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Redaelli S, Grati FR, Tritto V, Giannuzzi G, Recalcati MP, Sala E, Villa N, Crosti F, Roversi G, Malvestiti F, Zanatta V, Repetti E, Rodeschini O, Valtorta C, Catusi I, Romitti L, Martinoli E, Conconi D, Dalprà L, Lavitrano M, Riva P, Bentivegna A. Olfactory receptor genes and chromosome 11 structural aberrations: Players or spectators? HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100261. [PMID: 38160254 PMCID: PMC10820794 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The largest multi-gene family in metazoans is the family of olfactory receptor (OR) genes. Human ORs are organized in clusters over most chromosomes and seem to include >0.1% the human genome. Because 369 out of 856 OR genes are mapped on chromosome 11 (HSA11), we sought to determine whether they mediate structural rearrangements involving this chromosome. To this aim, we analyzed 220 specimens collected during diagnostic procedures involving structural rearrangements of chromosome 11. A total of 222 chromosomal abnormalities were included, consisting of inversions, deletions, translocations, duplications, and one insertion, detected by conventional chromosome analysis and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH). We verified by bioinformatics and statistical approaches the occurrence of breakpoints in cytobands with or without OR genes. We found that OR genes are not involved in chromosome 11 reciprocal translocations, suggesting that different DNA motifs and mechanisms based on homology or non-homology recombination can cause chromosome 11 structural alterations. We also considered the proximity between the chromosomal territories of chromosome 11 and its partner chromosomes involved in the translocations by using the deposited Hi-C data concerning the possible occurrence of chromosome interactions. Interestingly, most of the breakpoints are located in regions highly involved in chromosome interactions. Further studies should be carried out to confirm the potential role of chromosome territories' proximity in promoting genome structural variation, so fundamental in our understanding of the molecular basis of medical genetics and evolutionary genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Redaelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Grati
- R&D, Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Toma Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A. (ImpactLab), 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Viviana Tritto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Paola Recalcati
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Medical Cytogenetics Laboratory, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Elena Sala
- UC Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Villa
- UC Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Crosti
- UC Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gaia Roversi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; UC Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Malvestiti
- R&D, Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Toma Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A. (ImpactLab), 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Valentina Zanatta
- R&D, Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Toma Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A. (ImpactLab), 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Elena Repetti
- R&D, Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Toma Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A. (ImpactLab), 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Ornella Rodeschini
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Medical Cytogenetics Laboratory, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Chiara Valtorta
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Medical Cytogenetics Laboratory, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Catusi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Medical Cytogenetics Laboratory, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Romitti
- Pathology and Cytogenetics Laboratory, Clinical Pathology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Martinoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Conconi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Leda Dalprà
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; UC Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Riva
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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Potential health risks of mRNA-based vaccine therapy: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2023; 171:111015. [PMID: 36718314 PMCID: PMC9876036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of synthetic mRNA were proposed more than 30 years ago, and are currently the basis of one of the vaccine platforms used at a massive scale as part of the public health strategy to get COVID-19 under control. To date, there are no published studies on the biodistribution, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, translation rates, functional half-life and inactivation kinetics of synthetic mRNA, rates and duration of vaccine-induced antigen expression in different cell types. Furthermore, despite the assumption that there is no possibility of genomic integration of therapeutic synthetic mRNA, only one recent study has examined interactions between vaccine mRNA and the genome of transfected cells, and reported that an endogenous retrotransposon, LINE-1 is unsilenced following mRNA entry to the cell, leading to reverse transcription of full length vaccine mRNA sequences, and nuclear entry. This finding should be a major safety concern, given the possibility of synthetic mRNA-driven epigenetic and genomic modifications arising. We propose that in susceptible individuals, cytosolic clearance of nucleotide modified synthetic (nms-mRNAs) is impeded. Sustained presence of nms-mRNA in the cytoplasm deregulates and activates endogenous transposable elements (TEs), causing some of the mRNA copies to be reverse transcribed. The cytosolic accumulation of the nms-mRNA and the reverse transcribed cDNA molecules activates RNA and DNA sensory pathways. Their concurrent activation initiates a synchronized innate response against non-self nucleic acids, prompting type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production which, if unregulated, leads to autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions, while activated TEs increase the risk of insertional mutagenesis of the reverse transcribed molecules, which can disrupt coding regions, enhance the risk of mutations in tumour suppressor genes, and lead to sustained DNA damage. Susceptible individuals would then expectedly have an increased risk of DNA damage, chronic autoinflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. In light of the current mass administration of nms-mRNA vaccines, it is essential and urgent to fully understand the intracellular cascades initiated by cellular uptake of synthetic mRNA and the consequences of these molecular events.
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Petrosino G, Ponte G, Volpe M, Zarrella I, Ansaloni F, Langella C, Di Cristina G, Finaurini S, Russo MT, Basu S, Musacchia F, Ristoratore F, Pavlinic D, Benes V, Ferrante MI, Albertin C, Simakov O, Gustincich S, Fiorito G, Sanges R. Identification of LINE retrotransposons and long non-coding RNAs expressed in the octopus brain. BMC Biol 2022; 20:116. [PMID: 35581640 PMCID: PMC9115989 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transposable elements (TEs) widely contribute to the evolution of genomes allowing genomic innovations, generating germinal and somatic heterogeneity, and giving birth to long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These features have been associated to the evolution, functioning, and complexity of the nervous system at such a level that somatic retrotransposition of long interspersed element (LINE) L1 has been proposed to be associated to human cognition. Among invertebrates, octopuses are fascinating animals whose nervous system reaches a high level of complexity achieving sophisticated cognitive abilities. The sequencing of the genome of the Octopus bimaculoides revealed a striking expansion of TEs which were proposed to have contributed to the evolution of its complex nervous system. We recently found a similar expansion also in the genome of Octopus vulgaris. However, a specific search for the existence and the transcription of full-length transpositionally competent TEs has not been performed in this genus. Results Here, we report the identification of LINE elements competent for retrotransposition in Octopus vulgaris and Octopus bimaculoides and show evidence suggesting that they might be transcribed and determine germline and somatic polymorphisms especially in the brain. Transcription and translation measured for one of these elements resulted in specific signals in neurons belonging to areas associated with behavioral plasticity. We also report the transcription of thousands of lncRNAs and the pervasive inclusion of TE fragments in the transcriptomes of both Octopus species, further testifying the crucial activity of TEs in the evolution of the octopus genomes. Conclusions The neural transcriptome of the octopus shows the transcription of thousands of putative lncRNAs and of a full-length LINE element belonging to the RTE class. We speculate that a convergent evolutionary process involving retrotransposons activity in the brain has been important for the evolution of sophisticated cognitive abilities in this genus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01303-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Petrosino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Volpe
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Zarrella
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Ansaloni
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy
| | - Concetta Langella
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Cristina
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Finaurini
- Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monia T Russo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Swaraj Basu
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Strand Life Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Francesco Musacchia
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Scientific Core Facilities & Technologies, GeneCore, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Scientific Core Facilities & Technologies, GeneCore, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria I Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Oleg Simakov
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 9040495, Japan.,Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Wien University, Althanstraße 14 (UZA I), 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy.,Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Remo Sanges
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, SZN, 80121, Naples, Italy. .,Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152, Genova, Italy. .,Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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Li M, Zhao J, Tang Q, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hao Y, Bai X, Lu Z. Lamivudine improves cognitive decline in SAMP8 mice: Integrating in vivo pharmacological evaluation and network pharmacology. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8490-8503. [PMID: 34374199 PMCID: PMC8419189 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as lamivudine (3TC) play important roles in anti‐ageing, but their effects on neurodegenerative diseases caused by ageing are not clear, especially on the functions of the nervous system such as cognition. In this study, we administered 3TC to senescence‐accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice by gastric perfusion (100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Our results showed that 3TC significantly improved the ageing status of SAMP8 mice, especially the decline of cognitive ability evaluated by the Morris water maze test. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of improving the ageing status of SAMP8 mice by 3TC, the qPCR and tissue staining methods were used to study the brain tissues (i.e., hippocampus and cortex) of mice, while the network pharmacology analysis was applied to investigate the potential targets of 3TC. The results showed that the mRNA levels of genes related to long interspersed element‐1, type 1 interferon response, the senescence‐associated secretion phenotype and the Alzheimer's disease in the hippocampus and cortex of SAMP8 mice were increased due to senescence, but this trend was reversed partially by 3TC. Results of histological studies showed that 3TC reduced the death of hippocampal neurons, while the results of network pharmacology analysis indicated that 3TC may exert its influence through multiple pathways, including the oestrogen signalling and the PI3K/Akt and neuroactive ligand‐receptor interaction signalling pathways, which we have verified through in vitro experiments. These findings provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of 3TC in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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