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Saeed MU, Bin W, Sheng J, Mobarak Albarakati H. An Automated Multi-scale Feature Fusion Network for Spine Fracture Segmentation Using Computed Tomography Images. JOURNAL OF IMAGING INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE 2024:10.1007/s10278-024-01091-0. [PMID: 38622384 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-024-01091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Spine fractures represent a critical health concern with far-reaching implications for patient care and clinical decision-making. Accurate segmentation of spine fractures from medical images is a crucial task due to its location, shape, type, and severity. Addressing these challenges often requires the use of advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques. In this research, a novel multi-scale feature fusion deep learning model is proposed for the automated spine fracture segmentation using Computed Tomography (CT) to these challenges. The proposed model consists of six modules; Feature Fusion Module (FFM), Squeeze and Excitation (SEM), Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP), Residual Convolution Block Attention Module (RCBAM), Residual Border Refinement Attention Block (RBRAB), and Local Position Residual Attention Block (LPRAB). These modules are used to apply multi-scale feature fusion, spatial feature extraction, channel-wise feature improvement, segmentation border results border refinement, and positional focus on the region of interest. After that, a decoder network is used to predict the fractured spine. The experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better accuracy results in solving the above challenges and also performs well compared to the existing segmentation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Saeed
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Bin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinfang Sheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Hussain Mobarak Albarakati
- Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24382, Saudi Arabia
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Balagopal A, Dohopolski M, Suk Kwon Y, Montalvo S, Morgan H, Bai T, Nguyen D, Liang X, Zhong X, Lin MH, Desai N, Jiang S. Deep learning based automatic segmentation of the Internal Pudendal Artery in definitive radiotherapy treatment planning of localized prostate cancer. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024; 30:100577. [PMID: 38707629 PMCID: PMC11068618 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Radiation-induced erectile dysfunction (RiED) commonly affects prostate cancer patients, prompting clinical trials across institutions to explore dose-sparing to internal-pudendal-arteries (IPA) for preserving sexual potency. IPA, challenging to segment, isn't conventionally considered an organ-at-risk (OAR). This study proposes a deep learning (DL) auto-segmentation model for IPA, using Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or CT alone to accommodate varied clinical practices. Materials and methods A total of 86 patients with CT and MRI images and noisy IPA labels were recruited in this study. We split the data into 42/14/30 for model training, testing, and a clinical observer study, respectively. There were three major innovations in this model: 1) we designed an architecture with squeeze-and-excite blocks and modality attention for effective feature extraction and production of accurate segmentation, 2) a novel loss function was used for training the model effectively with noisy labels, and 3) modality dropout strategy was used for making the model capable of segmentation in the absence of MRI. Results Test dataset metrics were DSC 61.71 ± 7.7 %, ASD 2.5 ± .87 mm, and HD95 7.0 ± 2.3 mm. AI segmented contours showed dosimetric similarity to expert physician's contours. Observer study indicated higher scores for AI contours (mean = 3.7) compared to inexperienced physicians' contours (mean = 3.1). Inexperienced physicians improved scores to 3.7 when starting with AI contours. Conclusion The proposed model achieved good quality IPA contours to improve uniformity of segmentation and to facilitate introduction of standardized IPA segmentation into clinical trials and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balagopal
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Dohopolski
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Young Suk Kwon
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven Montalvo
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Howard Morgan
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ti Bai
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiao Liang
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinran Zhong
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mu-Han Lin
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Neil Desai
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steve Jiang
- Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Da Mutten R, Zanier O, Theiler S, Ryu SJ, Regli L, Serra C, Staartjes VE. Whole Spine Segmentation Using Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation. Neurospine 2024; 21:57-67. [PMID: 38317546 PMCID: PMC10992645 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2347178.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Virtual and augmented reality have enjoyed increased attention in spine surgery. Preoperative planning, pedicle screw placement, and surgical training are among the most studied use cases. Identifying osseous structures is a key aspect of navigating a 3-dimensional virtual reconstruction. To automate the otherwise time-consuming process of labeling vertebrae on each slice individually, we propose a fully automated pipeline that automates segmentation on computed tomography (CT) and which can form the basis for further virtual or augmented reality application and radiomic analysis. METHODS Based on a large public dataset of annotated vertebral CT scans, we first trained a YOLOv8m (You-Only-Look-Once algorithm, Version 8 and size medium) to detect each vertebra individually. On the then cropped images, a 2D-U-Net was developed and externally validated on 2 different public datasets. RESULTS Two hundred fourteen CT scans (cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine) were used for model training, and 40 scans were used for external validation. Vertebra recognition achieved a mAP50 (mean average precision with Jaccard threshold of 0.5) of over 0.84, and the segmentation algorithm attained a mean Dice score of 0.75 ± 0.14 at internal, 0.77 ± 0.12 and 0.82 ± 0.14 at external validation, respectively. CONCLUSION We propose a 2-stage approach consisting of single vertebra labeling by an object detection algorithm followed by semantic segmentation. In our externally validated pilot study, we demonstrate robust performance for our object detection network in identifying individual vertebrae, as well as for our segmentation model in precisely delineating the bony structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Da Mutten
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Zanier
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Theiler
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Seung-Jun Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Luca Regli
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Serra
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Victor E. Staartjes
- Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Vrettos K, Koltsakis E, Zibis AH, Karantanas AH, Klontzas ME. Generative adversarial networks for spine imaging: A critical review of current applications. Eur J Radiol 2024; 171:111313. [PMID: 38237518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, the field of medical imaging has witnessed remarkable advancements, with innovative technologies which revolutionized the visualization and analysis of the human spine. Among the groundbreaking developments in medical imaging, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have emerged as a transformative tool, offering unprecedented possibilities in enhancing spinal imaging techniques and diagnostic outcomes. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of GANs in spinal imaging, and to emphasize their potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of spine-related disorders. A specific review focusing on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in the context of medical spine imaging is needed to provide a comprehensive and specialized analysis of the unique challenges, applications, and advancements within this specific domain, which might not be fully addressed in broader reviews covering GANs in general medical imaging. Such a review can offer insights into the tailored solutions and innovations that GANs bring to the field of spinal medical imaging. METHODS An extensive literature search from 2017 until July 2023, was conducted using the most important search engines and identified studies that used GANs in spinal imaging. RESULTS The implementations include generating fat suppressed T2-weighted (fsT2W) images from T1 and T2-weighted sequences, to reduce scan time. The generated images had a significantly better image quality than true fsT2W images and could improve diagnostic accuracy for certain pathologies. GANs were also utilized in generating virtual thin-slice images of intervertebral spaces, creating digital twins of human vertebrae, and predicting fracture response. Lastly, they could be applied to convert CT to MRI images, with the potential to generate near-MR images from CT without MRI. CONCLUSIONS GANs have promising applications in personalized medicine, image augmentation, and improved diagnostic accuracy. However, limitations such as small databases and misalignment in CT-MRI pairs, must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vrettos
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Koltsakis
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aristeidis H Zibis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Apostolos H Karantanas
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Greece; Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michail E Klontzas
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Greece; Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Schonfeld E, Mordekai N, Berg A, Johnstone T, Shah A, Shah V, Haider G, Marianayagam NJ, Veeravagu A. Machine Learning in Neurosurgery: Toward Complex Inputs, Actionable Predictions, and Generalizable Translations. Cureus 2024; 16:e51963. [PMID: 38333513 PMCID: PMC10851045 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Machine learning can predict neurosurgical diagnosis and outcomes, power imaging analysis, and perform robotic navigation and tumor labeling. State-of-the-art models can reconstruct and generate images, predict surgical events from video, and assist in intraoperative decision-making. In this review, we will detail the neurosurgical applications of machine learning, ranging from simple to advanced models, and their potential to transform patient care. As machine learning techniques, outputs, and methods become increasingly complex, their performance is often more impactful yet increasingly difficult to evaluate. We aim to introduce these advancements to the neurosurgical audience while suggesting major potential roadblocks to their safe and effective translation. Unlike the previous generation of machine learning in neurosurgery, the safe translation of recent advancements will be contingent on neurosurgeons' involvement in model development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Schonfeld
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Alex Berg
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Thomas Johnstone
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Aaryan Shah
- School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Shah
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Ghani Haider
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Anand Veeravagu
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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Wang H, Chen Y, Jiang T, Bian H, Shen X. 3D multi-scale feature extraction and recalibration network for spinal structure and lesion segmentation. Acta Radiol 2023; 64:3015-3023. [PMID: 37787110 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231204214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automatic segmentation has emerged as a promising technique for the diagnosis of spinal conditions. PURPOSE To design and evaluate a deep convolution network for segmenting the intervertebral disc, spinal canal, facet joint, and herniated disk on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. MATERIAL AND METHODS MRI scans of 70 patients with disc herniation were gathered and manually annotated by radiologists. A novel deep neural network was developed, comprising 3D squeeze-and-excitation blocks and multi-scale feature extraction blocks for automated segmentation of spinal structure and lesion. To address the issue of class imbalance, a weighted cross-entropy loss was introduced for training. In addition, semi-supervision segmentation was accomplished to reduce annotation labor cost. RESULTS The proposed model achieved 77.67% mean intersection over union, with 9.56% and 11.11% gains over typical V-Net and U-Net respectively, outperforming the other models in ablation experiments. In addition, the semi-supervision segmentation method was proven to work. CONCLUSION The 3D multi-scale feature extraction and recalibration network achieved an excellent segmentation performance of intervertebral disc, spinal canal, facet joint, and herniated disk, outperforming typical encoder-decoder networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yingjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Huwei Bian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Xing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, PR China
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Compte R, Granville Smith I, Isaac A, Danckert N, McSweeney T, Liantis P, Williams FMK. Are current machine learning applications comparable to radiologist classification of degenerate and herniated discs and Modic change? A systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:3764-3787. [PMID: 37150769 PMCID: PMC10164619 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low back pain is the leading contributor to disability burden globally. It is commonly due to degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral discs (LDD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current best tool to visualize and diagnose LDD, but places high time demands on clinical radiologists. Automated reading of spine MRIs could improve speed, accuracy, reliability and cost effectiveness in radiology departments. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to determine if current machine learning algorithms perform well identifying disc degeneration, herniation, bulge and Modic change compared to radiologists. METHODS A PRISMA systematic review protocol was developed and four electronic databases and reference lists were searched. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. A PROBAST risk of bias and applicability analysis was performed. RESULTS 1350 articles were extracted. Duplicates were removed and title and abstract searching identified original research articles that used machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify disc degeneration, herniation, bulge and Modic change from MRIs. 27 studies were included in the review; 25 and 14 studies were included multi-variate and bivariate meta-analysis, respectively. Studies used machine learning algorithms to assess LDD, disc herniation, bulge and Modic change. Models using deep learning, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest and naïve Bayes algorithms were included. Meta-analyses found no differences in algorithm or classification performance. When algorithms were tested in replication or external validation studies, they did not perform as well as when assessed in developmental studies. Data augmentation improved algorithm performance when compared to models used with smaller datasets, there were no performance differences between augmented data and large datasets. DISCUSSION This review highlights several shortcomings of current approaches, including few validation attempts or use of large sample sizes. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first systematic review to explore this topic. We suggest the utilization of deep learning coupled with semi- or unsupervised learning approaches. Use of all information contained in MRI data will improve accuracy. Clear and complete reporting of study design, statistics and results will improve the reliability and quality of published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Compte
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, 4th Floor South Wing, Block D, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Isabelle Granville Smith
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, 4th Floor South Wing, Block D, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Amanda Isaac
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Danckert
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, 4th Floor South Wing, Block D, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Terence McSweeney
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Panagiotis Liantis
- Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, 4th Floor South Wing, Block D, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Vera-Garcia DV, Nugen F, Padash S, Khosravi B, Mickley JP, Erickson BJ, Wyles CC, Taunton MJ. Educational Overview of the Concept and Application of Computer Vision in Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2023; 38:1954-1958. [PMID: 37633507 PMCID: PMC10616773 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Image data has grown exponentially as systems have increased their ability to collect and store it. Unfortunately, there are limits to human resources both in time and knowledge to fully interpret and manage that data. Computer Vision (CV) has grown in popularity as a discipline for better understanding visual data. Computer Vision has become a powerful tool for imaging analytics in orthopedic surgery, allowing computers to evaluate large volumes of image data with greater nuance than previously possible. Nevertheless, even with the growing number of uses in medicine, literature on the fundamentals of CV and its implementation is mainly oriented toward computer scientists rather than clinicians, rendering CV unapproachable for most orthopedic surgeons as a tool for clinical practice and research. The purpose of this article is to summarize and review the fundamental concepts of CV application for the orthopedic surgeon and musculoskeletal researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Victoria Vera-Garcia
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Radiology Informatics Lab (RIL), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fred Nugen
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Radiology Informatics Lab (RIL), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sirwa Padash
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Radiology Informatics Lab (RIL), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bardia Khosravi
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Radiology Informatics Lab (RIL), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John P. Mickley
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bradley J. Erickson
- Radiology Informatics Lab (RIL), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Cody C. Wyles
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael J. Taunton
- Orthopedic Surgery Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (OSAIL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Debs P, Fayad LM. The promise and limitations of artificial intelligence in musculoskeletal imaging. FRONTIERS IN RADIOLOGY 2023; 3:1242902. [PMID: 37609456 PMCID: PMC10440743 DOI: 10.3389/fradi.2023.1242902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the recent developments in deep learning and the rapid growth of convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence has shown promise as a tool that can transform several aspects of the musculoskeletal imaging cycle. Its applications can involve both interpretive and non-interpretive tasks such as the ordering of imaging, scheduling, protocoling, image acquisition, report generation and communication of findings. However, artificial intelligence tools still face a number of challenges that can hinder effective implementation into clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to explore both the successes and limitations of artificial intelligence applications throughout the muscuskeletal imaging cycle and to highlight how these applications can help enhance the service radiologists deliver to their patients, resulting in increased efficiency as well as improved patient and provider satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Debs
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura M. Fayad
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Huang M, Zhou S, Chen X, Lai H, Feng Q. Semi-supervised hybrid spine network for segmentation of spine MR images. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2023; 107:102245. [PMID: 37245416 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2023.102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Automatic segmentation of vertebral bodies (VBs) and intervertebral discs (IVDs) in 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images is vital in diagnosing and treating spinal diseases. However, segmenting the VBs and IVDs simultaneously is not trivial. Moreover, problems exist, including blurry segmentation caused by anisotropy resolution, high computational cost, inter-class similarity and intra-class variability, and data imbalances. We proposed a two-stage algorithm, named semi-supervised hybrid spine network (SSHSNet), to address these problems by achieving accurate simultaneous VB and IVD segmentation. In the first stage, we constructed a 2D semi-supervised DeepLabv3+ by using cross pseudo supervision to obtain intra-slice features and coarse segmentation. In the second stage, a 3D full-resolution patch-based DeepLabv3+ was built. This model can be used to extract inter-slice information and combine the coarse segmentation and intra-slice features provided from the first stage. Moreover, a cross tri-attention module was applied to compensate for the loss of inter-slice and intra-slice information separately generated from 2D and 3D networks, thereby improving feature representation ability and achieving satisfactory segmentation results. The proposed SSHSNet was validated on a publicly available spine MR image dataset, and remarkable segmentation performance was achieved. Moreover, results show that the proposed method has great potential in dealing with the data imbalance problem. Based on previous reports, few studies have incorporated a semi-supervised learning strategy with a cross attention mechanism for spine segmentation. Therefore, the proposed method may provide a useful tool for spine segmentation and aid clinically in spinal disease diagnoses and treatments. Codes are publicly available at: https://github.com/Meiyan88/SSHSNet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shuoling Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haoran Lai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Chen C, Qi S, Zhou K, Lu T, Ning H, Xiao R. Pairwise attention-enhanced adversarial model for automatic bone segmentation in CT images. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36634367 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Bone segmentation is a critical step in screw placement navigation. Although the deep learning methods have promoted the rapid development for bone segmentation, the local bone separation is still challenging due to irregular shapes and similar representational features.Approach. In this paper, we proposed the pairwise attention-enhanced adversarial model (Pair-SegAM) for automatic bone segmentation in computed tomography images, which includes the two parts of the segmentation model and discriminator. Considering that the distributions of the predictions from the segmentation model contains complicated semantics, we improve the discriminator to strengthen the awareness ability of the target region, improving the parsing of semantic information features. The Pair-SegAM has a pairwise structure, which uses two calculation mechanics to set up pairwise attention maps, then we utilize the semantic fusion to filter unstable regions. Therefore, the improved discriminator provides more refinement information to capture the bone outline, thus effectively enhancing the segmentation models for bone segmentation.Main results. To test the Pair-SegAM, we selected the two bone datasets for assessment. We evaluated our method against several bone segmentation models and latest adversarial models on the both datasets. The experimental results prove that our method not only exhibits superior bone segmentation performance, but also states effective generalization.Significance. Our method provides a more efficient segmentation of specific bones and has the potential to be extended to other semantic segmentation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Qi
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangneng Zhou
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lu
- Visual 3D Medical Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd, Beijing 100082, People's Republic of China
| | - Huansheng Ning
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoxiu Xiao
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 100024, People's Republic of China
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12
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Huang L, Zhu E, Chen L, Wang Z, Chai S, Zhang B. A transformer-based generative adversarial network for brain tumor segmentation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1054948. [PMID: 36532274 PMCID: PMC9750177 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1054948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor segmentation remains a challenge in medical image segmentation tasks. With the application of transformer in various computer vision tasks, transformer blocks show the capability of learning long-distance dependency in global space, which is complementary to CNNs. In this paper, we proposed a novel transformer-based generative adversarial network to automatically segment brain tumors with multi-modalities MRI. Our architecture consists of a generator and a discriminator, which is trained in min-max game progress. The generator is based on a typical "U-shaped" encoder-decoder architecture, whose bottom layer is composed of transformer blocks with Resnet. Besides, the generator is trained with deep supervision technology. The discriminator we designed is a CNN-based network with multi-scale L 1 loss, which is proved to be effective for medical semantic image segmentation. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we conducted exclusive experiments on BRATS2015 dataset, achieving comparable or better performance than previous state-of-the-art methods. On additional datasets, including BRATS2018 and BRATS2020, experimental results prove that our technique is capable of generalizing successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Huang
- The School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Enjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Chen
- The School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- The School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Senchun Chai
- The School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Baihai Zhang
- The School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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13
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Baur D, Kroboth K, Heyde CE, Voelker A. Convolutional Neural Networks in Spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2022; 166:60-70. [PMID: 35863650 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are being increasingly used in the medical field, especially for image recognition in high-resolution, large-volume data sets. The study represents the current state of research on the application of CNNs in image segmentation and pathology detection in spine magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS For this systematic literature review, the authors performed a systematic initial search of the PubMed/Medline and Web of Science (Core collection) databases for eligible investigations. The authors limited the search to observational studies. Outcome parameters were analyzed according to the inclusion criteria and assigned to 3 groups: 1) segmentation of anatomical structures, 2) segmentation and evaluation of pathologic structures, and 3) specific implementation of CNNs. RESULTS Twenty-four retrospectively designed articles met the inclusion criteria. Publication dates ranged from 2017 to 2021. In total, 14,065 patients with 113,110 analyzed images were included. Most authors trained their network with a training-to-testing ratio of 80/20, while all but 2 articles used 5- to 10-fold cross-validation. Nine articles compared their performance results with other neural networks and algorithms, and all 24 articles described outcomes as positive. CONCLUSIONS State-of-the-art CNNs can detect and segment-specific anatomical landmarks and pathologies across a wide range, comparable to the skills of radiologists and experienced clinicians. With rapidly evolving network architectures and growing medical image databases, the future is likely to show growth in the development and refinement of these capable networks. However, the aid of automated segmentation and classification by neural networks cannot and should not be expected to replace clinical experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baur
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Kroboth
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph-Eckhard Heyde
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Voelker
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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ALTUN S, ALKAN A. LUMBAR SPINAL STENOSIS ANALYSIS WITH DEEP LEARNING BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.1116423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar spinal stenosis is a disease with negative consequences and usually occurs in 3 vertebrae, disc and canal located in the lower back. In this region, the nerves in the canal can be exposed to pressure for various reasons, and diseases occur. Surgical operation is required to treat canal narrowing, and the exact location and size of the spinal stenosis is vital importance for the operation. The UNet model, which is an example of this network, can be further deeper using different deep learning networks. In this study, it is aimed to be the basis for the creation of a system that helps in the diagnosis of canal stenosis by using a deeper network. The ResUNET model, in which ResNet is used as the backbone, achieved an average IoU of 0.987. This result reveals that MR images can be used in segmentation for the diagnosis of Lumbar spinal stenosis.
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15
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Cheung JPY, Kuang X, Lai MKL, Cheung KMC, Karppinen J, Samartzis D, Wu H, Zhao F, Zheng Z, Zhang T. Learning-based fully automated prediction of lumbar disc degeneration progression with specified clinical parameters and preliminary validation. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:1960-1968. [PMID: 34657211 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-07020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) may be related to aging, biomechanical and genetic factors. Despite the extensive work on understanding its etiology, there is currently no automated tool for accurate prediction of its progression. PURPOSE We aim to establish a novel deep learning-based pipeline to predict the progression of LDD-related findings using lumbar MRIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized our dataset with MRIs acquired from 1,343 individual participants (taken at the baseline and the 5-year follow-up timepoint), and progression assessments (the Schneiderman score, disc bulging, and Pfirrmann grading) that were labelled by spine specialists with over ten years clinical experience. Our new pipeline was realized by integrating the MRI-SegFlow and the Visual Geometry Group-Medium (VGG-M) for automated disc region detection and LDD progression prediction correspondingly. The LDD progression was quantified by comparing the Schneiderman score, disc bulging and Pfirrmann grading at the baseline and at follow-up. A fivefold cross-validation was conducted to assess the predictive performance of the new pipeline. RESULTS Our pipeline achieved very good performances on the LDD progression prediction, with high progression prediction accuracy of the Schneiderman score (Accuracy: 90.2 ± 0.9%), disc bulging (Accuracy: 90.4% ± 1.1%), and Pfirrmann grading (Accuracy: 89.9% ± 2.1%). CONCLUSION This is the first attempt of using deep learning to predict LDD progression on a large dataset with 5-year follow-up. Requiring no human interference, our pipeline can potentially achieve similar predictive performances in new settings with minimal efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F Professorial Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Xihe Kuang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F Professorial Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Marcus Kin Long Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F Professorial Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Man-Chee Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F Professorial Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Il, USA.,International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, RUSH University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Honghan Wu
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Surgery, Zhejiang University Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F Professorial Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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16
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Zhao J, Sun L, Zhou X, Huang S, Si H, Zhang D. Residual-atrous attention network for lumbosacral plexus segmentation with MR image. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2022; 100:102109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2022.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Witkam RL, Buckens CF, van Goethem JWM, Vissers KCP, Henssen DJHA. The current role and future directions of imaging in failed back surgery syndrome patients: an educational review. Insights Imaging 2022; 13:117. [PMID: 35838802 PMCID: PMC9287525 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is an umbrella term referring to painful sensations experienced by patients after spinal surgery, mostly of neuropathic nature. Adequate treatment of FBSS is challenging, as its etiology is believed to be multifactorial and still not fully clarified. Accurate identification of the source of pain is difficult but pivotal to establish the most appropriate treatment strategy. Although the clinical utility of imaging in FBSS patients is still contentious, objective parameters are highly warranted to map different phenotypes of FBSS and tailor each subsequent therapy. MAIN BODY Since technological developments have weakened the applicability of prior research, this educational review outlined the recent evidence (i.e., from January 2005 onwards) after a systematic literature search. The state of the art on multiple imaging modalities in FBSS patients was reviewed. Future directions related to functional MRI and the development of imaging biomarkers have also been discussed. CONCLUSION Besides the fact that more imaging studies correlated with symptomatology in the postoperative setting are warranted, the current educational review outlined that contrast-enhanced MRI and MR neurography have been suggested as valuable imaging protocols to assess alterations in the spine of FBSS patients. The use of imaging biomarkers to study correlations between imaging features and symptomatology might hold future potential; however, more research is required before any promising hypotheses can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Witkam
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Constantinus F Buckens
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M van Goethem
- Department of Medical and Molecular Imaging, General Hospital Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Kris C P Vissers
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan J H A Henssen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Iqbal A, Sharif M, Yasmin M, Raza M, Aftab S. Generative adversarial networks and its applications in the biomedical image segmentation: a comprehensive survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION RETRIEVAL 2022; 11:333-368. [PMID: 35821891 PMCID: PMC9264294 DOI: 10.1007/s13735-022-00240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements with deep generative models have proven significant potential in the task of image synthesis, detection, segmentation, and classification. Segmenting the medical images is considered a primary challenge in the biomedical imaging field. There have been various GANs-based models proposed in the literature to resolve medical segmentation challenges. Our research outcome has identified 151 papers; after the twofold screening, 138 papers are selected for the final survey. A comprehensive survey is conducted on GANs network application to medical image segmentation, primarily focused on various GANs-based models, performance metrics, loss function, datasets, augmentation methods, paper implementation, and source codes. Secondly, this paper provides a detailed overview of GANs network application in different human diseases segmentation. We conclude our research with critical discussion, limitations of GANs, and suggestions for future directions. We hope this survey is beneficial and increases awareness of GANs network implementations for biomedical image segmentation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Iqbal
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Yasmin
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Raza
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan
| | - Shabib Aftab
- Department of Computer Science, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
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19
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20
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Wang D, Yang Z, Huang Z, Gu L. Spine Segmentation with Multi-view GCN and Boundary Constraint. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:2136-2139. [PMID: 36086540 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-class segmentation of vertebrae and inter-vertebral discs (IVDs) is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal diseases. However, it is still a challenge due to similarities between neighboring vertebrae of a subject and differences among the IVDs from different subjects. In this paper, we propose a novel spine segmentation framework to achieve automatic segmentation of vertebrae and IVDs in MR images. The core component of the new framework is a Multi-View GCN (MVGCN), which utilizes multi-view features and graph convolutional network (GCN) to reason about the relations of vertebrae and IVDs. We additionally use a boundary constraint for better segmentation of the boundary between vertebrae and IVDs. We test our method on a public spine dataset of 172 MR volumetric images for the vertebrae and IVDs segmentation. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our method. Code and models of our method will be available in the future.
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21
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Shanker RRBJ, Zhang MH, Ginat DT. Semantic Segmentation of Extraocular Muscles on Computed Tomography Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071553. [PMID: 35885459 PMCID: PMC9325103 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the orbit with measurement of extraocular muscle size can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect extraocular muscles. However, the manual measurement of extraocular muscle size can be time-consuming and tedious. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of deep learning algorithms in segmenting extraocular muscles and measuring muscle sizes from CT images. Consecutive CT scans of orbits from 210 patients between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 were used. Extraocular muscles were manually annotated in the studies, which were then used to train the deep learning algorithms. The proposed U-net algorithm can segment extraocular muscles on coronal slices of 32 test samples with an average dice score of 0.92. The thickness and area measurements from predicted segmentations had a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.35 mm and 3.87 mm2, respectively, with a corresponding mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 7 and 9%, respectively. On qualitative analysis of 32 test samples, 30 predicted segmentations from the U-net algorithm were accepted while 2 were rejected. Based on the results from quantitative and qualitative evaluation, this study demonstrates that CNN-based deep learning algorithms are effective at segmenting extraocular muscles and measuring muscles sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael H. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA; (R.R.B.J.S.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Daniel T. Ginat
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(773)-702-6039
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22
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Gao KT, Tibrewala R, Hess M, Bharadwaj UU, Inamdar G, Link TM, Chin CT, Pedoia V, Majumdar S. Automatic detection and voxel‐wise mapping of lumbar spine Modic changes with deep learning. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1204. [PMID: 35783915 PMCID: PMC9238279 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modic changes (MCs) are the most prevalent classification system for describing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity changes in the vertebrae. However, there is a growing need for novel quantitative and standardized methods of characterizing these anomalies, particularly for lesions of transitional or mixed nature, due to the lack of conclusive evidence of their associations with low back pain. This retrospective imaging study aims to develop an interpretable deep learning‐based detection tool for voxel‐wise mapping of MCs. Methods Seventy‐five lumbar spine MRI exams that presented with acute‐to‐chronic low back pain, radiculopathy, and other symptoms of the lumbar spine were enrolled. The pipeline consists of two deep convolutional neural networks to generate an interpretable voxel‐wise Modic map. First, an autoencoder was trained to segment vertebral bodies from T1‐weighted sagittal lumbar spine images. Next, two radiologists segmented and labeled MCs from a combined T1‐ and T2‐weighted assessment to serve as ground truth for training a second autoencoder that performs segmentation of MCs. The voxels in the detected regions were then categorized to the appropriate Modic type using a rule‐based signal intensity algorithm. Post hoc, three radiologists independently graded a second dataset with the aid of the model predictions in an artificial (AI)‐assisted experiment. Results The model successfully identified the presence of changes in 85.7% of samples in the unseen test set with a sensitivity of 0.71 (±0.072), specificity of 0.95 (±0.022), and Cohen's kappa score of 0.63. In the AI‐assisted experiment, the agreement between the junior radiologist and the senior neuroradiologist significantly improved from Cohen's kappa score of 0.52 to 0.58 (p < 0.05). Conclusions This deep learning‐based approach demonstrates substantial agreement with radiologists and may serve as a tool to improve inter‐rater reliability in the assessment of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T. Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Berkeley–University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering Berkeley California USA
| | - Radhika Tibrewala
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Madeline Hess
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Upasana U. Bharadwaj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Gaurav Inamdar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Cynthia T. Chin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Valentina Pedoia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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Qu B, Cao J, Qian C, Wu J, Lin J, Wang L, Ou-Yang L, Chen Y, Yan L, Hong Q, Zheng G, Qu X. Current development and prospects of deep learning in spine image analysis: a literature review. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:3454-3479. [PMID: 35655825 PMCID: PMC9131328 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE As the spine is pivotal in the support and protection of human bodies, much attention is given to the understanding of spinal diseases. Quick, accurate, and automatic analysis of a spine image greatly enhances the efficiency with which spine conditions can be diagnosed. Deep learning (DL) is a representative artificial intelligence technology that has made encouraging progress in the last 6 years. However, it is still difficult for clinicians and technicians to fully understand this rapidly evolving field due to the diversity of applications, network structures, and evaluation criteria. This study aimed to provide clinicians and technicians with a comprehensive understanding of the development and prospects of DL spine image analysis by reviewing published literature. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords "deep learning" and "spine". Date ranges used to conduct the search were from 1 January, 2015 to 20 March, 2021. A total of 79 English articles were reviewed. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS The DL technology has been applied extensively to the segmentation, detection, diagnosis, and quantitative evaluation of spine images. It uses static or dynamic image information, as well as local or non-local information. The high accuracy of analysis is comparable to that achieved manually by doctors. However, further exploration is needed in terms of data sharing, functional information, and network interpretability. CONCLUSIONS The DL technique is a powerful method for spine image analysis. We believe that, with the joint efforts of researchers and clinicians, intelligent, interpretable, and reliable DL spine analysis methods will be widely applied in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Qu
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianpeng Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Electronic Science, Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Department of Electronic Science, Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Ou-Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging of Southeast Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yongfa Chen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liyue Yan
- Department of Information & Computational Mathematics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center, China Mobile Group, Xiamen, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaobo Qu
- Department of Electronic Science, Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Karandikar P, Massaad E, Hadzipasic M, Kiapour A, Joshi RS, Shankar GM, Shin JH. Machine Learning Applications of Surgical Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Spine Disorders: Current State of the Art. Neurosurgery 2022; 90:372-382. [PMID: 35107085 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in machine learning (ML) methods demonstrate unparalleled potential for application in the spine. The ability for ML to provide diagnostic faculty, produce novel insights from existing capabilities, and augment or accelerate elements of surgical planning and decision making at levels equivalent or superior to humans will tremendously benefit spine surgeons and patients alike. In this review, we aim to provide a clinically relevant outline of ML-based technology in the contexts of spinal deformity, degeneration, and trauma, as well as an overview of commercial-level and precommercial-level surgical assist systems and decisional support tools. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential applications of generative networks before highlighting some of the limitations of ML applications. We conclude that ML in spine imaging represents a significant addition to the neurosurgeon's armamentarium-it has the capacity to directly address and manifest clinical needs and improve diagnostic and procedural quality and safety-but is yet subject to challenges that must be addressed before widespread implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramesh Karandikar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- T.H. Chan School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elie Massaad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Muhamed Hadzipasic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Kiapour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rushikesh S Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ganesh M Shankar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John H Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Short-Axis PET Image Quality Improvement by Attention CycleGAN Using Total-Body PET. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4247023. [PMID: 35368959 PMCID: PMC8975633 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4247023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quality of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is positively correlated with scanner sensitivity, which is closely related to the axial field of view (FOV). Conventional short-axis PET scanners (200–350 mm FOV) reduce the imaging quality during fast scanning (2–3 minutes) due to the limitation of FOV, which reduce the reliability of diagnosis. To overcome hardware limitations and improve the image quality of short-axis PET scanners, we propose a supervised deep learning model, CycleAGAN, which is based on a cycle-consistent adversarial network (CycleGAN). We introduced the attention mechanism into the generator and focus on channel and spatial representative features and supervised learning using pairs of data to maintain the spatial consistency of the generated images with the ground truth. The imaging information of 386 patients from Henan Provincial People's Hospital was prospectively included as the dataset in this study. The training data come from the total-body PET scanner uEXPLORER. The proposed CycleAGAN is compared with traditional gray-level-based methods and learning-based methods. The results confirm that CycleAGAN achieved the best results on SSIM and NRMSE and achieved the closest distribution to ground truth in expert rating. The proposed method is not only able to improve the image quality of PET scanners with 320 mm FOV but also achieved good results on shorter FOV scanners. Patients and radiologists can benefit from the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system integrated with CycleAGAN.
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Shi W, Xu T, Yang H, Xi Y, Du Y, Li J, Li J. Attention Gate based dual-pathway Network for Vertebra Segmentation of X-ray Spine images. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:3976-3987. [PMID: 35290194 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3158968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Automatic spine and vertebra segmentation from X-ray spine images is a critical and challenging problem in many computer-aid spinal image analysis and disease diagnosis applications. In this paper, a two-stage automatic segmentation framework for spine X-ray images is proposed, which can firstly locate the spine regions (including backbone, sacrum and illum) in the coarse stage and then identify eighteen vertebrae (i.e., cervical vertebra 1, thoracic vertebra 1-12 and lumbar vertebra 1-5) with isolate and clear boundary in the fine stage. A novel Attention Gate based dual-pathway Network (AGNet) composed of context and edge pathways is designed to extract semantic and boundary information for segmentation of both spine and vertebra regions. Multi-scale supervision mechanism is applied to explore comprehensive features and an Edge aware Fusion Mechanism (EFM) is proposed to fuse features extracted from the two pathways. Some other image processing skills, such as centralized backbone clipping, patch cropping and convex hull detection are introduced to further refine the vertebra segmentation results. Experimental validations on spine X-ray images dataset and vertebrae dataset suggest that the proposed AGNet achieves superior performance compared with state-of-the-art segmentation methods, and the coarse-to-fine framework can be implemented in real spinal diagnosis systems.
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27
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AI musculoskeletal clinical applications: how can AI increase my day-to-day efficiency? Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:293-304. [PMID: 34341865 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to bring greater efficiency in radiology by performing tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence, also at a much faster rate than human performance. In recent years, milestone deep learning models with unprecedented low error rates and high computational efficiency have shown remarkable performance for lesion detection, classification, and segmentation tasks. However, the growing field of AI has significant implications for radiology that are not limited to visual tasks. These are essential applications for optimizing imaging workflows and improving noninterpretive tasks. This article offers an overview of the recent literature on AI, focusing on the musculoskeletal imaging chain, including initial patient scheduling, optimized protocoling, magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction, image enhancement, medical image-to-image translation, and AI-aided image interpretation. The substantial developments of advanced algorithms, the emergence of massive quantities of medical data, and the interest of researchers and clinicians reveal the potential for the growing applications of AI to augment the day-to-day efficiency of musculoskeletal radiologists.
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28
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Bao P, Chen Z, Wang J, Dai D. Multiple agents’ spatiotemporal data generation based on recurrent regression dual discriminator GAN. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2021.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Xun S, Li D, Zhu H, Chen M, Wang J, Li J, Chen M, Wu B, Zhang H, Chai X, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Huang P. Generative adversarial networks in medical image segmentation: A review. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105063. [PMID: 34864584 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) was introduced into the field of deep learning in 2014, it has received extensive attention from academia and industry, and a lot of high-quality papers have been published. GAN effectively improves the accuracy of medical image segmentation because of its good generating ability and capability to capture data distribution. This paper introduces the origin, working principle, and extended variant of GAN, and it reviews the latest development of GAN-based medical image segmentation methods. METHOD To find the papers, we searched on Google Scholar and PubMed with the keywords like "segmentation", "medical image", and "GAN (or generative adversarial network)". Also, additional searches were performed on Semantic Scholar, Springer, arXiv, and the top conferences in computer science with the above keywords related to GAN. RESULTS We reviewed more than 120 GAN-based architectures for medical image segmentation that were published before September 2021. We categorized and summarized these papers according to the segmentation regions, imaging modality, and classification methods. Besides, we discussed the advantages, challenges, and future research directions of GAN in medical image segmentation. CONCLUSIONS We discussed in detail the recent papers on medical image segmentation using GAN. The application of GAN and its extended variants has effectively improved the accuracy of medical image segmentation. Obtaining the recognition of clinicians and patients and overcoming the instability, low repeatability, and uninterpretability of GAN will be an important research direction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Xun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Dengwang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China.
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Chen
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, The Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meirong Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Laibo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- LinkingMed Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfei Chai
- Huiying Medical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China.
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Xia Y, Ravikumar N, Frangi AF. Learning to Complete Incomplete Hearts for Population Analysis of Cardiac MR Images. Med Image Anal 2022; 77:102354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Gong H, Liu J, Chen B, Li S. ResAttenGAN: Simultaneous segmentation of multiple spinal structures on axial lumbar MRI image using residual attention and adversarial learning. Artif Intell Med 2022; 124:102243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Dong N, Kampffmeyer M, Liang X, Xu M, Voiculescu I, Xing E. Towards robust partially supervised multi-structure medical image segmentation on small-scale data. Appl Soft Comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Liu T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Sun M, Fan W, Bunger C, Wu C. A multi-scale keypoint estimation network with self-supervision for spinal curvature assessment of idiopathic scoliosis from the imperfect dataset. Artif Intell Med 2022; 125:102235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Autonomous localization and segmentation for body composition quantization on abdominal CT. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Real-time application based CNN architecture for automatic USCT bone image segmentation. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Joint segmentation and classification task via adversarial network: Application to HEp-2 cell images. Appl Soft Comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Karpiel I, Ziębiński A, Kluszczyński M, Feige D. A Survey of Methods and Technologies Used for Diagnosis of Scoliosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8410. [PMID: 34960509 PMCID: PMC8707023 DOI: 10.3390/s21248410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present diagnostic methods used in the diagnosis of scoliosis in the form of a brief review. This article aims to point out the advantages of select methods. This article focuses on general issues without elaborating on problems strictly related to physiotherapy and treatment methods, which may be the subject of further discussions. By outlining and categorizing each method, we summarize relevant publications that may not only help introduce other researchers to the field but also be a valuable source for studying existing methods, developing new ones or choosing evaluation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Karpiel
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, 118 Roosevelt, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Adam Ziębiński
- Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Marek Kluszczyński
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 4/8 Waszyngtona, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland;
| | - Daniel Feige
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, 118 Roosevelt, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
- Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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38
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Guo B, Zhou F, Liu B, Bai X. Voxel-Wise Adversarial FiboNet for 3D Cerebrovascular Segmentation on Magnetic Resonance Angiography Images. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756536. [PMID: 34899162 PMCID: PMC8660083 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular segmentation is important in various clinical applications, such as surgical planning and computer-aided diagnosis. In order to achieve high segmentation performance, three challenging problems should be taken into consideration: (1) large variations in vascular anatomies and voxel intensities; (2) severe class imbalance between foreground and background voxels; (3) image noise with different magnitudes. Limited accuracy was achieved without considering these challenges in deep learning-based methods for cerebrovascular segmentation. To overcome the limitations, we propose an end-to-end adversarial model called FiboNet-VANGAN. Specifically, our contributions can be summarized as follows: (1) to relieve the first problem mentioned above, a discriminator is proposed to regularize for voxel-wise distribution consistency between the segmentation results and the ground truth; (2) to mitigate the problem of class imbalance, we propose to use the addition of cross-entropy and Dice coefficient as the loss function of the generator. Focal loss is utilized as the loss function of the discriminator; (3) a new feature connection is proposed, based on which a generator called FiboNet is built. By incorporating Dice coefficient in the training of FiboNet, noise robustness can be improved by a large margin. We evaluate our method on a healthy magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) dataset to validate its effectiveness. A brain atrophy MRA dataset is also collected to test the performance of each method on abnormal cases. Results show that the three problems in cerebrovascular segmentation mentioned above can be alleviated and high segmentation accuracy can be achieved on both datasets using our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Fugen Zhou
- Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzhi Bai
- Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Pang S, Pang C, Su Z, Lin L, Zhao L, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Lu H, Feng Q. DGMSNet: Spine segmentation for MR image by a detection-guided mixed-supervised segmentation network. Med Image Anal 2021; 75:102261. [PMID: 34794095 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spine segmentation for magnetic resonance (MR) images is important for various spinal diseases diagnosis and treatment, yet is still a challenge due to the inter-class similarity, i.e., shape and appearance similarities appear in neighboring spinal structures. To reduce inter-class similarity, existing approaches focus on enhancing the semantic information of spinal structures in the supervised segmentation network, whose generalization is limited by the size of pixel-level annotated dataset. In this paper, we propose a novel detection-guided mixed-supervised segmentation network (DGMSNet) to achieve automated spine segmentation. DGMSNet consists of a segmentation path for generating the spine segmentation prediction and a detection path (i.e., regression network) for producing heatmaps prediction of keypoints. A detection-guided learner in the detection path is introduced to generate a dynamic parameter, which is employed to produce a semantic feature map for segmentation path by adaptive convolution. A mixed-supervised loss comprised of a weighted combination of segmentation loss and detection loss is utilized to train DGMSNet with a pixel-level annotated dataset and a keypoints-detection annotated dataset. During training, a series of models are trained with various loss weights. In inference, a detection-guided label fusion approach is proposed to integrate the segmentation predictions generated by those trained models according to the consistency of predictions from the segmentation path and detection path. Experiments on T2-weighted MR images show that DGMSNet achieves the state-of-the-art performance with mean Dice similarity coefficients of 94.39% and 87.21% for segmentations of 5 vertebral bodies and 5 intervertebral discs on the in-house and public datasets respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Pang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chunlan Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhihai Su
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Liyan Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yangfan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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40
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Zhang Y, Hu D, Zhao Q, Quan G, Liu J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Coatrieux G, Chen Y, Yu H. CLEAR: Comprehensive Learning Enabled Adversarial Reconstruction for Subtle Structure Enhanced Low-Dose CT Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:3089-3101. [PMID: 34270418 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3097808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is of great clinical significance in medical practice because it can provide anatomical information about the human body without invasion, while its radiation risk has continued to attract public concerns. Reducing the radiation dose may induce noise and artifacts to the reconstructed images, which will interfere with the judgments of radiologists. Previous studies have confirmed that deep learning (DL) is promising for improving low-dose CT imaging. However, almost all the DL-based methods suffer from subtle structure degeneration and blurring effect after aggressive denoising, which has become the general challenging issue. This paper develops the Comprehensive Learning Enabled Adversarial Reconstruction (CLEAR) method to tackle the above problems. CLEAR achieves subtle structure enhanced low-dose CT imaging through a progressive improvement strategy. First, the generator established on the comprehensive domain can extract more features than the one built on degraded CT images and directly map raw projections to high-quality CT images, which is significantly different from the routine GAN practice. Second, a multi-level loss is assigned to the generator to push all the network components to be updated towards high-quality reconstruction, preserving the consistency between generated images and gold-standard images. Finally, following the WGAN-GP modality, CLEAR can migrate the real statistical properties to the generated images to alleviate over-smoothing. Qualitative and quantitative analyses have demonstrated the competitive performance of CLEAR in terms of noise suppression, structural fidelity and visual perception improvement.
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41
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He J, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Yu P, Tang J. An evolvable adversarial network with gradient penalty for COVID-19 infection segmentation. Appl Soft Comput 2021; 113:107947. [PMID: 34658687 PMCID: PMC8507576 DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection segmentation has essential applications in determining the severity of a COVID-19 patient and can provide a necessary basis for doctors to adopt a treatment scheme. However, in clinical applications, infection segmentation is performed by human beings, which is time-consuming and generally introduces bias. In this paper, we developed a novel evolvable adversarial framework for COVID-19 infection segmentation. Three generator networks compose an evolutionary population to accommodate the current discriminator, i.e., generator networks evolved with different mutations instead of the single adversarial objective to provide sufficient gradient feedback. Compared with the existing work that enforces a Lipschitz constraint by weight clipping, which may lead to gradient exploding or vanishing, the proposed model also incorporates the gradient penalty into the network, penalizing the discriminator’s gradient norm input. Experiments on several COVID-19 CT scan datasets verified that the proposed method achieved superior effectiveness and stability for COVID-19 infection segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan He
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System, Wuhan, China
| | - Piaoyao Yu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Department of Health Administration and Policy George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
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42
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Liaskos M, Savelonas MA, Asvestas PA, Papageorgiou D, Matsopoulos GK. Vertebrae, IVD and spinal canal boundary extraction on MRI, utilizing CT-trained active shape models. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2021; 16:2201-2214. [PMID: 34643884 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-021-02502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertebrae, intervertebral disc (IVD) and spinal canal (SC) displacements are in the root of several spinal cord pathologies. The localization and boundary extraction of these structures, along with the quantification of their displacements, provide valuable clues for assessing each pathological condition. In this work, we propose a computational method for boundary extraction of vertebrae, IVD and SC in magnetic resonance images (MRI). METHOD Vertebrae shape priors derived from computed tomography (CT) images are used to guide vertebrae, IVD and SC boundary extraction in MRI. This strategy is dictated by three considerations: (1) CT is the modality of choice for highlighting solid structures such as vertebrae, (2) vertebrae boundaries indirectly impose constraints on the boundaries of neighbouring structures (IVD and SC), and (3) it can be observed that edges are similarly located in CT and MR images; therefore, gradient profiles and shape priors learned by active shape models (ASMs) from CT are also valid in MRI. RESULTS Experimental comparisons on two MR image datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach obtains segmentation results, which are comparable to the state of the art. Moreover, the adopted bimodal strategy is validated by demonstrating that CT-derived shape priors lead to more accurate boundary extraction than MRI-derived shape priors, even in the case of MR image applications. CONCLUSION Unlike existing bimodal methods, the proposed one is not dependent on the availability of CT/MR image pairs, which are not usually acquired from the same patient. In addition, unlike state-of-the-art deep learning-based methods, it is not dependent on large amounts of training data. The proposed method requires a limited amount of user intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meletios Liaskos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis A Savelonas
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece.
| | - Pantelis A Asvestas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George K Matsopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Liu J, Shen C, Aguilera N, Cukras C, Hufnagel RB, Zein WM, Liu T, Tam J. Active Cell Appearance Model Induced Generative Adversarial Networks for Annotation-Efficient Cell Segmentation and Identification on Adaptive Optics Retinal Images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:2820-2831. [PMID: 33507868 PMCID: PMC8548993 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3055483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Data annotation is a fundamental precursor for establishing large training sets to effectively apply deep learning methods to medical image analysis. For cell segmentation, obtaining high quality annotations is an expensive process that usually requires manual grading by experts. This work introduces an approach to efficiently generate annotated images, called "A-GANs", created by combining an active cell appearance model (ACAM) with conditional generative adversarial networks (C-GANs). ACAM is a statistical model that captures a realistic range of cell characteristics and is used to ensure that the image statistics of generated cells are guided by real data. C-GANs utilize cell contours generated by ACAM to produce cells that match input contours. By pairing ACAM-generated contours with A-GANs-based generated images, high quality annotated images can be efficiently generated. Experimental results on adaptive optics (AO) retinal images showed that A-GANs robustly synthesize realistic, artificial images whose cell distributions are exquisitely specified by ACAM. The cell segmentation performance using as few as 64 manually-annotated real AO images combined with 248 artificially-generated images from A-GANs was similar to the case of using 248 manually-annotated real images alone (Dice coefficients of 88% for both). Finally, application to rare diseases in which images exhibit never-seen characteristics demonstrated improvements in cell segmentation without the need for incorporating manual annotations from these new retinal images. Overall, A-GANs introduce a methodology for generating high quality annotated data that statistically captures the characteristics of any desired dataset and can be used to more efficiently train deep-learning-based medical image analysis applications.
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Shinde JV, Joshi YV, Manthalkar RR, Joshi. Machine learning-based approach for segmentation of intervertebral disc degeneration from lumbar section of spine using MRI images. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2020-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Intervertebral disc segmentation is one of the methods to diagnose spinal disease through the degeneration in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Even though numerous intervertebral disc segmentation techniques are available, classifying the grades in the intervertebral disc is a hectic challenge in the existing disc segmentation methods. Thus, an effective Whale Spine-Generative Adversarial Network (WSpine-GAN) method is proposed to segment the intervertebral disc for effective grade classification.
Methods
The proposed WSpine-GAN method effectively performs the disc segmentation, wherein the weights of Spine-GAN are optimally tuned using Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Then, the refined disc features, such as pixel-based features and the connectivity features are extracted. Finally, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier based on the pfirrmann’s grading system performs the grade classification.
Results
The implementation of the grade classification strategy based on the proposed WSpine-GAN and KNN is performed using the real-time database, and the performance based on the metrics yielded the accuracy, true positive rate (TPR), and false positive rate (FPR) values of 97.778, 97.83, and 0.586% for the training percentage and 92.382, 90.580, and 1.972% for the K-fold value.
Conclusions
The proposed WSpine-GAN method effectively performs the disc segmentation by integrating the Spine-GANmethod and WOA. Here, the spinal cord images are segmented using the proposed WSpine-GAN method by tuning the weights optimally to enhance the performance of the disc segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yashwant V. Joshi
- Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology , Vishnupuri , Nanded , Maharashtra , India
| | - Ramchandra R. Manthalkar
- Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology , Vishnupuri , Nanded , Maharashtra , India
| | - Joshi
- M.G.M.’s College of Engineering Kamothe , Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
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Shen H, Huang J, Zheng Q, Zhu Z, Lv X, Liu Y, Wang Y. A Deep-Learning-Based, Fully Automated Program to Segment and Quantify Major Spinal Components on Axial Lumbar Spine Magnetic Resonance Images. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6124778. [PMID: 33517461 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paraspinal muscles have been extensively studied on axial lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for better understanding of back pain; however, the acquisition of measurements mainly relies on manual segmentation, which is time consuming. The study objective was to develop and validate a deep-learning-based program for automated acquisition of quantitative measurements for major lumbar spine components on axial lumbar MRIs, the paraspinal muscles in particular. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional observational design. From the Hangzhou Lumbar Spine Study, T2-weighted axial MRIs at the L4-5 disk level of 120 participants (aged 54.8 years [SD = 15.0]) were selected to develop the deep-learning-based program Spine Explorer (Tulong). Another 30 axial lumbar MRIs were automatically measured by Spine Explorer and then manually measured using ImageJ to acquire quantitative size and compositional measurements for bilateral multifidus, erector spinae, and psoas muscles; the disk; and the spinal canal. Intersection-over-union and Dice score were used to evaluate the performance of automated segmentation. Intraclass coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine intersoftware agreements for various measurements. RESULTS After training, Spine Explorer (Tulong) measures an axial lumbar MRI in 1 second. The intersections-over-union were 83.3% to 88.4% for the paraspinal muscles and 92.2% and 82.1% for the disk and spinal canal, respectively. For various size and compositional measurements of paraspinal muscles, Spine Explorer (Tulong) was in good agreement with ImageJ (intraclass coefficient = 0.85 to approximately 0.99). CONCLUSION Spine Explorer (Tulong) is automated, efficient, and reliable in acquiring quantitative measurements for the paraspinal muscles, the disk, and the canal, and various size and compositional measurements were simultaneously obtained for the lumbar paraspinal muscles. IMPACT Such an automated program might encourage further epidemiological studies of the lumbar paraspinal muscle degeneration and enhance paraspinal muscle assessment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Shen
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zheng
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Lv
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Control Science, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Gong H, Liu J, Li S, Chen B. Axial-SpineGAN: simultaneous segmentation and diagnosis of multiple spinal structures on axial magnetic resonance imaging images. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33887718 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abfad9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Providing a simultaneous segmentation and diagnosis of the spinal structures on axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images has significant value for subsequent pathological analyses and clinical treatments. However, this task remains challenging, owing to the significant structural diversity, subtle differences between normal and abnormal structures, implicit borders, and insufficient training data. In this study, we propose an innovative network framework called 'Axial-SpineGAN' comprising a generator, discriminator, and diagnostor, aiming to address the above challenges, and to achieve simultaneous segmentation and disease diagnosis for discs, neural foramens, thecal sacs, and posterior arches on axial MRI images. The generator employs an enhancing feature fusion module to generate discriminative features, i.e. to address the challenges regarding the significant structural diversity and subtle differences between normal and abnormal structures. An enhancing border alignment module is employed to obtain an accurate pixel classification of the implicit borders. The discriminator employs an adversarial learning module to effectively strengthen the higher-order spatial consistency, and to avoid overfitting owing to insufficient training data. The diagnostor employs an automated diagnosis module to provide automated recognition of spinal diseases. Extensive experiments demonstrate that these modules have positive effects on improving the segmentation and diagnosis accuracies. Additionally, the results indicate that Axial-SpineGAN has the highest Dice similarity coefficient (94.9% ± 1.8%) in terms of the segmentation accuracy and highest accuracy rate (93.9% ± 2.6%) in terms of the diagnosis accuracy, thereby outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods. Therefore, our proposed Axial-SpineGAN is effective and potential as a clinical tool for providing an automated segmentation and disease diagnosis for multiple spinal structures on MRI images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- University of Western, Department of Medical Imaging and Medical Biophysics, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Bo Chen
- Western University, School of Health Science, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
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Detection of Degenerative Changes on MR Images of the Lumbar Spine with a Convolutional Neural Network: A Feasibility Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050902. [PMID: 34069362 PMCID: PMC8158737 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on multiple MR imaging features of the lumbar spine, to detect a variety of different degenerative changes of the lumbar spine. One hundred and forty-six consecutive patients underwent routine clinical MRI of the lumbar spine including T2-weighted imaging and were retrospectively analyzed using a CNN for detection and labeling of vertebrae, disc segments, as well as presence of disc herniation, disc bulging, spinal canal stenosis, nerve root compression, and spondylolisthesis. The assessment of a radiologist served as the diagnostic reference standard. We assessed the CNN’s diagnostic accuracy and consistency using confusion matrices and McNemar’s test. In our data, 77 disc herniations (thereof 46 further classified as extrusions), 133 disc bulgings, 35 spinal canal stenoses, 59 nerve root compressions, and 20 segments with spondylolisthesis were present in a total of 888 lumbar spine segments. The CNN yielded a perfect accuracy score for intervertebral disc detection and labeling (100%), and moderate to high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of disc herniations (87%; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.89), extrusions (86%; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.89), bulgings (76%; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.78), spinal canal stenoses (98%; 95% CI: 0.97, 0.99), nerve root compressions (91%; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.92), and spondylolisthesis (87.61%; 95% CI: 85.26, 89.21), respectively. Our data suggest that automatic diagnosis of multiple different degenerative changes of the lumbar spine is feasible using a single comprehensive CNN. The CNN provides high diagnostic accuracy for intervertebral disc labeling and detection of clinically relevant degenerative changes such as spinal canal stenosis and disc extrusion of the lumbar spine.
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Shin Y, Yang J, Lee YH. Deep Generative Adversarial Networks: Applications in Musculoskeletal Imaging. Radiol Artif Intell 2021; 3:e200157. [PMID: 34136816 PMCID: PMC8204145 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.2021200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, deep learning techniques have been applied in musculoskeletal radiology to increase the diagnostic potential of acquired images. Generative adversarial networks (GANs), which are deep neural networks that can generate or transform images, have the potential to aid in faster imaging by generating images with a high level of realism across multiple contrast and modalities from existing imaging protocols. This review introduces the key architectures of GANs as well as their technical background and challenges. Key research trends are highlighted, including: (a) reconstruction of high-resolution MRI; (b) image synthesis with different modalities and contrasts; (c) image enhancement that efficiently preserves high-frequency information suitable for human interpretation; (d) pixel-level segmentation with annotation sharing between domains; and (e) applications to different musculoskeletal anatomies. In addition, an overview is provided of the key issues wherein clinical applicability is challenging to capture with conventional performance metrics and expert evaluation. When clinically validated, GANs have the potential to improve musculoskeletal imaging. Keywords: Adults and Pediatrics, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Computer Applications-General (Informatics), Informatics, Skeletal-Appendicular, Skeletal-Axial, Soft Tissues/Skin © RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiRang Shin
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science (CCIDS), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 220-701, Republic of Korea (Y.S., J.Y., Y.H.L.); Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei (SysMolRaY), Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.); and Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.)
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science (CCIDS), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 220-701, Republic of Korea (Y.S., J.Y., Y.H.L.); Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei (SysMolRaY), Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.); and Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.)
| | - Young Han Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science (CCIDS), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 220-701, Republic of Korea (Y.S., J.Y., Y.H.L.); Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei (SysMolRaY), Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.); and Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.Y.)
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Wang M, Zhu W, Yu K, Chen Z, Shi F, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Peng Y, Bao D, Feng S, Ye L, Xiang D, Chen X. Semi-Supervised Capsule cGAN for Speckle Noise Reduction in Retinal OCT Images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:1168-1183. [PMID: 33395391 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3048975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Speckle noise is the main cause of poor optical coherence tomography (OCT) image quality. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown remarkable performances for speckle noise reduction. However, speckle noise denoising still meets great challenges because the deep learning-based methods need a large amount of labeled data whose acquisition is time-consuming or expensive. Besides, many CNNs-based methods design complex structure based networks with lots of parameters to improve the denoising performance, which consume hardware resources severely and are prone to overfitting. To solve these problems, we propose a novel semi-supervised learning based method for speckle noise denoising in retinal OCT images. First, to improve the model's ability to capture complex and sparse features in OCT images, and avoid the problem of a great increase of parameters, a novel capsule conditional generative adversarial network (Caps-cGAN) with small number of parameters is proposed to construct the semi-supervised learning system. Then, to tackle the problem of retinal structure information loss in OCT images caused by lack of detailed guidance during unsupervised learning, a novel joint semi-supervised loss function composed of unsupervised loss and supervised loss is proposed to train the model. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed semi-supervised method is suitable for retinal OCT images collected from different OCT devices and can achieve better performance even only using half of the training data.
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Automatic lumbar spinal MRI image segmentation with a multi-scale attention network. Neural Comput Appl 2021; 33:11589-11602. [PMID: 33723476 PMCID: PMC7945623 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-05856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a lumbar disease with a high incidence in recent years. Accurate segmentation of the vertebral body, lamina and dural sac is a key step in the diagnosis of LSS. This study presents an lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging image segmentation method based on deep learning. In addition, we define the quantitative evaluation methods of two clinical indicators (that is the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal and the cross-sectional area of the dural sac) to assist LSS diagnosis. To improve the segmentation performance, a dual-branch multi-scale attention module is embedded into the network. It contains multi-scale feature extraction based on three 3 × 3 convolution operators and vital information selection based on attention mechanism. In the experiment, we used lumbar datasets from the spine surgery department of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University to evaluate the effect of the method embedded the dual-branch multi-scale attention module. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the average dice similarity coefficient was improved from 0.9008 to 0.9252 and the average surface distance was decreased from 6.40 to 2.71 mm.
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