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Boonyuen U, Jacob BAC, Wongwigkan J, Chamchoy K, Singha-Art N, Pengsuk N, Songdej D, Adams ER, Edwards T, Chamnanchanunt S, Amran SI, Latif NA, Louis NE, Chandran S. Genetic analysis and molecular basis of G6PD deficiency among malaria patients in Thailand: implications for safe use of 8-aminoquinolines. Malar J 2024; 23:38. [PMID: 38308253 PMCID: PMC10835850 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was hypothesized that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency confers a protective effect against malaria infection, however, safety concerns have been raised regarding haemolytic toxicity caused by radical cure with 8-aminoquinolines in G6PD-deficient individuals. Malaria elimination and control are also complicated by the high prevalence of G6PD deficiency in malaria-endemic areas. Hence, accurate identification of G6PD deficiency is required to identify those who are eligible for malaria treatment using 8-aminoquinolines. METHODS The prevalence of G6PD deficiency among 408 Thai participants diagnosed with malaria by microscopy (71), and malaria-negative controls (337), was assessed using a phenotypic test based on water-soluble tetrazolium salts. High-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis was developed from a previous study to enable the detection of 15 common missense, synonymous and intronic G6PD mutations in Asian populations. The identified mutations were subjected to biochemical and structural characterisation to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying enzyme deficiency. RESULTS Based on phenotypic testing, the prevalence of G6PD deficiency (< 30% activity) was 6.13% (25/408) and intermediate deficiency (30-70% activity) was found in 15.20% (62/408) of participants. Several G6PD genotypes with newly discovered double missense variants were identified by HRM assays, including G6PD Gaohe + Viangchan, G6PD Valladolid + Viangchan and G6PD Canton + Viangchan. A significantly high frequency of synonymous (c.1311C>T) and intronic (c.1365-13T>C and c.486-34delT) mutations was detected with intermediate to normal enzyme activity. The double missense mutations were less catalytically active than their corresponding single missense mutations, resulting in severe enzyme deficiency. While the mutations had a minor effect on binding affinity, structural instability was a key contributor to the enzyme deficiency observed in G6PD-deficient individuals. CONCLUSIONS With varying degrees of enzyme deficiency, G6PD genotyping can be used as a complement to phenotypic screening to identify those who are eligible for 8-aminoquinolines. The information gained from this study could be useful for management and treatment of malaria, as well as for the prevention of unanticipated reactions to certain medications and foods in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Beatriz Aira C Jacob
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Wongwigkan
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Chamchoy
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natsamon Singha-Art
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnicha Pengsuk
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duantida Songdej
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emily R Adams
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Supat Chamnanchanunt
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syazwani Itri Amran
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nurriza Ab Latif
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Naveen Eugene Louis
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Shamini Chandran
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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SU LONG, LIN ZHEXUAN, LI HUI, LUO HONGJUN, LUO WENHONG. Divicine induces endothelial cells injury and its potential mechanism. BIOCELL 2022; 46:1725-1732. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2022.018508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LONG SU
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 51500, China
| | | | | | | | - WENHONG LUO
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 51500, China
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Zheng Y, Wang J, Liang X, Huang H, Ma Y, Lin L, Wang C, Zhan X, Yang L, Zha G, Yang P, Zou X, Chen Z, Chen X, Chen W, Liu X, Lin M. Epidemiology, evolutionary origin, and malaria-induced positive selection effects of G6PD-deficient alleles in Chinese populations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1540. [PMID: 33128437 PMCID: PMC7767544 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common inherited disorder in the Chinese population, there is scarce evidence regarding the epidemiology, evolutionary origin, and malaria-induced positive selection effects of G6PD-deficient alleles in various Chinese ethnic populations. METHODS We performed a large population-based screening (n = 15,690) to examine the impact of selection on human nucleotide diversity and to infer the evolutionary history of the most common deficiency alleles in Chinese populations. RESULTS The frequencies of G6PD deficiency ranged from 0% to 11.6% in 12 Chinese ethnic populations. A frequency map based on geographic information showed that G6PD deficiency was highly correlated with historical malaria prevalence in China and was affected by altitude and latitude. The five most frequently occurring G6PD gene variants were NM_001042351.3:c.1376G>T, NM_001042351.3:c.1388G>A, NM_001042351.3:c.95A>G, NM_001042351.3:c.1311T>C, and NM_001042351.3:c.1024C>T, which were distributed with ethnic features. A pathogenic but rarely reported variant site (NM_001042351.3:c.448G>A) was identified in this study. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a strong and recent positive selection targeting the NM_001042351.3:c.1376G>T allele that originated in the past 3125 to 3750 years and another selection targeting the NM_001042351.3:c.1388G>A allele that originated in the past 5000 to 6000 years. Additionally, both alleles originated from a single ancestor. CONCLUSION These results indicate that malaria has had a major impact on the Chinese genome since the introduction of rice agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Zheng
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Junli Wang
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaiseChina
| | - Xueyan Liang
- Department of Medical GeneticsShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Huiying Huang
- Department of Medical GeneticsShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yanbo Ma
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Liyun Lin
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaiseChina
| | - Xiaofen Zhan
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Liye Yang
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Guangcai Zha
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Peikui Yang
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Xianghui Zou
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Zikai Chen
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Xinyao Chen
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiangzhi Liu
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
| | - Min Lin
- School of Food Engineering and BiotechnologyHanshan Normal UniversityChaozhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
- Department of Medical LaboratoryChaozhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical CollegeChaozhouGuangdongChina
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Devendra R, Gupta V, Shanmugam R, Singh MPSS, Patel P, Valecha N, Mishra N, Ahmed N, Hoti SL, Hegde HV, Warang P, Chiddarwar A, Kedar P, Mayekar P, Mukherjee MB. Prevalence and spectrum of mutations causing G6PD deficiency in Indian populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104597. [PMID: 33069889 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human erythroenzymopathy affecting around 10% of the world population. India is endemic for malaria and antimalarial drugs are known to induce haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. Here we report the prevalence as well as the molecular diversity of G6PD deficiency in geographical regions of India. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 20,896 individuals (11,838 males and 9058 females) were screened by DPIP dye decolorisation method followed by quantitation of G6PD enzyme activity on the suspected samples. Molecular analysis was undertaken in a total of 350 G6PD deficient individuals by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. A structural characteristic of the novel variant was deduced by using DynaMut web-server. The prevalence rate of G6PD deficiency varied between 0.8 and 6.3% with an overall prevalence of 1.9%. A total of twelve mutations were identified. Of the total deleterious alleles detected G6PD Orissa (56.5%) was found to be the most predominant variant followed by G6PD Mediterranean (23.6%). G6PD Mediterranean, G6PD Kaiping and G6PD Mahidol were found to be severely deficient variant and 14.1% of them showed undetectable activity. A novel mutation c.544C➔G (R182G) in exon 6 was identified in one tribal male where substitution of arginine by glycine, likely causes the alteration in the alpha helix leading to disruption of secondary structure of the protein. CONCLUSION There are large differences in the distribution of G6PD causal variants between Indian states, and this may have implications for the treatment in the malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Devendra
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Vinodkumar Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - M P S S Singh
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Purushottam Patel
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - S L Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Nehru Nagar, Belgavi, Karnataka 590010, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Nehru Nagar, Belgavi, Karnataka 590010, India
| | - Prashant Warang
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Ashish Chiddarwar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Prabhakar Kedar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Pramod Mayekar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Malay B Mukherjee
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India.
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Marasini B, Lal BK, Thapa S, Awasthi KR, Bajracharya B, Khanal P, Neupane S, Jha SN, Acharya S, Iama S, Koirala M, Koirala D, Bhandari S, Mahato RK, Chaudhary A, Ghimire P, Magar RG, Bhattarai RK, Gornsawun G, Penpitchaporn P, Bancone G, Acharya BP. G6PD deficiency in malaria endemic areas of Nepal. Malar J 2020; 19:287. [PMID: 32787970 PMCID: PMC7425560 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is currently a threat to malaria elimination due to risk of primaquine-induced haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends G6PD screening before providing primaquine as a radical treatment against vivax malaria. However, evidence regarding the prevalence and causing mutations of G6PD deficiency in Nepal is scarce. Methods A cross-sectional, population-based, prevalence study was carried out from May to October 2016 in 12 malaria-endemic districts of Nepal. The screening survey included 4067 participants whose G6PD status was determined by G6PD Care Start™ rapid diagnostic test and genotyping. Results The prevalence of G6PD deficiency at the national level was 3.5% (4.1% among males and 2.1% among females). When analysed according to ethnic groups, G6PD deficiency was highest among the Janajati (6.2% overall, 17.6% in Mahatto, 7.7% in Chaudhary and 7.5% in Tharu) and low among Brahman and Chhetri (1.3%). District-wise, prevalence was highest in Banke (7.6%) and Chitwan (6.6%). Coimbra mutation (592 C>T) was found among 75.5% of the G6PD-deficient samples analysed and Mahidol (487 G>A) and Mediterranean (563 C>T) mutations were found in equal proportions in the remaining 24.5%. There was no specific geographic or ethnic distribution for the three mutations. Conclusions This study has identified populations with moderate to high prevalence of G6PD deficiency which provides strong evidence supporting the WHO recommendations to screen G6PD deficiency at health facility level before the use of primaquine-based radical curative regimen for Plasmodium vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baburam Marasini
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Kumar Lal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suman Thapa
- Save The Children, Global Fund, Airport, Shambhu Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kiran Raj Awasthi
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bajracharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Pratik Khanal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Neupane
- Save The Children, Global Fund, Airport, Shambhu Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shambhu Nath Jha
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjaya Acharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Smriti Iama
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madan Koirala
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dinesh Koirala
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suresh Bhandari
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arun Chaudhary
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pramin Ghimire
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rahachan Gharti Magar
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Gornpan Gornsawun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Pimsupah Penpitchaporn
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Germana Bancone
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Bhim Prasad Acharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Fine Mapping of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in a Rural Malaria Area of South West Odisha Using the Clinical, Hematological and Molecular Approach. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020015. [PMID: 32180910 PMCID: PMC7059741 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to enumerate the clinical, hematological, and molecular spectrum of G6PD deficiency in malaria endemic regions of south west Odisha. Methods Diagnosis of G6PD deficiency was made by using the Di-chloroindophenol Dye test in two south west districts (Kalahandi and Rayagada) of Odisha State. Demographic and clinical history was taken from each individual using a pre-structured questionnaire. Molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency was done using PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 1981 individuals were screened; among them, 59 (2.97%) individuals were G6PD deficient. The analysis revealed that G6PD deficiency was more among males (4.0%) as compared to females (2.3%). Prevalence of G6PD deficiency was significantly higher among tribal populations (4.8%) as compared to non-tribal populations (2.4%) (p=0.012, OR=2.014, 95%CI=1.206–3.365). Twenty four individuals with G6PD deficiency had mild to moderate anemia, whereas 26 G6PD deficient individuals had a history of malaria infection. Among them, 3 (11.5%) required blood transfusion during treatment. Molecular analysis revealed G6PD Orissa as the most common (88%) mutation in the studied cohort. G6PD Kaiping (n=3), G6PD Coimbra (n=2) and G6PD Union (n=1) were also noted in this cohort. Conclusion The cumulative prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the present study is below the estimated national prevalence. G6PD deficiency was higher among tribes as compared to non-tribes. Clinical significance for G6PD deficiency was noted only in malaria infected individuals. Rare G6PD Kaiping and G6PD Union variants were also present.
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Ha J, Martinson R, Iwamoto SK, Nishi A. Hemoglobin E, malaria and natural selection. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:232-241. [PMID: 31890210 PMCID: PMC6925914 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is known that there has been positive natural selection for hemoglobin S and C in humans despite negative health effects, due to its role in malaria resistance. However, it is not well understood, if there has been natural selection for hemoglobin E (HbE), which is a common variant in Southeast Asia. Therefore, we reviewed previous studies and discussed the potential role of natural selection in the prevalence of HbE. Our review shows that in vitro studies, evolutionary genetics studies and epidemiologic studies largely support an involvement of natural selection in the evolution of HbE and a protective role of HbE against malaria infection. However, the evidence is inconsistent, provided from different regions, and insufficient to perform an aggregated analysis such as a meta-analysis. In addition, few candidate gene, genome-wide association or epistasis studies, which have been made possible with the use of big data in the post-genomic era, have investigated HbE. The biological pathways linking HbE and malaria infection have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, further research is necessary before it can be concluded that there was positive natural selection for HbE due to protection against malaria. Lay summary: Our review shows that evidence largely supports an involvement of natural selection in the evolution of HbE and a protective role of HbE against malaria. However, the evidence is not consistent. Further research is necessary before it is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Ha
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ryan Martinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Sage K Iwamoto
- College of Letters & Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2930, USA
| | - Akihiro Nishi
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Tel: +1-310-206-7164; Fax: +1-310-206-6039; E-mail:
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Babalola MO, Imaga NA, Samuel TA, Diriwari IP, Kolade O, Ezeamalu I, Laoye AO, Ojewunmi OO. Genetic Polymorphisms of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Lagos, Nigeria. Hemoglobin 2018; 42:47-50. [PMID: 29493303 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2018.1434196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an essential enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that prevents oxidative damage to cells. This study determined the genotypic and allelic frequencies of G6PD G202A and A376G and also investigated correlation between G6PD polymorphisms and hemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes in children in Lagos, Nigeria. Seventy-eight children [55 with Hb AA (βΑ/βA) and 23 with Hb AS (βΑ/βS) trait] and 65 Hb SS (βS/βS) (HBB: c.20A>T) subjects in steady state with age range between 5-15 years were recruited for the study. Hemoglobin phenotypes of all study participants were carried out using alkaline electrophoresis and solubility tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) was used to determine the G202A and the A376G mutations of the G6PD gene. The genotype and allele distributions of G6PD G202A and A376G according to the Hb phenotypes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The minor allele frequency 202A was 0.15 (15.0%) and 0.14 (14.0%) in cases and controls, respectively. The overall frequency of 376G allele in the case group was 0.35 (35.0%) and 0.38 (38.0%) in the control group. No statistical significance was observed in the genotype and allele distributions of A376G in both the case and control groups (p > 0.05). The G6PD A- frequency in Hb SS subjects and the control group were 6.2 and 2.6%, respectively. G6PD G202A and A376G polymorphisms were not associated with Hb phenotypes and the allele distributions of 202A and 376G in this study are typical of West African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa O Babalola
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Ngozi A Imaga
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Titilola A Samuel
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Iyanu P Diriwari
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke Kolade
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Irene Ezeamalu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Adefioye O Laoye
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Oyesola O Ojewunmi
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria.,b Sickle Cell Foundation Nigeria , Lagos , Nigeria
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Deng Z, Yang F, Bai Y, He L, Li Q, Wu Y, Luo L, Li H, Ma L, Yang Z, He Y, Cui L. Co-inheritance of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency mutations and hemoglobin E in a Kachin population in a malaria-endemic region of Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177917. [PMID: 28531196 PMCID: PMC5439682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and hemoglobin E (HbE, β26 Glu-Lys) are two common red cell disorders in Southeast Asia. G6PD deficiency produces hemolytic anemia, which can be triggered by certain drugs or infections. HbE is asymptomatic or is manifested as microcytic, minimally hemolytic anemia. The association between G6PD deficiency and HbE is little understood. This study aimed to investigate G6PD deficiency and HbE in a Kachin ethnic group in the China-Myanmar border area. G6PD enzyme activity was measured using a quantitative G6PD assay, G6PD variants genotyped by the SNaPshot assay, and an HbE gene mutation identified by an amplification refractory mutation system and subsequently confirmed by using a reverse dot blot hybridization assay from 100 unrelated individuals in the study area. G6PD enzyme activity ranged from 0.4 to 24.7 U/g Hb, and six males had severe G6PD deficiency (<0.12-1.2 U/g Hb), while six males and 12 females had mild G6PD deficiency (>1.2-4.5 U/g Hb). Among the 24 G6PD-deficient subjects, 22 (92%) had the Mahidol 487G>A mutation (12 male hemizygotes, one female homozygote, and nine female heterozygotes), while the G6PD genotypes in two female subjects were unknown. HbE was identified in 39 subjects (20 males and 19 females), including 15 HbEE (seven males and eight females) and 24 HbAE (13 males and 11 females). Twenty-three subjects co-inherited both G6PD deficiency and HbE (22 with HbAE and one with HbEE). Whereas mean Hb levels were not significantly different between the HbA and HbE groups, G6PD-deficient males had significantly lower Hb levels than G6PD-normal males (P < 0.05, t-test). However, it is noteworthy that two G6PD-deficient hemizygous males with HbAE were severely anemic with Hb levels below 50 g/L. This study revealed high prevalence of co-inheritance of G6PD deficiency with HbAE in the Kachin ethnicity, and a potential interaction of the G6PD Mahidol 487G>A and HbAE in males leading to severe anemia. The presence of 6% males with severe G6PD deficiency raised a major concern in the use of primaquine for radical cure of vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshuai Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lijun He
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yanrui Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Limei Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yongshu He
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (LC)
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YH); (LC)
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10
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Plewes K, Soontarawirat I, Ghose A, Bancone G, Kingston HWF, Herdman MT, Leopold SJ, Ishioka H, Faiz MA, Anstey NM, Day NPJ, Hossain MA, Imwong M, Dondorp AM, Woodrow CJ. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of G6PD deficiency in Bengali adults with severe and uncomplicated malaria. Malar J 2017; 16:134. [PMID: 28356147 PMCID: PMC5372272 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of malaria increasingly involves administration of 8-aminoquinolines, with accompanying risk of haemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Few data on the prevalence and genotypic basis of G6PD deficiency are available from Bangladesh, where malaria remains a major problem in the South (Chittagong Division). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency, and associated G6PD genotypes, in adults with falciparum malaria in southern Bangladesh. METHODS G6PD status was assessed via a combination of fluorescent spot testing (FST) and genotyping in 141 Bengali patients admitted with falciparum malaria to two centres in Chittagong Division from 2012 to 2014. In addition, an analysis of genomic data from 1000 Genomes Project was carried out among five healthy Indian subcontinent populations. RESULTS One male patient with uncomplicated malaria was found to have G6PD deficiency on FST and a genotype associated with deficiency (hemizygous Orissa variant). In addition, there were two female patients heterozygous for deficiency variants (Orissa and Kerala-Kalyan). These three patients had a relatively long duration of symptoms prior to admission compared to G6PD normal cases, possibly suggesting an interaction with parasite multiplication rate. In addition, one of 27 healthy local controls was deficient on FST and hemizygous for the Mahidol variant of G6PD deficiency. Examination of 1000 Genomes Project sequencing data across the Indian subcontinent showed that 19/723 chromosomes (2.63%) carried a variant associated with deficiency. In the Bengali from Bangladesh 1000 Genomes population, three of 130 chromosomes (2.31%) carried deficient alleles; this included single chromosomes carrying the Kerala-Kalyan and Orissa variants. CONCLUSIONS In line with other recent work, G6PD deficiency is uncommon in Bengalis in Bangladesh. Further studies of particular ethnic groups are needed to evaluate the potential risk of wide deployment of primaquine in malaria control efforts in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Plewes
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ingfar Soontarawirat
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aniruddha Ghose
- Department of Medicine, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Germana Bancone
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Hugh W F Kingston
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - M Trent Herdman
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Stije J Leopold
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Haruhiko Ishioka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Md Abul Faiz
- Malaria Research Group, and Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Md Amir Hossain
- Department of Medicine, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles J Woodrow
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Mukherjee MB, Colah RB, Martin S, Ghosh K. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among tribal populations of India - Country scenario. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:516-20. [PMID: 26139767 PMCID: PMC4510748 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that the tribal people, who constitute 8.6 per cent of the total population (2011 census of India), are the original inhabitants of India. Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked genetic defect, affecting around 400 million people worldwide and is characterized by considerable biochemical and molecular heterogeneity. Deficiency of this enzyme is highly polymorphic in those areas where malaria is/has been endemic. G6PD deficiency was reported from India more than 50 years ago. t0 he prevalence varies from 2.3 to 27.0 per cent with an overall prevalence of 7.7 per cent in different tribal groups. Since the tribal populations live in remote areas where malaria is/has been endemic, irrational use of antimalarial drugs could result in an increased number of cases with drug induced haemolysis. Therefore, before giving antimalarial therapy, routine screening for G6PD deficiency should be undertaken in those tribal communities where its prevalence is high.
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12
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Jamornthanyawat N, Awab GR, Tanomsing N, Pukrittayakamee S, Yamin F, Dondorp AM, Day NPJ, White NJ, Woodrow CJ, Imwong M. A population survey of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) 563C>T (Mediterranean) mutation in Afghanistan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88605. [PMID: 24586352 PMCID: PMC3931629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common inherited enzyme defect and an important problem in areas with Plasmodium vivax infection because of the risk of haemolysis following administration of primaquine to treat the liver forms of the parasite. We undertook a genotypic survey of 713 male individuals across nine provinces of Afghanistan in which malaria is found, four in the north and five in the east. RFLP typing at nucleotide position 563 detected 40 individuals with the Mediterranean mutation 563C>T, an overall prevalence of 5.6%. This varied according to self-reported ethnicity, with prevalence in the Pashtun/Pashai group of 33/369 (8.9%) compared to 7/344 individuals in the rest of the population (2.0%; p<0.001, Chi-squared test). Multivariate analysis of ethnicity and geographical location indicated an adjusted odds ratio of 3.50 (95% CI 1.36-9.02) for the Pashtun/Pashai group, while location showed only a trend towards higher prevalence in eastern provinces (adjusted odds ratio = 1.73, 0.73-4.13). Testing of known polymorphic markers (1311C>T in exon 11, and C93T in intron XI) in a subset of 82 individuals wild-type at C563 revealed a mixture of 3 haplotypes in the background population and was consistent with data from the 1000 Genomes Project and published studies. By comparison individuals with G6PD deficiency showed a highly skewed haplotype distribution, with 95% showing the CT haplotype, a finding consistent with relatively recent appearance and positive selection of the Mediterranean variant in Afghanistan. Overall, the data confirm that the Mediterranean variant of G6PD is common in many ethnic groups in Afghanistan, indicating that screening for G6PD deficiency is required in all individuals before radical treatment of P. vivax with primaquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Jamornthanyawat
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ghulam R. Awab
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ministry of Public Health, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Naowarat Tanomsing
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fazel Yamin
- Ministry of Public Health, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. Woodrow
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Qiu QW, Wu DD, Yu LH, Yan TZ, Zhang W, Li ZT, Liu YH, Zhang YP, Xu XM. Evidence of recent natural selection on the Southeast Asian deletion (--(SEA)) causing α-thalassemia in South China. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23497175 PMCID: PMC3626844 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Southeast Asian deletion (--SEA) is the most commonly observed mutation among diverse α-thalassemia alleles in Southeast Asia and South China. It is generally argued that mutation --SEA, like other variants causing hemoglobin disorders, is associated with protection against malaria that is endemic in these regions. However, little evidence has been provided to support this claim. Results We first examined the genetic imprint of recent positive selection on the --SEA allele and flanking sequences in the human α-globin cluster, covering a genomic region spanning ~410 kb, by genotyping 28 SNPs in a Chinese population consisting of 76 --SEA heterozygotes and 138 normal individuals. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the long-range haplotype test revealed a signature of positive selection. The network of inferred haplotypes suggested a single origin of the --SEA allele. Conclusions Thus, our data support the hypothesis that the --SEA allele has been subjected to recent balancing selection, triggered by malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Wei Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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14
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Kempinska-Podhorodecka A, Knap O, Drozd A, Kaczmarczyk M, Parafiniuk M, Parczewski M, Milkiewicz M. Analysis of the genetic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in inhabitants of the 4th Nile cataract region in Sudan. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 50:115-8. [PMID: 23146719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most common diseases in the African population. Genetic variance in glucose dehydrogenase 6-phosphate (G6PD) in humans determines the response to malaria exposure. In this study, we aimed to analyze the frequency of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (G202A and A376G) present in two local tribes of Sudanese Arabs from the region of the 4th Nile cataract in Sudan, the Shagia and Manasir. The polymorphisms in G6PD were analyzed in 217 individuals (126 representatives of the Shagia tribe and 91 of the Manasir tribe). Real-time PCR and RFLP-PCR were utilized to analyze significant differences in the prevalence of alleles and genotypes. The 202A G6P allele frequency was 0.7%, whereas the G202 variant was found in 93.3% of cases. The AA, GA, and GG genotype frequencies for the A376G G6PD codon among the Shagia were 88, 11.1, and 0.9%, respectively; this is similar to the distribution among Manasir tribe representatives (94.5, 3.3, and 2.2%, respectively; OR 3.44 [0.85-16.17], p=0.6). Notably, in north-eastern Sudan the G6PD B (202G/376A) compound genotype frequency was 90.3%, whereas the G6PD A variant (202G/376G) was found in 1.4% of that population. Identification of the G6PD A- variant (202A/376G) in the isolated Shagia tribe provides important information regarding the tribal ancestry. Taken together, the data presented in this study suggest that the Shagia tribe was still nomadic between 4000 and 12,000 years ago. Moreover, the lack of G6PD A- genotype among ethnically diverse Monasir tribesmen indicates a separation of the Shagia from the other tribes in the region of the 4th Nile cataract in Sudan.
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15
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Narayanasamy K, Chery L, Basu A, Duraisingh MT, Escalante A, Fowble J, Guler JL, Herricks T, Kumar A, Majumder P, Maki J, Mascarenhas A, Rodrigues J, Roy B, Sen S, Shastri J, Smith J, Valecha N, White J, Rathod PK. Malaria evolution in South Asia: knowledge for control and elimination. Acta Trop 2012; 121:256-66. [PMID: 22266213 PMCID: PMC3894252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of malaria parasites on the Indian subcontinent should help us understand unexpected disease outbreaks and unpredictable disease presentations from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) research program is one of ten International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) sponsored by the US National Institutes of Health. In this second of two reviews, we describe why population structures of Plasmodia in India will be characterized and how we will determine their consequences on disease presentation, outcome and patterns. Specific projects will determine if genetic diversity, possibly driven by parasites with higher genetic plasticity, plays a role in changing epidemiology, pathogenesis, vector competence of parasite populations and whether innate human genetic traits protect Indians from malaria today. Deep local clinical knowledge of malaria in India will be supplemented by basic scientists who bring new research tools. Such tools will include whole genome sequencing and analysis methods; in vitro assays to measure genome plasticity, RBC cytoadhesion, invasion, and deformability; mosquito infectivity assays to evaluate changing parasite-vector compatibilities; and host genetics to understand protective traits in Indian populations. The MESA-ICEMR study sites span diagonally across India and include a mixture of very urban and rural hospitals, each with very different disease patterns and patient populations. Research partnerships include government-associated research institutes, private medical schools, city and state government hospitals, and hospitals with industry ties. Between 2012 and 2017, in addition to developing clinical research and basic science infrastructure at new clinical sites, our training workshops will engage new scientists and clinicians throughout South Asia in the malaria research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Chery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Joseph Fowble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Panaji, Goa, India
| | - Partha Majumder
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Jennifer Maki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Bikram Roy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Somdutta Sen
- SphaeraPharma Research and Development, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Topiwala Medical College & BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Joseph Smith
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations database: review of the "old" and update of the new mutations. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 48:154-65. [PMID: 22293322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we have updated the G6PD mutations database, including all the last discovered G6PD genetic variants. We underline that the last database has been published by Vulliamy et al. [1] who analytically reported 140 G6PD mutations: along with Vulliamy's database, there are two main sites, such as http://202.120.189.88/mutdb/ and www.LOVD.nl/MR, where almost all G6PD mutations can be found. Compared to the previous mutation reports, in our paper we have included for each mutation some additional information, such as: the secondary structure and the enzyme 3D position involving by mutation, the creation or abolition of a restriction site (with the enzyme involved) and the conservation score associated with each amino acid position. The mutations reported in the present tab have been divided according to the gene's region involved (coding and non-coding) and mutations affecting the coding region in: single, multiple (at least with two bases involved) and deletion. We underline that for the listed mutations, reported in italic, literature doesn't provide all the biochemical or bio-molecular information or the research data. Finally, for the "old" mutations, we tried to verify features previously reported and, when subsequently modified, we updated the specific information using the latest literature data.
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17
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Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology and genome-wide association studies are now revealing the complex interactions between hosts and pathogen through genomic variation signatures, which arise from evolutionary co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672
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