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VarunKumar T, Jayaraj M, Nagaprasad N, Tesfaye JL, Shanmugam R, Krishnaraj R. An examining the static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of milled ramie root reinforced polyester composites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17054. [PMID: 37816872 PMCID: PMC10564739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This research works discuss about the effective utilization of waste Ramie Root, that has been in reinforced polyester composites, powdered fillers that have not been treated are used. Four different composites plate were formed with compression moulding technique process consisting of 20, 30 and 40% of Powdered Ramie Root with 80, 70 and 60% unsaturated polyester resin, respectively. The maximum mechanical properties were observed for the composite with 30:70 weight volume percentages of milled ramie root synthetic reinforced polyester. The findings show that the glass transition temperature, storage modulus, and loss factors all rise when the composition of composites changes. Additionally, the powder cohesion force (bonding strength) has a greater impact on dynamic mechanical properties. Thermo-gravimetric the inclusion of Ramie Root powder caused the thermal deterioration peak of the composite to move from 370 °C to 418 °C, according to analysis (TGA) conducted under flowing oxygen. According to the measurement of water absorption, the ideal weight ratio of Fiber: Unsaturated Polyester Resin is 30:70, which modifies the fibres' surfaces and ensures optimal adhesion between the fibre and matrix in composite materials. Scanning electron microscopic investigation is done to ascertain the fracture behaviour of the composite. As a result of their stability, high tensile strength, and bending stiffness, the produced composites can be used in light-load applications by material technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- T VarunKumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.A College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamilnadu, 642002, India
| | - M Jayaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamilnadu, 642003, India
| | - N Nagaprasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625 104, India
| | - Jule Leta Tesfaye
- College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Physics, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
- Centre for Excellence in Technology Transfer and Incubation, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
| | - R Shanmugam
- TIFAC, CORE-HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnaraj
- Centre for Excellence in Technology Transfer and Incubation, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia.
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Sangeetha T, Sahana R, Mounica P, Elangovan A, Shanmugam R, Arivazhagan G. H – Bond interactions in water multimers and water multimers – Pyridine complexes: Natural bond orbital and reduced density gradient isosurface analyses. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Sangeetha T, Sahana R, Mounica P, Elangovan A, Shanmugam R, Arivazhagan G. Atoms in molecules theory, electrostatic potential surface and frontier molecular orbital analyses on water multimers and pyridine – water hydrogen bonded complexes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Munusamy G, Shanmugam R. Prevention and Interventional Strategies of Adolescent Obesity / Overweight. CM 2022. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.133147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: It’s a known factor that obesity and overweight among adolescentsare major emerging global health problems associated with morbidityand mortality throughout their life in developed and developing countries. There is evidence that reducing overweight and obesity by increasing awareness, self-efficacy, and contemplation to adopt a health-promoting lifestyle.The aim of this review how the theory and model used to reduce this burden through vicarious interventional activities among adolescence (10-19 years)in a school setting. Methods: A literature search was performed in four databases to identify published studies between January 2009 and December 2019. Randomized control trial exploring the multiple interventional effects on obesity and overweight by utilization of with or without theoretical constructs and outcome on body mass index. Results: Originally references searched were 2112 abstracts and full-text articles. The total population was 34,846 adolescents. Most of the multiple interventionshad little positive effect onphysical activity, dietary intake, and sedentary behavior changes directly on BMI. Only three studies show changes in behavior through theory. Minimal studies reported the involvement and motivation of parents, friends, and teachers for themselves and adolescents. Conclusion: The contemporary review to visualizemultiple interventions, and how models and theory focused on various pragmatic activities in the delivery and outcome in school settings among adolescents.
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Munusamy G, Shanmugam R. A School-based survey among adolescents on Dietary pattern, Exercise, and Knowledge of Cardiovascular risk factors (ADEK) Study. CM 2022. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.123132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cardiovascular disease is a global emerging problem and its risk starts in children and adolescents. Adolescents have modifiable cardiovascular risk factors that have been found globally, and nationally, and early intervention programs may be able to lower these risks for both individuals and populations. Accurate risk factor evaluation at the individual level is crucial in this situation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Objective. The study aimed to investigate cardiovascular disease knowledge and to determine physical activity, and dietary patterns among school-going adolescents in Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods. A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess cardiovascular disease knowledge among 500 adolescents aged 10-18 from public schools. The study period was from September 2021 to February 2022. The measurement taken on anthropometrics such as height, weight, body mass index, and bio-physiological measurement as blood pressure, structured questionnaire assessed for knowledge, dietary questionnaire assessed previous week food consumption which the investigator developed, and physical activity standard questionnaire assessed the past week’s exercise level. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results. The mean study population age was 13.7±1.7, 53% were boys, and 47% were girls. Factors like age 16-18 years (p=0.01), site of residence from urban (p=0.001), education of teenagers (p=0.01), and family history of cardiovascular disease (p=0.001) are significantly correlated with the level of knowledge score, with better-educated adolescents having fair knowledge score than others. Level of knowledge score and demographic traits are associated with physical activity, such as 16 to 18 years (p=0.03), living in an urban region (p=0.03), being in a joint household (p=0.001), adolescents who are at higher secondary (p=0.02), and having a family history contribute more to cardiovascular disease (p=0.001) than other variables. Mean days eating diets were egg (4.18±2.27), vegetables (3.92±0.93), milk products (3.85±1.87), fried foods (3.75±1.25), toffees, and chocolates (3.35±1.81) all had higher percentages of consumed foods than others. Conclusion: There is a risk of cardiovascular disease higher among adolescents. Still a need for school-based primordial preventive educational approaches needed to improve to curb this burden.
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Kumar BP, Hariharan K, Shanmugam R, Shriram S, Sridhar J. Enabling internet of things in road traffic forecasting with deep learning models. IFS 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Integration of the latest technological advancements such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques is an active research area for various industrial applications. The rapid urbanization and exponential growth of vehicles has led to crowded traffic in cities. The deployment of IoT infrastructures for building smart and intelligent traffic management system greatly improves the quality and comfort of city dwellers. This work aims at building a cost effective IoT enabled traffic forecasting system using deep learning techniques. The case study experimentation is done in a real time traffic environment. The main contributions of this work include: (i) deploying road side sensor station built with ultrasonic sensor and Arduino Uno controller for obtaining traffic flow data (ii) building an IoT cloud system based on open source Thingspeak cloud platform for monitoring real time traffic (iii) performing short term traffic forecast using Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) models such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). The performance of the prediction model is compared with the traditional statistical methods such as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The results show good performance metrics with RMSE of 5.8, 7.9, 10.2 for LSTM model and 6.7, 8.6, 10.9 for GRU model for three different scenarios such as whole day, morning congested hour and evening congested hour datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Praveen Kumar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Hariharan
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Shanmugam
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Shriram
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Sridhar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abel S, Jule LT, Gudata L, Nagaraj N, Shanmugam R, Dwarampudi LP, Stalin B, Ramaswamy K. Preparation and characterization analysis of biofuel derived through seed extracts of Ricinus communis (castor oil plant). Sci Rep 2022; 12:11021. [PMID: 35773362 PMCID: PMC9246933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study assesses the prospect of using R. Communis seed oil as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel is prepared from the R. Communis plant seed oil by a single-step base catalytic transesterification procedure. The investigation deals with the Physico-chemical characteristics of R. Communis biodiesel and has been associated with the base diesel. It has been perceived that the characteristics of biodiesel are well-matched with the base diesel under the ASTM D6751 limits correspondingly. R. Communis biodiesel is blended in different proportions with base diesel such as D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 and is tested in a Kirloskar TV1 single-cylinder, 4 blows DI engine under altered loading conditions. Outcomes demonstrate that BTE and BSFC for D10 as well as D20 are similar to base diesel. BSFC indicates that the precise BSFC of base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40 and D50 was 0.87, 1.70, 2.60, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.5 kg/kW-hr, respectively. The extreme BTE at full load condition for base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 28.2%, 28.1%, 27.9%, 25.5%, 24.1%, and 23.6% , respectively. In the case of engine emissions, R. Communis biodiesel blends provided an average decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon-monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with base diesel. Nevertheless, R. Communis biodiesel blends discharged high stages of nitrogen oxide (NOx) compares to base diesel. Base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 had UBHC emissions of 45 ppm, 40 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm, 41 ppm, and 43 ppm, respectively. The reduction in CO emissions for D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.18% and 0.21% respectively. The dissimilarity in NOx attentiveness within brake powers for D10, D20, D30, D40, and D50 and base diesel are 50-ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm, and 500 ppm, respectively. The dissimilarity of CO2 emanation with reverence to break powers for the base-diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 are 4.8%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 4.56%, 4.9% and 5.1%, respectively. The present research provides a way for renewable petrol blends to substitute diesel for powering diesel engines in that way dropping the reliance on fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saka Abel
- Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia
| | - Leta Tesfaye Jule
- Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia.,Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia
| | - Lamessa Gudata
- Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia
| | - Nagaprasad Nagaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 104, India
| | - R Shanmugam
- TIFAC, CORE-HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nilgiris, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L Priyanka Dwarampudi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nilgiris, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Stalin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 019, India
| | - Krishnaraj Ramaswamy
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dolo, Ethiopia.
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Thaker P, Colah RB, Patel J, Raicha B, Mistry A, Mehta V, Italia Y, Desai S, Dave K, Shanmugam R, Ghosh K, Mukherjee MB. Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease Among Tribal Populations in the States of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India: Evaluation and Outcome Over 6 Years. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:731884. [PMID: 35242766 PMCID: PMC8885810 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.731884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) poses considerable public health problems in India. This study was undertaken to understand the clinical course of SCD among children identified during newborn screening programmes in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh where the frequency of the HbS gene is high. A total of 8,916 newborn babies 8,411 from Gujarat and 505 from Madhya Pradesh were screened over 6 years (2010–2016) using HPLC and the diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis in a subset. A total of 128 babies (122 Gujarat, 6 Madhya Pradesh) were identified with sickle cell disease, of whom 87 (69 HbSS, 18 HbS-β thalassemia) from Gujarat were followed for 0.5–6.6 years. Acute painful events, severe anemia and fever with infections were the major complications and 23 babies required hospitalization. Severe to moderate clinical presentation was found in 13.8% babies with SCD whereas, 86.2% babies had a milder presentation. Presence of ameliorating factors (α-thalassemia and Xmn 1 polymorphism) did not have a discernible effect on the clinical severity. Parents of babies with SCD were educated and counseled for home care. Distribution of mobile phones to 44 families having babies with SCD was beneficial as it allowed regular contact with patients and their families. Genetic counseling to the affected families has increased the awareness and acceptance for prenatal diagnosis and 18 couples opted for prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies. SCD is not always mild among tribal groups in India. Therefore, facilities for early diagnosis and prophylactic treatment in the tertiary care centers should be made available. The difficulties in regular follow up of the babies in remote rural areas have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Thaker
- Department of Haematogenetics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Roshan B Colah
- Department of Haematogenetics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shrey Desai
- Society for Education Welfare and Action (SEWA) Rural Kendra, Jhagadia, India
| | - Kapilkumar Dave
- Society for Education Welfare and Action (SEWA) Rural Kendra, Jhagadia, India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- Department of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- Department of Haematogenetics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Malay B Mukherjee
- Department of Haematogenetics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
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Rajmohan G, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Sankaranarayanan R, Ravindran G, Dineshkumar P, Arivazhagan G. Synthesize, characterization and topological properties of new hydrazone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sangeetha T, Naganandhini SP, Shanmugam R, Arivazhagan G. FTIR Spectral Signatures of Formamide + Propionic/Acetic Acid Solutions. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abel S, Tesfaye JL, Nagaprasad N, Shanmugam R, Dwarampudi LP, Deepak T, Zhang H, Krishnaraj R, Stalin B. Examining Impacts of Acidic Bath Temperature on Nano-Synthesized Lead Selenide Thin Films for the Application of Solar Cells. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:1003803. [PMID: 35069713 PMCID: PMC8767410 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1003803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of bath temperature on nano-manufactured PbSe (lead selenide) films was successfully generated by utilizing CBD on the acid solution's metal surface tool. Pb (NO3)2 was employed as a lead ion source as a precursor, while Na2O4Se was used as a selenide ion source. The XRD characterization revealed that the prepared samples are the property of crystalline structure (111), (101), (100), and (110) Miller indices. The scanning electron microscope indicated that the particles have a rock-like shape. There was a decrement of energy bandgap that is from 2.4 eV to 1.2 eV with increasing temperature 20°C-85°C. Thin films prepared at 85°C revealed the best polycrystal structure as well as homogeneously dispersed on the substrate at superior particle scales. The photoluminescence spectrophotometer witnessed that as the temperature of the solution bath increases from 20°C to 85°C, the average strength of PL emission of the film decreases. The maximum photoluminescence strength predominantly exists at high temperatures because of self-trapped exciton recombination, formed from O2 vacancy and particle size what we call defect centres, for the deposited thin films at 45°C and 85°C. Therefore, the finest solution temperature is 85°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saka Abel
- Dambi Dollo University, College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Physics, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
| | - Jule Leta Tesfaye
- Dambi Dollo University, College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Physics, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
| | - N. Nagaprasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai 625104, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R. Shanmugam
- TIFAC CORE HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamilnadu, India
| | - L. Priyanka Dwarampudi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Tyagi Deepak
- Department of Management, Dambi Dollo University, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Paper Making, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnaraj
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
- Dambi Dollo University, College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dembidolo, Ethiopia
| | - B. Stalin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai, Madurai 625 019, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dineshkumar P, Sahana R, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Sankaranarayanan R, Kumbharkhane A, Joshi Y, Arivazhagan G. Heteromolecular H –bond interaction forces and dielectric parameters: Time domain reflectometry studies. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shrivas S, Patel M, Kumar R, Gwal A, Uikey R, Tiwari SK, Verma AK, Thota P, Das A, Bharti PK, Shanmugam R. Evaluation of Microchip-Based Point-Of-Care Device "Gazelle" for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease in India. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:639208. [PMID: 34722554 PMCID: PMC8548372 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.639208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a major public health problem in India. Lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic methods result in many avoidable deaths in affected population. Current diagnostic tools are laboratory based, expensive and need trained manpower. Here, we evaluated the performance of a microchip-based cellulose acetate electrophoresis test, “Gazelle” in the tribal-dominated Indian states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. A total of 1,050 patients were screened by sickle cell solubility, hemoglobin (cellulose acetate) electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gazelle. Of the total 1,027 test results obtained, 960 tests were “Valid” (93.5%) and included in the analysis. Gazelle identified all patients with disease (HbSS and Thalassemia Major) with 100% accuracy. Gazelle demonstrated 100% sensitivity when comparing sickle cell disease (SCD) vs. sickle cell trait and SCD vs. normal. Specificity was 98.9% and 99.5% when comparing SCD vs. trait and trait vs. normal, respectively. Specificity was 99.8% when comparing SCD vs. normal and sensitivity was 99.3% when comparing trait vs. normal. Overall, Gazelle yielded a high accuracy (99.0%) compared to reference standard tests (hemoglobin electrophoresis and HPLC). Gazelle is a low-cost, rapid diagnostic test with high accuracy for detecting SCD both quantitatively and qualitatively. Gazelle can be a potential screening tool for the rapid diagnosis in resource limited settings and developing countries with high burden of hemoglobin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shrivas
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Madhav Patel
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Rajat Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Anil Gwal
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Ramswaroop Uikey
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
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Mun A, Kumar R, Tiwari S, Uikey R, Thakur P, Mishra S, Chakma T, Shanmugam R. First Observation of Compound Heterozygosity for Hb S/Hb Lepore-Hollandia in India. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2021; 38:187-190. [PMID: 34334973 PMCID: PMC8315253 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-021-01475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Mun
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Shashikant Tiwari
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Ramswaroop Uikey
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Sweta Mishra
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
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Kannan P, Karthick N, Sangeetha T, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Arivazhagan G. FTIR studies and DFT calculations on the associative nature of methyl cellosolve in binary solutions with acetonitrile. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shanmugam R, Minhas N, Shukla M, Sharma D. Sickle cell anaemia & glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Lahaul & Spiti, a tribal district of Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:757-759. [PMID: 35532594 PMCID: PMC9210522 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1912_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chourasia S, Kumar R, Singh MPSS, Vishwakarma C, Gupta AK, Shanmugam R. High Prevalence of Anemia and Inherited Hemoglobin Disorders in Tribal Populations of Madhya Pradesh State, India. Hemoglobin 2020; 44:391-396. [PMID: 33222570 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2020.1848859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite estimated high prevalence of inherited hemoglobin (Hb) disorders among tribal populations in Madhya Pradesh State, India, the burden of disease is unknown, leading to high morbidity and associated mortality. Our aim was to screen tribal populations in designated tribal districts of Madhya Pradesh State for various hemoglobinopathies and to estimate the prevalence and plausible cause of anemia. The present study screened a total of 3992 tribal individuals comprised of students of Tribal schools, ashrams of Dindori, Mandla, and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh State. Screening of hemoglobinopathies was done using Hb electrophoresis and or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), α-thalassemia (α-thal) was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The median age of the studied cohort was 15 years (interquartile range 13-16 years). High prevalence (76.7%) of anemia was observed among the studied cohort. The prevalence of sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease varies from 10.7 to 15.6% and 0.4 to 0.8%, respectively. The allele frequency of sickle cell gene was highest in the Pradhan tribe followed by the Panika tribe. Dindori district had the highest prevalence of sickle cell trait. β-Thalassemia (β-thal) trait was observed in only 1.4% of the screened population. α Gene deletions were observed in 84.7% individuals. Significant association of α gene deletion mutations with mean Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) was observed. The Bharia tribe showed the highest prevalence for α-thal. For comprehensive health care, effective intervention programs are needed to reduce the high prevalence of anemia and hemoglobinopathies among tribes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Chourasia
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
| | - Mendi P S S Singh
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
| | - Chandrika Vishwakarma
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
| | - Ashok K Gupta
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh State, India
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Nagasamy Venkatesh D, Meyyanathan SN, Shanmugam R, Kamatham SS, Campos JR, Dias-Ferreira J, Sanchez-Lopez E, Cardoso JC, Severino P, Souto EB. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characterization of isradipine tablets for controlled release. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:92-100. [PMID: 33074769 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1839495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Isradipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) commonly used as vasodilator with antihypertensive properties. A remote-controlled release formulation for isradipine would substantially improve the clinical outcomes of the patients requiring chronic long-term treatment. In this work, sustained release (SR) tablets of isradipine, composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), have been produced by wet granulation and their in vitro and in vivo characterization was compared to a conventional tablet dosage form of immediate release (IR) as preliminary assessment. Tablets composed of 15.0% (wt/wt) HPMC exhibited a SR profile over a period of 24 hours. The release of isradipine followed a Fickian diffusion pattern obeying to the first order kinetics and the extent of absorption was even higher in comparison to the developed conventional tablets, which showed immediate drug release. In vivo studies were carried out in rabbits, showing that the extent of isradipine absorption from the developed tablets was higher in comparison to IR tablets due to the modified release profile obtained for the former (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that SR tablets of isradipine are an efficient solid dosage form to overcome the limitations encountered in conventional IR tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nagasamy Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S N Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S S Kamatham
- Sri Vasavi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tadepalligudem, India
| | - J R Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED Centro de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Cardoso
- Tiradentes University (UNIT) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - P Severino
- Tiradentes University (UNIT) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil.,Tiradentes Institute, Dorchester, MA, USA
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Devendra R, Gupta V, Shanmugam R, Singh MPSS, Patel P, Valecha N, Mishra N, Ahmed N, Hoti SL, Hegde HV, Warang P, Chiddarwar A, Kedar P, Mayekar P, Mukherjee MB. Prevalence and spectrum of mutations causing G6PD deficiency in Indian populations. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 86:104597. [PMID: 33069889 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human erythroenzymopathy affecting around 10% of the world population. India is endemic for malaria and antimalarial drugs are known to induce haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. Here we report the prevalence as well as the molecular diversity of G6PD deficiency in geographical regions of India. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 20,896 individuals (11,838 males and 9058 females) were screened by DPIP dye decolorisation method followed by quantitation of G6PD enzyme activity on the suspected samples. Molecular analysis was undertaken in a total of 350 G6PD deficient individuals by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. A structural characteristic of the novel variant was deduced by using DynaMut web-server. The prevalence rate of G6PD deficiency varied between 0.8 and 6.3% with an overall prevalence of 1.9%. A total of twelve mutations were identified. Of the total deleterious alleles detected G6PD Orissa (56.5%) was found to be the most predominant variant followed by G6PD Mediterranean (23.6%). G6PD Mediterranean, G6PD Kaiping and G6PD Mahidol were found to be severely deficient variant and 14.1% of them showed undetectable activity. A novel mutation c.544C➔G (R182G) in exon 6 was identified in one tribal male where substitution of arginine by glycine, likely causes the alteration in the alpha helix leading to disruption of secondary structure of the protein. CONCLUSION There are large differences in the distribution of G6PD causal variants between Indian states, and this may have implications for the treatment in the malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Devendra
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Vinodkumar Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - M P S S Singh
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Purushottam Patel
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NIRTH Complex, Nagpur Road, P.O.- Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector 8 Dwarka, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - S L Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Nehru Nagar, Belgavi, Karnataka 590010, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Nehru Nagar, Belgavi, Karnataka 590010, India
| | - Prashant Warang
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Ashish Chiddarwar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Prabhakar Kedar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Pramod Mayekar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India
| | - Malay B Mukherjee
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012. India.
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Kumar R, Mishra S, Uikey RS, Gwal A, Mun A, Bharti PK, Shanmugam R. De novo heterozygous Hb G-Waimanalo (α64(E13)Asp>Asn, CTG>CCG; HBA1:c.193G>A) variant in a sickle cell disease patient of an Indian tribe. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:336-338. [PMID: 32817264 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar
- Genetic Disorders, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Sweta Mishra
- Genetic Disorders, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Ram Swaroop Uikey
- Genetic Disorders, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Anil Gwal
- Genetic Disorders, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Amol Mun
- Genetic Disorders, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
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Hasan MN, Fraiwan A, An R, Alapan Y, Ung R, Akkus A, Xu JZ, Rezac AJ, Kocmich NJ, Creary MS, Oginni T, Olanipekun GM, Hassan-Hanga F, Jibir BW, Gambo S, Verma AK, Bharti PK, Riolueang S, Ngimhung T, Suksangpleng T, Thota P, Werner G, Shanmugam R, Das A, Viprakasit V, Piccone CM, Little JA, Obaro SK, Gurkan UA. Paper-based microchip electrophoresis for point-of-care hemoglobin testing. Analyst 2020; 145:2525-2542. [PMID: 32123889 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 7% of the world's population live with a hemoglobin variant. Hemoglobins S, C, and E are the most common and significant hemoglobin variants worldwide. Sickle cell disease, caused by hemoglobin S, is highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and in tribal populations of Central India. Hemoglobin C is common in West Africa, and hemoglobin E is common in Southeast Asia. Screening for significant hemoglobin disorders is not currently feasible in many low-income countries with the high disease burden. Lack of early diagnosis leads to preventable high morbidity and mortality in children born with hemoglobin variants in low-resource settings. Here, we describe HemeChip, the first miniaturized, paper-based, microchip electrophoresis platform for identifying the most common hemoglobin variants easily and affordably at the point-of-care in low-resource settings. HemeChip test works with a drop of blood. HemeChip system guides the user step-by-step through the test procedure with animated on-screen instructions. Hemoglobin identification and quantification is automatically performed, and hemoglobin types and percentages are displayed in an easily understandable, objective way. We show the feasibility and high accuracy of HemeChip via testing 768 subjects by clinical sites in the United States, Central India, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. Validation studies include hemoglobin E testing in Bangkok, Thailand, and hemoglobin S testing in Chhattisgarh, India, and in Kano, Nigeria, where the sickle cell disease burden is the highest in the world. Tests were performed by local users, including healthcare workers and clinical laboratory personnel. Study design, methods, and results are presented according to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD). HemeChip correctly identified all subjects with hemoglobin S, C, and E variants with 100% sensitivity, and displayed an overall diagnostic accuracy of 98.4% in comparison to reference standard methods. HemeChip is a versatile, mass-producible microchip electrophoresis platform that addresses a major unmet need of decentralized hemoglobin analysis in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noman Hasan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Venkatesh DN, Meyyanathan S, Shanmugam R, Zielinska A, Campos J, Ferreira J, Souto E. Development, in vitro release and in vivo bioavailability of sustained release nateglinide tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sruthi G, Shakeela K, Shanmugam R, Ranga Rao G. The corrosion inhibition of stainless steel by ferrocene–polyoxometalate hybrid molecular materials – experimental and first principles studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3329-3344. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corrosion inhibition mechanism for SS316 coated with FcPMo hybrid material is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Sruthi
- Department of Chemistry and DST-IITM Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - K. Shakeela
- Department of Chemistry
- B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai 600048
- India
| | - R. Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry and DST-IITM Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - G. Ranga Rao
- Department of Chemistry and DST-IITM Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
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Bhatia N, Shanmugam R, Jain K, Sikka P, Verma I. Maternal hyperuricemia as a marker of post-spinal hypotension and uterine tone during cesarean delivery: a prospective observational study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:925-931. [PMID: 31520262 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Raised serum uric acid, a marker of oxidative stress, is known to increase vascular tone and depress myometrial contractility. A rise in serum uric acid levels has also been reported during labor, warranting its correlation with post-spinal hypotension and uterine tone. METHODS Serum UA sample was drawn from enrolled healthy, laboring parturients. Of these, 100 women who required emergency cesarean delivery were re-sampled prior to surgery. Following spinal anesthesia we recorded episodes of hypotension (MAP < 80% of baseline), use of vasopressors and supplemental uterotonics. The primary outcome was maternal hyperuricemia (1SD > appropriate for gestation age) and its correlation with post-spinal hypotension. Secondary outcomes were total vasopressors used, duration of labor and its effect on uric acid levels, uterine tone and neonatal outcome. RESULTS Hyperuricemia was observed in 33% of parturients. On comparing with women showing normal uric acid levels, hyperuricemic parturients experienced significantly lower incidence of post-spinal hypotension (45.5% vs. 67.2%; p value = 0.04) and lower vasopressor usage (p value = 0.06). Clinically, an increased use of supplemental uterotonics in these parturients was noted (p = 0.20). The duration of labor had no impact on uric acid levels. Neonatal outcome was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS In healthy, normotensive parturients undergoing emergency cesarean delivery, maternal hyperuricemia is associated with lower incidence of post-spinal hypotension and reduced need of vasopressors. Elevated serum uric acid levels may also be associated with decreased uterine tone, necessitating greater requirement of supplemental uterotonics. However, further prospective trials are needed to strongly establish this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Bhatia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - R Shanmugam
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kajal Jain
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Pooja Sikka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Lad H, Yadav M, Mehta P, Patel P, Sawant P, Colah RB, Mukherjee MB, Shanmugam R. First Observation of Hb Lepore Hollandia in the Baiga Tribal Family. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:581-584. [PMID: 30127584 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-0931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Lad
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Manju Yadav
- 2National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Pallavi Mehta
- 2National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Purushottam Patel
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
| | - Pratibha Sawant
- 2National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Roshan B Colah
- 2National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Malay B Mukherjee
- 2National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 13th Floor, K.E.M Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003 India
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Lad H, Ghanghoria P, Yadav R, Patel P, Gwal A, Shanmugam R. A Compound Heterozygous Asian Indian Inversion Deletion Gγ(Aγδβ) 0 with β-Thalassemia in Central India: A Case Report. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:185-187. [PMID: 29398830 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Lad
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, 482003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Pawan Ghanghoria
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur, India
| | - Rajiv Yadav
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, 482003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Purushottam Patel
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, 482003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Anil Gwal
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, 482003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- 1National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, 482003 Madhya Pradesh India
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Radha S, Mothilal KK, Thamaraichelvan A, Shanmugam R. Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Density Functional Theory Studies of Metal Complexes of 3-Benzoyl-7-methoxy Coumarin. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kannan P, Karthick N, Mahendraprabu A, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Arivazhagan G. Corrigendum to “Red/blue shifting hydrogen bonds in acetonitrile - Dimethyl sulphoxide solutions: FTIR and theoretical studies” [J. Mol. Struct. 1139 (2017) 196–201]. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kannan P, Karthick N, Mahendraprabu A, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Arivazhagan G. Red/blue shifting hydrogen bonds in acetonitrile-dimethyl sulphoxide solutions: FTIR and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karthick NK, Kumbharkhane AC, Joshi YS, Mahendraprabu A, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A, Arivazhagan G. Molecular interactions in ethyl acetate-chlorobenzene binary solution: Dielectric, spectroscopic studies and quantum chemical calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 178:218-224. [PMID: 28199926 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric studies using Time Domain Reflectometry method has been carried out on the binary solution of Ethyl acetate (EA) with Chlorobenzene (CBZ) over the entire composition range. Spectroscopic (FTIR and 13C NMR) signatures of neat EA, CBZ and their equimolar binary solution have also been recorded. The results of the spectroscopic studies favour the presence of (CBZ) CH⋯OC (EA), (EA) methylene CH⋯π electrons (CBZ) and (EA) methyl CH⋯Cl (CBZ) contacts which have been validated using quantum chemical calculations. Dimerization of CBZ has been identified. Presence of β-clusters has been identified in all the solutions. Although EA and CBZ molecules have nearly equal molar volumes, CBZ molecules experience larger hindrance for the rotation than EA molecules. Very small excess dielectric constant (εE) values may be correlated with weak heteromolecular forces and/or closed heteromolecular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karthick
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-09, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A C Kumbharkhane
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y S Joshi
- Lal Bahadur Shastri Mahavidyalaya, Dharmabad Dist., Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Mahendraprabu
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-09, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-09, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Elangovan
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-09, Tamilnadu, India
| | - G Arivazhagan
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-09, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Singh MPSS, Gupta RB, Yadav R, Sharma RK, Shanmugam R. Prevalence of α(+)-Thalassemia in the Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste Populations of Damoh District in Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Hemoglobin 2016; 40:285-8. [PMID: 27189862 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2016.1170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to ascertain the allelic frequency of α(+)-thalassemia (α(+)-thal) in Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe populations of the Damoh district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Random blood samples of Scheduled tribe (267) and Scheduled caste (168), considering the family as a sampling unit, were analyzed for the presence of the -α(3.7) (rightward) (NG_000006.1: g.34164_37967del3804) and -α(4.2) (leftward) (AF221717) deletions. α(+)-Thal was significantly higher in the Scheduled tribals (77.9%) as compared to the scheduled caste population (9.0%). About 58.0% scheduled tribals carried at least one chromosome with the -α(3.7) deletion and 20.0% scheduled tribals carried the -α(4.2) deletion. Frequency for the -α(3.7) allele was 0.487 in the scheduled tribal populations in comparison to 0.021 in scheduled castes. Allelic frequency for -α(4.2) was 0.103 and 0.024, respectively, in the above communities. No Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for α-thal gene (p < 0.05) was detected in the tribal population, indicating the presence of selection pressures in favor of α-thal mutation and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendi P S S Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Rasik B Gupta
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Rajiv Yadav
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ravendra K Sharma
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh , India
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Karthik R, Chen SM, Elangovan A, Muthukrishnan P, Shanmugam R, Lou BS. Phyto mediated biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Cerasus serrulata and its utility in detecting hydrazine, microbial activity and DFT studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 468:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yadav R, Lazarus M, Ghanghoria P, Singh M, Gupta RB, Kumar S, Sharma RK, Shanmugam R. Sickle cell disease in Madhya Pradesh, Central India: A comparison of clinical profile of sickle cell homozygote vs. sickle-beta thalassaemia individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:558-63. [PMID: 27077770 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2016.1148893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The clinical manifestation in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients varies from one individual to another due to factors like the presence of alpha-thalassaemia mutation, foetal haemoglobin, and β-globin gene haplotype. The present study enumerates the clinical profile of sickle cell anaemia patients from Central India. METHODS Seven hundred seventy-six SCD patients from Jabalpur and surrounding districts (Madhya Pradesh) in central India were registered with the sickle cell clinic of NIRTH, Jabalpur. The present study reveals recorded signs and symptoms of genetically confirmed sickle cell anaemia (404) and sickle beta thalassaemia (92) patients. RESULTS Majority of the patients were from scheduled caste communities (47.9%) and Gond tribal community (13.8%). Splenomegaly was the most common clinical manifestation observed (71.4%). Overall, 63.5% patients had a history of blood transfusion. The most frequent signs and symptoms observed were Pallor, Icterus, Joint pain, Fever, and Fatigue. Majority of the patients revealed onset of disease prior to attaining the age of 3 years (sickle cell anaemia 44.3% and sickle beta thalassaemia 35.9%). Mean haemoglobin levels among SCA individuals were marginally higher than SBT patients. On the other hand, mean foetal haemoglobin levels among SBT individuals showed the reverse trend. Notably, the present study reports the first incidence of priapism recorded in Central India. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a high prevalence of SCD among scheduled caste, backward caste, and tribal communities. Dissemination of study findings, screening, pre-marriage counselling, and pre-natal diagnosis are fundamental to preventing or lowering of birth of sickle cell anaemia children in the affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Yadav
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Monica Lazarus
- b Department of Paediatrics , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College , Jabalpur , India
| | - Pawan Ghanghoria
- b Department of Paediatrics , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College , Jabalpur , India
| | - Mpss Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Rasik Behari Gupta
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ravendra K Sharma
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
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Arivazhagan G, Elangovan A, Shanmugam R, Vijayalakshmi R, Karthick N. Study of molecular interaction in the mixtures of benzene+methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate through dielectric and spectroscopic studies. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Elangovan A, Shanmugam R, Arivazhagan G, Mahendraprabu A, Karthick N. Intermolecular forces in acetonitrile + ethanol binary liquid mixtures. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shanmugam R, Ernst M, Stoffel K, Fischer MF, Wahl D, Richards RG, Gueorguiev B. Angular stable lateral plating is a valid alternative to conventional plate fixation in the proximal phalanx. A biomechanical study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2015; 30:405-10. [PMID: 25846324 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsal plating is commonly used in proximal phalanx fractures but it bears the risk of interfering with the extensor apparatus. In this study, dorsal and lateral plating fixation methods are compared to assess biomechanical differences using conventional 1.5mm non-locking plates and novel 1.3mm lateral locking plates. METHODS Twenty-four fresh frozen human cadaveric proximal phalanges were equally divided into four groups. An osteotomy was set at the proximal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction and fixed with either dorsal (group A) or lateral (group B) plating using a 1.5mm non-locking plate, or lateral plating with a novel 1.3mm locking plate with bicortical (group C) or unicortical (group D) screws. The specimens were loaded in axial, dorsovolar and mediolateral direction to assess fixation stiffness followed by a cyclic destructive test in dorsovolar loading direction. FINDINGS Axial stiffness was highest in group D (mean 321.02, SEM 21.47N/mm) with a significant difference between groups D and B (P=0.033). Locking plates (groups C and D) were stiffer than non-locking plates under mediolateral loading (P=0.007), no significant differences were noted under dorsovolar loading. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed under cyclic loading to failure between any of the study groups. INTERPRETATION No considerable biomechanical advantage of using a conventional 1.5mm dorsal non-locking plate was identified over the novel 1.3mm lateral locking plate in the treatment of proximal phalanx fractures. Since the novel low-profile plate is less disruptive to the extensor mechanism, it should be considered as a valid alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shanmugam
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland; Orthopaedic Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Ernst
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - K Stoffel
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M F Fischer
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - D Wahl
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
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Arivazhagan G, Elangovan A, Shanmugam R, Vijayalakshmi R, Kannan P. Spectroscopic studies, NBO analysis and dielectric studies on the behaviour of acetone molecules in non-polar solvent environment. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Poonguzhali R, Shanmugam N, Gobi R, Senthilkumar A, Shanmugam R, Sathishkumar K. Influence of Zn doping on the electrochemical capacitor behavior of MnO2 nanocrystals. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01326g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we suggest a simple chemical precipitation method for the preparation of bare and different levels of Zn doped MnO2 nanoparticles as electrodes for supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Poonguzhali
- Department of Physics
- Annamalai University
- Chidambaram 608 002
- India
| | - N. Shanmugam
- Department of Physics
- Annamalai University
- Chidambaram 608 002
- India
| | - R. Gobi
- Department of Physics
- Annamalai University
- Chidambaram 608 002
- India
| | - A. Senthilkumar
- Environmental & Analytical Chemistry Division
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
| | - R. Shanmugam
- Environmental & Analytical Chemistry Division
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
| | - K. Sathishkumar
- Department of Physics
- Annamalai University
- Chidambaram 608 002
- India
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Tan B, Shanmugam R, Gunalan R, Chua Y, Hossain G, Saw A. A Biomechanical Comparison between Taylor's Spatial Frame and Ilizarov External Fixator. Malays Orthop J 2014; 8:35-9. [PMID: 25279090 PMCID: PMC4181081 DOI: 10.5704/moj.1407.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Taylor's spatial frame (TSF) and Ilizarov external fixators (IEF) are two circular external fixator commonly used to address complex deformity and fractures. There is currently no data available comparing the biomechanical properties of these two external fixators. This study looks into the mechanical characteristics of each system. TSF rings with 6 oblique struts, 4 tube connectors, 4 threaded rods, and 6 threaded rods were compared to a standard IEF rings with 4 threaded rods. Compression and torsional loading was performed to the frame as well as construct with Polyvinylchloride tubes. TSF rings with 4 tube connectors had the highest stiffness (3288 N/mm) while TSF rings with 6 struts was the least stiff. The situation was reversed for torsion where TSF rings with 6 oblique struts had the highest torsional stiffness (82.01 Nm/Degree) and frame Ilizarov rings with 4 threaded rods the least. Standard TSF construct of two ring with 6 oblique struts have better torsional stiffness and lower axial stiffness compared to the standard IEF. KEY WORDS Taylor's Spatial Frame, Ilizarov External Fixator, Biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bb Tan
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - R Shanmugam
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - R Gunalan
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - Yp Chua
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - G Hossain
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | - A Saw
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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Preet R, Shanmugam R, Mohapatra P, Das D, Satapathy SR, Wyatt MD, Kundu CN. Abstract 2777: Lycopene synergistically enhances quinacrine action to inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling in breast cancer cells through APC. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously reported that quinacrine (QC) has anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. Here, we report the mechanism of action of QC and its ability to inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling in two independent breast cancer cell lines. QC altered Wnt-TCF signaling components by increasing the levels of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), DAB2, GSK-3β and axin and decreasing the levels of β-catenin, p-GSK3β (ser 9) and CK1. QC also reduced the activity of the Wnt transcription factor TCF/LEF and its downstream targets cyclin D1 and c-MYC. Using a luciferase-based Wnt-TCF transcription factor assay, it was shown that APC levels were inversely associated with TCF/LEF activity. Induction of apoptosis and DNA damage was observed after treatment with QC, which was associated with increased expression of APC. The effects induced by QC depend on APC because the inhibition of Wnt-TCF signalling by QC is lost in APC-knockdown cells, and consequently, the extent of apoptosis and DNA damage caused by QC was reduced compared with parental cells. Further, previously we have shown that QC inhibits topoisomerase, therefore we tested the effect of another topoisomerase inhibitor, etoposide, on Wnt signaling. Interestingly, etoposide treatment also reduced TCF/LEF activity, β-catenin and cyclin D1 levels commensurate with induction of DNA damage and apoptosis. Lycopene, a plant-derived antioxidant, synergistically increased QC activity and inhibited Wnt-TCF signaling in cancer cells without affecting the MCF-10A normal breast cell line. Collectively, the data suggests that QC-mediated Wnt-TCF signal inhibition depends on APC and that the addition of lycopene synergistically increases QC anticancer activity.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Ranjan Preet, Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam, Purusottam Mohapatra, Dipon Das, Shakti R. Satapathy, Michael D. Wyatt, Chanakya N. Kundu. Lycopene synergistically enhances quinacrine action to inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling in breast cancer cells through APC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2777. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2777
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Preet
- 1Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Purusottam Mohapatra
- 1Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dipon Das
- 1Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shakti R. Satapathy
- 1Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- 3Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Columbia, SC
| | - Chanakya N. Kundu
- 1Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
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Arivazhagan G, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A. A probe on the intermolecular forces in diisopropyl ether-n-butyric acid mixture by dielectric, FTIR studies and quantum chemical calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 105:102-108. [PMID: 23295216 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The results of FTIR spectral measurement on equimolar diisopropyl ether-butyric acid binary mixture and quantum chemical calculations on the complex molecule have been presented. Dielectric studies have been carried out on the binary mixture over the entire composition range and at four different temperatures 303 K, 308 K, 313 K and 318 K. n-Butyric acid seems to prefer less polar ether to interact with it. It appears that the usual interpretation of variation of static dielectric constant and positive deviation of excess permittivity from ideal mixture behavior needs to be relooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arivazhagan
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Shanmugam R, Gade P, Wilson-Weekes A, Sayar H, Suvannasankha A, Goswami C, Li L, Gupta S, Cardoso AA, Baghdadi TA, Sargent KJ, Cripe LD, Kalvakolanu DV, Boswell HS. A noncanonical Flt3ITD/NF-κB signaling pathway represses DAPK1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:360-369. [PMID: 22096027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), a tumor suppressor, is a rate-limiting effector in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent apoptotic pathway. Its expression is epigenetically suppressed in several tumors. A mechanistic basis for epigenetic/transcriptional repression of DAPK1 was investigated in certain forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with poor prognosis, which lacked ER stress-induced apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Heterogeneous primary AMLs were screened to identify a subgroup with Flt3ITD in which repression of DAPK1, among NF-κB-and c-Jun-responsive genes, was studied. RNA interference knockdown studies were carried out in an Flt3ITD(+) cell line, MV-4-11, to establish genetic epistasis in the pathway Flt3ITD-TAK1-DAPK1 repression, and chromatin immunoprecipitations were carried out to identify proximate effector proteins, including TAK1-activated p52NF-κB, at the DAPK1 locus. RESULTS AMLs characterized by normal karyotype with Flt3ITD were found to have 10- to 100-fold lower DAPK1 transcripts normalized to the expression of c-Jun, a transcriptional activator of DAPK1, as compared with a heterogeneous cytogenetic category. In addition, Meis1, a c-Jun-responsive adverse AML prognostic gene signature was measured as control. These Flt3ITD(+) AMLs overexpress relB, a transcriptional repressor, which forms active heterodimers with p52NF-κB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified p52NF-κB binding to the DAPK1 promoter together with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and HDAC6 in the Flt3ITD(+) human AML cell line MV-4-11. Knockdown of p52NF-κB or its upstream regulator, NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), de-repressed DAPK1. DAPK1-repressed primary Flt3ITD(+) AMLs had selective nuclear activation of p52NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS Flt3ITD promotes a noncanonical pathway via TAK1 and p52NF-κB to suppress DAPK1 in association with HDACs, which explains DAPK1 repression in Flt3ITD(+) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasubramaniam Shanmugam
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Padmaja Gade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annique Wilson-Weekes
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Hamid Sayar
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Attaya Suvannasankha
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Chirayu Goswami
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Lang Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sushil Gupta
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tareq Al Baghdadi
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Larry D Cripe
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Dhananjaya V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - H Scott Boswell
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Arivazhagan G, Shanmugam R, Elangovan A. Molecular interaction study of the diisopropyl ether-propionic acid mixture by spectroscopic and dielectric studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 81:172-177. [PMID: 21733745 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
FTIR and 13C NMR spectral studies have been carried out on diisopropyl ether-propionic acid binary mixture to probe the molecular interactions and stoichiometry of complexation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of vibrational frequencies of pure acid and ether-acid binary mixtures have also been performed. In addition, Kirkwood-correlation factors, excess permittivity and excess free energy of mixing have been obtained at various concentrations and at four different temperatures from the dielectric measurements. Excess permittivity is found to have positive deviation and excess free energy deviates negatively from ideal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arivazhagan
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Shanmugam R, Kusumanchi P, Appaiah H, Cheng L, Crooks P, Neelakantan S, Peat T, Klaunig J, Matthews W, Nakshatri H, Sweeney CJ. A water soluble parthenolide analog suppresses in vivo tumor growth of two tobacco-associated cancers, lung and bladder cancer, by targeting NF-κB and generating reactive oxygen species. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2481-94. [PMID: 20669221 PMCID: PMC2982935 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) is a water soluble parthenolide analog with preclinical activity in hematologic malignancies. Using non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and H522) and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS2B) and TCC cell lines (UMUC-3, HT-1197 and HT-1376) and a bladder papilloma (RT-4), we aimed to characterize DMAPT's anticancer activity in tobacco-associated neoplasms. Flow cytometric, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA), and Western blot studies measured generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of NFκB DNA binding, and changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptotic proteins. DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and also decreased NFκB DNA binding and antiapoptotic proteins, TRAF-2 and XIAP. DMAPT-induced apoptotic cell death and altered cell cycle distribution with upregulation of p21 and p73 levels in a cell type-dependent manner. DMAPT suppressed cyclin D1 in BEAS2B. DMAPT retained NFκB and cell cycle inhibitory activity in the presence of the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine ketone, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Using a BrdU accumulation assay, 5-20 μM of DMAPT was shown to inhibit cellular proliferation of all cell lines by more than 95%. Oral dosing of DMAPT suppressed in vivo A549 and UMUC-3 subcutaneous xenograft growth by 54% (p = 0.015) and 63% (p < 0.01), respectively, and A549 lung metastatic volume by 28% (p = 0.043). In total, this data demonstrates DMAPT's novel anticancer properties in both early and late stage tobacco-associated neoplasms as well as its significant in vivo activity. The data provides support for the conduct of clinical trials in TCC and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitesh Appaiah
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sundar Neelakantan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tyler Peat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James Klaunig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Ranjith N, Pegoraro RJ, Shanmugam R. Obesity-associated genetic variants in young Asian Indians with the metabolic syndrome and myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc J Afr 2011; 22:25-30. [PMID: 21298202 PMCID: PMC3736384 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2010-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations between obesity-related polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome in 485 young ( ≤ 45 Years) Asian Indian patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 300 matched controls were assessed. METHODS Genetic variants included the adiponectin 45T→G and 276G→T, LEPR K109R and Q223R, MC4R-associated C→T and FTO A→T polymorphisms. RESULTS The metabolic syndrome, as defined by NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria, was diagnosed in 61 and 60% of patients, respectively. No relationship was found between the obesity-associated polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome, or between AMI patients and controls. The MC4R-associated TT genotype occurred more frequently in patients with lower triglyceride levels (p = 0.024), while the adiponectin 45 TT genotype occurred more commonly in patients with normal fasting glucose levels (p = 0.004). The LEPR Q223R TT genotype was associated with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The metabolic syndrome occurs commonly in young Asian Indian patients with AMI. No relationship was found between any obesity-associated polymorphism and the metabolic syndrome. Particular genotypes may exert protective or disadvantageous effects on individual components of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ranjith
- Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit, RK Khan Hospital, Chemical Pathology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, and Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa.
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Shanmugam R, Kusumanchi P, Cheng L, Crooks P, Neelakantan S, Matthews W, Nakshatri H, Sweeney CJ. A water-soluble parthenolide analogue suppresses in vivo prostate cancer growth by targeting NFkappaB and generating reactive oxygen species. Prostate 2010; 70:1074-86. [PMID: 20209491 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize the molecular changes associated with DMAPT-induced prostate cancer cell death and its in vivo activity. METHODS CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 were subjected to flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and Western blot studies to measure DMAPT's ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit NFkappaB DNA binding, and cause changes in anti-apoptotic proteins. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to determine the contribution of ROS and JNK2 activation, respectively. The BrdU incorporation assay was used to measure proliferation and trypan blue studies assessed cell viability after DMAPT treatment. The in vivo activity of DMAPT as a single agent and in combination with bicalutamide or docetaxel was assessed in a subcutaneous xenograft model with athymic nude female mice. RESULTS DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and inhibited NFkappaB DNA binding and expression of NFkappaB-regulated anti-apoptotic proteins. DMAPT increased necrotic and apoptotic cell death in a cell-type-dependent manner and both types of cell death were blocked by NAC. Additionally, shRNA JNK2 partially blocked the anti-proliferative activity of DMAPT. DMAPT inhibited CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 cellular proliferation by 100% with 10 and 20 microM respectively and in vivo, DMAPT was more effective at inhibiting growth than biclutamide (CWR22v1) and docetaxel (PC-3). CONCLUSIONS DMAPT promotes cell death by both generating ROS and inhibition of NFkappaB. Its in vivo activity supports the conduct of clinical trials in patients with castrate-resistant disease.
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Hahn NM, Zon RT, Yu M, Ademuyiwa FO, Jones T, Dugan W, Whalen C, Shanmugam R, Skaar T, Sweeney CJ. A phase II study of pemetrexed as second-line chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); Hoosier Oncology Group GU03-67. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1971-6. [PMID: 19605506 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No standard therapy exists for post-docetaxel castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. This trial aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed in post-docetaxel CRPC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS CRPC patients with progression after docetaxel (Taxotere) therapy received pemetrexed (500 mg/m2) i.v. every 3 weeks. The primary end point was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response. A pharmacogenetic analysis of the reduced folate carrier-1 gene (RFC1) G80A polymorphism was also carried out. RESULTS Forty-nine patients were enrolled: median age 68 years, median baseline PSA 72 ng/ml, and median Karnofsky performance status of 90. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity occurred in 20 (43%) and four patients (8%), respectively. Confirmed >50% PSA decline occurred in four patients (8%), stable PSA lasting at least 12 weeks in 10 patients (20%). A significant relationship was observed between time from prior docetaxel therapy and overall survival. Pharmacogenetic analyses of RFC1 G80A genotype frequencies showed no relationship between genotypes and clinical efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Pemetrexed treatment of CRPC patients after docetaxel therapy was associated with only modest clinical activity. Further investigation of pemetrexed as a single agent in a nonenriched CRPC population is unlikely to add significant clinical benefit over that seen with traditional second-line chemotherapy agents such as mitoxantrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Hahn NM, Zon RT, Jones T, Ademuyiwa F, Dugan WM, Whalen C, Yu M, Shanmugam R, Skaar T, Sweeney CJ. A multicenter phase II study of pemetrexed as second-line chemotherapy for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC); Hoosier Oncology Group GU-0367. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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