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Zhang H, Tang M, Li D, Xu M, Ao Y, Lin L. Applications and advances in molecular diagnostics: revolutionizing non-tuberculous mycobacteria species and subspecies identification. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1410672. [PMID: 38962772 PMCID: PMC11220129 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1410672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections pose a significant public health challenge worldwide, affecting individuals across a wide spectrum of immune statuses. Recent epidemiological studies indicate rising incidence rates in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations, underscoring the need for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. NTM infections often present with symptoms similar to those of tuberculosis, yet with less specificity, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis and potentially adverse outcomes for patients. Consequently, rapid and accurate identification of the pathogen is crucial for precise diagnosis and treatment. Traditional detection methods, notably microbiological culture, are hampered by lengthy incubation periods and a limited capacity to differentiate closely related NTM subtypes, thereby delaying diagnosis and the initiation of targeted therapies. Emerging diagnostic technologies offer new possibilities for the swift detection and accurate identification of NTM infections, playing a critical role in early diagnosis and providing more accurate and comprehensive information. This review delineates the current molecular methodologies for NTM species and subspecies identification. We critically assess the limitations and challenges inherent in these technologies for diagnosing NTM and explore potential future directions for their advancement. It aims to provide valuable insights into advancing the application of molecular diagnostic techniques in NTM infection identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoting Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Deyuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusen Ao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangkang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Pickrodt C, Köhler H, Moog U, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Möbius P. Molecular Diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Four Dairy Goat Herds from Thuringia (Germany). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3542. [PMID: 38003160 PMCID: PMC10668697 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intra- and inter-herd diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates from four goat herds in Thuringia (Germany) that were affected by paratuberculosis for several years. The main focus was on the characterization and distribution of genotypes among animals and the environment of goat herd 1. This study included 196 isolates from the feces of 121 infected goats, various tissues from 13 clinically diseased goats, 29 environmental samples from herd 1, and additionally, 22 isolates of different origin from herds 2 to 4. The isolates, sampled between 2018 and 2022, were genotyped using short-sequence-repeat (SSR) analysis, mycobacterial-interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based assay for phylogenetic grouping. All the isolates belonged to the MAP-C group. In herd 1, one predominant genotype was determined, while two other genotypes were identified very rarely and only in fecal and environmental samples. One of three further genotypes was found in each of herds 2 to 4. The assignment of genotypes to different phylogenetic clades suggested six different infection strains. The results indicated no epidemiological links between the examined herds. Based on the current MAP genotyping data from Germany, possible sources of infection are MAP-contaminated barns previously used by infected cattle and the purchase of sub-clinically infected goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickrodt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Udo Moog
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Sheep and Goat Health Service, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth M. Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
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Fawzy A, Rau J, Riße K, Schauerte N, Geiger C, Blom J, Imirzalioglu C, Falgenhauer J, Bach A, Herden C, Eisenberg T. Streptobacillus felis, a member of the oropharynx microbiota of the Felidae, isolated from a tropical rusty-spotted cat. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1455-1465. [PMID: 32776203 PMCID: PMC7415334 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptobacillus felis is a fastidious microorganism and a novel member of the potentially zoonotic bacteria causing rat bite fever. Since its description, this is the second isolation of S. felis in a diseased member of the Felidae. Interestingly, the strain from this study was isolated from a zoo held, rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus), with pneumonia, thereby indicating a possible broader host range in feline species. A recent preliminary sampling of domestic cats (Felis silvestris forma catus) revealed that this microorganism is common in the oropharynx, suggesting that S. felis is a member of their normal microbiota. Due to unawareness, fastidiousness, antibiotic sensitivity and lack of diagnostics the role of S. felis as a cat and human pathogen might be under-reported as with other Streptobacillus infections. More studies are necessary to elucidate the role of S. felis in domestic cats and other Felidae in order to better estimate its zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fawzy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/2, 70736, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Karin Riße
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schauerte
- Frankfurt Zoo, Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1, 60316, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Frankfurt Zoo, Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1, 60316, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jane Falgenhauer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexa Bach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Development of a hierarchical typing approach for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and characterization of MAP field cultures from Central Germany. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1193-1206. [PMID: 32426861 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of a novel hierarchical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) typing approach and characterization of MAP field cultures in Central Germany. METHODS AND RESULTS By combining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat, we developed a highly discriminating and phylogenetically accurate hierarchical MAP typing approach. Moreover, a novel stepwise workflow was employed to reduce the number of SNP reactions required making the typing approach more affordable. MAP field cultures (n = 142) from dairy herds in Central Germany were classified as cattle type and showed a high level of heterogeneity. Intra-herd multiple genotypes were evident in (13-25%) of the investigated herds. CONCLUSIONS The hierarchical MAP typing approach proved to be useful in fine discrimination between MAP cultures within limited geographical regions. This could potentially be used in unravelling MAP transmission chains in the respective regions. The observed heterogeneity in some herds is assumed to be due to either multiple introductions through inter-herd trade or intra-herd evolution over time. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Future MAP epidemiological studies will benefit from the advantages of the novel hierarchical typing approach. The SNP number reduction approach employed here could be extrapolated for other analogous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fawzy
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Egypt.,Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Zschöck
- Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Eisenberg
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
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Scherrer S, Stephan R, Zumthor JP, Kipar A, Seehusen F. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis S-Type Strain Genotype in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31417916 PMCID: PMC6684744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of global importance mainly in domestic and wild ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In goats, paratuberculosis is mostly caused by the "C-type" (cattle) and in a few cases by the "S-type" (sheep) strain of MAP. In 2017, a caprine S-type III isolate with a new VNTR profile was identified in a Swiss alpine region. In 2018, new caprine isolates with the same novel VNTR profile originating from a farm of a close by neighboring valley were analyzed. Here we report on this MAP S-type III outbreak in a Swiss dairy goat farm in which we investigated the pathological changes, distribution and genotype of MAP tissue homogenates. Full necropsy and histological examination were undertaken on two female adult goats with a history of weight loss and intermitting diarrhea. Routine and special stains were applied to characterize the morphological changes. DNA was extracted from 33 different tissue samples and tested for MAP by qPCR targeting IS900 and F57. Subtyping was performed, using the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) approach. The goats showed moderate to marked emaciation and displayed typical clinical features of paratuberculosis. A moderate granulomatous enteritis and regional lymphadenitis with a small to moderate number of acid-fast bacteria within macrophages was detected. MAP detection was mainly restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes. Subtyping the S-type isolates using a panel of eight established MIRU-VNTR loci identified a new genotype, INMV 218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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