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Abstract
The use of over-the-counter medications as recreational drugs of abuse in adolescents is increasing. We present the case of a patient who presented with abdominal pain after the ingestion of Coricidin®, an over-the-counter cold medication that contains acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide. The case was complicated by acute liver failure and concomitant pancreatitis that, in a few reported cases, has been associated with high doses of acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Medows
- Pediatrics, Woodhull Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.,Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Vivian Vega
- Pediatrics, Woodhull Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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2
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Cláudia M, Pedro A, Tiago R, Francisco CR, Eugenia G. Determination of New Psychoactive Substances in Whole Blood Using Microwave Fast Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:92-102. [PMID: 31436798 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been raising a major concern worldwide. Due to easy access and available information, many NPSs continue to be synthesized with an alarming increase of those available to purchase, despite all the control efforts created. A new analytical method was developed and validated to determine a group of phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones: cathinone, flephedrone, buphedrone, 4-MTA, α-PVP, methylone, 2C-P, ethylone, pentylone, MDPV and bromo-dragonFLY in whole blood. A mixed-mode solid phase extraction was applied to 250 μL of sample, and the extracts were derivatized with fast microwave technique before being analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validation procedure followed the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines with parameters that included selectivity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, recoveries and stability. The method presented linearity between 5 and 500 ng/mL for cathinone, buphedrone, 4-MTA, methylone, 2C-P and bromo-dragonFLY, 10-500 ng/mL for flephedrone, ethylone, pentylone and MDPV, and 40-500 ng/mL for α-PVP, with determination coefficients above 0.99 for all analytes. Recoveries ranged between 70.3% and 116.6%, and regarding intra- and inter-day precision, the relative mean errors were typically lower than 8.6%. The method was successfully applied to over 100 authentic samples from the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalho Cláudia
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Almeida Pedro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rosado Tiago
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Corte Real Francisco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Gallardo Eugenia
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
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de Pablo Márquez B, Dietl Gómez-Luengo B. Ayahuasca intoxication. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 149:136-137. [PMID: 28389009 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Pablo Márquez
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centre d'Atenció Primària Valldoreix, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, España.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A and 1A receptor agonist that exhibits potent psychoactive properties in humans. Recreational use of this drug has increased precipitously and is likely to result in an increase in patients presenting with substance-induced psychoses. The present case provides an early example of substance-induced psychosis attributable to repeated use of DMT. CASE A 42-year-old white man, with no significant past psychiatric history, was brought to the emergency department by the police and was found to exhibit disinhibited behavior, elevated affect, disorganized thought process, and delusions of reference. Laboratory studies revealed elevated creatinine kinase level indicative of rhabdomyolysis. The patient endorsed recent and repeated use of DMT, as well as long-term Cannabis (marijuana) use. Over the course of the next 3 weeks, the patient was successfully treated with quetiapine for psychosis, divalproex sodium (Depakote) for impulsivity, gabapentin for anxiety, and hydroxyzine for sleep, which resulted in the resolution of his symptoms and development of reasonable insight and judgment. Approximately 6 months after discharge, the patient remained treatment compliant, as well as drug and symptom free. CONCLUSIONS This case report illustrates an important example of substance-induced psychosis that resolved with antipsychotic treatment in a 42-year-old white man with no past psychiatric history likely attributable to the use of DMT. Given the increasing use of this substance, the emergency department, primary care, and inpatient services are likely to see a significant increase in similar cases.
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Lanaro R, Calemi DBDA, Togni LR, Costa JL, Yonamine M, Cazenave SDOS, Linardi A. Ritualistic Use of Ayahuasca versus Street Use of Similar Substances Seized by the Police: A Key Factor Involved in the Potential for Intoxications and Overdose? J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 47:132-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2015.1013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Winstock AR, Kaar S, Borschmann R. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:49-54. [PMID: 24284475 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113513852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents original research on prevalence, user characteristics and effect profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogenic which acts primarily through the serotonergic system. Data were obtained from the Global Drug Survey (an anonymous online survey of people, many of whom have used drugs) conducted between November and December 2012 with 22,289 responses. Lifetime prevalence of DMT use was 8.9% (n=1980) and past year prevalence use was 5.0% (n=1123). We explored the effect profile of DMT in 472 participants who identified DMT as the last new drug they had tried for the first time and compared it with ratings provided by other respondents on psilocybin (magic mushrooms), LSD and ketamine. DMT was most often smoked and offered a strong, intense, short-lived psychedelic high with relatively few negative effects or "come down". It had a larger proportion of new users compared with the other substances (24%), suggesting its popularity may increase. Overall, DMT seems to have a very desirable effect profile indicating a high abuse liability that maybe offset by a low urge to use more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Winstock
- 1Addiction CAG, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, Southwark CDAT, London, UK
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Bosak A, LoVecchio F, Levine M. Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following "2C-I" ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2013; 9:196-8. [PMID: 23378129 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-013-0287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenethylamines, including 2, 5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine, commonly referred to as 2C-I, have recently emerged as a new class of designer drugs. Cases of toxicity from these drugs are not well described in the literature. This case report describes a 19 year-old male who insufflated 2C-I. Following the ingestion, the patient developed recurrent seizures, and was taken to the emergency department, where he was noted to be hyperadrenergic and had recurrent seizures. The patient was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome and experienced prolonged respiratory failure, although he ultimately made a full recovery. Comprehensive drug testing revealed the presence of 2C-I. The pharmacologic properties of 2C-I are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bosak
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y Alam
- Flinders Medical Centre Southern Mental Health, Adelaide, Australia
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Beerepoot P, Lam V, Luu A, Tsoi B, Siebert D, Szechtman H. Effects of salvinorin A on locomotor sensitization to D2/D3 dopamine agonist quinpirole. Neurosci Lett 2009; 446:101-4. [PMID: 18824069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor sensitization induced by the dopamine agonist quinpirole can be potentiated by co-treatment with the synthetic kappa opioid agonist U69593. The identification of salvinorin A, an active component of the psychotropic sage Salvia divinorum, as a structurally different agonist of kappa-opioid receptors raised the question of whether this compound would similarly potentiate sensitization to quinpirole. Rats were co-treated with 0.5 mg/kg quinpirole and either salvinorin A (0.04, 0.4 or 2.0 mg/kg) or U69593 (0.3 mg/kg). Control groups were co-treated with vehicle and saline, vehicle and quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg), or saline and salvinorin A (0.4 mg/kg). Rats were injected biweekly for a total of 10 injections and locomotor activity measured after each treatment. Results showed that the highest dose of salvinorin A potentiated sensitization to quinpirole as did U69593, the middle salvinorin A dose had no effect on quinpirole sensitization, and the lowest dose of salvinorin A attenuated sensitization to quinpirole. These findings indicate that structural differences between salvinorin A and U69593 do not affect the potentiation of quinpirole sensitization. Moreover, the opposite effects of high and low salvinorin A doses suggest that salvinorin A can produce bidirectional modulation of sensitization to dopamine agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Beerepoot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Curtis J, Greenberg M. Screening for drugs of abuse: Hair as an alternative matrix: a review for the medical toxicologist. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 46:22-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650701261462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xu Y, Hixon MS, Yamamoto N, McAllister LA, Wentworth AD, Wentworth P, Janda KD. Antibody-catalyzed anaerobic destruction of methamphetamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3681-6. [PMID: 17360412 PMCID: PMC1820643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611094104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine [(+)-2] abuse has emerged as a fast-rising global epidemic, with immunopharmacotherapeutic approaches being sought for its treatment. Herein, we report the generation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, YX1-40H10, that catalyzes the photooxidation of (+)-2 into the nonpsychoactive compound benzaldehyde (14) under anaerobic conditions in the presence of riboflavin (6). Studies have revealed that the antibody facilitates the conversion of (+)-2 into 14 by binding the triplet photoexcited state of 6 in proximity to (+)-2. The antibody binds riboflavin (K(d) = 180 muM), although this was not programmed into hapten design, and the YX1-40H10-catalyzed reaction is inhibited by molecular oxygen via the presumed quenching of the photoexcited triplet state of 6. Given that this reaction is another highlight in the processing of reactive intermediates by antibodies, we speculate that this process may have future significance in vivo with programmed immunoglobulins that use flavins as cofactors to destroy selectable molecular targets under hypoxic or even anoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | | | - Paul Wentworth
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Scripps–Oxford Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and
- Immunology
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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