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Bernasconi S, Angelucci A, De Cesari A, Masotti A, Pandocchi M, Vacca F, Zhao X, Paganelli C, Aliverti A. Recent Technologies for Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:785. [PMID: 38667431 PMCID: PMC11049249 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The measurement of partial pressures of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is fundamental for evaluating a patient's conditions in clinical practice. There are many ways to retrieve O2/CO2 partial pressures and concentrations. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is the gold standard technique for such a purpose, but it is invasive, intermittent, and potentially painful. Among all the alternative methods for gas monitoring, non-invasive transcutaneous O2 and CO2 monitoring has been emerging since the 1970s, being able to overcome the main drawbacks of ABG analysis. Clark and Severinghaus electrodes enabled the breakthrough for transcutaneous O2 and CO2 monitoring, respectively, and in the last twenty years, many innovations have been introduced as alternatives to overcome their limitations. This review reports the most recent solutions for transcutaneous O2 and CO2 monitoring, with a particular consideration for wearable measurement systems. Luminescence-based electronic paramagnetic resonance and photoacoustic sensors are investigated. Optical sensors appear to be the most promising, giving fast and accurate measurements without the need for frequent calibrations and being suitable for integration into wearable measurement systems.
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Persson A, Seton R. Modeling and Evaluation of a Rate-Based Transcutaneous Blood Gas Monitor. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:3178-3186. [PMID: 37224374 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3279514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current methods for transcutaneous blood gas monitoring (TBM) - a common health monitoring method in neonatal care - comes with a suite of challenges like limited attachment opportunities, and risks of infections from burning and tearing of the skin, which limits its use. This study presents a novel system and method for rate-based transcutaneous CO2 measurements with a soft, unheated skin-interface that can address many of these problems. Additionally, a theoretical model for the gas transport from the blood to the system's sensor is derived. METHODS By simulating CO2 advection and diffusion through the cutaneous microvasculature and epidermis to the system's skin interface, the effect of a wide range of physiological properties on the measurement has been modeled. Following these simulations, a theoretical model for the relationship between the measured CO2 concentration and that in the blood was derived and compared to empirical data. RESULTS Applying the model on measured blood gas levels, even when the theory was based solely on the simulations, produced blood CO2 concentrations within ∼35% of empirical measurements from a state-of-the-art device. Further calibration of the framework, also using the empirical data, yielded an output with a Pearson correlation of 0.84 between the two methods. CONCLUSION Compared to the state-of-the-art device the proposed system measured the partial CO2 pressure in the blood with an average deviation of 0.04 kPa and 1.97σ of ±1.1 kPa. However, the model indicated that this performance could be hampered by different skin properties. SIGNIFICANCE Given its soft and gentle skin interface and lack of heating, the proposed system could significantly decrease health risks like, burns, tears, and pain, currently associated with TBM on premature neonates.
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Tufan TB, Guler U. A Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitor Based on Time-Domain Dual Lifetime Referencing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:795-807. [PMID: 37195846 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3277398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide plays a critical role in assessing the acid-base and respiratory status of the human body. Typically, this measurement is invasive and can only be taken momentarily when an arterial blood sample is drawn. Transcutaneous monitoring is a noninvasive surrogate method that provides a continuous measure of arterial carbon dioxide. Unfortunately, current technology is limited to bedside instruments mainly used in intensive care units. We developed a first-of-its-kind miniaturized transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitor that utilizes a luminescence sensing film and a time-domain dual lifetime referencing method. Gas cell experiments confirmed the monitor's ability to accurately identify changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the clinically significant range. Compared to the luminescence intensity-based technique, the time-domain dual lifetime referencing method is less prone to measurement errors caused by changes in excitation strength, reducing the maximum error from ∼ 40% to ∼ 3% and resulting in more reliable readings. Additionally, we analyzed the sensing film by investigating its behavior under various confounding factors and its susceptibility to measurement drift. Finally, a human subject test demonstrated the effectiveness of the applied method in detecting even slight changes in transcutaneous carbon dioxide, as small as ∼ 0.7%, during hyperventilation. The prototype, which consumes 30.1 mW of power, is a wearable wristband with compact dimensions of 37 mm× 32 mm.
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Grangeat P, Duval Comsa MP, Koenig A, Phlypo R. Dynamic Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Transport through the Skin Using a Capnometry Wristband. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6096. [PMID: 37447945 DOI: 10.3390/s23136096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of a capnometry wristband is of great interest for monitoring patients at home. We consider a new architecture in which a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) optical measurement is located close to the skin surface and is combined with an open chamber principle with a continuous circulation of air flow in the collection cell. We propose a model for the temporal dynamics of the carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and the gas channel inside the device. The transport of carbon dioxide is modeled by convection-diffusion equations. We consider four compartments: blood, skin, the measurement cell and the collection cell. We introduce the state-space equations and the associated transition matrix associated with a Markovian model. We define an augmented system by combining a first-order autoregressive model describing the supply of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood compartment and its inertial resistance to change. We propose to use a Kalman filter to estimate the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood vessels recursively over time and thus monitor arterial carbon dioxide blood pressure in real time. Four performance factors with respect to the dynamic quantification of the CO2 blood concentration are considered, and a simulation is carried out based on data from a previous clinical study. These demonstrate the feasibility of such a technological concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Grangeat
- CEA, Leti, MINATEC Campus, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Anne Koenig
- CEA, Leti, MINATEC Campus, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ronald Phlypo
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Wang W, Zhao Z, Tian X, Ma X, Xu L, Shang G. Noninvasive carbon dioxide monitoring in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: transcutaneous vs. end-tidal techniques. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 36639787 PMCID: PMC9840246 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (PtcCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) and the accuracy of PtcCO2 in predicting PaCO2 during laparoscopic surgery in pediatric patients. METHODS Children aged 2-8 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II who underwent laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were selected. After anesthesia induction and tracheal intubation, PtcCO2 was monitored, and radial arterial catheterization was performed for continuous pressure measurement. PaCO2, PtcCO2, and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2) were measured before pneumoperitoneum, and 30, 60, and 90 min after pneumoperitoneum, respectively. The correlation and agreement between PtcCO2 and PaCO2, PetCO2, and PaCO2 were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 32 patients were eventually enrolled in this study, resulting in 128 datasets. The linear regression equations were: PtcCO2 = 7.89 + 0.82 × PaCO2 (r2 = 0.70, P < 0.01); PetCO2 = 9.87 + 0.64 × PaCO2 (r2 = 0.69, P < 0.01). The 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of PtcCO2 - PaCO2 average was 0.66 ± 4.92 mmHg, and the 95% LOA of PetCO2 - PaCO2 average was -4.4 ± 4.86 mmHg. A difference of ≤ 5 mmHg was noted between PtcCO2 and PaCO2 in 122/128 samples and between PetCO2 and PaCO2 in 81/128 samples (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In pediatric laparoscopic surgery, a close correlation was established between PtcCO2 and PaCO2. Compared to PetCO2, PtcCO2 can estimate PaCO2 accurately and could be used as an auxiliary monitoring indicator to optimize anesthesia management for laparoscopic surgery in children; however, it is not a substitute for PetCO2. REGISTRATION NUMBER OF CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ChiCTR2100043636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifa Zhao
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinjie Tian
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinggang Ma
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Xu
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanglin Shang
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Rahmatnejad V, Tolosa M, Ge X, Rao G. A novel approach to noninvasive monitoring of dissolved carbon dioxide in small-scale cell culture processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:968294. [PMID: 36147535 PMCID: PMC9485895 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.968294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disposable small-scale vessels are commonly used in cell culture studies in academia as well as early stages of bioprocess development. These types of research are crucial for our understanding about cells and bioprocesses as they provide important information regarding different parameters affecting cells. Dissolved carbon dioxide (DCO2) is one main parameter affecting cell metabolism. It is also an indicator of cell culture well-being. Despite CO2 being a critical process parameter, there is a lack of appropriate monitoring system for CO2 in small-scale vessels. Here, we present a membrane-based noninvasive method for measuring DCO2 in cell culture medium. The idea was achieved by modifying a T-flask and replacing a small area of it with CO2 permeable silicone membrane. In the proposed method, the concentration of CO2 dissolved in the cell culture medium is determined by measuring the initial diffusion rate of CO2 through a silicone membrane attached to the bottom wall of the T-flask. The measurement method was validated previously, and the efficacy of the noninvasive method was evaluated by growing E.coli, Pichia pastoris, and CHO cells in the proposed prototype. The results obtained from this method were verified with other quantitative data obtained from the process such as optical density (OD), cell density, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. The results show that the proposed membrane-based method is an effective way for completely noninvasive monitoring of DCO2 in small-scale cell culture processes. Additional diffusing species such as oxygen could also be measured using the same approach.
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Dervieux E, Théron M, Uhring W. Carbon Dioxide Sensing-Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:188. [PMID: 35009731 PMCID: PMC8749784 DOI: 10.3390/s22010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring in human subjects is of crucial importance in medical practice. Transcutaneous monitors based on the Stow-Severinghaus electrode make a good alternative to the painful and risky arterial "blood gases" sampling. Yet, such monitors are not only expensive, but also bulky and continuously drifting, requiring frequent recalibrations by trained medical staff. Aiming at finding alternatives, the full panel of CO2 measurement techniques is thoroughly reviewed. The physicochemical working principle of each sensing technique is given, as well as some typical merit criteria, advantages, and drawbacks. An overview of the main CO2 monitoring methods and sites routinely used in clinical practice is also provided, revealing their constraints and specificities. The reviewed CO2 sensing techniques are then evaluated in view of the latter clinical constraints and transcutaneous sensing coupled to a dye-based fluorescence CO2 sensing seems to offer the best potential for the development of a future non-invasive clinical CO2 monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dervieux
- BiOSENCY, 1137a Avenue des Champs Blancs, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, France
| | - Michaël Théron
- ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France;
| | - Wilfried Uhring
- ICube, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, CEDEX, 67037 Strasbourg, France;
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Iitani K, Tyson J, Rao S, Ramamurthy SS, Ge X, Rao G. What do masks mask? A study on transdermal CO 2 monitoring. Med Eng Phys 2021; 98:50-56. [PMID: 34848038 PMCID: PMC8550888 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medical professionals have complained of extreme discomfort and fatigue from continuous wearing of N95 respirators (N95) overlaid with surgical masks (SM) and face shields (FS) during COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are no reports on the effect of face coverings on transdermal CO2 (TrCO2) levels (a measure of blood CO2) during moderate activity. In this study, real-time monitoring of TrCO2, heart rate and skin surface temperature was conducted for six subjects aged 20-59 years with and without wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). We initially studied the effect of wearing PPE (N95+SM+FS) at rest. Then, the effect of moderate stepping/walking activity (120 steps per minute for 60 min) while wearing PPE was evaluated. In addition, we investigated the effect of exercising intensity with different masks. We observed a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in TrCO2 levels between without and with PPE during moderate exercise, but not while resting. TrCO2 levels were correlated to exercise intensity independently with masking condition and breathability of masks. For the first time, we present data showing that a properly fitting N95 worn along with SM and FS consistently leads to elevated TrCO2 under moderate exertion, which could contribute to fatigue over long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iitani
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Joel Tyson
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Samyukta Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Iitani K, Ramamurthy SS, Ge X, Rao G. Transdermal sensing: in-situ non-invasive techniques for monitoring of human biochemical status. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:198-205. [PMID: 34455345 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Improving life expectancy necessitates prevention and early diagnosis of any disease state based on active self-monitoring of symptoms and longitudinal biochemical profiling. Non-invasive and continuous measurement of molecular biomarkers that reflect metabolism and health must however be established to realize this plan. Human samples non-invasively obtained via the skin are suitable in this context for in-situ biochemical monitoring. We present a brief classification of transdermal sampling in aqueous and gaseous phases and then introduce a new generation of transdermal monitoring devices for rapid and accurate assessment of important parameters. Finally, we have summarized the diversity of body-wide skin characteristics that have possible effects for transdermal sampling. Because of its passive nature, in-situ biochemical monitoring via transdermal sampling will potentially lead to a greater understanding of important biochemical markers and their temporal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iitani
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST), Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST), Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA; STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST), Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST), Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA.
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Seton R, Thornell G, Persson A. Compliance of a microstructured, soft sampling device for transcutaneous blood gas monitoring. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36386-36395. [PMID: 35517952 PMCID: PMC9056951 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature neonates are too small for repeated blood sampling, but still require precise monitoring of blood gas levels. The standard method therefore involves transcutaneous blood gas monitoring (TBM), i.e. analyzing gas that permeates the skin. The method involves skin heating and requires frequent relocation of a rigid sensor that is adhesively mounted to the skin, which makes the monitoring intermittent and can cause tissue damage. To mitigate this, this paper introduces a TBM concept that replaces the sensor with a small, non-adhesive, flexible, polydimethylsiloxane patch, routing the gases through skin-facing microchannels laid out in various configurations, to an external optical emission spectroscopy system (OES). As the OES depends on a constant flow of gas, we have investigated the effects external loads, both vertical and with a transverse component, have on the aerodynamic resistance of the patches. The experiments show that patches with 200 μm wide channels can withstand uniformly distributed forces up to 25 N with a change in aerodynamic resistance of about 0.01 mbar per sccm per newton. In subsequent measurements, the proof of concept (POC) TBM system showed a strong and fast blood gas signal that was unaffected by all likely loads in the intended application. Moreover, the rise time of the signal is shown to be inversely proportional to the aerodynamic resistance, and the signal strength to be proportional to the skin area exposed to the microchannels. With these results, the POC TBM system is a viable first step towards truly continuous blood gas monitoring of prematurely born children. Replacing rigid transcutaneous blood gas monitoring sensors with microstructured silicone patches, makes the proof of concept system developed and evaluated here a viable first step towards truly continuous measurement on premature neonates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Seton
- Ångström Space Technology Centre, Div. of Microsystems Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University The Ångström Laboratory Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden Postal: Box 534 Uppsala 751 21 Sweden
| | - Greger Thornell
- Ångström Space Technology Centre, Div. of Microsystems Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University The Ångström Laboratory Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden Postal: Box 534 Uppsala 751 21 Sweden
| | - Anders Persson
- Ångström Space Technology Centre, Div. of Microsystems Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University The Ångström Laboratory Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden Postal: Box 534 Uppsala 751 21 Sweden
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Chopda VR, Holzberg T, Ge X, Folio B, Tolosa M, Kostov Y, Tolosa L, Rao G. Real-time dissolved carbon dioxide monitoring I: Application of a novel in situ sensor for CO 2 monitoring and control. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:981-991. [PMID: 31840812 PMCID: PMC7079146 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved carbon dioxide (dCO2 ) is a well-known critical parameter in bioprocesses due to its significant impact on cell metabolism and on product quality attributes. Processes run at small-scale faces many challenges due to limited options for modular sensors for online monitoring and control. Traditional sensors are bulky, costly, and invasive in nature and do not fit in small-scale systems. In this study, we present the implementation of a novel, rate-based technique for real-time monitoring of dCO2 in bioprocesses. A silicone sampling probe that allows the diffusion of CO2 through its wall was inserted inside a shake flask/bioreactor and then flushed with air to remove the CO2 that had diffused into the probe from the culture broth (sensor was calibrated using air as zero-point calibration). The gas inside the probe was then allowed to recirculate through gas-impermeable tubing to a CO2 monitor. We have shown that by measuring the initial diffusion rate of CO2 into the sampling probe we were able to determine the partial pressure of the dCO2 in the culture. This technique can be readily automated, and measurements can be made in minutes. Demonstration experiments conducted with baker's yeast and Yarrowia lipolytica yeast cells in both shake flasks and mini bioreactors showed that it can monitor dCO2 in real-time. Using the proposed sensor, we successfully implemented a dCO2 -based control scheme, which resulted in significant improvement in process performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki R. Chopda
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Timothy Holzberg
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Xudong Ge
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Brandon Folio
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Michael Tolosa
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Leah Tolosa
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Govind Rao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Advanced Sensor TechnologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
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Hochwald O, Borenstein-Levin L, Dinur G, Jubran H, Ben-David S, Kugelman A. Continuous Noninvasive Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Neonates: From Theory to Standard of Care. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-3640. [PMID: 31248940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilatory support may affect the short- and long-term neurologic and respiratory morbidities of preterm infants. Ongoing monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation and control of adequate levels of oxygen, pressures, and volumes can decrease the incidence of such adverse outcomes. Use of pulse oximetry became a standard of care for titrating oxygen delivery, but continuous noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is not routinely used in NICUs. Continuous monitoring of CO2 level may be crucial because hypocarbia and hypercarbia in extremely preterm infants are associated with lung and brain morbidities, specifically bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. It is shown that continuous monitoring of CO2 levels helps in maintaining stable CO2 values within an accepted target range. Continuous monitoring of CO2 levels can be used in the delivery room, during transport, and in infants receiving invasive or noninvasive respiratory support in the NICU. It is logical to hypothesize that this will result in better outcome for extremely preterm infants. In this article, we review the different noninvasive CO2 monitoring alternatives and devices, their advantages and disadvantages, and the available clinical data supporting or negating their use as a standard of care in NICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hochwald
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and .,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liron Borenstein-Levin
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Dinur
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Huda Jubran
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomit Ben-David
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Kugelman
- Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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