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Steiner NL, Purohit DC, Tiefenthaler CM, Mandyam CD. Abstinence and Fear Experienced during This Period Produce Distinct Cortical and Hippocampal Adaptations in Alcohol-Dependent Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:431. [PMID: 38790410 PMCID: PMC11118749 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that ethanol dependence induced by repeating cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE) followed by protracted abstinence produces significant gray matter damage via myelin dysfunction in the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and alterations in neuronal excitability in the mPFC and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Specifically, abstinence-induced neuroadaptations have been associated with persistent elevated relapse to drinking. The current study evaluated the effects of forced abstinence for 1 day (d), 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d following seven weeks of CIE on synaptic plasticity proteins in the mPFC and DG. Immunoblotting revealed reduced expression of CaMKII in the mPFC and enhanced expression of GABAA and CaMKII in the DG at the 21 d time point, and the expression of the ratio of GluN2A/2B subunits did not change at any of the time points studied. Furthermore, cognitive performance via Pavlovian trace fear conditioning (TFC) was evaluated in 3 d abstinent rats, as this time point is associated with negative affect. In addition, the expression of the ratio of GluN2A/2B subunits and a 3D structural analysis of neurons in the mPFC and DG were evaluated in 3 d abstinent rats. Behavioral analysis revealed faster acquisition of fear responses and reduced retrieval of fear memories in CIE rats compared to controls. TFC produced hyperplasticity of pyramidal neurons in the mPFC under control conditions and this effect was not evident or blunted in abstinent rats. Neurons in the DG were unaltered. TFC enhanced the GluN2A/2B ratio in the mPFC and reduced the ratio in the DG and was not altered by abstinence. These findings indicate that forced abstinence from CIE produces distinct and divergent alterations in plasticity proteins in the mPFC and DG. Fear learning-induced changes in structural plasticity and proteins contributing to it were more profound in the mPFC during forced abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah L. Steiner
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (N.L.S.)
| | | | - Casey M. Tiefenthaler
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (N.L.S.)
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Oliva HNP, Prudente TP, Nunes EJ, Cosgrove KP, Radhakrishnan R, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Substance use and spine density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3. [PMID: 38561468 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of synaptic density changes provides valuable insights into the underlying brain mechanisms of substance use. In preclinical studies, synaptic density markers, like spine density, are altered by substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, nicotine). These changes could be linked to phenomena including behavioral sensitization and drug self-administration in rodents. However, studies have produced heterogeneous results for spine density across substances and brain regions. Identifying patterns will inform translational studies given tools that now exist to measure in vivo synaptic density in humans. We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical studies to identify consistent findings across studies. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO were searched between September 2022 and September 2023, based on a protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022354006). We screened 6083 publications and included 70 for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed drug-specific patterns in spine density changes. Hippocampal spine density increased after amphetamine. Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine increased spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and amphetamine increased, and cannabis reduced, spine density in the prefrontal cortex. There was no convergence of findings for morphine's effects. The effects of cocaine on the prefrontal cortex presented contrasting results compared to human studies, warranting further investigation. Publication bias was small for alcohol or morphine and substantial for the other substances. Heterogeneity was moderate-to-high across all substances. Nonetheless, these findings inform current translational efforts examining spine density in humans with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago Paiva Prudente
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Nonoguchi HA, Jin M, Narreddy R, Kouo TWS, Nayak M, Trenet W, Mandyam CD. Progenitor Cells Play a Role in Reinstatement of Ethanol Seeking in Adult Male and Female Ethanol Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12233. [PMID: 37569609 PMCID: PMC10419311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Female and male glial fibrillary acidic protein-thymidine kinase (GFAP-TK) transgenic rats were made ethanol dependent via a six-week chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE) and ethanol drinking (ED) procedure. During the last week of CIE, a subset of male and female TK rats was fed valcyte to ablate dividing progenitor cells and continued the diet until the end of this study. Following week six, all CIE rats experienced two weeks of forced abstinence from CIE-ED, after which they experienced relapse to drinking, extinction, and reinstatement of ethanol seeking sessions. CIE increased ED in female and male rats, with females having higher ethanol consumption during CIE and relapse sessions compared with males. In both sexes, valcyte reduced the levels of Ki-67-labeled progenitor cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and did not alter the levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Valcyte increased ED during relapse, increased lever responses during extinction and, interestingly, enhanced latency to extinguish ethanol-seeking behaviors in males. Valcyte reduced the reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behaviors triggered by ethanol cues in females and males. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with the normalization of cytokines and chemokines in plasma isolated from trunk blood, indicating a role for progenitor cells in peripheral inflammatory responses. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with increases in tight junction protein claudin-5 and oligodendrogenesis in the dentate gyrus and reduction in microglial activity in the dentate gyrus and mPFC in females and males, demonstrating a role for progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus in dependence-induced endothelial and microglial dysfunction. These data suggest that progenitor cells born during withdrawal and abstinence from CIE in the dentate gyrus are aberrant and could play a role in strengthening ethanol memories triggered by ethanol cues via central and peripheral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Jin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wulfran Trenet
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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4
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Gasparyan A, Maldonado Sanchez D, Navarrete F, Sion A, Navarro D, García-Gutiérrez MS, Rubio Valladolid G, Jurado Barba R, Manzanares J. Cognitive Alterations in Addictive Disorders: A Translational Approach. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1796. [PMID: 37509436 PMCID: PMC10376598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive decline in people with substance use disorders is well known and can be found during both the dependence and drug abstinence phases. At the clinical level, cognitive decline impairs the response to addiction treatment and increases dropout rates. It can be irreversible, even after the end of drug abuse consumption. Improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular alterations associated with cognitive decline could be essential to developing specific therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Developing animal models to simulate drug abuse-induced learning and memory alterations is critical to continue exploring this clinical situation. The main aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on cognitive impairment and the associated biological markers in patients addicted to some of the most consumed drugs of abuse and in animal models simulating this clinical situation. The available information suggests the need to develop more studies to further explore the molecular alterations associated with cognitive impairment, with the ultimate goal of developing new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Sion
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio Valladolid
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Jurado Barba
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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5
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Ma J, Xiong F, Li Z, Dong G, Sun X, Yin W, Cai H. The effect of chronic alcohol exposure on spatial memory and BDNF-TrkB- PLCγ1 signaling in the hippocampus of male and female mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16660. [PMID: 37303582 PMCID: PMC10248118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a commonly used drug worldwide, and abuse of alcohol has become a serious public health problem. Alcohol consumption over time can cause cognitive deficits and memory impairment, which is thought to be associated with changes in the hippocampus. Given previously known effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in regulating synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, we investigated the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on spatial memory impairment in both sexes and changes in BDNF signaling in the hippocampus. After 4 weeks of intermittent access to 20% alcohol, memory impairment in both male and female mice was evaluated using the Morris water maze and the expression of BDNF, TrkB, phosphorylation of PLCγ1 (p-PLCγ1) and PLCγ1 in the hippocampus was examined using Western blot. As expected, females spent longer escape latencies during the training phase, and both sexes spent shorter time in the target quadrant. Furthermore, after 4 weeks 20% alcohol exposure, we found significantly decreased expression levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of female mice but increased levels in male mice. TrkB and PLCγ1 expression showed no significant change in the hippocampus of both sexes. These findings suggest that chronic alcohol exposure may induce spatial memory impairment in both sexes and opposite changes in expression of BDNF and p-PLCγ1 in the hippocampus of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongxing Cai
- Corresponding author. .Department of Forensic Science, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) has effects on numerous cellular molecular targets, and alterations in synaptic function are prominent among these effects. Acute exposure to EtOH activates or inhibits the function of proteins involved in synaptic transmission, while chronic exposure often produces opposing and/or compensatory/homeostatic effects on the expression, localization, and function of these proteins. Interactions between different neurotransmitters (e.g., neuropeptide effects on release of small molecule transmitters) can also influence both acute and chronic EtOH actions. Studies in intact animals indicate that the proteins affected by EtOH also play roles in the neural actions of the drug, including acute intoxication, tolerance, dependence, and the seeking and drinking of EtOH. The present chapter is an update of our previous Lovinger and Roberto (Curr Top Behav Neurosci 13:31-86, 2013) chapter and reviews the literature describing these acute and chronic synaptic effects of EtOH with a focus on adult animals and their relevance for synaptic transmission, plasticity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Molecular Medicine Department, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Staples MC, Herman MA, Lockner JW, Avchalumov Y, Kharidia KM, Janda KD, Roberto M, Mandyam CD. Isoxazole-9 reduces enhanced fear responses and retrieval in ethanol-dependent male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3047-3065. [PMID: 34496069 PMCID: PMC10112848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) is strongly influenced by ethanol, and ethanol experience alters long-term memory consolidation dependent on the DG. However, it is unclear if DG plasticity plays a role in dysregulation of long-term memory consolidation during abstinence from chronic ethanol experience. Outbred male Wistar rats experienced 7 weeks of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE). Seventy-two hours after CIE cessation, CIE and age-matched ethanol-naïve Air controls experienced auditory trace fear conditioning (TFC). Rats were tested for cue-mediated retrieval in the fear context either twenty-four hours (24 hr), ten days (10 days), or twenty-one days (21 days) later. CIE rats showed enhanced freezing behavior during TFC acquisition compared to Air rats. Air rats showed significant fear retrieval, and this behavior did not differ at the three time points. In CIE rats, fear retrieval increased over time during abstinence, indicating an incubation in fear responses. Enhanced retrieval at 21 days was associated with reduced structural and functional plasticity of ventral granule cell neurons (GCNs) and reduced expression of synaptic proteins important for neuronal plasticity. Systemic treatment with the drug Isoxazole-9 (Isx-9; small molecule that stimulates DG plasticity) during the last week and a half of CIE blocked altered acquisition and retrieval of fear memories in CIE rats during abstinence. Concurrently, Isx-9 modulated the structural and functional plasticity of ventral GCNs and the expression of synaptic proteins in the ventral DG. These findings identify that abstinence-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation occurs via altered plasticity within the ventral DG, and that Isx-9 prevented these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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8
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Nickell CG, Thompson KR, Pauly JR, Nixon K. Recovery of Hippocampal-Dependent Learning Despite Blunting Reactive Adult Neurogenesis After Alcohol Dependence. Brain Plast 2020; 6:83-101. [PMID: 33680848 PMCID: PMC7903006 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The excessive alcohol drinking that occurs in alcohol use disorder (AUD) causes neurodegeneration in regions such as the hippocampus, though recovery may occur after a period of abstinence. Mechanisms of recovery are not clear, though reactive neurogenesis has been observed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following alcohol dependence and correlates to recovery of granule cell number. Objective: We investigated the role of neurons born during reactive neurogenesis in the recovery of hippocampal learning behavior after 4-day binge alcohol exposure, a model of an AUD. We hypothesized that reducing reactive neurogenesis would impair functional recovery. Methods: Adult male rats were subjected to 4-day binge alcohol exposure and two approaches were tested to blunt reactive adult neurogenesis, acute doses of alcohol or the chemotherapy drug, temozolomide (TMZ). Results: Acute 5 g/kg doses of EtOH gavaged T6 and T7 days post binge did not inhibit significantly the number of Bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+) proliferating cells in EtOH animals receiving 5 g/kg EtOH versus controls. A single cycle of TMZ inhibited reactive proliferation (BrdU+ cells) and neurogenesis (NeuroD+ cells) to that of controls. However, despite this blunting of reactive neurogenesis to basal levels, EtOH-TMZ rats were not impaired in their recovery of acquisition of the Morris water maze (MWM), learning similarly to all other groups 35 days after 4-day binge exposure. Conclusions: These studies show that TMZ is effective in decreasing reactive proliferation/neurogenesis following 4-day binge EtOH exposure, and baseline levels of adult neurogenesis are sufficient to allow recovery of hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea G Nickell
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K Ryan Thompson
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
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9
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Avchalumov Y, Oliver RJ, Trenet W, Heyer Osorno RE, Sibley BD, Purohit DC, Contet C, Roberto M, Woodward JJ, Mandyam CD. Chronic ethanol exposure differentially alters neuronal function in the medial prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2020; 185:108438. [PMID: 33333103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the function of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus have been implicated in underlying the relapse to alcohol seeking behaviors in humans and animal models of moderate to severe alcohol use disorders (AUD). Here we used chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE), 21d protracted abstinence following CIE (21d AB), and re-exposure to one vapor session during protracted abstinence (re-exposure) to evaluate the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on basal synaptic function, neuronal excitability and expression of key synaptic proteins that play a role in neuronal excitability in the medial PFC (mPFC) and dentate gyrus (DG). CIE consistently enhanced excitability of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC and granule cell neurons in the DG. In the DG, this effect persisted during 21d AB. Re-exposure did not enhance excitability, suggesting resistance to vapor-induced effects. Analysis of action potential kinetics revealed that altered afterhyperpolarization, rise time and decay time constants are associated with the altered excitability during CIE, 21d AB and re-exposure. Molecular adaptations that may underlie increases in neuronal excitability under these different conditions were identified. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of large-conductance potassium (BK) channel subunit mRNA in PFC and DG tissue homogenates did not show altered expression patterns of BK subunits. Western blotting demonstrates enhanced phosphorylation of Ca2⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and reduced phosphorylation of glutamate receptor GluN2A/2B subunits. These results suggest a novel relationship between activity of CaMKII and GluN receptors in the mPFC and DG, and neuronal excitability in these brain regions in the context of moderate to severe AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wulfran Trenet
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | - Candice Contet
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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10
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Smith LC, Kimbrough A. Leveraging Neural Networks in Preclinical Alcohol Research. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E578. [PMID: 32825739 PMCID: PMC7565429 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive healthcare issue with significant socioeconomic consequences. There is a plethora of neural imaging techniques available at the clinical and preclinical level, including magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional (3D) tissue imaging techniques. Network-based approaches can be applied to imaging data to create neural networks that model the functional and structural connectivity of the brain. These networks can be used to changes to brain-wide neural signaling caused by brain states associated with alcohol use. Neural networks can be further used to identify key brain regions or neural "hubs" involved in alcohol drinking. Here, we briefly review the current imaging and neurocircuit manipulation methods. Then, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies using network-based approaches related to substance use disorders and alcohol drinking. Finally, we discuss how preclinical 3D imaging in combination with network approaches can be applied alone and in combination with other approaches to better understand alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC 0667, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC 0667, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Sona Khan M, Trenet W, Xing N, Sibley B, Abbas M, al-Rashida M, Rauf K, Mandyam CD. A Novel Sulfonamide, 4-FS, Reduces Ethanol Drinking and Physical Withdrawal Associated With Ethanol Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4411. [PMID: 32575871 PMCID: PMC7352747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is abundant in glial cells in the brain and CA type II isoform (CA II) activity in the hippocampus plays an important role in buffering extracellular pH transients produced by neural activity. Chronic ethanol exposure results in respiratory and metabolic acidosis, producing shifts in extracellular pH in the brain and body. These neurophysiological changes by ethanol are hypothesized to contribute to the continued drinking behavior and physical withdrawal behavior in subjects consuming ethanol chronically. We explored whether chronic ethanol self-administration (ethanol drinking, 10% v/v; ED) without or under the influence of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE-ED) experience alters the expression of CA II in the hippocampus. Postmortem hippocampal tissue analyses demonstrated that CA II levels were enhanced in the hilus region of the hippocampus in ED and CIE-ED rats. We used a novel molecule-4-fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) benzenesulfonamide (4-FS)-a selective CA II inhibitor, to determine whether CA II plays a role in ethanol self-administration in ED and CIE-ED rats and physical withdrawal behavior in CIE-ED rats. 4-FS (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced ethanol self-administration in ED rats and physical withdrawal behavior in CIE-ED rats. Postmortem hippocampal tissue analyses demonstrated that 4-FS reduced CA II expression in ED and CIE-ED rats to control levels. In parallel, 4-FS enhanced GABAA receptor expression, reduced ratio of glutamatergic GluN2A/2B receptors and enhanced the expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal activation in the ventral hippocampus in ED rats. These findings suggest that 4-FS enhanced GABAergic transmission and increased activity of neurons of inhibitory phenotypes. Taken together, these findings support the role of CA II in assisting with negative affective behaviors associated with moderate to severe alcohol use disorders (AUD) and that CA II inhibitors are a potential therapeutic target to reduce continued drinking and somatic withdrawal symptoms associated with moderate to severe AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sona Khan
- Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa 22060, Pakistan;
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (W.T.); (N.X.); (B.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Wulfran Trenet
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (W.T.); (N.X.); (B.S.)
| | - Nancy Xing
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (W.T.); (N.X.); (B.S.)
| | - Britta Sibley
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (W.T.); (N.X.); (B.S.)
| | - Muzaffar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Mariya al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College, A Chartered University, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan;
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; (W.T.); (N.X.); (B.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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12
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Huang L, Peng Z, Lu C, Chen Y, Lv JW, Qin M, Liao DF, Liu XM, Shi Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates repeated alcohol exposure-induced psychomotor and cognitive deficits. Chin Med 2020; 15:44. [PMID: 32411290 PMCID: PMC7206760 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic alcohol consumption disrupts psychomotor and cognitive functions, most of which are subserved by the dysfunction of hippocampus. Dysregulated excitatory glutamatergic transmission is implicated in repeated alcohol induced psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the main active ingredient of the traditional tonic medicine Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), has been used to treat cognitive deficits. Particularly, Rg1 has been demonstrated to improve hippocampus-dependent learning in mice and attenuate glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in vitro. Thus, in the present research, we sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on repeated alcohol induced psychomotor and cognitive deficits in hippocampal-dependent behavioral tasks and unravel the underpinnings of its neuroprotection. Methods Male ICR (CD-1) mice were consecutively intragastrically treated with 20% (w/v) alcohol for 21 days. Then, behavior tests were conducted to evaluate repeated alcohol induced psychomotor and cognitive deficits. Histopathological changes, and biochemical and molecular alterations were assessed to determine the potential neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1. Results The results suggested that Rg1, at the optimal dose of 6 mg/kg, has the potential to ameliorate repeated alcohol induced cognitive deficits by regulating activities of NR2B containing NMDARs and excitotoxic signaling. Conclusion Our findings further provided a new strategy to treat chronic alcohol exposure induced adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- 1Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China.,2Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Zhuang Peng
- 1Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China.,5College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Cong Lu
- 3Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ying Chen
- 4Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jing-Wei Lv
- 3Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Meng Qin
- 5College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- 1Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- 1Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China.,3Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhe Shi
- 1Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
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13
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Mira RG, Lira M, Tapia-Rojas C, Rebolledo DL, Quintanilla RA, Cerpa W. Effect of Alcohol on Hippocampal-Dependent Plasticity and Behavior: Role of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:288. [PMID: 32038190 PMCID: PMC6993074 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence are an increasing health problem worldwide. Alcohol abuse is responsible for approximately 5% of the total deaths in the world, but addictive consumption of it has a substantial impact on neurological and memory disabilities throughout the population. One of the better-studied brain areas involved in cognitive functions is the hippocampus, which is also an essential brain region targeted by ethanol. Accumulated evidence in several rodent models has shown that ethanol treatment produces cognitive impairment in hippocampal-dependent tasks. These adverse effects may be related to the fact that ethanol impairs the cellular and synaptic plasticity mechanisms, including adverse changes in neuronal morphology, spine architecture, neuronal communication, and finally an increase in neuronal death. There is evidence that the damage that occurs in the different brain structures is varied according to the stage of development during which the subjects are exposed to ethanol, and even much earlier exposure to it would cause damage in the adult stage. Studies on the cellular and cognitive deficiencies produced by alcohol in the brain are needed in order to search for new strategies to reduce alcohol neuronal toxicity and to understand its consequences on memory and cognitive performance with emphasis on the crucial stages of development, including prenatal events to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Mira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matias Lira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Daniela L Rebolledo
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura and Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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14
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Mira RG, Tapia-Rojas C, Pérez MJ, Jara C, Vergara EH, Quintanilla RA, Cerpa W. Alcohol impairs hippocampal function: From NMDA receptor synaptic transmission to mitochondrial function. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107628. [PMID: 31683244 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported that alcohol produces harmful effects on several brain structures, including the hippocampus, in both rodents and humans. The hippocampus is one of the most studied areas of the brain due to its function in learning and memory, and a lot of evidence suggests that hippocampal failure is responsible for the cognitive loss present in individuals with recurrent alcohol consumption. Mitochondria are organelles that generate the energy needed for the brain to maintain neuronal communication, and their functional failure is considered a mediator of the synaptic dysfunction induced by alcohol. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of how alcohol exposure affects neuronal communication through the impairment of glutamate receptor (NMDAR) activity, neuroinflammatory events and oxidative damage observed after alcohol exposure, all processes under the umbrella of mitochondrial function. Finally, we discuss the direct role of mitochondrial dysfunction mediating cognitive and memory decline produced by alcohol exposure and their consequences associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Mira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - María Jose Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Erick H Vergara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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15
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Purohit DC, Mandyam AD, Terranova MJ, Mandyam CD. Voluntary wheel running during adolescence distinctly alters running output in adulthood in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 377:112235. [PMID: 31521739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult female rats show greater running output compared with age-matched male rats, and the midbrain dopaminergic system may account for behavioral differences in running output. However, it is unknown if the lower running output in adult males can be regulated by wheel running experience during adolescence, and whether wheel running experience during adolescence will diminish the sex differences in running output during adulthood. We therefore determined and compared the exercise output in adult male and female rats that either had initiated voluntary wheel running only during adulthood or during adolescence. Our results demonstrate that running output in adult males were significantly higher when running was initiated during adolescence, and this higher running output was not significantly different from females. Running output did not differ during adulthood in females when wheel running was initiated during adolescence or during adulthood. Higher running output in females was associated with reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and hyperactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the dorsal striatum. Notably, running during adolescence-induced higher exercise output in adult males was associated with hyperactivation of CaMKII in the dorsal striatum, indicating a mechanistic role for CaMKII in running output. Together, the present results indicate sexually dimorphic adaptive biochemical changes in the dorsal striatum in rats that had escalated running activity, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in exploring neuroplasticity changes that predict enhanced exercise output in a voluntary physical activity paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atulya D Mandyam
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
| | | | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA.
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16
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Shi Z, Xie Y, Ren H, He B, Wang M, Wan J, Yuan T, Yao X, Su H. Fish oil treatment reduces chronic alcohol exposure induced synaptic changes. Addict Biol 2019; 24:577-589. [PMID: 29569345 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that represents one of the most serious global public health problems. Yet, currently there still lacks an effective pharmacotherapy. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3 PUFAs) have exhibited beneficial effects in a variety of neurological disorders, particularly in reversing behavioral deficits and neurotoxicity induced by prenatal alcohol exposure and binge drinking. In the present study, we investigated if fish oil, which is rich in N-3 PUFAs, had beneficial effects on preventing relapse and alleviating withdrawal symptoms after chronic alcohol exposure. Our results demonstrated that fish oil significantly reduced the chronic alcohol exposure-induced aberrant dendritic morphologic changes of the medium-sized spiny neurons in the core and the shell of nucleus accumbens. This inhibited the expression of AMPAR2-lacking AMPARs and their accumulation on the post synaptic membranes of medium-sized spiny neurons and eventually alleviated withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence. Our study therefore suggests that N-3 PUFAs are promising for treating withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of Macau China
| | - Youna Xie
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University China
| | - Huixia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of Macau China
| | - Baixuan He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of Macau China
| | - Jian‐Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of Macau China
| | - Ti‐Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine China
- Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong University China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of Macau China
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17
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Eiler WJA, Gleason SD, Smith JL, Witkin JM. A medium throughput rodent model of relapse from addiction with behavioral and pharmacological specificity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:72-79. [PMID: 31202811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of most formidable problems in the treatment of addiction is the high rate of relapse. The discovery of medicines to help mitigate relapse are aided by animal models that currently involve weeks of training and require surgical preparations and drug delivery devices. The present set of experiments was initiated to investigate a rapid 8-day screening method that utilizes food instead of intravenous drug administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a reinstatement paradigm in which every lever press produced a 45 mg food pellet concurrently paired with a light and tone. Behavior was subsequently extinguished with lever responses producing neither food nor food-associated stimuli. Reinstatement of responding was evaluated under conditions in which the first three responses of every 5 min time bin produced a food pellet along with food-associated stimuli. The mGlu5 receptor antagonists MPEP and MTEP produced a significant reduction in reinstatement while failing to alter responding where every response produced food. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant and the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 also selectively reduced reinstatement. Other compounds including clozapine, d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide, ABT-431, naltrexone and citalopram were without effect. The results suggest that relapse-like behavioral effects can be extended to non-pharmacological reinforcers. Drug effects demonstrated both behavioral and pharmacological specificity. The present experimental design thus allows for efficient and rapid assessment of the effects of drugs that might be useful in the treatment of addiction-associated relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College, Franklin, IN, USA; Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott D Gleason
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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18
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Bird CW, Taylor DH, Pinkowski NJ, Chavez GJ, Valenzuela CF. Long-term Reductions in the Population of GABAergic Interneurons in the Mouse Hippocampus following Developmental Ethanol Exposure. Neuroscience 2018; 383:60-73. [PMID: 29753864 PMCID: PMC5994377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol leads to a constellation of cognitive and behavioral abnormalities known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Many cell types throughout the central nervous system are negatively impacted by gestational alcohol exposure, including inhibitory, GABAergic interneurons. Little evidence exists, however, describing the long-term impact of fetal alcohol exposure on survival of interneurons within the hippocampal formation, which is critical for learning and memory processes that are impaired in individuals with FASDs. Mice expressing Venus yellow fluorescent protein in inhibitory interneurons were exposed to vaporized ethanol during the third trimester equivalent of human gestation (postnatal days 2-9), and the long-term effects on interneuron numbers were measured using unbiased stereology at P90. In adulthood, interneuron populations were reduced in every hippocampal region examined. Moreover, we found that a single exposure to ethanol at P7 caused robust activation of apoptotic neurodegeneration of interneurons in the hilus, granule cell layer, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. These studies demonstrate that developmental ethanol exposure has a long-term impact on hippocampal interneuron survivability, and may provide a mechanism partially explaining deficits in hippocampal function and hippocampus-dependent behaviors in those afflicted with FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark W Bird
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devin H Taylor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Natalie J Pinkowski
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - G Jill Chavez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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19
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Kimbrough A, de Guglielmo G, Kononoff J, Kallupi M, Zorrilla EP, George O. CRF 1 Receptor-Dependent Increases in Irritability-Like Behavior During Abstinence from Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1886-1895. [PMID: 28833238 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, emotional and physical signs of withdrawal from ethanol are commonly seen. Many of these symptoms, including anxiety-like and depression-like behavior, have been characterized in animal models of ethanol dependence. One issue with several current behavioral tests that measure withdrawal in animal models is that they are often not repeatable within subjects over time. Additionally, irritability, one of the most common symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in humans, has not been well characterized in animal models. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-CRF1 receptor system has been suggested to be critical for the emergence of anxiety-like behavior in ethanol dependence, but the role of this system in irritability-like behavior has not been characterized. METHODS The present study compared the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure-induced ethanol dependence on irritability-like behavior in rats using the bottle-brush test during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence. Rats were trained to self-administer ethanol in operant chambers and then either left in a nondependent state or made dependent via CIE. Naïve, nondependent, and dependent rats were tested for irritability-like behavior in the bottle-brush test 8 hours and 2 weeks into abstinence from ethanol. Separate cohorts of dependent and nondependent rats were used to examine the effect of the specific CRF1 receptor antagonist R121919 on irritability-like behavior. RESULTS Dependent rats exhibited escalated ethanol intake compared with their own pre-CIE baseline and nondependent rats. At both time points of abstinence, ethanol-dependent rats exhibited increased aggressive-like responses compared with naïve and nondependent rats. R121919 reduced irritability-like behavior in both dependent and nondependent rats, but dependent rats were more sensitive to R121919. CONCLUSIONS Irritability-like behavior is a clinically relevant and reliable measure of negative emotional states that is partially mediated by activation of the CRF-CRF1 system and remains elevated during protracted abstinence in ethanol-dependent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jenni Kononoff
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience (AK, GdG, JK, MK, EPZ, OG), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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20
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Kimbrough A, Kim S, Cole M, Brennan M, George O. Intermittent Access to Ethanol Drinking Facilitates the Transition to Excessive Drinking After Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1502-1509. [PMID: 28679148 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol binge drinking in humans is thought to increase the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Unclear is whether drinking patterns (e.g., bingelike or stable drinking) differentially affect the transition to compulsive-like drinking in dependent individuals. We examined whether chronic bingelike drinking facilitates the transition to compulsive-like drinking in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were given 5 months of intermittent access to ethanol (EtOH) (IAE) or continuous access to EtOH (CAE) in a 2-bottle choice paradigm. Then, rats were given chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) vapor exposure. Escalation of EtOH intake and compulsive-like responding for EtOH, using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement and quinine-adulterated EtOH, were measured. RESULTS IAE rats escalated EtOH drinking after 2 weeks of 2-bottle choice, whereas CAE rats exhibited stable EtOH drinking for 5 months. After 8 weeks of CIE, both IAE + CIE and CAE + CIE rats escalated their EtOH intake. However, IAE rats escalated their EtOH intake weeks sooner than CAE rats and exhibited greater EtOH intake. No differences in compulsive-like responding were found between IAE + CIE and CAE + CIE rats. However, both IAE + CIE and CAE + CIE rats showed strong compulsive-like responding compared with rats without prior IAE or CAE. CONCLUSIONS Chronic EtOH drinking at stable or escalated levels for several months is associated with more compulsive-like responding for EtOH in rats that are exposed to CIE compared with rats without a prior history of EtOH drinking. Moreover, IAE facilitated the transition to compulsive-like responding for EtOH after CIE exposure, reflected by the escalation of EtOH intake. These results suggest that IAE may facilitate the transition to AUD. This study indicates that despite a moderate level of EtOH drinking, the IAE animal model is highly relevant to early stages of alcohol abuse and suggests that it may be associated with neuroadaptations that produce a faster transition to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Maury Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Molly Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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21
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Radke AK, Jury NJ, Kocharian A, Marcinkiewcz CA, Lowery-Gionta EG, Pleil KE, McElligott ZA, McKlveen JM, Kash TL, Holmes A. Chronic EtOH effects on putative measures of compulsive behavior in mice. Addict Biol 2017; 22:423-434. [PMID: 26687341 PMCID: PMC4916036 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Addictions, including alcohol use disorders, are characterized by the loss of control over drug seeking and consumption, but the neural circuits and signaling mechanisms responsible for the transition from controlled use to uncontrolled abuse remain incompletely understood. Prior studies have shown that 'compulsive-like' behaviors in rodents, for example, persistent responding for ethanol (EtOH) despite punishment, are increased after chronic exposure to EtOH. The main goal of the current study was to assess the effects of chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure on multiple, putative measures of compulsive-like EtOH seeking in C57BL/6 J mice. Mice were exposed to two or four weekly cycles of CIE and then, post-withdrawal, tested for progressive ratio responding for EtOH, sustained responding during signaled EtOH unavailability and (footshock) punished suppression of responding for EtOH. Results showed that mice exposed to CIE exhibited attenuated suppression of EtOH seeking during punishment, as compared with air-exposed controls. By contrast, CIE exposure affected neither punished food reward-seeking behavior, nor other putative measures of compulsive-like EtOH seeking. Ex vivo reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of brain tissue found reduced sensitivity to punished EtOH seeking after CIE exposure was accompanied by a significant increase in gene expression of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, specifically in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Moreover, slice electrophysiological analysis revealed increased N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated currents in the orbitofrontal cortex after CIE exposure in test-naïve mice. Collectively, the current findings add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that chronic exposure to EtOH fosters resistance to punished EtOH seeking in association with adaptations in cortical glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Radke
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicholas J. Jury
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adrina Kocharian
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine A. Marcinkiewcz
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily G. Lowery-Gionta
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kristen E. Pleil
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Zoe A. McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jessica M. McKlveen
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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22
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Analyses of differentially expressed genes after exposure to acute stress, acute ethanol, or a combination of both in mice. Alcohol 2017; 58:139-151. [PMID: 28027852 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a complex disorder, which is confounded by other factors, including stress. In the present study, we examined gene expression in the hippocampus of BXD recombinant inbred mice after exposure to ethanol (NOE), stress (RSS), and the combination of both (RSE). Mice were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1.8 g/kg ethanol or saline, and subsets of both groups were exposed to acute restraint stress for 15 min or controls. Gene expression in the hippocampus was examined using microarray analysis. Genes that were significantly (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) differentially expressed were further evaluated. Bioinformatic analyses were predominantly performed using tools available at GeneNetwork.org, and included gene ontology, presence of cis-regulation or polymorphisms, phenotype correlations, and principal component analyses. Comparisons of differential gene expression between groups showed little overlap. Gene Ontology demonstrated distinct biological processes in each group with the combined exposure (RSE) being unique from either the ethanol (NOE) or stress (RSS) group, suggesting that the interaction between these variables is mediated through diverse molecular pathways. This supports the hypothesis that exposure to stress alters ethanol-induced gene expression changes and that exposure to alcohol alters stress-induced gene expression changes. Behavior was profiled in all groups following treatment, and many of the differentially expressed genes are correlated with behavioral variation within experimental groups. Interestingly, in each group several genes were correlated with the same phenotype, suggesting that these genes are the potential origins of significant genetic networks. The distinct sets of differentially expressed genes within each group provide the basis for identifying molecular networks that may aid in understanding the complex interactions between stress and ethanol, and potentially provide relevant therapeutic targets. Using Ptp4a1, a candidate gene underlying the quantitative trait locus for several of these phenotypes, and network analyses, we show that a large group of differentially expressed genes in the NOE group are highly interrelated, some of which have previously been linked to alcohol addiction or alcohol-related phenotypes.
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23
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Sun Y, Zhan L, Cheng X, Zhang L, Hu J, Gao Z. The Regulation of GluN2A by Endogenous and Exogenous Regulators in the Central Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:389-403. [PMID: 27255970 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The NMDA receptor is the most widely studied ionotropic glutamate receptor, and it is central to many physiological and pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system. GluN2A is one of the two main types of GluN2 NMDA receptor subunits in the forebrain. The proper activity of GluN2A is important to brain function, as the abnormal regulation of GluN2A may induce some neuropsychiatric disorders. This review will examine the regulation of GluN2A by endogenous and exogenous regulators in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Cheng
- North China Pharmaceutical Group New Drug Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, 050015, People's Republic of China
| | - Linan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Llorens-Martín M, Rábano A, Ávila J. The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:526. [PMID: 26834550 PMCID: PMC4717329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons are continuously added to the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout adulthood. In this review, we analyze the maturational stages that newborn granule neurons go through, with a focus on their unique morphological features during each stage under both physiological and pathological circumstances. In addition, the influence of deleterious (such as schizophrenia, stress, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, stroke, inflammation, dietary deficiencies, or the consumption of drugs of abuse or toxic substances) and neuroprotective (physical exercise and environmental enrichment) stimuli on the maturation of these cells will be examined. Finally, the regulation of this process by proteins involved in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC-1), Glucocorticoid receptor, pro-inflammatory mediators, Presenilin-1, Amyloid precursor protein, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), among others, will be evaluated. Given the recently acquired relevance of the dendritic branch as a functional synaptic unit required for memory storage, a full understanding of the morphological alterations observed in newborn neurons may have important consequences for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive and affective alterations that evolve in conjunction with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain; Neuropathology Department, CIEN FoundationMadrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
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25
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Lee JY, Choe ES, Yang CH, Choi KH, Cheong JH, Jang CG, Seo JW, Yoon SS. The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP suppresses the expression and reinstatement, but not the acquisition, of the ethanol-conditioned place preference in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 140:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Staples MC, Mandyam CD. Thinking after Drinking: Impaired Hippocampal-Dependent Cognition in Human Alcoholics and Animal Models of Alcohol Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:162. [PMID: 27746746 PMCID: PMC5043052 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder currently affects approximately 18 million Americans, with at least half of these individuals having significant cognitive impairments subsequent to their chronic alcohol use. This is most widely apparent as frontal cortex-dependent cognitive dysfunction, where executive function and decision-making are severely compromised, as well as hippocampus-dependent cognitive dysfunction, where contextual and temporal reasoning are negatively impacted. This review discusses the relevant clinical literature to support the theory that cognitive recovery in tasks dependent on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is temporally different across extended periods of abstinence from alcohol. Additional studies from preclinical models are discussed to support clinical findings. Finally, the unique cellular composition of the hippocampus and cognitive impairment dependent on the hippocampus is highlighted in the context of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C Staples
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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27
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Alcohol dependence-induced regulation of the proliferation and survival of adult brain progenitors is associated with altered BDNF-TrkB signaling. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4319-4335. [PMID: 26659122 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effects of withdrawal from ethanol drinking in chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE)-exposed dependent rats and air-exposed nondependent rats on proliferation and survival of progenitor cells in the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were investigated. Rats were injected with 5'-Bromo 2-deoxyuridine 72 h post-CIE to measure proliferation (2 h-old cells) and survival (29-day-old cells) of progenitors born during a time-point previously reported to elicit a proliferative burst in the hippocampus. Hippocampal and mPFC brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) expression were measured 3 h or 21d post-CIE to evaluate neurotrophic signaling during a time point preceding the proliferative burst and survival of newly born progenitors. CIE rats demonstrated elevated drinking compared to nondependent rats and CIE rats maintained elevated drinking following protracted abstinence. Withdrawal from CIE increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and mPFC, and subsequently increased proliferation in the hippocampus and mPFC compared to nondependent rats and controls. Protracted abstinence from CIE reduced BDNF expression to control levels, and subsequently reduced neurogenesis compared to controls and nondependent rats in the hippocampus. In the mPFC, protracted abstinence reduced BDNF expression to control levels, whereas increased oligodendrogenesis in dependent rats compared to nondependent rats and controls. These results suggest a novel relationship between BDNF and progenitors in the hippocampus and mPFC, in which increased ethanol drinking may alter hippocampal and cortical function in alcohol dependent subjects by altering the cellular composition of newly born progenitors in the hippocampus and mPFC.
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28
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, McClintick J, Rahman S, Edenberg HJ, Szumlinski KK, McBride WJ. Ethanol-Associated Changes in Glutamate Reward Neurocircuitry: A Minireview of Clinical and Preclinical Genetic Findings. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:41-85. [PMID: 26809998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reviewed the role of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, in a number of neurochemical, -physiological, and -behavioral processes mediating the development of alcohol dependence. The findings discussed include results from both preclinical as well as neuroimaging and postmortem clinical studies. Expression levels for a number of glutamate-associated genes and/or proteins are modulated by alcohol abuse and dependence. These changes in expression include metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptor subunits as well as different glutamate transporters. Moreover, these changes in gene expression parallel the pharmacologic manipulation of these same receptors and transporters. Some of these gene expression changes may have predated alcohol abuse and dependence because a number of glutamate-associated polymorphisms are related to a genetic predisposition to develop alcohol dependence. Other glutamate-associated polymorphisms are linked to age at the onset of alcohol-dependence and initial level of response/sensitivity to alcohol. Finally, findings of innate and/or ethanol-induced glutamate-associated gene expression differences/changes observed in a genetic animal model of alcoholism, the P rat, are summarized. Overall, the existing literature indicates that changes in glutamate receptors, transporters, enzymes, and scaffolding proteins are crucial for the development of alcohol dependence and there is a substantial genetic component to these effects. This indicates that continued research into the genetic underpinnings of these glutamate-associated effects will provide important novel molecular targets for treating alcohol abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeanette McClintick
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - William J McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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29
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Follesa P, Floris G, Asuni GP, Ibba A, Tocco MG, Zicca L, Mercante B, Deriu F, Gorini G. Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Regulates Hippocampal GABA(A) Receptor Delta Subunit Gene Expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:445. [PMID: 26617492 PMCID: PMC4637418 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption causes structural and functional reorganization in the hippocampus and induces alterations in the gene expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs). Distinct forced intermittent exposure models have been used previously to investigate changes in GABAAR expression, with contrasting results. Here, we used repeated cycles of a Chronic Intermittent Ethanol paradigm to examine the relationship between voluntary, dependence-associated ethanol consumption, and GABAAR gene expression in mouse hippocampus. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to four 16-h ethanol vapor (or air) cycles in inhalation chambers alternated with limited-access two-bottle choice between ethanol (15%) and water consumption. The mice exposed to ethanol vapor showed significant increases in ethanol consumption compared to their air-matched controls. GABAAR alpha4 and delta subunit gene expression were measured by qRT-PCR at different stages. There were significant changes in GABAAR delta subunit transcript levels at different time points in ethanol-vapor exposed mice, while the alpha4 subunit levels remained unchanged. Correlated concurrent blood ethanol concentrations suggested that GABAAR delta subunit mRNA levels fluctuate depending on ethanol intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal state. Using a vapor-based Chronic Intermittent Ethanol procedure with combined two-bottle choice consumption, we corroborated previous evidences showing that discontinuous ethanol exposure affects GABAAR delta subunit expression but we did not observe changes in alpha4 subunit. These findings indicate that hippocampal GABAAR delta subunit expression changes transiently over the course of a Chronic Intermittent Ethanol paradigm associated with voluntary intake, in response to ethanol-mediated disturbance of GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Follesa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Floris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gino P Asuni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ibba
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria G Tocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Zicca
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gorini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
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30
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Staples MC, Somkuwar SS, Mandyam CD. Developmental effects of wheel running on hippocampal glutamate receptor expression in young and mature adult rats. Neuroscience 2015. [PMID: 26220171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the behavioral benefits associated with voluntary wheel running in rodents may be due to modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in learning and memory. However, the expression of the glutamatergic ionotropic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (GluN) in the hippocampus in response to chronic sustained voluntary wheel running has not yet been investigated. Further, the developmental effects during young and mature adulthood on wheel running output and GluN expression in hippocampal subregions has not been determined, and therefore is the main focus of this investigation. Eight-week-old and 16-week-old male Wistar rats were housed in home cages with free access to running wheels and running output was monitored for 4weeks. Wheel access was terminated and tissues from the dorsal and ventral hippocampi were processed for Western blot analysis of GluN subunit expression. Young adult runners demonstrated an escalation in running output but this behavior was not evident in mature adult runners. In parallel, young adult runners demonstrated a significant increase in total GluN (1 and 2A) subunit expression in the dorsal hippocampus (DH), and an opposing effect in the ventral hippocampus (VH) compared to age-matched sedentary controls; these changes in total protein expression were not associated with significant alterations in the phosphorylation of the GluN subunits. In contrast, mature adult runners demonstrated a reduction in total GluN2A expression in the DH, without producing alterations in the VH compared to age-matched sedentary controls. In conclusion, differential running activity-mediated modulation of GluN subunit expression in the hippocampal subregions was revealed to be associated with developmental effects on running activity, which may contribute to altered hippocampal synaptic activity and behavioral outcomes in young and mature adult subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Staples
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S S Somkuwar
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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