1
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Ito A, Miller C, Imamura F. Suppression of BMP signaling restores mitral cell development impaired by FGF signaling deficits in mouse olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 128:103913. [PMID: 38056728 PMCID: PMC10939902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play various important roles in the development of the central nervous system. However, the roles of FGF and BMP signaling in the development of the olfactory bulb (OB) are largely unknown. In this study, we first showed the expression of FGF receptors (FGFRs) and BMP receptors (BMPRs) in OB RGCs, radial glial cells (RGCs) in the developing OB, which generate the OB projection neurons, mitral and tufted cells. When the FGF signaling was inhibited by a dominant-negative form of FGFR1 (dnFGFR1), OB RGCs accelerated their state transition to mitral cell precursors without affecting their transcription cascade and fate. However, the mitral cell precursors could not radially migrate to form the mitral cell layer (MCL). In addition, FGF signaling inhibition reduced the expression of a BMP antagonist, Noggin, in the developing OB. When BMP signaling was suppressed by the ectopic expression of Noggin or a dominant-negative form of BMPR1a (dnBMPR1a) in the developing OB, the defect in MCL formation caused by the dnFGFR1 was rescued. However, the dnBMPR1a did not rescue the accelerated state transition of OB RGCs. These results demonstrate that FGF signaling is important for OB RGCs to maintain their self-renewal state and MCL formation. Moreover, the suppression of BMP signaling is required for mitral cells to form the MCL. This study sheds new light on the roles of FGFs and BMPs in OB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Claire Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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2
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Fujimoto S, Leiwe MN, Aihara S, Sakaguchi R, Muroyama Y, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K, Saito T, Imai T. Activity-dependent local protection and lateral inhibition control synaptic competition in developing mitral cells in mice. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00237-X. [PMID: 37290446 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In developing brains, activity-dependent remodeling facilitates the formation of precise neuronal connectivity. Synaptic competition is known to facilitate synapse elimination; however, it has remained unknown how different synapses compete with one another within a post-synaptic cell. Here, we investigate how a mitral cell in the mouse olfactory bulb prunes all but one primary dendrite during the developmental remodeling process. We find that spontaneous activity generated within the olfactory bulb is essential. We show that strong glutamatergic inputs to one dendrite trigger branch-specific changes in RhoA activity to facilitate the pruning of the remaining dendrites: NMDAR-dependent local signals suppress RhoA to protect it from pruning; however, the subsequent neuronal depolarization induces neuron-wide activation of RhoA to prune non-protected dendrites. NMDAR-RhoA signals are also essential for the synaptic competition in the mouse barrel cortex. Our results demonstrate a general principle whereby activity-dependent lateral inhibition across synapses establishes a discrete receptive field of a neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Marcus N Leiwe
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuhei Aihara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Richi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Muroyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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3
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Caffo M, Fusco R, Siracusa R, Caruso G, Barresi V, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Germanò AF, Cardali SM. Molecular Investigation of DKK3 in Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030815. [PMID: 36979794 PMCID: PMC10045463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) is an atypical member of the Dkk family of Wnt inhibitors, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Its role in the mechanisms of cellular degeneration and protection is still unknown. The aim of our work is to investigate the endogenous activation of the DKK3 pathway in a model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. In particular, the animals were subjected to 1 h of ischemia followed by different reperfusion times (1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h) to evaluate the downstream pathway and the time course of its activation. Western blot analysis showed increased Dkk3 expression in animals with the highest time of reperfusion. The increased levels of Dkk3 were accompanied by reduced Wnt3a, Frz1 and PIWI1a expression in the cytosol while FOXM1 and β-catenin decreased in the nucleus. These molecular changes led to an increase in the apoptotic pathway, as showed by the increased expression of Caspase 3 and Bax and the reduced levels of Bcl-2, and to a decrease in neurogenesis, as shown by the decreased expression of Tbr2, Ngn2 and Pax6. In the second part of the study, we decided to employ curcumin, an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, to investigate its effect on Dkk3. In particular, curcumin was administered 1 and 6 h after ischemia, and animals were sacrificed 24 h later when the expression of Dkk3 was higher. Our data displayed that curcumin administration decreased Dkk3 expression, and increased Wnt3a, Frz1 and PIWI1a levels. Well in line with these data, curcumin administration increased nuclear β-catenin and FOXM1 expression. The down-regulation of Dkk3 by curcumin led to reduced apoptosis and increased neurogenesis. Summarizing, our results showed that Dkk3 acts as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during cerebral ischemia. Additionally, its inhibition and the contextual activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are protective against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caffo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunzita, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Francesco Germanò
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Massimo Cardali
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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4
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Liu X, Adamo AM, Oteiza PI. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate affects zinc metabolism and neurogenesis in the developing rat brain. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109351. [PMID: 35841924 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed that developmental marginal zinc deficiency affects neurogenesis. Maternal phthalate exposure could disrupt fetal zinc homeostasis by triggering an acute phase response, causing maternal liver zinc retention that limits zinc availability to the fetus. Thus, we currently investigated whether exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) during gestation in rats alters fetal brain neurogenesis by impairing zinc homeostasis. Dams consumed an adequate (25 μg zinc/g diet) (C) or a marginal zinc deficient (MZD) (10 μg zinc/g diet) diet, without or with DEHP (300 mg/kg BW) (C + DEHP, MZD + DEHP) from embryonic day (E) 0 to E19. To evaluate neurogenesis we measured parameters of neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation and differentiation. Maternal exposure to DEHP and/or zinc deficiency lowered fetal brain cortical tissue (CT) zinc concentrations. Transcription factors involved in NPC proliferation (PAX6, SOX2, EMX1), differentiation (TBR2, TBR1) and mature neurons (NeuN) were lower in MZD, MZD + DEHP and C + DEHP than in C E19 brain CT, being the lowest in the MZD + DEHP group. VGLUT1 levels, a marker of glutamatergic neurons, showed a similar pattern. Levels of a marker of GABAergic neurons, GAD65, did not vary among groups. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were reduced by both MZD and DEHP, and particularly in the MZD + DEHP group. MEHP-treated human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells and E19 brains from DEHP-treated dams showed that the zinc-regulated phosphatase PP2A can be in part responsible for DEHP-mediated ERK1/2 downregulation and impaired neurogenesis. Overall, gestational exposure to DEHP caused secondary zinc deficiency and impaired neurogenesis. These harmful effects could have long-term consequences on the adult offspring brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Liu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ana M Adamo
- Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Crespo I, Pignatelli J, Kinare V, Méndez-Gómez HR, Esgleas M, Román MJ, Canals JM, Tole S, Vicario C. Tbr1 Misexpression Alters Neuronal Development in the Cerebral Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5750-5765. [PMID: 35781633 PMCID: PMC9395452 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the transcription factor (TF) expression are critical for brain development, and they may also underlie neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, T-box brain1 (Tbr1) is a TF crucial for the formation of neocortical layer VI, and mutations and microdeletions in that gene are associated with malformations in the human cerebral cortex, alterations that accompany autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interestingly, Tbr1 upregulation has also been related to the occurrence of ASD-like symptoms, although limited studies have addressed the effect of increased Tbr1 levels during neocortical development. Here, we analysed the impact of Tbr1 misexpression in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), when they mainly generate neuronal layers II–IV. By E18.5, cells accumulated in the intermediate zone and in the deep cortical layers, whereas they became less abundant in the upper cortical layers. In accordance with this, the proportion of Sox5+ cells in layers V–VI increased, while that of Cux1+ cells in layers II–IV decreased. On postnatal day 7, fewer defects in migration were evident, although a higher proportion of Sox5+ cells were seen in the upper and deep layers. The abnormal neuronal migration could be partially due to the altered multipolar-bipolar neuron morphologies induced by Tbr1 misexpression, which also reduced dendrite growth and branching, and disrupted the corpus callosum. Our results indicate that Tbr1 misexpression in cortical NPCs delays or disrupts neuronal migration, neuronal specification, dendrite development and the formation of the callosal tract. Hence, genetic changes that provoke ectopic Tbr1 upregulation during development could provoke cortical brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Crespo
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,CES Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veena Kinare
- Department of Life Sciences, Sophia College for Women, Mumbai, 400026, India
| | - Héctor R Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Román
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Canals
- CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Siskos N, Ververidis C, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Genoarchitectonic Compartmentalization of the Embryonic Telencephalon: Insights From the Domestic Cat. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:785541. [PMID: 34975420 PMCID: PMC8716433 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.785541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The telencephalon develops from the alar plate of the secondary prosencephalon and is subdivided into two distinct divisions, the pallium, which derives solely from prosomere hp1, and the subpallium which derives from both hp1 and hp2 prosomeres. In this first systematic analysis of the feline telencephalon genoarchitecture, we apply the prosomeric model to compare the expression of a battery of genes, including Tbr1, Tbr2, Pax6, Mash1, Dlx2, Nkx2-1, Lhx6, Lhx7, Lhx2, and Emx1, the orthologs of which alone or in combination, demarcate molecularly distinct territories in other species. We characterize, within the pallium and the subpallium, domains and subdomains topologically equivalent to those previously described in other vertebrate species and we show that the overall genoarchitectural map of the E26/27 feline brain is highly similar to that of the E13.5/E14 mouse. In addition, using the same approach at the earlier (E22/23 and E24/25) or later (E28/29 and E34/35) stages we further analyze neurogenesis, define the timing and duration of several developmental events, and compare our data with those from similar mouse studies; our results point to a complex pattern of heterochronies and show that, compared with the mouse, developmental events in the feline telencephalon span over extended periods suggesting that cats may provide a useful animal model to study brain patterning in ontogenesis and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikistratos Siskos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Charalampos Ververidis
- Obstetrics and Surgery Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Skavdis
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria E Grigoriou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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8
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Ito A, Imamura F. Expression of Maf family proteins in glutamatergic neurons of the mouse olfactory bulb. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 82:77-87. [PMID: 34679244 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fate of neurons in the developing brain is largely determined by the combination of transcription factors they express. In particular, stem cells must follow different transcriptional cascades during differentiation in order to generate neurons with different neurotransmitter properties, such as glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. In the mouse cerebral cortex, it has been shown that large Maf family proteins, MafA, MafB and c-Maf, regulate the development of specific types of GABAergic interneurons but are not expressed in glutamatergic neurons. In this study, we examined the expression of large Maf family proteins in the developing mouse olfactory bulb (OB) by immunohistochemistry and found that the cell populations expressing MafA and MafB are almost identical, and most of them express Tbr2. As Tbr2 is expressed in glutamatergic neurons in the OB, we further examined the expression of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal markers in MafA and MafB positive cells. The results showed that in the OB, MafA and MafB are expressed exclusively in glutamatergic neurons, but not in GABAergic neurons. We also found that few cells express c-Maf in the OB. These results indicate that, unlike the cerebral cortex, MafA and/or MafB may regulate the development of glutamatergic neurons in the developing OB. This study advances our knowledge about the development of glutamatergic neurons in the olfactory bulb, and also might suggest that mechanisms for the generation of projection neurons and interneurons differ between the cortex and the olfactory bulb, even though they both develop from the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Cole TB, Chang YC, Dao K, Daza R, Hevner R, Costa LG. Developmental exposure to diesel exhaust upregulates transcription factor expression, decreases hippocampal neurogenesis, and alters cortical lamina organization: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:41. [PMID: 33327933 PMCID: PMC7745370 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) during development and/or in adulthood has been associated in many human studies with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods In the present study, C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to environmentally relevant levels (250+/−50 μg/m3) of diesel exhaust (DE) or filtered air (FA) during development (E0 to PND21). The expression of several transcription factors relevant for CNS development was assessed on PND3. To address possible mechanistic underpinnings of previously observed behavioral effects of DE exposure, adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and laminar organization of neurons in the somatosensory cortex were analyzed on PND60. Results were analyzed separately for male and female mice. Results Developmental DE exposure caused a male-specific upregulation of Pax6, Tbr1, Tbr2, Sp1, and Creb1 on PND3. In contrast, in both males and females, Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells in the PND60 hippocampal dentate gyrus were decreased, as an indication of reduced adult neurogenesis. In the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex, laminar distribution of Trb1, calbindin, and parvalbumin (but not of Ctip2 or Cux1) was altered by developmental DE exposure. Conclusions These results provide additional evidence to previous findings indicating the ability of developmental DE exposure to cause biochemical/molecular and behavioral alterations that may be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby B Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Yu-Chi Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Gradient Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ray Daza
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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10
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Togashi K, Tsuji M, Takeuchi S, Nakahama R, Koizumi H, Emoto K. Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Single-Cell Labeling of Mitral Cells in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb: Insights into the Developmental Dynamics of Dendrite Remodeling. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:572256. [PMID: 33362468 PMCID: PMC7756102 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.572256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons typically remodel axons/dendrites for functional refinement of neural circuits in the developing brain. Mitral cells in the mammalian olfactory system remodel their dendritic arbors in the perinatal development, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive in part due to a lack of convenient methods to label mitral cells with single-cell resolution. Here we report a novel method for single-cell labeling of mouse mitral cells using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery. We first demonstrated that AAV injection into the olfactory ventricle of embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) mice preferentially labels mitral cells in the olfactory bulb (OB). Birthdate labeling indicated that AAV can transduce mitral cells independently of their birthdates. Furthermore, in combination with the Cre-mediated gene expression system, AAV injection allows visualization of mitral cells at single-cell resolution. Using this AAV-mediated single-cell labeling method, we investigated dendrite development of mitral cells and found that ~50% of mitral cells exhibited mature apical dendrites with a single thick and tufted branch before birth, suggesting that a certain population of mitral cells completes dendrite remodeling during embryonic stages. We also found an atypical subtype of mitral cells that have multiple dendritic shafts innervating the same glomeruli. Our data thus demonstrate that the AAV-mediated labeling method that we reported here provides an efficient way to visualize mitral cells with single-cell resolution and could be utilized to study dynamic aspects as well as functions of mitral cells in the olfactory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Topographically Distinct Projection Patterns of Early-Generated and Late-Generated Projection Neurons in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0369-20.2020. [PMID: 33158934 PMCID: PMC7716433 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0369-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse brain, olfactory information is transmitted to the olfactory cortex via olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons known as mitral and tufted cells. Although mitral and tufted cells share many cellular characteristics, these cell types are distinct in their somata location and in their axonal and dendritic projection patterns. Moreover, mitral cells consist of heterogeneous subpopulations. In the mouse brain, olfactory information is transmitted to the olfactory cortex via olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons known as mitral and tufted cells. Although mitral and tufted cells share many cellular characteristics, these cell types are distinct in their somata location and in their axonal and dendritic projection patterns. Moreover, mitral cells consist of heterogeneous subpopulations. We have previously shown that mitral cells generated at different embryonic days differentially localize within the mitral cell layer (MCL) and extend their lateral dendrites to different sublayers of the external plexiform layer (EPL). Here, we examined the axonal projection patterns from the subpopulations of OB projection neurons that are determined by the timing of neurogenesis (neuronal birthdate) to understand the developmental origin of the diversity in olfactory pathways. We separately labeled early-generated and late-generated OB projection neurons using in utero electroporation performed at embryonic day (E)11 and E12, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed their axonal projection patterns in the whole mouse brain using high-resolution 3D imaging. In this study, we demonstrate that the axonal projection of late-generated OB projection neurons is restricted to the anterior portion of the olfactory cortex while those of the early-generated OB projection neurons innervate the entire olfactory cortex. Our results suggest that the late-generated mitral cells do not extend their axons to the posterior regions of the olfactory cortex. Therefore, the mitral cells having different birthdates differ, not only in cell body location and dendritic projections within the OB, but also in their axonal projection pattern to the olfactory cortex.
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Imamura F, Ito A, LaFever BJ. Subpopulations of Projection Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:561822. [PMID: 32982699 PMCID: PMC7485133 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.561822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of neuronal diversity is a biological strategy widely used in the brain to process complex information. The olfactory bulb is the first relay station of olfactory information in the vertebrate central nervous system. In the olfactory bulb, axons of the olfactory sensory neurons form synapses with dendrites of projection neurons that transmit the olfactory information to the olfactory cortex. Historically, the olfactory bulb projection neurons have been classified into two populations, mitral cells and tufted cells. The somata of these cells are distinctly segregated within the layers of the olfactory bulb; the mitral cells are located in the mitral cell layer while the tufted cells are found in the external plexiform layer. Although mitral and tufted cells share many morphological, biophysical, and molecular characteristics, they differ in soma size, projection patterns of their dendrites and axons, and odor responses. In addition, tufted cells are further subclassified based on the relative depth of their somata location in the external plexiform layer. Evidence suggests that different types of tufted cells have distinct cellular properties and play different roles in olfactory information processing. Therefore, mitral and different types of tufted cells are considered as starting points for parallel pathways of olfactory information processing in the brain. Moreover, recent studies suggest that mitral cells also consist of heterogeneous subpopulations with different cellular properties despite the fact that the mitral cell layer is a single-cell layer. In this review, we first compare the morphology of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb of different vertebrate species. Next, we explore the similarities and differences among subpopulations of projection neurons in the rodent olfactory bulb. We also discuss the timing of neurogenesis as a factor for the generation of projection neuron heterogeneity in the olfactory bulb. Knowledge about the subpopulations of olfactory bulb projection neurons will contribute to a better understanding of the complex olfactory information processing in higher brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ayako Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Brandon J LaFever
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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13
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Mitf Links Neuronal Activity and Long-Term Homeostatic Intrinsic Plasticity. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0412-19.2020. [PMID: 32193365 PMCID: PMC7174873 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0412-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity forms the basis for neuronal circuit complexity and differences between otherwise similar circuits. We show that the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) plays a central role in intrinsic plasticity of olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons. Mitral and tufted (M/T) neurons from Mitf mutant mice are hyperexcitable, have a reduced A-type potassium current (IA) and exhibit reduced expression of Kcnd3, which encodes a potassium voltage-gated channel subunit (Kv4.3) important for generating the IA Furthermore, expression of the Mitf and Kcnd3 genes is activity dependent in OB projection neurons and the MITF protein activates expression from Kcnd3 regulatory elements. Moreover, Mitf mutant mice have changes in olfactory habituation and have increased habituation for an odorant following long-term exposure, indicating that regulation of Kcnd3 is pivotal for long-term olfactory adaptation. Our findings show that Mitf acts as a direct regulator of intrinsic homeostatic feedback and links neuronal activity, transcriptional changes and neuronal function.
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Docampo-Seara A, Lanoizelet M, Lagadec R, Mazan S, Candal E, Rodríguez MA. Mitral cell development in the olfactory bulb of sharks: evidences of a conserved pattern of glutamatergic neurogenesis. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2325-2341. [PMID: 31203451 PMCID: PMC6698271 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the development of the olfactory bulb (OB) relies in part on the expression of transcription factors involved in the specifications/differentiation of glutamatergic cells. In a previous study from our group, a high molecular similarity was reported between mammals and cartilaginous fishes regarding the neurogenic mechanisms underlying the development of glutamatergic cells in the telencephalon. However, information about the transcriptional program operating in the development of the glutamatergic system (mainly represented by mitral cells) in the OB is lacking in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a cartilaginous fish. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques, we have found that, previously to the appearance of the olfactory primordium (OP), proliferating cells expressing Pax6 with molecular hallmarks of progenitor radial glia were located in the ventrolateral pallial ventricular zone. Later in development, when the OP is recognizable, a stream of Pax6-positive cells were observed between the ventricular zone and the OP, where transcription factors involved in mitral cell development in mammals (ScTbr2, ScNeuroD, Tbr1) are expressed. Later in development, these transcription factors became expressed in a layered-like structure where ScVglut1, a marker of mitral cells, is also present. Our data suggest that the transcriptional program related with the specification/differentiation of glutamatergic cells in the telencephalon has been conserved throughout the evolution of vertebrates. These results, in combination with previous studies concerning GABAergic neurogenesis in sharks, have evidenced that the OB of mammals and sharks shares similarities in the timing and molecular programs of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Docampo-Seara
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Lanoizelet
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - R Lagadec
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - S Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - E Candal
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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15
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Nguyen UP, Imamura F. Regional differences in mitral cell development in mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2233-2244. [PMID: 30864157 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial regions of the olfactory epithelium (OE) are distinguished from one another based on their molecular expression patterns. This difference is reflected in the separation of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB) into dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions. However, it is unclear whether a complementary separation is also evident in the projection neurons that innervate the OB glomeruli. In this study, we compared the development of the OB between different regions by focusing on the transcription factor, Tbx21, which is expressed by mitral and tufted cells in the mature OB. Examining the OB at different developmental ages, we found that Tbx21 expression commenced in the anteromedial region called the tongue-shaped area, followed by the dorsomedial and then ventrolateral areas. We also showed that the tongue-shaped area was innervated by the OSNs located in the most dorsomedial part of the ventrolateral OE, the V-zone:DM. Interestingly, the generation of OSNs occurred first in the dorsomedial zone including the V-zone:DM, suggesting a correlation between the time course of OSN generation in the OE and Tbx21 expression in their target region of the OB. In contrast, expression of vGluT1, which is also found in all mitral cells in the mature OB, was first detected in the ventrolateral region during development. Our findings demonstrate that the development of projection neurons occurs in a compartmentalized manner in the OB; tongue-shaped, dorsomedial, and ventrolateral areas, and that not all projection neurons follow the same developmental pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen P Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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16
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Qiu CW, Liu ZY, Zhang FL, Zhang L, Li F, Liu SY, He JY, Xiao ZC. Post-stroke gastrodin treatment ameliorates ischemic injury and increases neurogenesis and restores the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res 2019; 1712:7-15. [PMID: 30716287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and the only available drug treatment is limited to a short window following the ischemic event. Gastrodin is the major bioactive constituent extracted from thetuberGastrodia elata, and is currently used to treat dizziness in the clinic. "Early" application of gastrodin (before modeling or immediately after ischemic injury) has shown antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in a transient focal brain ischemia model in rodents; however, it is not known whether the delayed administration of gastrodin after permanent focal cerebral ischemia ameliorates neural injury and increases neurogenesis. In this study, we performed a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for the study of cerebral ischemic stroke in adult male mice to examine the effects of gastrodin. Gastrodin treatment that was started "late" (one day after the ischemic injury) significantly improved neural function, reduced infarct volume and apoptosis, and increased the number of DCX/BrdU double-positive cells in permanent MCAO mice. Moreover, gastrodin treatment markedly preserved the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, which could promote neurogenesis and provide neuroprotection brain injury. Our findings suggest that gastrodin treatment following ischemic injury can induce neuroprotection, promote neurogenesis and restored the Wnt /β-Catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wei Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zong-Yao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Lan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan Li
- Experiment Enter for Medical Science Research, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Yi Liu
- City Administration of Dongying, Shangdong Agricultural High-tech Industrial Demonstration Zone, Dongying City 257000, Shangdong, China
| | - Jian-Ying He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia.
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17
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Cwetsch AW, Pinto B, Savardi A, Cancedda L. In vivo methods for acute modulation of gene expression in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:69-85. [PMID: 29694844 PMCID: PMC6080705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and timely expression of specific genes guarantees the healthy development and function of the brain. Indeed, variations in the correct amount or timing of gene expression lead to improper development and/or pathological conditions. Almost forty years after the first successful gene transfection in in vitro cell cultures, it is currently possible to regulate gene expression in an area-specific manner at any step of central nervous system development and in adulthood in experimental animals in vivo, even overcoming the very poor accessibility of the brain. Here, we will review the diverse approaches for acute gene transfer in vivo, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages with respect to the efficiency and specificity of transfection as well as to brain accessibility. In particular, we will present well-established chemical, physical and virus-based approaches suitable for different animal models, pointing out their current and future possible applications in basic and translational research as well as in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; DulbeccoTelethon Institute, Italy.
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18
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Qiu CW, Liu ZY, Hou K, Liu SY, Hu YX, Zhang L, Zhang FL, Lv KY, Kang Q, Hu WY, Ma N, Jiao Y, Bai WJ, Xiao ZC. Wip1 knockout inhibits neurogenesis by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:44-53. [PMID: 30048716 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis correlates closely with the recovery of neural function after brain ischemia but the critical proteins and signaling pathways involved remain unclear. The phosphatase WIP1 has been shown to regulate neurogenesis in models of aging. However, it is not known if WIP1 affects neurogenesis and functional recovery after brain ischemia. To explore these questions, we performed permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and performed BrdU labeling, neurobehavioral testing, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. We found that ischemia induced WIP1 expression in the area bordering the injury. Compared to wild-type mice, the knockout of the Wip1 gene inhibited neurological functional recovery, reduced the expression of doublecortin, and inactivated the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia in mice. Pharmacological activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway compensated for the Wip1 knockout-induced deficit in neuroblast formation in animals with MCAO. These findings indicate that WIP1 is essential for neurogenesis after brain injury by activating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wei Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zong-Yao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Yi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue-Xin Hu
- Experiment Enter for Medical Science Research, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Lan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Ying Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Yan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Jin Bai
- Faculty of Education and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia.
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19
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Qin S, Ware SM, Waclaw RR, Campbell K. Septal contributions to olfactory bulb interneuron diversity in the embryonic mouse telencephalon: role of the homeobox gene Gsx2. Neural Dev 2017; 12:13. [PMID: 28814342 PMCID: PMC5559835 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are known to represent diverse neuronal subtypes, which are thought to originate from a number of telencephalic regions including the embryonic dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE) and septum. These cells migrate rostrally toward the OB, where they then radially migrate to populate different OB layers including the granule cell layer (GCL) and the outer glomerular layer (GL). Although previous studies have attempted to investigate regional contributions to OB interneuron diversity, few genetic tools have been used to address this question at embryonic time points when the earliest populations are specified. Methods In this study, we utilized Zic3-lacZ and Gsx2e-CIE transgenic mice as genetic fate-mapping tools to study OB interneuron contributions derived from septum and LGE, respectively. Moreover, to address the regional (i.e. septal) requirements of the homeobox gene Gsx2 for OB interneuron diversity, we conditionally inactivated Gsx2 in the septum, leaving it largely intact in the dLGE, by recombining the Gsx2 floxed allele using Olig2Cre/+ mice. Results Our fate mapping studies demonstrated that the dLGE and septum gave rise to OB interneuron subtypes differently. Notably, the embryonic septum was found to give rise largely to the calretinin+ (CR+) GL subtype, while the dLGE was more diverse, generating all major GL subpopulations as well as many GCL interneurons. Moreover, Gsx2 conditional mutants (cKOs), with septum but not dLGE recombination, showed impaired generation of CR+ interneurons within the OB GL. These Gsx2 cKOs exhibited reduced proliferation within the septal subventricular zone (SVZ), which correlated well with the reduced number of CR+ interneurons observed. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the septum and LGE contribute differently to OB interneuron diversity. While the dLGE provides a wide range of OB interneuron subtypes, the septum is more restricted in its contribution to the CR+ subtype. Gsx2 is required in septal progenitors for the correct expansion of SVZ progenitors specified toward the CR+ subtype. Finally, the septum has been suggested to be the exclusive source of CR+ interneurons in postnatal studies. Our results here demonstrate that dLGE progenitors in the embryo also contribute to this OB neuronal subtype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0090-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyue Qin
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ronald R Waclaw
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenneth Campbell
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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20
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Role of Cytosolic Carboxypeptidase 5 in Neuronal Survival and Spermatogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41428. [PMID: 28128286 PMCID: PMC5269731 DOI: 10.1038/srep41428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins may undergo a type of posttranslational modification – polyglutamylation, where a glutamate residue is enzymatically linked to the γ-carboxyl group of a glutamate in the primary sequence of proteins and additional glutamates are then sequentially added via α-carboxyl–linkages to the growing glutamate side chain. Nna1 (a.k.a. CCP1) defines the 6-member cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family that metabolizes polyglutamate side chain and its loss results in neurodegeneration and male infertility. Whereas most CCPs catalyze hydrolysis of α-carboxyl-linked glutamates, CCP5 uniquely metabolizes the γ-carboxyl linked, branch point glutamate. Using purified recombinant mouse CCP5, we confirmed that it metabolized γ-carboxyl-linked glutamate of synthetic substrates and tubulin. Despite this unique feature and its indispensible functions in lower species, we found that unlike Nna1, CCP5 is not essential for neuronal survival in mouse. CCP5 deficiency does cause male infertility. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is distinct from that of Nna1 loss. Instead, it is phenotypically reminiscent of the infertility of olt mice. Our findings suggest that Nna1 and CCP5 do not work coordinately in the same pathway in either the nervous system or spermatogenesis. This is the first study addressing the function of CCP5 in mammals.
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21
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Muroyama Y, Baba A, Kitagawa M, Saito T. Olfactory Sensory Neurons Control Dendritic Complexity of Mitral Cells via Notch Signaling. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006514. [PMID: 28027303 PMCID: PMC5189955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral cells (MCs) of the mammalian olfactory bulb have a single primary dendrite extending into a single glomerulus, where they receive odor information from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Molecular mechanisms for controlling dendritic arbors of MCs, which dynamically change during development, are largely unknown. Here we found that MCs displayed more complex dendritic morphologies in mouse mutants of Maml1, a crucial gene in Notch signaling. Similar phenotypes were observed by conditionally misexpressing a dominant negative form of MAML1 (dnMAML1) in MCs after their migration. Conversely, conditional misexpression of a constitutively active form of Notch reduced their dendritic complexity. Furthermore, the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD1) was localized to nuclei of MCs. These findings suggest that Notch signaling at embryonic stages is involved in the dendritic complexity of MCs. After the embryonic misexpression of dnMAML1, many MCs aberrantly extended dendrites to more than one glomerulus at postnatal stages, suggesting that Notch signaling is essential for proper formation of olfactory circuits. Moreover, dendrites in cultured MCs were shortened by Jag1-expressing cells. Finally, blocking the activity of Notch ligands in OSNs led to an increase in dendritic complexity as well as a decrease in NICD1 signals in MCs. These results demonstrate that the dendritic complexity of MCs is controlled by their presynaptic partners, OSNs. Olfactory circuits are critical for the survival of many animals. Odor information is transmitted from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to relay neurons, the morphology of which is crucial for processing of the information and similar among species. The major relay neurons, mitral cells (MCs) in mammals and projection neurons in flies, have a single primary dendrite at the mature stage. Molecular mechanisms to control the formation of the dendrite are largely unknown. MCs dynamically change their dendrites during development. In this study, we show that the dendritic morphologies of MCs are controlled by Notch signaling, many factors of which are well conserved among species. Moreover, we have found that Notch signaling in MCs is activated by OSNs, and that Notch operates in the relay neurons in the mouse olfactory system, in contrast to the fly system, where Notch functions in OSNs. Therefore, our study has revealed a novel step for shaping the dendritic morphologies of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Muroyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Baba
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motoo Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Distorted Coarse Axon Targeting and Reduced Dendrite Connectivity Underlie Dysosmia after Olfactory Axon Injury. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0242-16. [PMID: 27785463 PMCID: PMC5066264 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0242-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerular map in the olfactory bulb (OB) is the basis for odor recognition. Once established during development, the glomerular map is stably maintained throughout the life of an animal despite the continuous turnover of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, traumatic damage to OSN axons in the adult often leads to dysosmia, a qualitative and quantitative change in olfaction in humans. A mouse model of dysosmia has previously indicated that there is an altered glomerular map in the OB after the OSN axon injury; however, the underlying mechanisms that cause the map distortion remain unknown. In this study, we examined how the glomerular map is disturbed and how the odor information processing in the OB is affected in the dysosmia model mice. We found that the anterior–posterior coarse targeting of OSN axons is disrupted after OSN axon injury, while the local axon sorting mechanisms remained. We also found that the connectivity of mitral/tufted cell dendrites is reduced after injury, leading to attenuated odor responses in mitral/tufted cells. These results suggest that existing OSN axons are an essential scaffold for maintaining the integrity of the olfactory circuit, both OSN axons and mitral/tufted cell dendrites, in the adult.
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Abstract
T-box transcription factors play key roles in the regulation of developmental processes such as cell differentiation and migration. Mammals have 17 T-box genes, of which several regulate brain development. The Tbr1 subfamily of T-box genes is particularly important in development of the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulbs (OBs), and cerebellum. This subfamily is comprised of Tbr1, Tbr2 (also known as Eomes), and Tbx21. In developing cerebral cortex, Tbr2 and Tbr1 are expressed during successive stages of differentiation in the pyramidal neuron lineage, from Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors to Tbr1+ postmitotic glutamatergic neurons. At each stage, Tbr2 and Tbr1 regulate laminar and regional identity of cortical projection neurons, cell migration, and axon guidance. In the OB, Tbr1 subfamily genes regulate neurogenesis of mitral and tufted cells, and glutamatergic juxtaglomerular interneurons. Tbr2 is also prominent in the development of retinal ganglion cells in nonimage-forming pathways. Other regions that require Tbr2 or Tbr1 in development or adulthood include the cerebellum and adult dentate gyrus. In humans, de novo mutations in TBR1 are important causes of sporadic autism and intellectual disability. Further studies of T-box transcription factors will enhance our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders and inform approaches to new therapies.
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Huilgol D, Tole S. Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2467-90. [PMID: 26994098 PMCID: PMC4894936 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The components of the nervous system are assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout the brain, different subsystems may predominantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. The organization of this circuit displays many evolutionarily conserved features in vertebrates, including molecular mechanisms and complex migratory pathways. In this review, we describe the elaborate migrations that populate each component of the olfactory system in rodents and compare them with those described in the well-studied neocortex. Understanding how the components of the olfactory system are assembled will not only shed light on the etiology of olfactory and sexual disorders, but will also offer insights into how conserved migratory mechanisms may have shaped the evolution of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, USA
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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Figueres-Oñate M, López-Mascaraque L. Adult Olfactory Bulb Interneuron Phenotypes Identified by Targeting Embryonic and Postnatal Neural Progenitors. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:194. [PMID: 27242400 PMCID: PMC4860398 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are generated during embryonic development and in adulthood, although adult neurogenesis is restricted to two main brain regions, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles generates neural stem/progenitor cells that continually provide the olfactory bulb (OB) with new granule or periglomerular neurons, cells that arrive from the SVZ via the rostral migratory stream. The continued neurogenesis and the adequate integration of these newly generated interneurons is essential to maintain homeostasis in the olfactory bulb, where the differentiation of these cells into specific neural cell types is strongly influenced by temporal cues. Therefore, identifying the critical features that control the generation of adult OB interneurons at either pre- or post-natal stages is important to understand the dynamic contribution of neural stem cells. Here, we used in utero and neonatal SVZ electroporation along with a transposase-mediated stable integration plasmid, in order to track interneurons and glial lineages in the OB. These plasmids are valuable tools to study the development of OB interneurons from embryonic and post-natal SVZ progenitors. Accordingly, we examined the location and identity of the adult progeny of embryonic and post-natally transfected progenitors by examining neurochemical markers in the adult OB. These data reveal the different cell types in the olfactory bulb that are generated in function of age and different electroporation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Figueres-Oñate
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Kawasawa YI, Salzberg AC, Li M, Šestan N, Greer CA, Imamura F. RNA-seq analysis of developing olfactory bulb projection neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:78-86. [PMID: 27073125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of olfactory information to higher brain regions is mediated by olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons, the mitral and tufted cells. Although mitral/tufted cells are often characterized as the OB counterpart of cortical projection neurons (also known as pyramidal neurons), they possess several unique morphological characteristics and project specifically to the olfactory cortices. Moreover, the molecular networks contributing to the generation of mitral/tufted cells during development are largely unknown. To understand the developmental patterns of gene expression in mitral/tufted cells in the OB, we performed transcriptome analyses targeting purified OB projection neurons at different developmental time points with next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Through these analyses, we found 1202 protein-coding genes that are temporally differentially-regulated in developing projection neurons. Among them, 388 genes temporally changed their expression level only in projection neurons. The data provide useful resource to study the molecular mechanisms regulating development of mitral/tufted cells. We further compared the gene expression profiles of developing mitral/tufted cells with those of three cortical projection neuron subtypes, subcerebral projection neurons, corticothalamic projection neurons, and callosal projection neurons, and found that the molecular signature of developing olfactory projection neuron bears resemblance to that of subcerebral neurons. We also identified 3422 events that change the ratio of splicing isoforms in mitral/tufted cells during maturation. Interestingly, several genes expressed a novel isoform not previously reported. These results provide us with a broad perspective of the molecular networks underlying the development of OB projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Bastakis GG, Savvaki M, Stamatakis A, Vidaki M, Karagogeos D. Tag1 deficiency results in olfactory dysfunction through impaired migration of mitral cells. Development 2015; 142:4318-28. [PMID: 26525675 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system provides mammals with the abilities to investigate, communicate and interact with their environment. These functions are achieved through a finely organized circuit starting from the nasal cavity, passing through the olfactory bulb and ending in various cortical areas. We show that the absence of transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (Tag1)/contactin-2 (Cntn2) in mice results in a significant and selective defect in the number of the main projection neurons in the olfactory bulb, namely the mitral cells. A subpopulation of these projection neurons is reduced in Tag1-deficient mice as a result of impaired migration. We demonstrate that the detected alterations in the number of mitral cells are well correlated with diminished odor discrimination ability and social long-term memory formation. Reduced neuronal activation in the olfactory bulb and the corresponding olfactory cortex suggest that Tag1 is crucial for the olfactory circuit formation in mice. Our results underpin the significance of a numerical defect in the mitral cell layer in the processing and integration of odorant information and subsequently in animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Bastakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Antonis Stamatakis
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, Athens GR11527, Greece
| | - Marina Vidaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
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Cipriani S, Nardelli J, Verney C, Delezoide AL, Guimiot F, Gressens P, Adle-Biassette H. Dynamic Expression Patterns of Progenitor and Pyramidal Neuron Layer Markers in the Developing Human Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1255-71. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Imamura F, Greer CA. Segregated labeling of olfactory bulb projection neurons based on their birthdates. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:147-56. [PMID: 25393912 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitral and tufted cells are the projection neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB). We previously reported that somata location and innervation patterns were different between early- and late-born mitral cells (Imamura et al., 2011). Here, we introduced a plasmid that drives the expression of a GFP gene into the mouse OB using in utero electroporation, and demonstrated that we can deliver the plasmid vectors into distinct subsets of OB projection neurons by changing the timing of electroporation after fertilisation. The electroporation performed at embryonic day (E)10 preferentially labeled mitral cells in the accessory OB and main OB mitral cells in dorsomedial mitral cell layer (MCL). In contrast, the E12 electroporation introduced the plasmid vectors preferentially into main OB mitral cells in the ventrolateral MCL and tufted cells. Combining these data with BrdU injections, we confirmed that E10 and E12 electroporation preferentially labeled early- and late-born projection neurons, respectively. This work introduces a novel method for segregated labeling of mouse olfactory bulb projection neurons based on their birthdates. With this technique we found that early- and late-born projection neurons extend their secondary dendrites in the deep and superficial external plexiform layer (EPL), respectively. Although a similar segregation has been suggested for mitral vs. tufted cell dendrites, we found mitral cells projecting secondary dendrites into the superficial EPL in E12-electroporated main OB. Our observations indicate that timing of neurogenesis regulates not only somata location and innervation patterns but also the laminar organisation of projection neuron dendrites in the EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Promoting neurogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway accounts for the neurorestorative effects of morroniside against cerebral ischemia injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vied CM, Freudenberg F, Wang Y, Raposo AASF, Feng D, Nowakowski RS. A multi-resource data integration approach: identification of candidate genes regulating cell proliferation during neocortical development. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:257. [PMID: 25191221 PMCID: PMC4139594 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the mammalian neocortex are produced by proliferating cells located in the ventricular zone (VZ) lining the lateral ventricles. This is a complex and sequential process, requiring precise control of cell cycle progression, fate commitment and differentiation. We have analyzed publicly available databases from mouse and human to identify candidate genes that are potentially involved in regulating early neocortical development and neurogenesis. We used a mouse in situ hybridization dataset (The Allen Institute for Brain Science) to identify 13 genes (Cdon, Celsr1, Dbi, E2f5, Eomes, Hmgn2, Neurog2, Notch1, Pcnt, Sox3, Ssrp1, Tead2, Tgif2) with high correlation of expression in the proliferating cells of the VZ of the neocortex at early stages of development (E15.5). We generated a similar human brain network using microarray and RNA-seq data (BrainSpan Atlas) and identified 407 genes with high expression in the developing human VZ and subventricular zone (SVZ) at 8–9 post-conception weeks. Seven of the human genes were also present in the mouse VZ network. The human and mouse networks were extended using available genetic and proteomic datasets through GeneMANIA. A gene ontology search of the mouse and human networks indicated that many of the genes are involved in the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis and transcriptional regulation. The reported involvement of Cdon, Celsr1, Dbi, Eomes, Neurog2, Notch1, Pcnt, Sox3, Tead2, and Tgif2 in neural development or diseases resulting from the disruption of neurogenesis validates these candidate genes. Taken together, our knowledge-based discovery method has validated the involvement of many genes already known to be involved in neocortical development and extended the potential number of genes by 100's, many of which are involved in functions related to cell proliferation but others of which are potential candidates for involvement in the regulation of neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Vied
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yuting Wang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard S Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
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