Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polymorphism of the Insulin Resistin (RETN) gene in susceptibility to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in an Iranian population

BACKGROUND

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting 5-10% of women of reproductive age. Major complications of PCOS include infertility, obesity, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and cardiovascular issues. This study aims to investigate the polymorphism of the Insulin Resistin (RETN) gene at positions - 420 C\G and + 299 A\G in relation to the susceptibility to PCOS.

METHODS

This case-control study included 198 participants (100 diagnosed with PCOS and 98 normal controls). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the RETN gene - 420(C/G) (rs1862513) and + 299(G/A) (rs3745367), were analyzed using the PCR-RFLP method. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using a DNA extraction kit. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes BbsI and AluI, and the results were analyzed by electrophoresis on an agarose gel. Statistical analysis determined the association of the genotypic and allelic variations with PCOS.

RESULTS

The findings indicate no significant association between the RETN gene polymorphism and PCOS.

DISCUSSION

Our study found that RETN gene polymorphisms do not appear to play a significant role in PCOS susceptibility in the Iranian population. These results suggest that other genetic or environmental factors may contribute more significantly to the development of PCOS. Further research with larger sample sizes and additional genetic markers is necessary to understand the genetic basis of PCOS fully.

Lycopene Ameliorates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats by Inhibiting Ovarian Ferroptosis Through Activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway

Lycopene (LYC) is an extremely powerful antioxidant with the potential to treat a range of diseases and to inhibit ferroptosis. This research aims to elucidate how LYC impacts polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the action mechanisms. A PCOS rat model was constructed by injecting DHEA. Different doses of LYC were injected intraperitoneally in PCOS rats, the estrous cycle was recorded. The histopathological damage of ovary in PCOS rats was observed by HE staining, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were examined by ELISA kits. Transmission electron microscopy, prussian blue staining, biochemical kits to determine ferroptosis. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot to assess the levels of ferroptosis-related and AMPK/Nrf2 pathway-related proteins to explore whether LYC affects ferroptosis in PCOS through this pathway. PCOS rats had significantly higher body weights, ovarian weights and ovarian indices, and disorganized estrous cycles, which were dose-dependently ameliorated by LYC. In addition, LYC significantly ameliorated the histopathological damage of ovary in PCOS rats and restored the normal secretion of T, E2, LH, and FSH. LYC attenuates iron deposition in PCOS ovarian tissues, reduces iron and ROS levels, and inhibits ferroptosis. Notably, LYC activated the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, and AMPK inhibitor intervention attenuated the therapeutic effect of LYC in PCOS rats, suggesting that LYC acts through the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. LYC attenuates estrous cycle disruption, ameliorates pathological impairments, and inhibits ferroptosis in PCOS rats by modulating the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway.

Correlation of GLUT4, LEPR , and TNF-a with endometrial receptivity in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome-induced infertility

Background

To analyze the correlation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), leptin receptor (LEPR), and tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) with endometrial receptivity (ER) in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)induced infertility to provide clinical evidence for future diagnosis and treatment of PCOS-induced infertility.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 109 study subjects admitted to The Second Hospital Affiliated of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June 2020 to August 2023, including 42 patients with PCOS-induced infertility (research group), 35 nonpregnant patients with simple PCOS (control group), and 32 nonpregnant healthy women (normal group). GLUT4, LEPR, and TNF-α levels in the peripheral blood were detected in all participants, and their diagnostic value for PCOS in healthy women and PCOS-induced infertility in PCOS patients was analyzed. In addition, the endometrial thickness and endometrial blood flow pulsation index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of patients in the research group were measured. Furthermore, the correlation of GLUT4, LEPR, and TNF-α with ER was discussed.

Results

GLUT4 was lower in the research group compared with the control and normal groups, while LEPR and TNF-α were higher (P<0.05); the control group showed lower GLUT4 and higher LEPR and TNF-α levels than the normal group (P<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of GLUT4, LEPR, and TNF-α combined assay for PCOSinduced infertility in PCOS women were 88.57% and 75.00%, respectively, and those for PCOS in healthy women were 78.57% and 60.00%, respectively (P<0.05). In the research group, GLUT4 was positively correlated with endometrial thickness and negatively linked to RI and PI. At the same time, LEPR and TNF-α were negatively associated with endometrial thickness and positively correlated with RI and PI (P<0.05).

Conclusions

GLUT4, LEPR, and TNF-α are closely related to ER in patients with PCOS-induced infertility, and their combined detection can effectively evaluate the occurrence of PCOS and PCOS-induced infertility.

Evaluation of ovarian stiffness and its biological mechanism using shear wave elastography in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with various contributing factors. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a contemporary noninvasive imaging technique that reports on the elasticity of tissues. This study aimed to evaluate ovarian stiffness in patients with PCOS using transvaginal SWE, and investigate the potential biological mechanisms underlying increased ovarian stiffness. Patients with PCOS and healthy controls underwent transvaginal 2D ultrasound and SWE to measure the number of follicles, ovarian volume, and ovarian elasticity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for PCOS. A rat model of PCOS was established to further investigate the biological basis of increased ovarian stiffness. Histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, transcriptomics, and proteomics were performed to assess alterations in fibrosis and basement membrane (BM) gene expression. The results demonstrated that patients with PCOS (n = 59) showed an increased number of follicles, ovarian volume, and SWE (mean and max) compared with controls (n = 56; P < 0.001). The number of follicles, ovarian volume, and SWE_mean were identified as independent risk factors for PCOS (P < 0.05). SWE_mean ≥ 12.5 kPa demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.816 for PCOS diagnosis and was positively correlated with AMH levels (r = 0.6776, P < 0.0001). In the rat model, increased ovarian stiffness was associated with significant fibrosis and altered expression of fibrosis-related markers. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that BM gene alterations were correlated with ovarian stiffness, which was further validated using PCOS patient data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. In conclusion, SWE is a valuable technique for diagnosing PCOS by detecting increased ovarian stiffness, which may be associated with alterations in the expression of BMs, thereby mediating ovarian fibrosis.

Metabolism-related proteins as biomarkers for predicting prognosis in polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to explore the role of metabolism-related proteins and their correlation with clinical data in predicting the prognosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODS

This research involves a secondary analysis of proteomic data derived from endometrial samples collected from our study group, which includes 33 PCOS patients and 7 control subjects. A comprehensive identification and analysis of 4425 proteins were conducted to screened differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were subsequently performed on the DEPs. To identify independent prognostic metabolism-related proteins, univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression were applied. The expression levels of these proteins were then used to develop a prognostic model, with their predictive accuracy evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration curves. Furthermore, we also investigate the correlation between clinical data and prognostic proteins.

RESULTS

The study identified 285 DEPs between the PCOS and control groups. GO enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement in metabolic processes, while KEGG pathway analysis highlighted pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and glucagon signaling. Ten key metabolism-related proteins (ACSL5, ANPEP, CYB5R3, ENOPH1, GLS, GLUD1, LDHB, PLCD1, PYCR2, and PYCR3) were identified as significant predictors of PCOS prognosis. Patients were separated into high and low-risk groups according to the risk score. The ROC curves for predicting outcomes at 6, 28, and 37 weeks demonstrated excellent predictive performance, with AUC values of 0.98, 1.0, and 1.0, respectively. The nomogram constructed from these proteins provided a reliable tool for predicting pregnancy outcomes. DCA indicated a net benefit of the model across various risk thresholds, and the calibration curve confirmed the model's accuracy. Additionally, we also found BMI exhibited a significant negative correlation with the expression of GLS (r =-0.44, p = 0.01) and CHO showed a significant positive correlation with the expression of LDHB (r = 0.35, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

The identified metabolism-related proteins provide valuable insights into the prognosis of PCOS. The protein based prognostic model offers a robust and reliable tool for risk stratification and personalized management of PCOS patients.

Role of the Unique Secreted Peptide Adropin in Various Physiological and Disease States

Adropin, a secreted peptide hormone identified in 2008, plays a significant role in regulating energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Its expression is linked to dietary macronutrient intake and is influenced by metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that adropin might be a biomarker for various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, and hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy. In cerebrovascular diseases, adropin demonstrates protective effects by reducing blood-brain barrier permeability, brain edema, and infarct size while improving cognitive and sensorimotor functions in ischemic stroke models. The protective effects of adropin extend to preventing endothelial damage, promoting angiogenesis, and mitigating inflammation, making it a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of adropin's multifaceted roles in physiological and pathological conditions, as well as our recent work demonstrating adropin's role in subarachnoid hemorrhage-mediated neural injury and delayed cerebral infarction.

Unveiling the molecular landscape of PCOS: identifying hub genes and causal relationships through bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder with various contributing factors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS is essential for developing effective treatments. This study aimed to identify hub genes and investigate potential molecular mechanisms associated with PCOS through a combination of bioinformatics analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

This study employed bioinformatics analysis in conjunction with MR methods using publicly available databases to identify hub genes. We employed complementary MR methods, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), to determine the causal relationship between the hub genes and PCOS. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure results reliability. Enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis were further conducted to assess the role and mechanisms of hub genes in the development of PCOS. Additionally, we validated hub gene expression in both an animal model and serum samples from PCOS patients using qRT-PCR.

Results

IVW analysis revealed significant associations between 10 hub genes and the risk of PCOS: CD93 [P= 0.004; OR 95%CI= 1.150 (1.046, 1.264)], CYBB [P= 0.013; OR 95%CI= 1.650 (1.113,2.447)], DOCK8 [P= 0.048; OR 95%CI= 1.223 (1.002,1.494)], IRF1 [P= 0.036; OR 95%CI= 1.343 (1.020,1.769)], MBOAT1 [P= 0.033; OR 95%CI= 1.140 (1.011,1.285)], MYO1F [P= 0.012; OR 95%CI= 1.325 (1.065,1.649)], NLRP1 [P= 0.020; OR 95%CI= 1.143 (1.021,1.280)], NOD2 [P= 0.002; OR 95%CI= 1.139 (1.049,1.237)], PIK3R1 [P= 0.040; OR 95%CI= 1.241 (1.010,1.526)], PTER [P= 0.015; OR 95%CI= 0.923 (0.866,0.984)]. No heterogeneity and pleiotropy were observed. Hub genes mainly enriched in positive regulation of cytokine production and TNF signaling pathway, and exhibited positive or negative correlations with different immune cells in individuals with PCOS. qRT-PCR validation in both the rat model and patient serum samples confirmed hub gene expression trends consistent with our combined analysis results.

Conclusions

Our bioinformatics combined with MR analysis revealed that CD93, CYBB, DOCK8, IRF1, MBOAT1, MYO1F, NLRP1, NOD2, PIK3R1 increase the risk of PCOS, while PTER decreases the risk of PCOS. This discovery has implications for clinical decision-making in terms of disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment strategies, and opens up novel avenues for drug development.

The impact of hyperandrogenemia on pregnancy complications and outcomes in patients with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic and reproductive disorder. Current research findings present conflicting views on the effects of different PCOS phenotypes on outcomes in pregnancy and for newborns.

METHODS

This research study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A thorough search of literature was carried out using the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from their start to December 2023. The search focused on studies examining the links between hyperandrogenic and non-hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes and risks in pregnancy and neonatology. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using either a fixed-effects or random-effects model.

RESULTS

Our analysis incorporated 10 research studies. Expectant mothers with a hyperandrogenic PCOS subtype had increased ORs for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE) compared to those with a non-hyperandrogenic PCOS subtype, with respective values of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.18-3.88, I2 = 0%) and 2.04 (95% CI, 1.02-4.08, I2 = 53%). Nevertheless, no notable differences were detected in ORs for outcomes like preterm birth, live birth, miscarriage, cesarean delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, small for gestational age babies, large for gestational age newborns, and neonatal intensive care unit admissions between pregnant women with hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotype and those without.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis highlights that the presence of hyperandrogenism heightens the risks of GDM and PE within the PCOS population. Healthcare providers ought to be aware of this connection for improved patient management.

Association of SOGPI in mediating the effect of Phosphatidylcholine on polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, marked by hormonal imbalances and disruptions in glucose and lipid metabolism. Emerging research has indicated a correlation between lipids and PCOS, yet the specific lipid profiles or associated genes identified in various studies vary, and observational data alone cannot establish causation. Therefore, our study seeks to establish a causal association between lipidome and PCOS.

METHODS

Data from genome-wide association studies, liposomes, metabolites, and PCOS-related information were collected. Four rounds of double-sample bidirectional intermediate Mendelian Randomization analyses including liposomes to disease, liposomes to metabolites, metabolites to disease, and reverse Mendelian Randomization analysis of lipids, total effect values and intermediary effect values were calculated. The proportion mediated by the intermediary effect was determined by dividing the intermediary effect value by the total effect value.

RESULTS

The analyses revealed that three liposomes and nine metabolites were causally associated with PCOS. Specifically, phosphatidylcholine and 1-Stearoyl-2-Oleoyl-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol were identified as independent risk factors for PCOS through further Mendelian Randomization analysis. The risk of developing PCOS increased by 32% for every one standard deviation increase in phosphatidylcholine and by 17% for every one standard deviation increase in 1-Stearoyl-2-Oleoyl-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Furthermore, the study revealed that phosphatidylcholine can influence the development of PCOS with 1-Stearoyl-2-Oleoyl-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol acting as a mediator, explaining 4.97% of the effect.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirmed a causal relationship between phosphatidylcholine and 1-Stearoyl-2-Oleoyl-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol with PCOS, where phosphatidylcholine can influence the occurrence of PCOS with 1-Stearoyl-2-Oleoyl-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol as a mediator.

N-acetylcysteine supplementation improves endocrine-metabolism profiles and ovulation induction efficacy in polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 6-20% of women worldwide, with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia occurring in 50-70% of patients. Hyperinsulinemia exacerbates oxidative stress, contributing to PCOS pathogenesis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant and insulin sensitizer that shows promise as a therapeutic for PCOS. Our current study aimed to investigate the effects of NAC supplementation on endocrine-metabolic parameters in PCOS mice and its effect on ovulation induction (OI) efficacy in women with PCOS.

METHODS

Female C57BL/6 mice were orally administered letrozole (LE) to induce PCOS and then randomly divided into groups receiving daily oral administration of 160 mg/kg NAC (PCOS + NAC group), 200 mg/kg metformin (PCOS + Met group), or 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (drug solvent) (pure PCOS group) for 12 days. Healthy female mice served as pure controls. Estrous cycles were monitored during the intervention. Metabolic and hormone levels, ovarian phenotypes, antioxidant activity in ovarian tissues, and oxidative stress levels in oocytes were assessed post-intervention. Furthermore, a pragmatic, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted with 230 PCOS women, randomly assigned to the NAC group (1.8 g/day oral NAC, n = 115) or the control group (n = 115). Patients in both groups underwent ≤ 3 cycles of OI with sequential LE and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH). Cycle characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Similar to metformin, NAC supplementation significantly improved the estrous cycles and ovarian phenotypes of PCOS mice; reduced the LH concentration, LH/FSH ratio, and T level; and increased glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. Notably, NAC significantly reduced oocyte ROS levels and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in PCOS mice. Additionally, NAC significantly enhanced enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities in PCOS mouse ovaries, whereas metformin had no such effect. In the clinical trial, compared to women in the control group, women receiving NAC had significantly lower average uFSH dosage and duration (p < 0.005) and significantly greater clinical pregnancy rates per OI cycle and cumulative clinical pregnancy rates per patient (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

NAC supplementation improved endocrine-metabolic parameters in PCOS mice and significantly enhanced OI efficacy with sequential LE and uFSH in women with PCOS. Therefore, NAC could be a valuable adjuvant in OI for women with PCOS.

Evaluation of Biochemical Serum Markers for the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Obese Women in Kazakhstan: Is Anti-Müllerian Hormone a Potential Marker?

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition that affects 8-13% of women of reproductive age. In Kazakhstan, the prevalence of this syndrome is particularly high compared with other countries and the global average. Currently, the diagnosis of PCOS is based on internationally established Rotterdam criteria, using hyperandrogenism as a key parameter. These criteria are applied to diagnose PCOS in all female patients, although obese patients may have excess testosterone produced by adipose tissue. To avoid possible misdiagnosis, an additional criterion, especially for the diagnosis of PCOS in obese women, could be considered. The aim of this study was to identify whether anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or other biochemical criteria can be used for this purpose. Methods: A total of 138 women were recruited for this study and grouped into control (n = 46), obese subjects without PCOS (n = 67), and obese patients with PCOS (n = 25). The health status, anthropometric parameters, and serum indicators for glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and hormone levels were examined for all subjects. Statistical data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10 software for interpretation of the data. Results: Serum AMH, testosterone, and LH were positively correlated in obese PCOS patients, while AMH and FSH were negatively correlated. Compared with other biochemical indicators, the serum AMH and testosterone levels in obese PCOS patients were significantly higher than those in non-PCOS patients (regardless of obesity), and AMH was also positively correlated with testosterone. Conclusions: AMH appears to be a reliable criterion in addition to testosterone for the diagnosis of PCOS in obese women.

Inducers and Inhibitors of Pyroptotic Death of Granulosa Cells in Models of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Granulosa cells (GCs), the largest cell population and primary source of steroid hormones in the ovary, are the important somatic ovarian components. They have critical roles in folliculogenesis by supporting oocyte, facilitating its growth, and providing a microenvironment suitable for follicular development and oocyte maturation, thus having essential functions in maintaining female fertility and in reproductive health in general. Pyroptotic death of GCs and associated inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several reproductive disorders in females including Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Here, I reviewed factors, either intrinsic or extrinsic, that induce or inhibit pyroptosis in GCs in various models of these disorders, both in vitro and in vivo, and also covered associated molecular mechanisms. Most of these studied factors influence NLRP3 inflammasome- and GSDMD (Gasdermin D)-mediated pyroptosis in GCs, compared to other inflammasomes and gasdermins (GSDMs). I conclude that a more complete mechanistic understanding of these factors in terms of GC pyroptosis is required to be able to develop novel strategies targeting inflammatory cell death in the ovary.

Increased miscarriage rate is associated with at least four components of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection embryo transfer cycle

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the association between the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing their first in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryo transfer cycle.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study that included 720 women with PCOS from January 2018 to December 2021. Anthropometric, biochemical, and reproductive data of the study subjects were collected from electronic medical record. Women with PCOS met <3, 3, and >3 criteria of MetS were classified in group 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

RESULTS

The miscarriage rate in women with MetS was significantly higher than that in non-MetS group (23.2% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.03). There was a significant increasing trend in miscarriage rate from group 1 to group 3 (p for trend <0.05). The miscarriage rate in group 3 was significantly higher than that in group 1 (29.3% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed that women with at least four components of MetS (group 3) were independently associated with a high risk of miscarriage, with the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for group 2 and 3 versus group 1 were 1.38 (0.67-2.82) and 2.46 (1.06-5.74), respectively (p for trend = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

PCOS women accompanied with at least four diagnostic criteria of MetS is independently associated with increased miscarriage rate when undergoing their first IVF or ICSI cycle.

Serum kisspeptin as a promising biomarker for PCOS: a mini review of current evidence and future prospects

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterised by its multifactorial nature and intricate interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. As the search for reliable biomarkers intensifies, serum kisspeptin emerges as a promising candidate due to its central role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. This review aims to consolidate the evolving understanding of kisspeptin as a potential PCOS biomarker, comprehensively exploring its physiological basis, diagnostic challenges in PCOS, and clinical implications. Diagnostic challenges in PCOS are addressed, underscoring the limitations of current criteria and the need for objective and standardised biomarkers. Kisspeptin's introduction as a potential biomarker brings forth both promises and challenges in terms of its diagnostic utility. The review recognises the importance of standardisation in research methodologies and emphasises the exploration of genetic polymorphisms to enhance kisspeptin's robustness as a diagnostic tool.

Brown adipose tissue-derived exosomes improve polycystic ovary syndrome in mice via STAT3/GPX4 signaling pathway

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with impaired adipose tissue physiology. Elevated brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass or activity has shown potential in the treatment of PCOS. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether BAT-derived exosomes (BAT-Exos), as potential biomarkers of BAT activity, exert similar benefits as BAT in the treatment of PCOS. PCOS was induced in female C57BL/6J mice orally administered 1 mg/kg of letrozole for 21 days. Subsequently, the animals underwent transplantation with BAT or administered BAT-Exos (200 μg) isolated from young healthy mice via the tail vein; healthy female mice were used as controls. The results indicate that BAT-Exos treatment significantly reduced body weight and improved insulin resistance in PCOS mice. In addition, BAT-Exos improved ovulation function by reversing the acyclicity of the estrous cycle, decreasing circulating luteinizing hormone and testosterone, recovering ovarian performance, and improving oocyte quality, leading to a higher pregnancy rate and litter size. Furthermore, western blotting revealed reduced expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in the ovaries of mice in the BAT-Exos group. To further explore the role of the STAT3/GPX4 signaling pathway in PCOS mice, we treated the mice with an intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg stattic, a STAT3 inhibitor. Consistent with BAT-Exos treatment, the administration of stattic rescued letrozole-induced PCOS phenotypes. These findings suggest that BAT-Exos treatment might be a potential therapeutic strategy for PCOS and that the STAT3/GPX4 signaling pathway is a critical therapeutic target for PCOS.

Extracellular vesicles and their content in the context of polycystic ovarian syndrome and endometriosis: a review

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particles enriched in bioactive molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and play key roles in various physiological and pathological processes. EVs have been shown to be involved in ovarian follicular function and to be altered in two prevalent gynecological disorders; polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis.Ovarian follicles are complex microenvironments where folliculogenesis takes place with well-orchestrated interactions between granulosa cells, oocytes, and their surrounding stromal cells. Recent research unveiled the presence of EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, in the follicular fluid (FFEVs), which constitutes part of the developing oocyte's microenvironment. In the context of PCOS, a multifaceted endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic disorder, studies have explored the dysregulation of these FFEVs and their cargo. Nine PCOS studies were included in this review and two miRNAs were commonly reported in two different studies, miR-379 and miR-200, both known to play a role in female reproduction. Studies have also demonstrated the potential use of EVs as diagnostic tools and treatment options.Endometriosis, another prevalent gynecological disorder characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial-like tissue, has also been linked to aberrant EV signaling. EVs in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis carry molecules that modulate the immune response and promote the establishment and maintenance of endometriosis lesions. EVs derived from endometriosis lesions, serum and peritoneal fluid obtained from patients with endometriosis showed no commonly reported biomolecules between the eleven reviewed studies. Importantly, circulating EVs have been shown to be potential biomarkers, also reflecting the severity of the pathology.Understanding the interplay of EVs within human ovarian follicles may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of both PCOS and endometriosis. Targeting EV-mediated communication may open avenues for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for these common gynecological disorders. More research is essential to unravel the mechanisms underlying EV involvement in folliculogenesis and its dysregulation in PCOS and endometriosis, ultimately leading to more effective and personalized interventions.

Roles of estrogen and its receptors in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by abnormal steroid hormone levels in peripheral blood and poor-quality oocytes. In the ovary, androgen is produced by theca cells, and estrogen is produced by granulosa cells. Androgen is converted to estrogen in granulosa cells, with cytochrome P450 aromatase as the limiting enzyme during this process. Estrogen receptors (ER) include ER alpha, ER beta, and membrane receptor GPR30. Studies have demonstrated that the abnormal functions of estrogen and its receptors and estradiol synthesis-related enzymes are closely related to PCOS. In recent years, some estrogen-related drugs have made significant progress in clinical application for subfertility with PCOS, such as letrozole and clomiphene. This article will elaborate on the recent advances in PCOS caused by abnormal expression of estrogen and its receptors and the application of related targeted small molecule drugs in clinical research and treatment.

GRIM19 deficiency aggravates metabolic disorder and ovarian dysfunction in PCOS

CONTEXT

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. Retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM19) is a functional component of mitochondrial complex I that plays a role in cellular energy metabolism. However, the role of GRIM19 in the pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of GRIM19 in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

DESIGN

We first measured the expression of GRIM19 in human granulosa cells (hGCs) from patients with and without PCOS (n = 16 per group), and then established a PCOS mouse model with WT and Grim19+/- mice for in vivo experiments. Glucose uptake-related genes RAC1 and GLUT4 and energy metabolism levels in KGN cells were examined in vitro by knocking down GRIM19 in the cell lines. Additionally, ovulation-related genes such as p-ERK1/2, HAS2, and PTX3 were also studied to determine their expression levels.

RESULTS

GRIM19 expression was reduced in hGCs of PCOS patients, which was negatively correlated with BMI and serum testosterone level. Grim19+/- mice with PCOS exhibited a markedly anovulatory phenotype and disturbed glycolipid metabolism. In vitro experiments, GRIM19 deficiency inhibited the RAC1/GLUT4 pathway, reducing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in KGN cells. Moreover, GRIM19 deficiency induced mitochondrial dysfunction, defective glucose metabolism, and apoptosis. In addition, GRIM19 deficiency suppressed the expression of ovulation-related genes in KGN cells, which was regulated by dihydrotestosterone mediated androgen receptor.

CONCLUSIONS

GRIM19 deficiency may mediate ovulation and glucose metabolism disorders in PCOS patients. Our results suggest that GRIM19 may be a new target for diagnosis and treatment.

Linoleic acid induces human ovarian granulosa cell inflammation and apoptosis through the ER-FOXO1-ROS-NFκB pathway

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrinological disorder influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Linoleic acid (LA) is a widely consumed ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, accounting for approximately 80% of daily fatty acid intake. Building upon the prior investigations of our team, which established a connection between LA levels in the follicular fluid and PCOS, this study deeply examined the specific impact of LA using a granulosa cell line. Our findings revealed that LA exerts its influence on granulosa cells (GCs) by binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Activated ER triggers the transcription of the FOXO1 gene. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation occur downstream of LA-induced FOXO1 activation. Increased OS and inflammation ultimately culminate in GC apoptosis. In summary, LA modulates the apoptosis and inflammation phenotypes of GCs through the ER-FOXO1-ROS-NF-κB pathway. Our study provides additional experimental evidence to comprehend the pathophysiology of PCOS and provides novel insights into the dietary management of individuals with PCOS.

Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function

Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone released from lactotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary gland that also originates from extrapituitary sources and plays an important role in regulating lactation in mammals, as well as other actions. Acting in an endocrine and paracrine/autocrine manner, PRL regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, thus influencing the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation. This review provides a detailed discussion of the current knowledge on the role of PRL in the context of ovulation and ovulatory disorders, particularly with regard to hyperprolactinemia, which is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Much attention has been given to the PRL structure and the PRL receptor (PRLR), as well as the diverse functions of PRLR signaling under normal and pathological conditions. The hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle in connection with folliculogenesis and ovulation, as well as the current classifications of ovulation disorders, are also described. Finally, the state of knowledge regarding the importance of TIDA (tuberoinfundibular dopamine), KNDγ (kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin), and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neurons in PRL- and kisspeptin (KP)-dependent regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in women is reviewed. Based on this review, a rationale for influencing PRL signaling pathways in therapeutic activities accompanying ovulation disorders is presented.

Protective effects of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome: A comprehensive study in female wistar rats

Background

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the known causes of anovulatory fertility in the world. Previous research has linked oxidative stress could contribute to PCOS, and vanillic acid has shown antioxidant potential. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female rats.

Materials and methods

PCOS was induced in Wistar female rats with letrozole (1 mg/kg, orally) in carboxymethoxycellulose (1 % w/v), administered for 21 days. After induction, the standard group received clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, orally) while other treatment groups were administered with vanillic acid at doses 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally for 15 days, and without treatment was considered a negative control group. Different parameters studied were body weight, ovary weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, hormonal levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone], markers for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and malonaldehyde), and histopathology of the ovary. Statistical analysis was done for the results and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate the significance.

Results

Vanillic acid-treated animals showed a concentration-dependent activity on the tested parameters. The highest tested dose (100 mg/kg) produced a more prominent effect in significantly (P < 0.001) decreasing the body weight, and ovary weight and improving the hormonal imbalance. Also, vanillic acid significantly (P < 0.01) reduced elevated blood sugar and lipid levels. Additionally, vanillic acid reduced oxidative stress significantly (P < 0.001) in the ovaries of female rats. Histopathological reports showed a reduction in cystic follicles and appearance of normal healthy follicles at different stages of development after the administration of vanillic acid. Furthermore, these effects were observed to be comparable with those recorded for standard drug, clomiphene.

Conclusion

The current study data suggests that vanillic acid has protected the letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. In the event of several side effects associated with conventional treatments used for PCOS, the findings of this study suggest the promising role of vanillic acid. More research in this direction might identify the true potency of vanillic acid in the treatment of PCOS.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multisystemic disorder usually seen in females who are in their reproductive age (15-49 years of age). PCOS exhibits insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which make it a pre-diabetic state. The syndrome has many overt changes, like dyslipidemia and hypertension, which increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. There is also an increased risk of development of hepatic steatosis. Resistance to insulin, increased amount of insulin, and dysfunction of beta-cells are frequent in PCOS, although they are not the only cause for diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes and glucose resistance may result from total or compared insulin insufficiency, which can happen if the beta cells' compensatory response slows down. Pregnancy challenges such as miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, more excellent rates of cesarean birth, and abnormalities in fetal development may be more common in women with PCOS. In studies investigating the glucose-insulin system compared to control groups with similar age and weight, glycemic intolerance, which includes both decreased glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, was more common in PCOS women. In the short-term therapy of insulin resistance in PCOS, the potential use of insulin-sensitizing medications has recently been studied. Controlled studies have demonstrated that metformin treatment can lower fasting and stimulate plasma insulin levels by encouraging body weight reduction. These findings provide insulin-sensitizing drugs as a unique method in treating ovarian hyperandrogenism and irregular ovulation in PCOS and indicate a new prescription for Metformin. They further assert that long-term metformin treatment may assist in addressing insulin resistance, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-related disease in people who take it.

The effects of N-acetylcysteine supplement on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disease, often accompanied by metabolic disorders. Metformin, as an insulin sensitizer, is widely used to improve the metabolic function of PCOS, but may have gastrointestinal side effects. Emerging evidence suggests that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improves metabolic parameters in PCOS and may be a potential alternative to metformin.

Methods

We searched four online databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, from inception to April 1, 2023. The I2 statistic and Cochrane's Q test were employed to determine heterogeneity between studies, with an I2 value >50% or p < 0.1 considered significant. The data were expressed as standardized mean differences and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

Results

A total of 11 randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis, including 869 women with PCOS. The results showed that NAC caused more changes in body mass index (SMD: -0.16, 95% CI: -0.40 to 0.08), body weight (SMD: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.50 to 0.00), fasting insulin (SMD: -0.24, 95% CI: -0.53 to 0.06), ratio of fasting blood glucose to fasting insulin (SMD: 0.38, 95% CI: -0.33 to 1.08), total cholesterol (SMD: -0.11, 95% CI: -0.39 to 0.17), triglycerides (SMD: -0.18, 95% CI: -0.63 to 0.28), and low-density lipoprotein (SMD: -0.09, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.33) compared with metformin. Compared with metformin or placebo, NAC significantly reduced fasting blood-glucose levels (SMD: -0.23, 95% CI: -0.43 to -0.04; SMD: -0.54, 95% CI: -1.03 to -0.05, respectively). In addition, NAC significantly reduced total cholesterol (SMD: -0.74, 95% CI: -1.37 to -0.12), and this effect was observed when NAC was compared with placebo. However, NAC reduced HDL levels in women with PCOS compared with metformin (SMD: -0.14, 95% CI: -0.42 to 0.14).

Conclusion

This study suggests that NAC is effective in improving metabolic parameters in PCOS and may be a promising nutritional supplement for the treatment of PCOS.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=415172, identifier CRD42022339171.

HMGB1: a double-edged sword and therapeutic target in the female reproductive system

HMGB1 that belongs to the High Mobility Group-box superfamily, is a nonhistone chromatin associated transcription factor. It is present in the nucleus of eukaryotes and can be actively secreted or passively released by kinds of cells. HMGB1 is important for maintaining DNA structure by binding to DNA and histones, protecting it from damage. It also regulates the interaction between histones and DNA, affecting chromatin packaging, and can influence gene expression by promoting nucleosome sliding. And as a DAMP, HMGB1 binding to RAGE and TLRs activates NF-κB, which triggers the expression of downstream genes like IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α. HMGB1 is known to be involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of HMGB1 as DAMPs in the female reproductive system. These findings have shed light on the potential role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of diseases in female reproductive system and the possibilities of HMGB1-targeted therapies for treating them. Such therapies can help reduce inflammation and metabolic dysfunction and alleviate the symptoms of reproductive system diseases. Overall, the identification of HMGB1 as a key player in disease of the female reproductive system represents a significant breakthrough in our understanding of these conditions and presents exciting opportunities for the development of novel therapies.

Effect of vitamin supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome and key pathways implicated in its development: A Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Many epidemiologic investigations have explored the relationship between viatmins and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the effectiveness of vitamin, vitamin-like nutrient, or mineral supplementation in reducing the risk of PCOS remains a subject of debate.

AIM

To investigate the impact of plasma levels of vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K on PCOS and key pathways implicated in its development, namely, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

METHODS

Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with vitamin levels were selected from genome-wide association studies. The primary analysis was performed using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted approach. Complementary analyses were conducted using the weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-robust adjusted profile score, and MR-PRESSO approaches.

RESULTS

The results provided suggestive evidence of a decreased risk of PCOS with genetically predicted higher levels of vitamin E (odds ratio [OR] = 0.118; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.071-0.226; P < 0.001) and vitamin B12 (OR = 0.753, 95%CI: 0.568-0.998, P = 0.048). An association was observed between vitamin E levels and insulin resistance (OR = 0.977, 95%CI: 0.976-0.978, P < 0.001). Additionally, genetically predicted higher concentrations of vitamins E, D, and A were suggested to be associated with a decreased risk of hyperlipidemia. Increased vitamins K and B12 levels were linked to a lower obesity risk (OR = 0.917, 95%CI: 0.848-0.992, P = 0.031).

CONCLUSION

The findings of this MR study suggest a causal relationship between increased vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 levels and a reduced risk of PCOS or primary pathways implicated in its development.

Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of HIF-1alpha

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a powerful antioxidant polyphenol molecule found in many diets and liquid beverages, playing a preventive and therapeutic role in various diseases caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent research has found that CGA can not only improve clinical symptoms in PCOS patients but also improve follicular development, hormone status, and oxidative stress in PCOS rats, indicating the therapeutic effect of CGA on PCOS. Notably, our previous series of studies has demonstrated the expression changes and regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1alpha signaling in PCOS ovaries. Considering the regulatory effect of CGA on the HIF-1alpha pathway, the present article systematically elucidates the therapeutic role and molecular mechanisms of HIF-1alpha signaling during the treatment of PCOS by CGA, including follicular development, steroid synthesis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, in order to further understand the mechanisms of CGA effects in different types of diseases and to provide a theoretical basis for further promoting CGA-rich diets and beverages simultaneously.

Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may represent an important model of lipid alterations. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has emerged as a new marker of cardiovascular risk.

AIM

The main objective of this meta-analysis was to analyze the available evidence on Lp(a) levels in patients with PCOS compared to a control group.

METHODS

This meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed to detect studies that have quantified Lp(a) levels in women with PCOS compared to a control group. The primary outcome was Lp(a) levels expressed in mg/dL. Random effects models were used.

RESULTS

Twenty-three observational studies including 2,337 patients were identified and considered eligible for this meta-analysis. In the overall analysis, the quantitative analysis showed that patients with PCOS have a higher Lp(a) levels (SMD: 1.1 [95% CI: 0.7 to 1.4]; I²=93%) compared to the control group. The results were similar in the analysis of the subgroups of patients according to body mass index (normal weight group: SMD: 1.2 [95% CI: 0.5 to 1.9], I²=95%; overweight group: SMD: 1.2 [95% CI: 0.5 to 1.8], I²=89%). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis shows that women with PCOS had higher levels of Lp(a) compared to healthy women used as a control group. These findings were observed in both overweight and non-overweight women.

Nomogram for Predicting Live Birth after the First Fresh Embryo Transfer in Patients with PCOS Undergoing IVF/ICSI Treatment with the GnRH-Ant Protocol

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. A better understanding of factors associated with pregnancy outcomes and successful prediction of live birth after IVF/ICSI are important to guide clinical practice. This was a retrospective cohort study investigating live birth after the first fresh embryo transfer using the GnRH-ant protocol in patients with PCOS between 2017 and 2021 at the Reproductive Center of Peking University Third Hospital. A total of 1018 patients with PCOS were qualified for inclusion in this study. BMI, AMH level, initial FSH dosage, serum LH and progesterone levels on the hCG trigger day, and endometrial thickness were all independent predictors of live birth. However, age and infertility duration were not significant predictors. We developed a prediction model based on these variables. The predictive ability of the model was demonstrated well, with areas under the curve of 0.711 (95% CI, 0.672-0.751) and 0.713 (95% CI, 0.650-0.776) in the training cohort and validation cohort, respectively. Additionally, the calibration plot showed good agreement between the prediction and the observation (p = 0.270). The novel nomogram could be helpful for clinicians and patients in clinical decision-making and outcome evaluation.