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Portanti O, Thabet S, Abenza E, Ciarrocchi E, Pisciella M, Irelli R, Savini G, Hammami S, Pulsoni S, Casaccia C, Coetzee L, Marcacci M, Di Domenico M, Lorusso A. Development and validation of an RT-qPCR for detection and quantitation of emerging epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 RNA from field samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 321:114808. [PMID: 37690747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a Culicoides-transmitted virus circulating in multiple serotypes. It has become a concern in the European Union as a novel strain of the serotype 8 (EHDV-8) of clear Northern African origin, has been recently discovered in symptomatic cattle in Italy (islands of Sardinia and Sicily), Spain, and Portugal. Current molecular typing methods targeting the S2 nucleotide sequences -coding for the outermost protein of the virion VP2- are not able to detect the novel emerging EHDV-8 strain as they enrolled the S2 sequence of the unique EHDV-8 reference strain isolated in Australia in 1982. Thus, in this study, we developed and validated a novel typing assay for the detection and quantitation of the novel EHDV-8 RNA from field samples, including blood of ruminants and insects. This molecular tool will certainly support EHDV-8 surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sarah Thabet
- Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, IRESA, Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Elena Abenza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Eugenia Ciarrocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maura Pisciella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Irelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Salah Hammami
- Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, IRESA, Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Simone Pulsoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Claudia Casaccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lauren Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137 Windhoek, Namibia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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2
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Sghaier S, Sailleau C, Marcacci M, Thabet S, Curini V, Ben Hassine T, Teodori L, Portanti O, Hammami S, Jurisic L, Spedicato M, Postic L, Gazani I, Ben Osman R, Zientara S, Bréard E, Calistri P, Richt JA, Holmes EC, Savini G, Di Giallonardo F, Lorusso A. Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021. Viruses 2022; 15:16. [PMID: 36680057 PMCID: PMC9866946 DOI: 10.3390/v15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a Culicoides-borne viral disease caused by the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) associated with clinical manifestations in domestic and wild ruminants, primarily white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus). In late September 2021, EHDV was reported in cattle farms in central/western Tunisia. It rapidly spread throughout the country with more than 200 confirmed outbreaks. We applied a combination of classical and molecular techniques to characterize the causative virus as a member of the serotype EHDV-8. This is the first evidence of EHDV- 8 circulation since 1982 when the prototype EHDV-8 strain was isolated in Australia. This work highlights the urgent need for vaccines for a range of EHDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufien Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sarah Thabet
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Thameur Ben Hassine
- Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole de Nabeul, Nabeul 1082, Tunisia
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Salah Hammami
- Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, IRESA, Universitè de la Manouba, Winnipeg 2010, Tunisia
| | - Lucija Jurisic
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Piano D’Accio-Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ines Gazani
- CRDA Ministère d’Agriculture, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Kasserine 1200, Tunisia
| | - Raja Ben Osman
- National Drug Control Laboratory, Vaccine Control Unit, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Armillotta G, Di Febo T, Ulisse S, Laguardia C, Iorio M, Krasteva I, Tittarelli M, Mercante MT, Luciani M. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against the VP7 Protein of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:181-187. [PMID: 36027041 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) were produced by immunizing BALB/c mice with rec-VP7-EHDV2; 66 clones producing MAbs able to recognize the VP7-EHDV with a strong reaction were obtained and tested in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) against the whole epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus serotype 2; potential cross-reactions with related orbiviruses, as Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV), were investigated as well by i-ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Fifty-three MAbs were specific for EHDV (VP7 recombinant protein and whole virus) and 13 reacted also with the VP7 of BTV. None of the MAbs reacted with AHSV. MAbs specific for EHDV were further characterized in a competitive ELISA (c-ELISA): 20 among them were found useful to develop a c-ELISA for the detection of antibodies against EHDV in bovine sera. The availability of this extensive set of MAbs provides the opportunity to develop a c-ELISA for the serological diagnosis of EHDV and to tune new methods for the isolation and identification of the virus in biological samples and cell cultures. The experimentation protocol was approved by the Italian Ministry of Health (number 639/2018-PR, Resp. to Prot. BDF16.13#295833199#).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Armillotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Febo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Simonetta Ulisse
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Caterina Laguardia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Ivanka Krasteva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Teramo, Italy
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Field-Reassortment of Bluetongue Virus Illustrates Plasticity of Virus Associated Phenotypic Traits in the Arthropod Vector and Mammalian Host In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0053122. [PMID: 35727032 PMCID: PMC9278112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are a taxonomically diverse group that can infect plant, wildlife, livestock and human hosts. A shared feature of these viruses is the ability to exchange genome segments during coinfection of a host by a process termed "reassortment." Reassortment enables rapid evolutionary change, but where transmission involves a biological arthropod vector, this change is constrained by the selection pressures imposed by the requirement for replication in two evolutionarily distant hosts. In this study, we use an in vivo, host-arbovirus-vector model to investigate the impact of reassortment on two phenotypic traits, virus infection rate in the vector and virulence in the host. Bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae) is the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of domestic and wild ruminants and deer. The genome of BTV comprises 10 linear segments of dsRNA, and the virus is transmitted between ruminants by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Five strains of BTV representing three serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-4, and BTV-8) were isolated from naturally infected ruminants in Europe and ancestral/reassortant lineage status assigned through full genome sequencing. Each strain was then assessed in parallel for the ability to replicate in vector Culicoides and to cause BT in sheep. Our results demonstrate that two reassortment strains, which themselves became established in the field, had obtained high replication ability in C. sonorensis from one of the ancestral virus strains, which allowed inferences of the genome segments conferring this phenotypic trait. IMPORTANCE Reassortment between virus strains can lead to major shifts in the transmission parameters and virulence of segmented RNA viruses, with consequences for spread, persistence, and impact. The ability of these pathogens to adapt rapidly to their environment through this mechanism presents a major challenge in defining the conditions under which emergence can occur. Utilizing a representative mammalian host-insect vector infection and transmission model, we provide direct evidence of this phenomenon in closely related ancestral and reassortant strains of BTV. Our results demonstrate that efficient infection of Culicoides observed for one of three ancestral BTV strains was also evident in two reassortant strains that had subsequently emerged in the same ecosystem.
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Spedicato M, Compagni ED, Caporale M, Teodori L, Leone A, Ancora M, Mangone I, Perletta F, Portanti O, Di Giallonardo F, Bonfini B, Savini G, Lorusso A. Reemergence of an atypical bluetongue virus strain in goats, Sardinia, Italy. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:36-41. [PMID: 35853329 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of bluetongue, a WOAH (founded as Office International des Épizooties, OIE)-notifiable economically important disease of ruminants. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and 24 different "classical" serotypes have been reported to date. In recent years, several putative novel BTV serotypes, often referred to as "atypical" BTVs, have been documented. These are characterized by unusual biological characteristics, most notably avirulence and vector-independent transmission. Here, we describe the recurrence of such an atypical virus strain BTV-X ITL2021 detected in goats six years after its first discovery in Sardinia, Italy. Combined serological and genome analysis results clearly suggest that the two strains belong to the same BTV serotype. However, unlike the 2015 strain, BTV-X ITL2021 was successfully isolated in BSR cell-culture allowing further serological characterization. Lastly, seropositivity for BTV-X ITL2021 was detected by virus-neutralization in approximately 74% of animals tested, suggesting that this atypical BTV serotype has been circulating undetected in asymptomatic animals for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Marialuigia Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Perletta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bonfini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
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Thameur BH, Soufiène S, Haj Ammar H, Hammami S. Spatial distribution and habitat selection of culicoides imicola: The potential vector of bluetongue virus in Tunisia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2021; 88:e1-e9. [PMID: 34476951 PMCID: PMC8424768 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v88i1.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing threat of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represents a great challenge to those who manage public and animal health. Determining the spatial distribution of arthropod vector species is an essential step in studying the risk of transmission of a vector-borne pathogen (VBP) and in estimating risk levels of VBD. Risk maps allow better targeting surveillance and help in designing control measures. We aimed to study the geographical distribution of Culicoides imicola, the main competent vector of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in sheep in Tunisia. Fifty-three records covering the whole distribution range of C.imicola in Tunisia were obtained during a 2-year field entomological survey (August 2017 – January 2018 and August 2018 – January 2019). The ecological niche of C. imicola is described using ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) and Mahalanobis distances factor analysis (MADIFA). An environmental suitability map (ESM) was developed by MaxEnt software to map the optimal habitat under the current climate background. The MaxEnt model was highly accurate with a statistically significant area under curve (AUC) value of 0.941. The location of the potential distribution of C. imicola is predicted in specified regions of Tunisia. Our findings can be applied in various ways such as surveillance and control program of BTV in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H Thameur
- Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, General Directorate of Veterinary Services, CRDA Nabeul.
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Bréard E, Viarouge C, Donnet F, Sailleau C, Rossi S, Pourquier P, Vitour D, Comtet L, Zientara S. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease antibodies in domestic and wild ruminant sera. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2475-2481. [PMID: 32310339 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) are vector-borne viral diseases affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Both are notifiable under OIE rules. BT and EHD viruses (BTV and EHDV) are closely related Orbiviruses with structural, antigenic and molecular similarities. Both viruses can produce analogous clinical signs in susceptible animals. Serological tests are commonly used for BT and EHD diagnosis and surveillance. Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) is the most widely used serological test for the specific detection of BTV or EHDV viral protein 7 (VP7) antibodies (Abs). The specificity and sensitivity of the BTV c-ELISA kits available on the market are recognized for the detection of BTV Abs. Concerning EHD, a single commercial EHDV c-ELISA kit (ELISA A kit) commonly used for diagnosis in Europe and Africa was available between 2011 and 2018 but is now no longer on the market. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial c-ELISA to detect ruminant EHDV VP7 Abs in 2,199 serum samples from cattle, sheep, goats, wild deer and zoo animals. The results showed that this ELISA kit is specific and can detect the presence of IgG anti-EHDV VP7 with a very good diagnostic specificity and a satisfactory sensitivity in domestic ruminants, zoo animals and wild deer. Therefore, the evaluated c-ELISA can detect the introduction of EHDV into an area where BTV-seropositive domestic animals are present. The performance of this kit is similar to that of the c-ELISA A kit and can thus be used for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Wildlife Diseases Unit, Research Department, ONCFS, Le Perray-en-Yvelines, France
| | | | - Damien Vitour
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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8
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Bluetongue Virus in France: An Illustration of the European and Mediterranean Context since the 2000s. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070672. [PMID: 31340459 PMCID: PMC6669443 DOI: 10.3390/v11070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious animal disease transmitted by midges of the Culicoides genus. The etiological agent is the BT virus (BTV) that induces a variety of clinical signs in wild or domestic ruminants. BT is included in the notifiable diseases list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its health impact on domestic ruminants. A total of 27 BTV serotypes have been described and additional serotypes have recently been identified. Since the 2000s, the distribution of BTV has changed in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, with continuous BTV incursions involving various BTV serotypes and strains. These BTV strains, depending on their origin, have emerged and spread through various routes in the Mediterranean Basin and/or in Europe. Consequently, control measures have been put in place in France to eradicate the virus or circumscribe its spread. These measures mainly consist of assessing virus movements and the vaccination of domestic ruminants. Many vaccination campaigns were first carried out in Europe using attenuated vaccines and, in a second period, using exclusively inactivated vaccines. This review focuses on the history of the various BTV strain incursions in France since the 2000s, describing strain characteristics, their origins, and the different routes of spread in Europe and/or in the Mediterranean Basin. The control measures implemented to address this disease are also discussed. Finally, we explain the circumstances leading to the change in the BTV status of France from BTV-free in 2000 to an enzootic status since 2018.
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9
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Presence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in Egypt in 2016 and 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:221-226. [PMID: 31051272 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BTV and EHDV are closely-related orbiviruses that are transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants via the bites of hematophagous midges. Previous studies have reported seropositivity against BTV antibodies in sheep and goats in two Egyptian governorates (Beni Suef and Menoufia). However, no recent data are available on the BTV serotype(s) circulating in Egypt and the likely presence of EHDV has never been explored. This study investigated the presence of BTV and EHDV among cattle which had been found BTV-seropositive by ELISA method. These cattle living in proximity to sheep and goats previously found BTV-seropositive. These cattle displayed no clinical signs of BT but reproductive problems had been reported in herds. A total of 227 cattle blood samples were therefore collected in 2016 and 2017. Ninety-four of the 227 animals tested by a BTV ELISA were positive for BTV antibodies (41.4%). Of these 94 ELISA-positive cattle, only 83 EDTA-blood samples were available and therefore tested for BTV and EHDV genome detection by RT-PCR and sequencing. Of the cattle sampled in 2016, results revealed that two were RT-PCR-positive for BTV and seven for EHDV. Sequencing showed the presence of EHDV-1 and BTV-3 genome sequences. EHDV-1 S2 shared 99.5% homology with an EHDV-1 S2 from a strain isolated in 2016 in Israel. BTV-3 S2 and S8 sequences shared >99.8% nucleotide similarity with the BTV-3 Zarzis S2 and S8 sequences (Tunisian BTV, also detected in 2016). Of the 66 blood samples tested following their collection in 2017, they were all EHDV-negative by RT-qPCR while five were BTV- positive by RT-qPCR. However, attempts to identify the BTV serotype of these five samples were unsuccessful. Only part of BTV S8 was sequenced and it showed 79% nucleotide similarity with S8 of atypical BTV serotypes (particularly with BTV-26 and another BTV serotype strain isolated from a sheep pox vaccine). Overall, these findings demonstrate that both BTV and EHDV were circulating in Egypt in 2016 and 2017.
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10
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Curini V, Marcacci M, Tonelli A, Di Teodoro G, Di Domenico M, D'Alterio N, Portanti O, Ancora M, Savini G, Panfili M, Camma' C, Lorusso A. Molecular typing of Bluetongue virus using the nCounter ® analysis system platform. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:64-69. [PMID: 30951789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus, existing in multiple serotypes, belonging to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. BTV causes Bluetongue (BT), a major OIE-listed disease of ruminants. Identification of BTV serotype is accomplished using multiple typing assays and tends to be executed based on the known epidemiological situation within a given country. Samples containing multiple serotypes, particularly those containing novel introductions, may therefore be missed. The aim of this work was to optimize the nCounter® Analysis System Microarray platform (NanoString technologies), that would simultaneously identify all BTV serotypes and co-infections in analyzed samples. Probes were designed according to all Seg-2 sequences, coding for VP2 proteins which determine serotype specificity, available on line. A specific BTV CodeSet of probes was optimized. Experiments were performed with 30 BTV isolates and with 46 field samples previously shown to be infected with BTV by classical molecular assays. All BTV isolates were correctly identified and the expected BTV serotype was recognized in 35 field samples with CT values between 22.0-33.0. In turn, it was unable to identify 11 samples with CT values between 29.0-38.0. Although specificity of the assay needs to be further investigated against a larger panel of BTVs collected worldwide, RNA loads, which are normally detected in blood samples during the acute phase of infection, are within the range of CT values detectable by the BTV CodeSet. We propose the NanoString RNA microarray as a first-line molecular diagnostic tool for identification and typing of BTV. Once identification of the index cases is performed, diagnosis of the following samples may be performed by specific, more sensitive and cheaper PCR-based tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Curini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alfreda Tonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Camma'
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy.
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11
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Cappai S, Rolesu S, Loi F, Liciardi M, Leone A, Marcacci M, Teodori L, Mangone I, Sghaier S, Portanti O, Savini G, Lorusso A. Western Bluetongue virus serotype 3 in Sardinia, diagnosis and characterization. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1426-1431. [PMID: 30806040 PMCID: PMC6850434 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, Italy has experienced multiple incursions of different serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV), a Culicoides‐borne arbovirus, the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), a major disease of ruminants. The majority of these incursions originated from Northern Africa, likely because of wind‐blown dissemination of infected midges. Here, we report the first identification of BTV‐3 in Sardinia, Italy. BTV‐3 circulation was evidenced in sentinel animals located in the province of Sud Sardegna on September 19, 2018. Prototype strain BTV‐3 SAR2018 was isolated on cell culture. BTV‐3 SAR2018 sequence and partial sequences obtained by next‐generation sequencing from nucleic acids purified from the isolate and blood samples, respectively, were demonstrated to be almost identical (99–100% of nucleotide identity) to BTV‐3 TUN2016 identified in Tunisia in 2016 and 2017, a scenario already observed in past incursions of other BTV serotypes originating from Northern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cappai
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Rolesu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Loi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Liciardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Leone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - M Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - I Mangone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - S Sghaier
- Laboratoire de virologie, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - O Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - G Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Teramo, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Teramo, Italy
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12
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Foxi C, Meloni G, Puggioni G, Manunta D, Rocchigiani A, Vento L, Cabras P, Satta G. Bluetongue virus detection in new Culicoides species in Sardinia, Italy. Vet Rec 2019; 184:621. [PMID: 30846613 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an infectious disease transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Culicoides imicola is considered the main vector in the Mediterranean basin but other species have been implicated in the Bluetongue virus (BTV) transmission. During 2017, BTV serotype 4 re-occurred in Sardinia causing outbreaks in sheep farms. A survey was carried out on affected farms with the aim to detect the virus in field-collected Culicoides Biting midges were morphologically identified, pooled and then assayed with a real time RT-PCR. To evaluate BTV dissemination, some Culicoides were dissected and head, thorax and abdomen were tested singly by PCR. A total of 173,738 Culicoides adults were collected. Viral RNA was detected in 68 out of 77 pools and all species analysed resulted positive. Detection of BTV in parous female body regions (head, thorax and abdomen) confirmed the full dissemination of BTV in all species analysed. During this study, the vector competence of C imicola, C newsteadi s.l. and Obsoletus complex was confirmed. The authors found two new Culicoides species BTV positive, C paolae never associated with BTV transmission and C circumscriptus only recently found BTV positive in Turkey, which could be considered potential vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cipriano Foxi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Manunta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelamaria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vento
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pierangela Cabras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Satta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G Pegreffi, Animal Health, Sassari, Italy
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13
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Carvelli A, Sala M, Autorino GL, Scicluna MT, Iacoponi F, Rombolà P, Scaramozzino P. A cross-sectional serosurvey in a sheep population in central Italy following a bluetongue epidemic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208074. [PMID: 30625135 PMCID: PMC6326410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease that affects ruminants and is transmitted by midges of the genus Culicoides spp. The seroprevalence, the clinical form and the occurrence rates significantly differ in relation to several factors such as bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype, host species, breed susceptibility, specific previous exposure, vector ecology, husbandry and health status. Following the 2001-2006 BTV2 and BTV16 epidemics in central Italy, a new epidemic caused by BTV1 occurred in 2013-2015 causing 398 outbreaks in a susceptible population of about 1 million ruminants. The present study assessed the BTV1 seroprevalence in the sheep population of central Italy by conducting two cross-sectional surveys, in the proximity of and within BT outbreak farms. A total of 2,984 sheep from 437 farms were sampled. The animal-level prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 17-21%), the between-herd prevalence was 46% (95% CI: 41-51%) and the within-herd prevalence was 21% (95% CI: 16-26%). Risk factors were investigated by logistic regression models. Living on a farm where an outbreak occurred and the number of outbreaks in proximity of the farm were identified as risk factors, while herd size was identified as a protective factor. This study represents the first BT survey in southern Europe and reports valuable findings on BTV epidemiology. Despite intensive virus circulation, the estimated seroprevalences were low. The assessment of the population immunity level is crucial for defining an efficient vaccination strategy and for predicting the impact of future virus circulation. In view of the low seroprevalence detected albeit an extensive BTV1 circulation, the population immunity was likely to be inadequate in preventing new BTV1 epidemics. Moreover, considering the recurrent introduction of new serotypes from North Africa and the Balkans, the control of multi-serotype BTV infections will continue to present a challenge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carvelli
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Marcello Sala
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Autorino
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Iacoponi
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rombolà
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramozzino
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
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14
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Combined larvicidal and adulticidal treatments to control Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Results of a pilot study. Vet Parasitol 2018; 257:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Analysis of bluetongue serotype 3 spread in Tunisia and discovery of a novel strain related to the bluetongue virus isolated from a commercial sheep pox vaccine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Han Z, Mingxin Z, Xuechun L, Yigang X, Xinyuan Q, Li W, Wen C, Yanping J, Yijing L, Lijie T. Development of Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Antibody Detection Based on Bluetongue Virus Monoclonal Antibodies. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:264-271. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zang Mingxin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xuechun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yigang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Xinyuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yanping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yijing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tang Lijie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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17
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Marcacci M, Sant S, Mangone I, Goria M, Dondo A, Zoppi S, van Gennip RGP, Radaelli MC, Cammà C, van Rijn PA, Savini G, Lorusso A. One after the other: A novel Bluetongue virus strain related to Toggenburg virus detected in the Piedmont region (North-western Italy), extends the panel of novel atypical BTV strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:370-374. [PMID: 29392882 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this rapid communication, a novel atypical bluetongue virus (BTV) strain detected in goats in the Piedmont region (north-western Italy) is described. This strain, BTV-Z ITA2017, is most related in Seg-2/VP-2 (83.8% nt/82.7% aa) to strain TOV of BTV-25. Reactive antisera of goats positive by cELISA for BTV antibodies failed to neutralize a chimeric virus expressing the outermost protein of TOV. Infected animals displayed low levels of RNAemia and absence of clinical signs consistent with bluetongue infection, a scenario described in animals infected with atypical BTV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Sant
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSTO), Torino, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSTO), Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSTO), Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSTO), Torino, Italy
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cesare Cammà
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
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18
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Reddy YV, Susmitha B, Patil S, Krishnajyothi Y, Putty K, Ramakrishna KV, Sunitha G, Devi BV, Kavitha K, Deepthi B, Krovvidi S, Reddy YN, Reddy GH, Singh KP, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Maan S, Mertens PP, Hegde NR, Rao PP. Isolation and evolutionary analysis of Australasian topotype of bluetongue virus serotype 4 from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:547-556. [PMID: 29120083 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides-borne disease caused by several serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV). Similar to other insect-borne viral diseases, distribution of BT is limited to distribution of Culicoides species competent to transmit BTV. In the tropics, vector activity is almost year long, and hence, the disease is endemic, with the circulation of several serotypes of BTV, whereas in temperate areas, seasonal incursions of a limited number of serotypes of BTV from neighbouring tropical areas are observed. Although BTV is endemic in all the three major tropical regions (parts of Africa, America and Asia) of the world, the distribution of serotypes is not alike. Apart from serological diversity, geography-based diversity of BTV genome has been observed, and this is the basis for proposal of topotypes. However, evolution of these topotypes is not well understood. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of several BTV-4 isolates from India. These isolates are distinct from BTV-4 isolates from other geographical regions. Analysis of available BTV seg-2 sequences indicated that the Australasian BTV-4 diverged from African viruses around 3,500 years ago, whereas the American viruses diverged relatively recently (1,684 CE). Unlike Australasia and America, BTV-4 strains of the Mediterranean area evolved through several independent incursions. We speculate that independent evolution of BTV in different geographical areas over long periods of time might have led to the diversity observed in the current virus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Patil
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Putty
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K V Ramakrishna
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Sunitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B V Devi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Kavitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Deepthi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Krovvidi
- Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Telangana, India
| | - Y N Reddy
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G H Reddy
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K P Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - D Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - P P Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - N R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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19
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Maclachlan NJ, Osburn BI. Teratogenic bluetongue and related orbivirus infections in pregnant ruminant livestock: timing and pathogen genetics are critical. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:31-35. [PMID: 29107849 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital infections of domestic animals with viruses in several families, including Bunyaviridae, Flaviridae, Parvoviridae, and Reoviridae, are the cause of naturally occurring teratogenic central nervous system and/or musculoskeletal defects (arthrogryposis) in domestic animals. Congenital infections of ruminant livestock with bluetongue virus (BTV) and some related members of the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae) have clearly shown the critical role of gestational age at infection in determining outcome. Specifically, fetuses infected prior to mid-gestation that survive congenital BTV infection are born with cavitating central nervous system defects that range from severe hydranencephaly to cerebral cysts (porencephaly). Generally, the younger the fetus (in terms of gestational age) at infection, the more severe the teratogenic lesion at birth. Age-dependent virus infection and destruction of neuronal and/or glial cell precursors that populate the developing central nervous system are responsible for these naturally occurring virus-induced congenital defects of animals, thus lesions are most severe when progenitor cells are infected prior to their normal migration during embryogenesis. Whereas congenital infection is characteristic of certain BTV strains, notably live-attenuated (modified-live) vaccine viruses that have been passaged in embryonating eggs, transplacental transmission is not characteristic of many field strains of the virus and much remains to be determined regarding the genetic determinants of transplacental transmission of individual virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N James Maclachlan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Bennie I Osburn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Nicolas G, Tisseuil C, Conte A, Allepuz A, Pioz M, Lancelot R, Gilbert M. Environmental heterogeneity and variations in the velocity of bluetongue virus spread in six European epidemics. Prev Vet Med 2017; 149:1-9. [PMID: 29290289 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemics caused by different bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes occurred in European ruminants since the early 2000. Studies on the spatial distribution of these vector-borne infections and the main vector species highlighted contrasted eco-climatic regions characterized by different dominant vector species. However, little work was done regarding the factors associated with the velocity of these epidemics. In this study, we aimed to quantify and compare the velocity of BTV epidemic that have affected different European countries under contrasted eco-climatic conditions and to relate these estimates to spatial factors such as temperature and host density. We used the thin plate spline regression interpolation method in combination with trend surface analysis to quantify the local velocity of different epidemics that have affected France (BTV-8 2007-2008, BTV-1 2008-2009), Italy (BTV-1 2014), Andalusia in Spain (BTV-1 2007) and the Balkans (BTV-4 2014). We found significant differences in the local velocity of BTV spread according to the country and epidemics, ranging from 7.9km/week (BTV-1 2014 Italy) to 24.4km/week (BTV-1 2008 France). We quantify and discuss the effect of temperature and local host density on this velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Nicolas
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Clément Tisseuil
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annamaria Conte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryline Pioz
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Laboratoire Biologie et Protection de l'abeille, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR Astre1309, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Zhou H, Li J, Xie S, Zang M, Xu Y, Qiao X, Wang L, Jiang Y, Cui W, Li Y, Tang L. Expression and purification of the outer shell proteinVP2 of the 4th serotype Bluetongue virus, and preparation of monoclonal antibodies against this protein. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
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23
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Forzan M, Pizzurro F, Zaccaria G, Mazzei M, Spedicato M, Carmine I, Salini R, Tolari F, Cerri D, Savini G, Lorusso A. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed VP7 for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) antibodies. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:212-216. [PMID: 28757386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a vector-borne infectious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. EHD could spread from infected northern African countries in free territories like the EU; therefore, the availability of diagnostic assays would represent key components for adequate surveillance and control programs. In this study, the gene encoding the VP7 protein of EHD virus (EHDV) was expressed into a baculovirus-infected insect cell system. With this unpurified protein we developed a home-made competitive ELISA (cELISA) and a total number of 275 serum samples, originating from domestic and wild ruminants, were tested. 74/275 were previously shown to be positive for EHDV antibodies by a commercially available ELISA kit. A "very good" agreement was demonstrated when compared to a commercial ELISA kit (Cohen's kappa value=0.832). Samples which caused disagreement between the two assays originated from wildlife which highlights the need for further validation by using serum samples from wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Forzan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa-Italy
| | - Federica Pizzurro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa-Italy; OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | - Guendalina Zaccaria
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa-Italy
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | - Irene Carmine
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | - Romolo Salini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | | | - Domenico Cerri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa-Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy.
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Sailleau C, Breard E, Viarouge C, Gorlier A, Quenault H, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Zientara S. Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 that emerged on the French island of Corsica in December 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e194-e197. [PMID: 28497659 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In November 2016, sheep located in the south of Corsica island exhibited clinical signs suggestive of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. Laboratory analyses allowed to isolate and identify a BTV strain of serotype 4. The analysis of the full viral genome showed that all the 10 genomic segments were closely related to those of the BTV-4 present in Hungary in 2014 and involved in a large BT outbreak in the Balkan Peninsula. These results together with epidemiological data suggest that BTV-4 has been introduced to Corsica from Italy (Sardinia) where BTV-4 outbreaks have been reported in autumn 2016. This is the first report of the introduction in Corsica of a BTV strain previously spreading in eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sailleau
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Breard
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Gorlier
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H Quenault
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - E Hirchaud
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - F Touzain
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - Y Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - D Vitour
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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25
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Hassine TB, Amdouni J, Monaco F, Savini G, Sghaier S, Selimen IB, Chandoul W, Hamida KB, Hammami S. Emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in Tunisia: West Nile, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease and Rift Valley fever. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 84:e1-e3. [PMID: 28397519 PMCID: PMC6238681 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 118 sera were collected during 2016 from two groups of dromedaries from Kebili and Medenine governorates in the south of Tunisia. The aim of this study was to provide the first serological investigation of four emerging vector-borne diseases in two groups of dromedaries in Tunisia. Sera were tested by ELISA and serum neutralisation test to identify West Nile virus (WNV), bluetongue virus (BTV), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). In the first group, the seroprevalence for BTV was 4.6%, while in the second group, it was 25.8% for WNV and 9.7% for BTV. Only serotype 1 was detected for BTV in the two groups. No evidence for circulation of RVF and EHD viruses was revealed. Results indicated that dromedaries can be infected with BTV and WNV, suggesting that this species might play a significant role in the epizootiology of these viral diseases in Tunisia and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jihane Amdouni
- Université Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie.
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26
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Savini G, Puggioni G, Meloni G, Marcacci M, Di Domenico M, Rocchigiani AM, Spedicato M, Oggiano A, Manunta D, Teodori L, Leone A, Portanti O, Cito F, Conte A, Orsini M, Cammà C, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Lorusso A. Novel putative Bluetongue virus in healthy goats from Sardinia, Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:108-117. [PMID: 28341545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, novel Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes have been isolated and/or sequenced by researchers within the field. During Bluetongue surveillance activities, we identified a putative novel BTV serotype in healthy goats from Sardinia, Italy. RNAs purified from blood and serum samples were positive for BTV by a generic real time RT-PCR and c-ELISA, respectively, whereas genotyping and serotyping were unsuccessful. By NGS, the whole genome sequence was obtained from two blood samples (BTV-X ITL2015 strains 34200 and 33531). Overall, Seg 2 of BTV-X ITL2015 shows the highest identity (75.3-75.5% nt/77.4-78.1% aa) with recently isolated BTV-27s from Corsica and with the last discovered BTV XJ1407 from China (75.9% nt /78.2% aa), whereas it is less related with BTV-25 from Switzerland (73.0% nt/75.0% aa) and BTV-26 from Kuwait (62.0% nt/60.5% aa). A specific RT-qPCR targeting Seg 2 of BTV-X ITL2015 was assessed in this study. Considering the Seg 2/VP2 identity of BTV-X ITL2015 with BTV-25, 26, 27s and BTV XJ1407 and that serum of BTV-X ITL2015 infected goats failed to neutralize all tested extant serotypes, we propose the existence of a novel BTV serotype circulating in goats in Sardinia. Isolation was so far unsuccessful thus hampering proper antigenic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Spedicato
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Manunta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cito
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Conte
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Armando Giovannini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.
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Sghaier S, Lorusso A, Portanti O, Marcacci M, Orsini M, Barbria ME, Mahmoud AS, Hammami S, Petrini A, Savini G. A novel Bluetongue virus serotype 3 strain in Tunisia, November 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:709-715. [PMID: 28299883 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 1998, southern Europe has experienced multiple incursions of different serotypes and topotypes of Bluetongue virus, a vector-borne transmitted virus, the causative agent of Bluetongue (BT), a major disease of ruminants. Some of these incursions originated from northern Africa, likely because of wind-blown dissemination of infected midges. In this report, we describe the detection and whole genome characterization of a novel BTV-3 strain identified in a symptomatic sheep in Tunisia. Sequences were immediately deposited with the GenBank Database under Accession Nos KY432369-KY432378. Alert and preparedness are requested to face the next vector seasons in northern Africa and the potential incursion of this novel strain in southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Laboratoire de virologie, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - O Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M Orsini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M E Barbria
- CRDA-Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole, Menzel Bouzelfa, Tunisia
| | - A S Mahmoud
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,CRDA-Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole, Menzel Bouzelfa, Tunisia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Hammami
- Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Petrini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - G Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
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28
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Spedicato M, Lorusso A, Salini R, Gennaro AD, Leone A, Teodori L, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Savini G. Efficacy of vaccination for bluetongue virus serotype 8 performed shortly before challenge and implications for animal trade. Prev Vet Med 2017; 136:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Foxi C, Delrio G, Falchi G, Marche MG, Satta G, Ruiu L. Role of different Culicoides vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in bluetongue virus transmission and overwintering in Sardinia (Italy). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:440. [PMID: 27502924 PMCID: PMC4977893 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue (BT) epidemics have affected the Mediterranean island of Sardinia since 2000. While Culicoides imicola represents the main bluetongue virus (BTV) vector, other European Culicoides biting midges, possibly implicated in virus transmission, have been detected here. Understanding their distribution, seasonal abundance, and infection rates is necessary to predict disease incidence and spread across coastal and inland areas, and to define their role in virus overwintering. Methods Biting midge abundance was determined by light traps on selected farms representing diverse climatic conditions of Sardinia. Livestock-associated Culicoides species were morphologically and molecularly identified. Infection rates in prevailing midge species captured in 2013 during a BTV-1 outbreak were determined using RT-qPCR based virus detection in insect body pools, supplemented by specific body region analyses. The seasonal infection prevalence in Culicoides samples collected in 2001 in a BTV-2 affected farm was also determined. Results The Newsteadi complex (C. newsteadi species A and species B) prevailed among all biting midge species (47.7 %), followed by C. imicola (27.8 %) and the Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) (17.6 %). Whilst Culicoides imicola was more abundant along the coast, the Newsteadi complex was frequently collected at higher altitude and the Obsoletus complex was notably associated to cattle farms. Culicoides pulicaris and C. punctatus abundance was found to be marginal in all farms. BTV was detected in parous female samples of all these species, and the full dissemination of the virus within the body of C. imicola, C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, and Newsteadi complex species was confirmed by analyses of thorax and head, containing salivary glands. Higher infection rates were associated with C. scoticus, C. newsteadi species A and species B, compared to C. imicola. The virus was detected in C. newsteadi species A and C. obsoletus in winter and spring, whereas it was mainly found in summer and autumn in C. imicola. Conclusions In Sardinia, bluetongue virus is transmitted by multiple Culicoides vectors, including C. imicola and the Newsteadi complex being the most important. The Newsteadi complex and other midge species can play an important role in internal areas and are likely to be directly involved in virus overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cipriano Foxi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gavino Delrio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Falchi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Satta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, Sassari, Italy.
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Drolet BS, van Rijn P, Howerth EW, Beer M, Mertens PP. A Review of Knowledge Gaps and Tools for Orbivirus Research. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:339-47. [PMID: 26086555 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the United States and Europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. This is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe BT outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) outbreaks in deer and cattle in the United States. Of notable concern is the isolation of as many as 10 new BT virus (BTV) serotypes in the United States since 1999 and their associated unknowns, such as route of introduction, virulence to mammals, and indigenous competent vectors. This review, based on a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on orbiviruses conducted in 2013, gives a global perspective of current basic virological understanding of orbiviruses, with particular attention to BTV and the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and identifies a multitude of basic virology research gaps, critical for predicting and preventing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Drolet
- 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Piet van Rijn
- 2 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University (CVI), The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University , South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- 3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Martin Beer
- 4 Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Peter P Mertens
- 5 Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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Lorusso A, Baba D, Spedicato M, Teodori L, Bonfini B, Marcacci M, Di Provvido A, Isselmou K, Marini V, Carmine I, Scacchia M, Di Sabatino D, Petrini A, Bezeid BA, Savini G. Bluetongue virus surveillance in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Is serotype 26 circulating among cattle and dromedaries? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:109-112. [PMID: 26932578 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In March 2013, EDTA-blood and serum samples were collected from 119 cattle and 159 dromedaries at the slaughterhouse of Nouakchott, the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. Serum samples were screened for the presence of Bluetongue (BT) antibodies by competitive ELISA (cELISA). Positive samples were then tested by serum-neutralization (SN) to determine BTV serotype. RNA from blood samples was first tested by a genus-specific quantitative RT-PCR assay which is able to detect all 27 existing BTV serotypes (RT-qPCR1-27). Positive samples were further screened by a RT-qPCR assay which, instead, is able to detect the classical 24 BTV serotypes only (RT-qPCR1-24). Of the 278 serum samples tested, 177 (mean=63.7%; 95% CI: 57.9%-69.1%) resulted positive by cELISA. Of these, 69 were from cattle (mean=58.0%; 95% CI: 49.0%-66.5%) and 108 from dromedaries (mean=67.9%; 95% CI: 60.3%-74.7%). BTV-26 neutralizing antibodies were by far the most frequently found as they were detected in 146 animals with titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:80. Out of 278 blood samples, 25 (mean=9.0%; 95% CI: 6.2%-12.9%) were found positive for BTV by RT-qPCR1-27, 20 (mean=16.8%; 95% CI: 11.2%-24.6%) were from cattle and 5 (mean=3.1%; 95% CI: 1.4%-7.1%) from dromedaries. When tested by RT-qPCR1-24 the 25 BTV positive samples were negative. Unfortunately, no genetic information by molecular typing or by next generation sequencing has been obtained as for the very low levels of RNA in the blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy.
| | - Doumbia Baba
- Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (CNERV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Barbara Bonfini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Andrea Di Provvido
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Katia Isselmou
- Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (CNERV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Valeria Marini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Irene Carmine
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchia
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
| | - Beyatt Ahmed Bezeid
- Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (CNERV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo (IZSAM)-Italy
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Innocuity of a commercial live attenuated vaccine for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 in late-term pregnant cows. Vaccine 2016; 34:1430-5. [PMID: 26876438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an arthropod-borne infectious viral disease sustained by the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). The only commercially available and currently used vaccines are manufactured for EHDV-2 in Japan, either live or inactivated vaccines. In this study we tested the innocuity for fetuses of the live attenuated EHDV-2 vaccine in five late-term pregnant cows. Whole blood and serum samples were collected from dams and screened for the presence of EHDV-2 RNA, infectious virus and antibodies. After calving, whole blood and serum samples collected from calves, before and after colostrum intake, were also tested for antibodies and for virus detection. In dams, neither fever nor clinical signs were observed. All of them seroconverted and a strong humoral response was detected throughout the sampling period. All blood samples tested negative for EHDV-2 except for one sample collected from a dam 11 days post-vaccination which tested positive at virus isolation at the third cell passage following two rounds of blind passages. Although they had free access to colostrum, calves tested serologically negative for EHDV-2 during the entire course of the experiment. Overall, the tested live attenuated vaccine can be safely administered to late-term pregnant cows as it was not demonstrated to cross the placental barrier. The safety of the live-attenuated vaccine is further confirmed by the emergence of Ibaraki virus in 2013 in Japan which is apparently not related to the spread of the vaccine strain currently used in Japan.
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Nomikou K, Hughes J, Wash R, Kellam P, Breard E, Zientara S, Palmarini M, Biek R, Mertens P. Widespread Reassortment Shapes the Evolution and Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus following European Invasion. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005056. [PMID: 26252219 PMCID: PMC4529188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic exchange by a process of genome-segment ‘reassortment’ represents an important mechanism for evolutionary change in all viruses with segmented genomes, yet in many cases a detailed understanding of its frequency and biological consequences is lacking. We provide a comprehensive assessment of reassortment in bluetongue virus (BTV), a globally important insect-borne pathogen of livestock, during recent outbreaks in Europe. Full-genome sequences were generated and analysed for over 150 isolates belonging to the different BTV serotypes that have emerged in the region over the last 5 decades. Based on this novel dataset we confirm that reassortment is a frequent process that plays an important and on-going role in evolution of the virus. We found evidence for reassortment in all ten segments without a significant bias towards any particular segment. However, we observed biases in the relative frequency at which particular segments were associated with each other during reassortment. This points to selective constraints possibly caused by functional relationships between individual proteins or genome segments and genome-wide epistatic interactions. Sites under positive selection were more likely to undergo amino acid changes in newly reassorted viruses, providing additional evidence for adaptive dynamics as a consequence of reassortment. We show that the live attenuated vaccines recently used in Europe have repeatedly reassorted with field strains, contributing to their genotypic, and potentially phenotypic, variability. The high degree of plasticity seen in the BTV genome in terms of segment origin suggests that current classification schemes that are based primarily on serotype, which is determined by only a single genome segment, are inadequate. Our work highlights the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms and epidemiological consequences of reassortment in BTV, as well as other segmented RNA viruses. Segmented viruses have genomes that are separated into multiple segments, comparable to chromosomes in higher organisms. When two segmented viruses of the same species infect the same cell, their progeny may incorporate segments picked up from the “parental” viruses. This process is called “reassortment” and represents an important way for segmented viruses to evolve. Whereas reassortment has received a lot of attention in certain segmented viruses, especially influenza A, its frequency and biological consequences remain poorly understood for most of the others. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the reassortment patterns in bluetongue virus, an important pathogen of livestock, during its repeated emergence in Europe in recent decades. We confirm earlier reports that reassortment is common and can involve segments derived from live vaccines used to control outbreaks. However, the mixing of viral genomes is not strictly random and reassortment is commonly followed by novel adaptive changes in the progeny virus. This points to important functional links (paired associations) between certain segments. Our findings have important implications for the classification and control of segmented viruses and generate new insights and hypotheses about the biological interactions among different parts of the bluetongue virus genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RB); (PM)
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RB); (PM)
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Turnover Rate of NS3 Proteins Modulates Bluetongue Virus Replication Kinetics in a Host-Specific Manner. J Virol 2015; 89:10467-81. [PMID: 26246581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01541-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to livestock by midges of the Culicoides family and is the etiological agent of a hemorrhagic disease in sheep and other ruminants. In mammalian cells, BTV particles are released primarily by virus-induced cell lysis, while in insect cells they bud from the plasma membrane and establish a persistent infection. BTV possesses a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, and NS3 proteins are encoded by segment 10 (Seg-10). The viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) plays a key role in mediating BTV egress as well as in impeding the in vitro synthesis of type I interferon in mammalian cells. In this study, we asked whether genetically distant NS3 proteins can alter BTV-host interactions. Using a reverse genetics approach, we showed that, depending on the NS3 considered, BTV replication kinetics varied in mammals but not in insects. In particular, one of the NS3 proteins analyzed harbored a proline at position 24 that leads to its rapid intracellular decay in ovine but not in Culicoides cells and to the attenuation of BTV virulence in a mouse model of disease. Overall, our data reveal that the genetic variability of Seg-10/NS3 differentially modulates BTV replication kinetics in a host-specific manner and highlight the role of the host-specific variation in NS3 protein turnover rate. IMPORTANCE BTV is the causative agent of a severe disease transmitted between ruminants by biting midges of Culicoides species. NS3, encoded by Seg-10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection. As Seg-10 sequences from various BTV strains display genetic variability, we assessed the impact of different Seg-10 and NS3 proteins on BTV infection and host interactions. In this study, we revealed that various Seg-10/NS3 proteins alter BTV replication kinetics in mammals but not in insects. Notably, we found that NS3 protein turnover may vary in ovine but not in Culicoides cells due to a single amino acid residue that, most likely, leads to rapid and host-dependent protein degradation. Overall, this study highlights that genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a host-specific manner and increases our understanding of how NS3 proteins contribute to the outcome of BTV infection.
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Hornyák Á, Malik P, Marton S, Dóró R, Cadar D, Bányai K. Emergence of multireassortant bluetongue virus serotype 4 in Hungary. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:6-10. [PMID: 25847695 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence and the phylogenetic relationships of a serotype 4 bluetongue virus (BTV-4) emerged during 2014 in Hungary are described in this study. Genome segment 2 encoding the major neutralization antigen, VP2, shared moderate sequence similarity (nt, ⩽ 94.3%) with the corresponding gene of contemporary and historic homotypic bluetongue viruses, whereas genome segments S1, S4, S5, S7-S10 were typically more closely related to the cognate genes of heterotypic isolates. Importantly, in many gene phylogenies the Hungarian BTV-4 strain showed genetic relationship to BTV strains identified in outbreaks in the western Mediterranean basin. Our results indicate the identified Hungarian bluetongue virus strain evolved through reassortment involving multiple genome segments from various heterotypic bluetongue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Hornyák
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Dóró
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Viarouge C, Lancelot R, Rives G, Bréard E, Miller M, Baudrimont X, Doceul V, Vitour D, Zientara S, Sailleau C. Identification of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes in French Guiana in 2011 and 2012. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:78-85. [PMID: 25301282 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In French Guiana, the sero- and viro-prevalence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) is high but the circulating serotypes remain unknown. No data are available regarding the prevalence of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD). This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and to identify the circulating serotypes of these two Orbiviruses in this region (BTV and EHDV). Blood samples were collected in main livestock areas, from 122 young cattle between June and August 2011, to perform virological (PCR and viral isolation) and serological (ELISA) analyses. Moreover, samples from sheep and goat showing BTV-like clinical signs and from newly imported animals were analyzed using the same assays. Results confirmed an important viral circulation, with viro- and seroprevalence of 85% and 84% and 60% and 40% for BTV and EHDV, respectively. Ten Orbivirus serotypes were identified (BTV-1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 13, 17 and 24, EHDV-1 and 6). The circulation of many serotypes in intertropical America and in the Caribbean region underlines the need to establish measures to monitor and control animal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Campus International de Baillarguet TA A-DIR/B, F34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR 1309, Campus International de Baillarguet TA A-DIR/B, F34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Germain Rives
- DAAF Guyane Santé et Protection Animales et Végétales, Parc Rebard, B.P. 5002, 97 305 Cayenne Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Manuelle Miller
- DAAF Guyane Santé et Protection Animales et Végétales, Parc Rebard, B.P. 5002, 97 305 Cayenne Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Baudrimont
- DAAF Guyane Santé et Protection Animales et Végétales, Parc Rebard, B.P. 5002, 97 305 Cayenne Cedex, France.
| | - Virginie Doceul
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France.
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Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Ancora M, Marcacci M, Di Gennaro A, Portanti O, Mangone I, Teodori L, Leone A, Camma' C, Petrini A, Hammami S, Savini G. Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotype 1 circulating in Italy and its connection with northern Africa. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:144-9. [PMID: 25239524 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Western BTV-1 emerged in the Mediterranean basin in 2006 and it has since been isolated in southern and northern European countries. Six BTV-1 strains isolated from infected sheep in Italy between 2006 and 2013 and a BTV-1 strain isolated from an infected sheep in Tunisia in 2011 were fully sequenced. The seven strains were shown to be nearly identical in each gene segment. The Seg-2 sequences of the BTV-1 strains group according to the year of isolation reflecting the time of BTV incursions in Italy. Combined results suggest that BTV-1 strains isolated in Sardinia, Sicily and mainland Italy in 2012 and 2013 have a direct northern African origin. The Italian strains originated from a strain closely related to a BTV-1 strain isolated in Tunisia in 2011. Better surveillance programs with northern and sub-Saharan African countries should be implemented making the control of spread of BTV easier and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - Soufien Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Tunisi, Tunisia
| | - Massimo Ancora
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Camma'
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Salah Hammami
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Tunisi, Tunisia
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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Complete Genome Sequence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 Circulating in Italy, Obtained through a Fast Next-Generation Sequencing Protocol. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e00093-14. [PMID: 24526649 PMCID: PMC3924381 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00093-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A field strain of the bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) was isolated from infected sheep in Sardinia, Italy, in October 2013. The genome was sequenced using Ion Torrent technology. BTV-1 strain SAD2013 belongs to the Western topotype of BTV-1, clustering with BTV-1 strains isolated in Europe and northern Africa since 2006.
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Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Bréard E, Perrin JB, Doceul V, Vitour D, Zientara S. Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in French Corsica Island in September 2013. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 62:e89-91. [PMID: 24456375 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, French Corsica Island has been exposed to the emergence of three different BT virus (BTV) serotypes: serotype 2 in 2000 and 2001, serotype 4 in 2003 and serotype 16 in 2004. Between 2005 and August 2013, no outbreaks have been reported in the French Island. At the beginning of September 2013, sheep located in the south of the island showed clinical signs suggestive of BTV infection. Laboratory analyses identified the virus as BTV serotype 1. Phylogenetic studies showed that the sequences of this strain are closely related to the BTV-1 strain that was circulating in the Mediterranean basin and in Sardinia in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sailleau
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J B Perrin
- Ministry of Agriculture, General Directorate for Food Safety, Animal Health Bureau, Paris, France
| | - V Doceul
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Vitour
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Pioz M, Guis H, Pleydell D, Gay E, Calavas D, Durand B, Ducrot C, Lancelot R. Did vaccination slow the spread of bluetongue in France? PLoS One 2014; 9:e85444. [PMID: 24465562 PMCID: PMC3897431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to control the spread of infectious diseases. Simulations are now widely used to assess how vaccination can limit disease spread as well as mitigate morbidity or mortality in susceptible populations. However, field studies investigating how much vaccines decrease the velocity of epizootic wave-fronts during outbreaks are rare. This study aimed at investigating the effect of vaccination on the propagation of bluetongue, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. We used data from the 2008 bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) epizootic of southwest France. As the virus was newly introduced in this area, natural immunity of livestock was absent. This allowed determination of the role of vaccination in changing the velocity of bluetongue spread while accounting for environmental factors that possibly influenced it. The average estimated velocity across the country despite restriction on animal movements was 5.4 km/day, which is very similar to the velocity of spread of the bluetongue virus serotype 8 epizootic in France also estimated in a context of restrictions on animal movements. Vaccination significantly reduced the propagation velocity of BTV-1. In comparison to municipalities with no vaccine coverage, the velocity of BTV-1 spread decreased by 1.7 km/day in municipalities with immunized animals. For the first time, the effect of vaccination has been quantified using data from a real epizootic whilst accounting for environmental factors known to modify the velocity of bluetongue spread. Our findings emphasize the importance of vaccination in limiting disease spread across natural landscape. Finally, environmental factors, specifically those related to vector abundance and activity, were found to be good predictors of the velocity of BTV-1 spread, indicating that these variables need to be adequately accounted for when evaluating the role of vaccination on bluetongue spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Pioz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Hélène Guis
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
| | - David Pleydell
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Emilie Gay
- Unité Epidémiologie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - Didier Calavas
- Unité Epidémiologie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Durand
- Laboratoire Santé Animale, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christian Ducrot
- Unité de Recherche 346 d'Epidémiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
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Complete genome sequence analysis of a reassortant strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 from Italy. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00622-13. [PMID: 23969049 PMCID: PMC3751604 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00622-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a reassortant field strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16), isolated from cattle in the Apulia region of Italy in 2002, has been determined by Illumina sequencing. Sequence comparisons of segment 1 (Seg-1) to Seg-10, except Seg-5, show that BTV-16 strain ITL2002 belongs to the major eastern topotype of BTV.
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