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Verpoort B, de Wit J. Cell Adhesion Molecule Signaling at the Synapse: Beyond the Scaffold. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041501. [PMID: 38316556 PMCID: PMC11065171 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions connecting pre- and postsynaptic neurons into functional neural circuits. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) constitute key players in synapse development that engage in homo- or heterophilic interactions across the synaptic cleft. Decades of research have identified numerous synaptic CAMs, mapped their trans-synaptic interactions, and determined their role in orchestrating synaptic connectivity. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that translate trans-synaptic adhesion into the assembly of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Here, we provide an overview of the intracellular signaling pathways that are engaged by synaptic CAMs and highlight outstanding issues to be addressed in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Verpoort
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Rapti G. Regulation of axon pathfinding by astroglia across genetic model organisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1241957. [PMID: 37941606 PMCID: PMC10628440 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1241957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia and neurons are intimately associated throughout bilaterian nervous systems, and were early proposed to interact for patterning circuit assembly. The investigations of circuit formation progressed from early hypotheses of intermediate guideposts and a "glia blueprint", to recent genetic and cell manipulations, and visualizations in vivo. An array of molecular factors are implicated in axon pathfinding but their number appears small relatively to circuit complexity. Comprehending this circuit complexity requires to identify unknown factors and dissect molecular topographies. Glia contribute to both aspects and certain studies provide molecular and functional insights into these contributions. Here, I survey glial roles in guiding axon navigation in vivo, emphasizing analogies, differences and open questions across major genetic models. I highlight studies pioneering the topic, and dissect recent findings that further advance our current molecular understanding. Circuits of the vertebrate forebrain, visual system and neural tube in zebrafish, mouse and chick, the Drosophila ventral cord and the C. elegans brain-like neuropil emerge as major contexts to study glial cell functions in axon navigation. I present astroglial cell types in these models, and their molecular and cellular interactions that drive axon guidance. I underline shared principles across models, conceptual or technical complications, and open questions that await investigation. Glia of the radial-astrocyte lineage, emerge as regulators of axon pathfinding, often employing common molecular factors across models. Yet this survey also highlights different involvements of glia in embryonic navigation or pioneer axon pathfinding, and unknowns in the molecular underpinnings of glial cell functions. Future cellular and molecular investigations should complete the comprehensive view of glial roles in circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Rapti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Rome, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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The neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1451-1465. [PMID: 36732586 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most prevalent disorder of brain-gut interactions that affects between 5 and 10% of the general population worldwide. The current symptom criteria restrict the diagnosis to recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits, but the majority of patients also report non-painful abdominal discomfort, associated psychiatric conditions (anxiety and depression), as well as other visceral and somatic pain-related symptoms. For decades, IBS was considered an intestinal motility disorder, and more recently a gut disorder. However, based on an extensive body of reported information about central, peripheral mechanisms and genetic factors involved in the pathophysiology of IBS symptoms, a comprehensive disease model of brain-gut-microbiome interactions has emerged, which can explain altered bowel habits, chronic abdominal pain, and psychiatric comorbidities. In this review, we will first describe novel insights into several key components of brain-gut microbiome interactions, starting with reported alterations in the gut connectome and enteric nervous system, and a list of distinct functional and structural brain signatures, and comparing them to the proposed brain alterations in anxiety disorders. We will then point out the emerging correlations between the brain networks with the genomic, gastrointestinal, immune, and gut microbiome-related parameters. We will incorporate this new information into a systems-based disease model of IBS. Finally, we will discuss the implications of such a model for the improved understanding of the disorder and the development of more effective treatment approaches in the future.
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4
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Abad-Rodríguez J, Brocca ME, Higuero AM. Glycans and Carbohydrate-Binding/Transforming Proteins in Axon Physiology. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:185-217. [PMID: 36255676 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mature nervous system relies on the polarized morphology of neurons for a directed flow of information. These highly polarized cells use their somatodendritic domain to receive and integrate input signals while the axon is responsible for the propagation and transmission of the output signal. However, the axon must perform different functions throughout development before being fully functional for the transmission of information in the form of electrical signals. During the development of the nervous system, axons perform environmental sensing functions, which allow them to navigate through other regions until a final target is reached. Some axons must also establish a regulated contact with other cells before reaching maturity, such as with myelinating glial cells in the case of myelinated axons. Mature axons must then acquire the structural and functional characteristics that allow them to perform their role as part of the information processing and transmitting unit that is the neuron. Finally, in the event of an injury to the nervous system, damaged axons must try to reacquire some of their immature characteristics in a regeneration attempt, which is mostly successful in the PNS but fails in the CNS. Throughout all these steps, glycans perform functions of the outermost importance. Glycans expressed by the axon, as well as by their surrounding environment and contacting cells, encode key information, which is fine-tuned by glycan modifying enzymes and decoded by glycan binding proteins so that the development, guidance, myelination, and electrical transmission functions can be reliably performed. In this chapter, we will provide illustrative examples of how glycans and their binding/transforming proteins code and decode instructive information necessary for fundamental processes in axon physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain.
| | - María Elvira Brocca
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Alonso Miguel Higuero
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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5
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Song W, Li Q, Wang T, Li Y, Fan T, Zhang J, Wang Q, Pan J, Dong Q, Sun ZS, Wang Y. Putative complement control protein CSMD3 dysfunction impairs synaptogenesis and induces neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:237-250. [PMID: 35245678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that complement-related proteins modulate brain development through regulating synapse processes in the cortex. CSMD3 belongs to a group of putative complement control proteins. However, its role in the central nervous system and synaptogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we report that CSMD3 deleterious mutations occur frequently in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Csmd3 is predominantly expressed in cortical neurons of the developing cortex. In mice, Csmd3 disruption induced retarded development and NDD-related behaviors. Csmd3 deficiency impaired synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, allowing fewer neurons reaching the cortical plate. Csmd3 deficiency also induced perturbed functional networks in the developing cortex, involving a number of downregulated synapse-associated genes that influence early synaptic organization and upregulated genes related to immune activity. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the endogenous regulation of complement-related proteins in synaptic development and supports the pathological role of CSMD3 in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianda Fan
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinrong Pan
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Licheri V, Brigman JL. Altering Cell-Cell Interaction in Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Models: Insight on Cell-Adhesion Molecules During Brain Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:753537. [PMID: 34975396 PMCID: PMC8715949 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.753537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy disrupts the development of the brain and produces long lasting behavioral and cognitive impairments collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). FASDs are characterized by alterations in learning, working memory, social behavior and executive function. A large body of literature using preclinical prenatal alcohol exposure models reports alcohol-induced changes in architecture and activity in specific brain regions affecting cognition. While multiple putative mechanisms of alcohol’s long-lasting effects on morphology and behavior have been investigated, an area that has received less attention is the effect of alcohol on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The embryo/fetal development represents a crucial period for Central Nervous System (CNS) development during which the cell-cell interaction plays an important role. CAMs play a critical role in neuronal migration and differentiation, synaptic organization and function which may be disrupted by alcohol. In this review, we summarize the physiological structure and role of CAMs involved in brain development, review the current literature on prenatal alcohol exposure effects on CAM function in different experimental models and pinpoint areas needed for future study to better understand how CAMs may mediate the morphological, sensory and behavioral outcomes in FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Licheri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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7
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Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Odena MA, Ulloa F, de Oliveira E, Bosch M, Pujadas L, Soriano E. New Partners Identified by Mass Spectrometry Assay Reveal Functions of NCAM2 in Neural Cytoskeleton Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147404. [PMID: 34299022 PMCID: PMC8304497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2) is a membrane protein with an important role in the morphological development of neurons. In the cortex and the hippocampus, NCAM2 is essential for proper neuronal differentiation, dendritic and axonal outgrowth and synapse formation. However, little is known about NCAM2 functional mechanisms and its interactive partners during brain development. Here we used mass spectrometry to study the molecular interactome of NCAM2 in the second postnatal week of the mouse cerebral cortex. We found that NCAM2 interacts with >100 proteins involved in numerous processes, including neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. We validated the most relevant interactors, including Neurofilaments (NEFs), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), Calcium/calmodulin kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), Actin and Nogo. An in silico analysis of the cytosolic tail of the NCAM2.1 isoform revealed specific phosphorylation site motifs with a putative affinity for some of these interactors. Our results expand the knowledge of NCAM2 interactome and confirm the key role of NCAM2 in cytoskeleton organization, neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. These findings are of interest in explaining the phenotypes observed in different pathologies with alterations in the NCAM2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Alba Ortega-Gascó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Odena
- Plataforma de Proteòmica, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.O.); (E.d.O.)
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliandre de Oliveira
- Plataforma de Proteòmica, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.O.); (E.d.O.)
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (E.S.)
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8
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Mutalik SP, Gupton SL. Glycosylation in Axonal Guidance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105143. [PMID: 34068002 PMCID: PMC8152249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How millions of axons navigate accurately toward synaptic targets during development is a long-standing question. Over decades, multiple studies have enriched our understanding of axonal pathfinding with discoveries of guidance molecules and morphogens, their receptors, and downstream signalling mechanisms. Interestingly, classification of attractive and repulsive cues can be fluid, as single guidance cues can act as both. Similarly, guidance cues can be secreted, chemotactic cues or anchored, adhesive cues. How a limited set of guidance cues generate the diversity of axonal guidance responses is not completely understood. Differential expression and surface localization of receptors, as well as crosstalk and spatiotemporal patterning of guidance cues, are extensively studied mechanisms that diversify axon guidance pathways. Posttranslational modification is a common, yet understudied mechanism of diversifying protein functions. Many proteins in axonal guidance pathways are glycoproteins and how glycosylation modulates their function to regulate axonal motility and guidance is an emerging field. In this review, we discuss major classes of glycosylation and their functions in axonal pathfinding. The glycosylation of guidance cues and guidance receptors and their functional implications in axonal outgrowth and pathfinding are discussed. New insights into current challenges and future perspectives of glycosylation pathways in neuronal development are discussed.
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Duncan BW, Murphy KE, Maness PF. Molecular Mechanisms of L1 and NCAM Adhesion Molecules in Synaptic Pruning, Plasticity, and Stabilization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625340. [PMID: 33585481 PMCID: PMC7876315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain circuits are wired by dynamic formation and remodeling during development to produce a balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Synaptic regulation is mediated by a complex network of proteins including immunoglobulin (Ig)- class cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), structural and signal-transducing components at the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, and the extracellular protein matrix. This review explores the current understanding of developmental synapse regulation mediated by L1 and NCAM family CAMs. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses undergo formation and remodeling through neuronal CAMs and receptor-ligand interactions. These responses result in pruning inactive dendritic spines and perisomatic contacts, or synaptic strengthening during critical periods of plasticity. Ankyrins engage neural adhesion molecules of the L1 family (L1-CAMs) to promote synaptic stability. Chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, tenascin-R, and linker proteins comprising the perineuronal net interact with L1-CAMs and NCAM, stabilizing synaptic contacts and limiting plasticity as critical periods close. Understanding neuronal adhesion signaling and synaptic targeting provides insight into normal development as well as synaptic connectivity disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelsey E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Xie J, Yin Y, Yang F, Sun J, Wang J. Differential Network Analysis Reveals Regulatory Patterns in Neural Stem Cell Fate Decision. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 13:91-102. [PMID: 33439459 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-020-00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering regulatory patterns of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation with multiple stages is essential to understand NSC differentiation mechanisms. Recent single-cell transcriptome datasets became available at individual differentiation. However, a systematic and integrative analysis of multiple datasets at multiple temporal stages of NSC differentiation is lacking. In this study, we propose a new method integrating prior information to construct three gene regulatory networks at pair-wise stages of transcriptome and apply this method to investigate five NSC differentiation paths on four different single-cell transcriptome datasets. By constructing gene regulatory networks for each path, we delineate their regulatory patterns via differential topology and network diffusion analyses. We find 12 common differentially expressed genes among the five NSC differentiation paths, with one common regulatory pattern (Gsk3b_App_Cdk5) shared by all paths. The identified regulatory pattern, partly supported by previous experimental evidence, is essential to all differentiation paths, but it plays a different role in each path when regulating other genes. Together, our integrative analysis provides both common and specific regulatory mechanisms for each of the five NSC differentiation paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xie
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Yin
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuzhang Yang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamin Sun
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Differential Contribution of Cadm1-Cadm3 Cell Adhesion Molecules to Peripheral Myelinated Axons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1393-1400. [PMID: 33397712 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2736-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion proteins of the Cadm (SynCAM/Necl) family regulate myelination and the organization of myelinated axons. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), intercellular contact between Schwann cells and their underlying axons is believed to be mediated by binding of glial Cadm4 to axonal Cadm3 or Cadm2. Nevertheless, given that distinct neurons express different combinations of the Cadm proteins, the identity of the functional axonal ligand for Cadm4 remains to be determined. Here, we took a genetic approach to compare the phenotype of Cadm4 null mice, which exhibit abnormal distribution of Caspr and Kv1 potassium channels, with mice lacking different combinations of Cadm1-Cadm3 genes. We show that in contrast to mice lacking the single Cadm1, Cadm2, or Cadm3 genes, genetic ablation of all three phenocopies the abnormalities detected in the absence of Cadm4. Similar defects were observed in double mutant mice lacking Cadm3 and Cadm2 (i.e., Cadm3 -/- /Cadm2 -/-) or Cadm3 and Cadm1 (i.e., Cadm3 -/- /Cadm1 -/-), but not in mice lacking Cadm1 and Cadm2 (i.e., Cadm1 -/- /Cadm2 -/-). Furthermore, axonal organization abnormalities were also detected in Cadm3 null mice that were heterozygous for the two other axonal Cadms. Our results identify Cadm3 as the main axonal ligand for glial Cadm4, and reveal that its absence could be compensated by the combined action of Cadm2 and Cadm1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelination by Schwann cells enables fast conduction of action potentials along motor and sensory axons. In these nerves, Schwann cell-axon contact is mediated by cell adhesion molecules of the Cadm family. Cadm4 in Schwann cells regulates axonal ensheathment and myelin wrapping, as well as the organization of the axonal membrane, but the identity of its axonal ligands is not clear. Here, we reveal that Cadm mediated axon-glia interactions depend on a hierarchical adhesion code that involves multiple family members. Our results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon-glia communication, and the function of Cadm proteins in PNS myelin.
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12
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Honig B, Shapiro L. Adhesion Protein Structure, Molecular Affinities, and Principles of Cell-Cell Recognition. Cell 2021; 181:520-535. [PMID: 32359436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to organize into multicellular structures in precise patterns requires that they "recognize" one another with high specificity. We discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of cell-cell recognition, including unique phenomena associated with neuronal interactions. We describe structures of select adhesion receptor complexes and their assembly into larger intercellular junction structures and discuss emerging principles that relate cell-cell organization to the binding specificities and energetics of adhesion receptors. Armed with these insights, advances in protein design and gene editing should pave the way for breakthroughs toward understanding the molecular basis of cell patterning in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Gray matter volume and microRNA levels in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:1037-1045. [PMID: 31240443 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder often characterized by gray matter (GM) volume reductions. MicroRNAs, which participate in regulating gene expression, potentially influence neurodevelopment. This study aimed to explore whether differential GM volume is associated with differential miRNA levels in ADHD patients. We recruited a total of 30 drug-naïve patients with ADHD (mean age 10.6 years) and 25 healthy controls (mean age 10.6 years) that underwent a single session of 3.0-T whole brain structural MRI scanning. RNA samples from the participants' white blood cells were collected to identify the ΔCt values of three miRNAs (miR-30e-5p, miR-126-5p, and miR-140-3p) using the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In comparison to the control group, ADHD patients demonstrated a significantly lower GM volume in the cingulate gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, and significantly higher ΔCt values of miR-30e-5p, miR-126-5p, and miR-140-3p. In the ADHD group, the GM volume of cingulate gyrus and left fusiform gyrus was negatively correlated with the ΔCt values of miR-30e-5p, miR-140-3p. The GM volume of left fusiform gyrus was negatively correlated to ADHD behavioral symptoms. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we observed that the effect of miR-140-3p on hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms was mediated by left fusiform gyrus. Our findings support that GM volume reduction and miRNA increases may be biomarkers for ADHD in children and adolescents. Expression levels of miRNAs may affect the development of brain structures and further participate in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Trans-Axonal Signaling in Neural Circuit Wiring. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145170. [PMID: 32708320 PMCID: PMC7404203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neural circuits is a complex process that relies on the proper navigation of axons through their environment to their appropriate targets. While axon–environment and axon–target interactions have long been known as essential for circuit formation, communication between axons themselves has only more recently emerged as another crucial mechanism. Trans-axonal signaling governs many axonal behaviors, including fasciculation for proper guidance to targets, defasciculation for pathfinding at important choice points, repulsion along and within tracts for pre-target sorting and target selection, repulsion at the target for precise synaptic connectivity, and potentially selective degeneration for circuit refinement. This review outlines the recent advances in identifying the molecular mechanisms of trans-axonal signaling and discusses the role of axon–axon interactions during the different steps of neural circuit formation.
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15
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Neurons, Glia, Extracellular Matrix and Neurovascular Unit: A Systems Biology Approach to the Complexity of Synaptic Plasticity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041539. [PMID: 32102370 PMCID: PMC7073232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic cleft has been vastly investigated in the last decades, leading to a novel and fascinating model of the functional and structural modifications linked to synaptic transmission and brain processing. The classic neurocentric model encompassing the neuronal pre- and post-synaptic terminals partly explains the fine-tuned plastic modifications under both pathological and physiological circumstances. Recent experimental evidence has incontrovertibly added oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia as pivotal elements for synapse formation and remodeling (tripartite synapse) in both the developing and adult brain. Moreover, synaptic plasticity and its pathological counterpart (maladaptive plasticity) have shown a deep connection with other molecular elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM), once considered as a mere extracellular structural scaffold altogether with the cellular glue (i.e., glia). The ECM adds another level of complexity to the modern model of the synapse, particularly, for the long-term plasticity and circuit maintenance. This model, called tetrapartite synapse, can be further implemented by including the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the immune system. Although they were considered so far as tightly separated from the central nervous system (CNS) plasticity, at least in physiological conditions, recent evidence endorsed these elements as structural and paramount actors in synaptic plasticity. This scenario is, as far as speculations and evidence have shown, a consistent model for both adaptive and maladaptive plasticity. However, a comprehensive understanding of brain processes and circuitry complexity is still lacking. Here we propose that a better interpretation of the CNS complexity can be granted by a systems biology approach through the construction of predictive molecular models that enable to enlighten the regulatory logic of the complex molecular networks underlying brain function in health and disease, thus opening the way to more effective treatments.
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CADM1 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and migration by potentially regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109717. [PMID: 31865146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), an immunoglobulin superfamily member, is frequently inactivated but functions as a tumor suppressor in many solid tumors. However, the characterization of CADM1 expression in ovarian cancer cells and the mechanisms of its tumor suppressor function are not fully understood. We generated ovarian cancer cell lines in which CADM1 was stably upregulated or downregulated. CADM1 expression was significantly decreased in ovarian cancer tissue and cells lines. Functionally, knockdown of CADM1 promoted the growth, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Conversely, further experimental evidence indicated that overexpression of CADM1 inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells potentially through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating upstream regulators (LXR/RXR, IGF1, IFI44L and C4BPA) and downstream effectors (APP, EDN1, TGFBI and Rap1A). In conclusion, CADM1 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and migration by potentially regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. CADM1 could be a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Xu F, Si X, Du J, Xu F, Yang A, Zhang C, Zhang X, Yang Y. Downregulating SynCAM and MPP6 expression is associated with ovarian cancer progression. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2477-2483. [PMID: 31402947 PMCID: PMC6676726 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SynCAMs) are single transmembrane proteins that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. In the present study, a decrease in SynCAM levels in ovarian tumor tissues compared with normal tissues is reported; the downregulation was accompanied by the grade malignancy. The observations suggested that SynCAM may be essential for important novel functions in ovarian cancer. Further experiments showed that low SynCAM expression inhibited membrane palmitoylated protein 6 (MPP6) expression, a member of the palmitoylated membrane protein subfamily of peripheral membrane-associated guanylate kinases. In addition, low levels of MPP6 in ovarian tumor tissues correlated with shorter patient survival. A SynCAM-regulated pathway may provide molecular targets for the treatment of ovarian cancer and novel biomarkers to be used in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Si
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jingran Du
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Feihua Xu
- Department of Labor and Environmental Health, The School of Public Health of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Aihong Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiucai Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiu Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Picocci S, Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Magrone T, Jirillo E, Gennarini G. Modulation of Nerve Cell Differentiation: Role of Polyphenols and of Contactin Family Components. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:119. [PMID: 31380366 PMCID: PMC6656924 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the mechanisms are explored, which modulate expression and function of cell surface adhesive glycoproteins of the Immunoglobulin Supergene Family (IgSF), and in particular of its Contactin subset, during neuronal precursor developmental events. In this context, a specific topic concerns the significance of the expression profile of such molecules and their ability to modulate signaling pathways activated through nutraceuticals, in particular polyphenols, administration. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches are chosen. As for the former, by using as a model the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma line, the effects of grape seed polyphenols are evaluated on proliferation and commitment/differentiation events along the neuronal lineage. In SH-SY5Y cell cultures, polyphenols were found to counteract precursor proliferation while promoting their differentiation, as deduced by studying their developmental parameters through the expression of cell cycle and neuronal commitment/differentiation markers as well as by measuring neurite growth. In such cultures, Cyclin E expression and BrdU incorporation were downregulated, indicating reduced precursor proliferation while increased neuronal differentiation was inferred from upregulation of cell cycle exit (p27–Kip) and neuronal commitment (NeuN) markers as well as by measuring neurite length through morphometric analysis. The polyphenol effects on developmental parameters were also explored in vivo, in cerebellar cortex, by using as a model the TAG/F3 transgenic line, which undergoes delayed neural development as a consequence of Contactin1 adhesive glycoprotein upregulation and premature expression under control of the Contactin2 gene (Cntn-2) promoter. In this transgenic line, a Notch pathway activation is known to occur and polyphenol treatment was found to counteract such an effect, demonstrated through downregulation of the Hes-1 transcription factor. Polyphenols also downregulated the expression of adhesive glycoproteins of the Contactin family themselves, demonstrated for both Contactin1 and Contactin2, indicating the involvement of changes in the expression of the underlying genes in the observed phenotype. These data support the hypothesis that the complex control exerted by polyphenols on neural development involves modulation of expression and function of the genes encoding cell adhesion molecules of the Contactin family and of the associated signaling pathways, indicating potential mechanisms whereby such compounds may control neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Picocci
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Thea Magrone
- Laboratories of Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Laboratories of Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Magadmi R, Meszaros J, Damanhouri ZA, Seward EP. Secretion of Mast Cell Inflammatory Mediators Is Enhanced by CADM1-Dependent Adhesion to Sensory Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:262. [PMID: 31275114 PMCID: PMC6591473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions are important in the pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly those associated with alterations in sensory processing and pain. Mast cells and sensory neuron nerve endings are found in areas of the body exposed to the external environment, both are specialized to sense potential damage by injury or pathogens and signal to the immune system and nervous system, respectively, to elicit protective responses. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), also known as SynCAM1, has previously been identified as an adhesion molecule which may couple mast cells to sensory neurons however, whether this molecule exerts a functional as well as structural role in neuroimmune cross-talk is unknown. Here we show, using a newly developed in vitro co-culture system consisting of murine bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) and adult sensory neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglions (DRG), that CADM1 is expressed in mast cells and adult sensory neurons and mediates strong adhesion between the two cell types. Non-neuronal cells in the DRG cultures did not express CADM1, and mast cells did not adhere to them. The interaction of BMMCs with sensory neurons was found to induce mast cell degranulation and IL-6 secretion and to enhance responses to antigen stimulation and activation of FcεRI receptors. Secretion of TNFα in contrast was not affected, nor was secretion evoked by compound 48/80. Co-cultures of BMMCs with HEK 293 cells, which also express CADM1, while also leading to adhesion did not replicate the effects of sensory neurons on mast cells, indicative of a neuron-specific interaction. Application of a CADM1 blocking peptide or knockdown of CADM1 in BMMCs significantly decreased BMMC attachment to sensory neurites and abolished the enhanced secretory responses of mast cells. In conclusion, CADM1 is necessary and sufficient to drive mast cell-sensory neuron adhesion and promote the development of a microenvironment in which neurons enhance mast cell responsiveness to antigen, this interaction could explain why the incidence of painful neuroinflammatory disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are increased in atopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Magadmi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judit Meszaros
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Zoheir A Damanhouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth P Seward
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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Exploring the involvement of Tac2 in the mouse hippocampal stress response through gene networking. Gene 2019; 696:176-185. [PMID: 30769143 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tachykinin 2 (Tac2) is expressed in a number of areas throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. However, knowledge about its function has been only well explored in the hypothalamus in the context of reproductive health. In this study, we identified and validated increased hippocampal Tac2 mRNA expression in response to chronic mild stress in mice. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis showed Tac2 is cis-regulated in the hippocampus. Using a systems genetics approach, we constructed a Tac2 co-expression network to better understand the relationship between Tac2 and the hippocampal stress response. Our network identified 69 total genes associated with Tac2, several of which encode major neuropeptides involved in hippocampal stress signaling as well as critical genes for producing neural plasticity, indicating that Tac2 is involved in these processes. Pathway analysis for the member of Tac2 gene network revealed a strong connection between Tac2 and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, as well as cardiac muscle contraction. In addition, we also identified 46 stress-related phenotypes, specifically fear conditioning response, that were significantly correlated with Tac2 expression. Our results provide evidence for Tac2 as a strong candidate gene who likely plays a role in hippocampal stress processing and neural plasticity.
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21
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Ruisch IH, Dietrich A, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Interplay between genome-wide implicated genetic variants and environmental factors related to childhood antisocial behavior in the UK ALSPAC cohort. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:741-752. [PMID: 30569215 PMCID: PMC6689282 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated gene-environment (G × E) interactions related to childhood antisocial behavior between polymorphisms implicated by recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and two key environmental adversities (maltreatment and smoking during pregnancy) in a large population cohort (ALSPAC). We also studied the MAOA candidate gene and addressed comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ALSPAC is a large, prospective, ethnically homogeneous British cohort. Our outcome consisted of mother-rated conduct disorder symptom scores at age 7;9 years. G × E interactions were tested in a sex-stratified way (α = 0.0031) for four GWAS-implicated variants (for males, rs4714329 and rs9471290; for females, rs2764450 and rs11215217), and a length polymorphism near the MAOA-promoter region. We found that males with rs4714329-GG (P = 0.0015) and rs9471290-AA (P = 0.0001) genotypes were significantly more susceptible to effects of smoking during pregnancy in relation to childhood antisocial behavior. Females with the rs11215217-TC genotype (P = 0.0018) were significantly less susceptible to effects of maltreatment, whereas females with the MAOA-HL genotype (P = 0.0002) were more susceptible to maltreatment effects related to antisocial behavior. After adjustment for comorbid ADHD symptomatology, aforementioned G × E's remained significant, except for rs11215217 × maltreatment, which retained only nominal significance. Genetic variants implicated by recent GWASs of antisocial behavior moderated associations of smoking during pregnancy and maltreatment with childhood antisocial behavior in the general population. While we also found a G × E interaction between the candidate gene MAOA and maltreatment, we were mostly unable to replicate the previous results regarding MAOA-G × E's. Future studies should, in addition to genome-wide implicated variants, consider polygenic and/or multimarker analyses and take into account potential sex stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Hyun Ruisch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Combinations of DIPs and Dprs control organization of olfactory receptor neuron terminals in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007560. [PMID: 30102700 PMCID: PMC6107282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) connect to 50 class-specific and uniquely positioned glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Despite the identification of cell surface receptors regulating axon guidance, how ORN axons sort to form 50 stereotypical glomeruli remains unclear. Here we show that the heterophilic cell adhesion proteins, DIPs and Dprs, are expressed in ORNs during glomerular formation. Many ORN classes express a unique combination of DIPs/dprs, with neurons of the same class expressing interacting partners, suggesting a role in class-specific self-adhesion between ORN axons. Analysis of DIP/Dpr expression revealed that ORNs that target neighboring glomeruli have different combinations, and ORNs with very similar DIP/Dpr combinations can project to distant glomeruli in the antennal lobe. DIP/Dpr profiles are dynamic during development and correlate with sensilla type lineage for some ORN classes. Perturbations of DIP/dpr gene function result in local projection defects of ORN axons and glomerular positioning, without altering correct matching of ORNs with their target neurons. Our results suggest that context-dependent differential adhesion through DIP/Dpr combinations regulate self-adhesion and sort ORN axons into uniquely positioned glomeruli. In the human brain there are over 80 billion neurons that form approximately 100 trillion specific connections. How the brain organizes the axon terminals of these neurons into distinct synaptic units on such a large scale is largely unknown. In Drosophila, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) connect to 50 class-specific and uniquely positioned glomeruli in the antennal lobe, providing a complex yet workable model to understand the organization of glomerular structures and morphology. Here we show that the heterophilic cell adhesion proteins, DIPs and Dprs, are expressed in ORNs during glomerular formation. Many ORN classes express a unique combination of DIPs/dprs, with neurons of the same class expressing interacting partners, suggesting a role in class-specific self-adhesion between ORN axons. Analysis of DIP/Dpr expression revealed that ORNs that target neighboring glomeruli have different combinations, and ORNs with very similar DIP/Dpr combinations can project to distant glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Perturbations of DIP/dpr gene function result in local projection defects of ORN axons and glomerular positioning, without altering correct matching of ORNs with their target neurons. Our results suggest that context-dependent differential adhesion through DIP/Dpr combinations regulate self-adhesion and sort ORN axons into uniquely positioned glomeruli.
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23
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Contactin-2, a synaptic and axonal protein, is reduced in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:52. [PMID: 29859129 PMCID: PMC5984818 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Synaptic and axonal loss are two major mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, and biomarkers reflecting changes in these cellular processes are needed for early diagnosis and monitoring the progression of AD. Contactin-2 is a synaptic and axonal membrane protein that interacts with proteins involved in the pathology of AD such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-secretase 1 (BACE1). We hypothesized that AD might be characterized by changes in contactin-2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the levels of contactin-2 in the CSF and evaluate its relationship with disease pathology. Methods Contactin-2 was measured in CSF from two cohorts (selected from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort), comprising samples from controls (cohort 1, n = 28; cohort 2, n = 20) and AD (cohort 1, n = 36; cohort 2, n = 70) using an analytically validated commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship of contactin-2 with cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and other CSF biomarkers reflecting AD pathology were analyzed. We further characterized the expression of contactin-2 in postmortem AD human brain (n = 14) versus nondemented controls (n = 9). Results CSF contactin-2 was approximately 1.3-fold reduced in AD patients compared with controls (p < 0.0001). Overall, contactin-2 levels correlated with MMSE scores (r = 0.35, p = 0.004). We observed that CSF contactin-2 correlated with the levels of phosphorylated tau within the control (r = 0.46, p < 0.05) and AD groups (r = 0.31, p < 0.05). Contactin-2 also correlated strongly with another synaptic biomarker, neurogranin (control: r = 0.62, p < 0.05; AD: r = 0.60, p < 0.01), and BACE1, a contactin-2 processing enzyme (control: r = 0.64, p < 0.01; AD: r = 0.46, p < 0.05). Results were further validated in a second cohort (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that contactin-2 is expressed in the extracellular matrix. Lower levels of contactin-2 were specifically found in and around amyloid plaques in AD hippocampus and temporal cortex. Conclusions Taken together, these data reveal that the contactin-2 changes observed in tissues are reflected in CSF, suggesting that decreased contactin-2 CSF levels might be a biomarker reflecting synaptic or axonal loss. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0383-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9803764. [PMID: 29675039 PMCID: PMC5838467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9803764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic approaches, including twin studies, linkage studies, and candidate gene studies, has established a firm genetic basis for addiction. However, there has been difficulty identifying the precise genes that underlie addiction liability using these approaches. This situation became especially clear in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of addiction. Moreover, the results of GWAS brought into clarity many of the shortcomings of those early genetic approaches. GWAS studies stripped away those preconceived notions, examining genes that would not previously have been considered in the study of addiction, consequently creating a shift in our understanding. Most importantly, those studies implicated a class of genes that had not previously been considered in the study of addiction genetics: cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. This review focuses on the role of various cell adhesion molecules in neuroplasticity that might contribute to addictive processes and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research on CAM genes that have been implicated in addiction by GWAS.
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25
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Singh K, Loreth D, Pöttker B, Hefti K, Innos J, Schwald K, Hengstler H, Menzel L, Sommer CJ, Radyushkin K, Kretz O, Philips MA, Haas CA, Frauenknecht K, Lilleväli K, Heimrich B, Vasar E, Schäfer MKE. Neuronal Growth and Behavioral Alterations in Mice Deficient for the Psychiatric Disease-Associated Negr1 Gene. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:30. [PMID: 29479305 PMCID: PMC5811522 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule subgroup IgLON, has been implicated in neuronal growth and connectivity. In addition, genetic variants in or near the NEGR1 locus have been associated with obesity and more recently with learning difficulties, intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental evidence is lacking to support a possible link between NEGR1, neuronal growth and behavioral abnormalities. Initial expression analysis of NEGR1 mRNA in C57Bl/6 wildtype (WT) mice by in situ hybridization demonstrated marked expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate granule cells. In co-cultures of cortical neurons and NSC-34 cells overexpressing NEGR1, neurite growth of cortical neurons was enhanced and distal axons occupied an increased area of cells overexpressing NEGR1. Conversely, in organotypic slice co-cultures, Negr1-knockout (KO) hippocampus was less permissive for axons grown from EC of β-actin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice compared to WT hippocampus. Neuroanatomical analysis revealed abnormalities of EC axons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of Negr1-KO mice including increased numbers of axonal projections to the hilus. Neurotransmitter receptor ligand binding densities, a proxy of functional neurotransmitter receptor abundance, did not show differences in the DG of Negr1-KO mice but altered ligand binding densities to NMDA receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M1 and M2 were found in CA1 and CA3. Activity behavior, anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating were not different between genotypes. However, Negr1-KO mice exhibited impaired social behavior compared to WT littermates. Moreover, Negr1-KO mice showed reversal learning deficits in the Morris water maze and increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. Thus, our results from neuronal growth assays, neuroanatomical analyses and behavioral assessments provide first evidence that deficiency of the psychiatric disease-associated Negr1 gene may affect neuronal growth and behavior. These findings might be relevant to further evaluate the role of NEGR1 in cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Desirée Loreth
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Pöttker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kyra Hefti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kathrin Schwald
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Hengstler
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Mouse Behavioral Unit, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Frauenknecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Wang LJ, Li SC, Lee MJ, Chou MC, Chou WJ, Lee SY, Hsu CW, Huang LH, Kuo HC. Blood-Bourne MicroRNA Biomarker Evaluation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder of Han Chinese Individuals: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:227. [PMID: 29896131 PMCID: PMC5987559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, and its dysregulation of gene expression involves microRNAs (miRNAs). The purpose of this study was to identify potential miRNAs biomarkers and then use these biomarkers to establish a diagnostic panel for ADHD. Design and methods: RNA samples from white blood cells (WBCs) of five ADHD patients and five healthy controls were combined to create one pooled patient library and one control library. We identified 20 candidate miRNAs with the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique (Illumina). Blood samples were then collected from a Training Set (68 patients and 54 controls) and a Testing Set (20 patients and 20 controls) to identify the expression profiles of these miRNAs with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate both the specificity and sensitivity of the probability score yielded by the support vector machine (SVM) model. Results: We identified 13 miRNAs as potential ADHD biomarkers. The ΔCt values of these miRNAs in the Training Set were integrated to create a biomarker model using the SVM algorithm, which demonstrated good validity in differentiating ADHD patients from control subjects (sensitivity: 86.8%, specificity: 88.9%, AUC: 0.94, p < 0.001). The results of the blind testing showed that 85% of the subjects in the Testing Set were correctly classified using the SVM model alignment (AUC: 0.91, p < 0.001). The discriminative validity is not influenced by patients' age or gender, indicating both the robustness and the reliability of the SVM classification model. Conclusion: As measured in peripheral blood, miRNA-based biomarkers can aid in the differentiation of ADHD in clinical settings. Additional studies are needed in the future to clarify the ADHD-associated gene functions and biological mechanisms modulated by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jing Lee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Hung Huang
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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27
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Alfieri A, Sorokina O, Adrait A, Angelini C, Russo I, Morellato A, Matteoli M, Menna E, Boeri Erba E, McLean C, Armstrong JD, Ala U, Buxbaum JD, Brusco A, Couté Y, De Rubeis S, Turco E, Defilippi P. Synaptic Interactome Mining Reveals p140Cap as a New Hub for PSD Proteins Involved in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:212. [PMID: 28713243 PMCID: PMC5492163 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered synaptic function has been associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions including intellectual disability, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Amongst the recently discovered synaptic proteins is p140Cap, an adaptor that localizes at dendritic spines and regulates their maturation and physiology. We recently showed that p140Cap knockout mice have cognitive deficits, impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), and immature, filopodia-like dendritic spines. Only a few p140Cap interacting proteins have been identified in the brain and the molecular complexes and pathways underlying p140Cap synaptic function are largely unknown. Here, we isolated and characterized the p140Cap synaptic interactome by co-immunoprecipitation from crude mouse synaptosomes, followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We identified 351 p140Cap interactors and found that they cluster to sub complexes mostly located in the postsynaptic density (PSD). p140Cap interactors converge on key synaptic processes, including transmission across chemical synapses, actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell-cell junction organization. Gene co-expression data further support convergent functions: the p140Cap interactors are tightly co-expressed with each other and with p140Cap. Importantly, the p140Cap interactome and its co-expression network show strong enrichment in genes associated with schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, intellectual disability and epilepsy, supporting synaptic dysfunction as a shared biological feature in brain diseases. Overall, our data provide novel insights into the molecular organization of the synapse and indicate that p140Cap acts as a hub for postsynaptic complexes relevant to psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Alfieri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Oksana Sorokina
- The Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Adrait
- Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGEGrenoble, France.,CEA, iRTSV-BGEGrenoble, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BGEGrenoble, France
| | - Costanza Angelini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morellato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCSRozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCSRozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Boeri Erba
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France.,CEA, DSV, IBSGrenoble, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBSGrenoble, France
| | - Colin McLean
- The Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Douglas Armstrong
- The Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy.,GenoBiToUS-Genomics and Bioinformatics, Università di TorinoTurin, Italy
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Università di TorinoTurin, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di TorinoTurin, Italy
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGEGrenoble, France.,CEA, iRTSV-BGEGrenoble, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BGEGrenoble, France
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università di TorinoTorino, Italy
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28
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Emerging Synaptic Molecules as Candidates in the Etiology of Neurological Disorders. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:8081758. [PMID: 28331639 PMCID: PMC5346360 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are complex structures that allow communication between neurons in the central nervous system. Studies conducted in vertebrate and invertebrate models have contributed to the knowledge of the function of synaptic proteins. The functional synapse requires numerous protein complexes with specialized functions that are regulated in space and time to allow synaptic plasticity. However, their interplay during neuronal development, learning, and memory is poorly understood. Accumulating evidence links synapse proteins to neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the way in which several proteins that participate in cell adhesion, scaffolding, exocytosis, and neurotransmitter reception from presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments, mainly from excitatory synapses, have been associated with several synaptopathies, and we relate their functions to the disease phenotype.
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29
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Abstract
During neural circuit formation, axons need to navigate to their target cells in a complex, constantly changing environment. Although we most likely have identified most axon guidance cues and their receptors, we still cannot explain the molecular background of pathfinding for any subpopulation of axons. We lack mechanistic insight into the regulation of interactions between guidance receptors and their ligands. Recent developments in the field of axon guidance suggest that the regulation of surface expression of guidance receptors comprises transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms, such as trafficking of vesicles with specific cargos, protein-protein interactions, and specific proteolysis of guidance receptors. Not only axon guidance molecules but also the regulatory mechanisms that control their spatial and temporal expression are involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, it is not surprising that genes associated with axon guidance are frequently found in genetic and genomic studies of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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