Emma R Broom
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Corinna Wentzel
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, PO Box 2543, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Drescher
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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