1
|
Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010141. [PMID: 35062345 PMCID: PMC8778310 DOI: 10.3390/v14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.
Collapse
|
2
|
Genetic diversity and epidemiology of human rhinovirus among children with severe acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Virol J 2021; 18:174. [PMID: 34425845 PMCID: PMC8382100 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the major viruses of acute respiratory tract disease among infants and young children. This work aimed to understand the epidemiological and phylogenetic features of HRV in Guangzhou, China. In addition, the clinical characteristics of hospitalized children infected with different subtype of HRV was investigated. METHODS Hospitalized children aged < 14 years old with acute respiratory tract infections were enrolled from August 2018 to December 2019. HRV was screened for by a real-time reverse-transcription PCR targeting the viral 5'UTR. RESULTS HRV was detected in 6.41% of the 655 specimens. HRV infection was frequently observed in children under 2 years old (57.13%). HRV-A and HRV-C were detected in 18 (45%) and 22 (55%) specimens. All 40 HRV strains detected were classified into 29 genotypes. The molecular evolutionary rate of HRV-C was estimated to be 3.34 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year and was faster than HRV-A (7.79 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year). Children who experienced rhinorrhoea were more common in the HRV-C infection patients than HRV-A. The viral load was higher in HRV-C detection group than HRV-A detection group (p = 0.0148). The median peak symptom score was higher in patients with HRV-C infection as compared to HRV-A (p = 0.0543), even though the difference did not significance. CONCLUSION This study revealed the molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRV in patients with respiratory infections in southern China. Children infected with HRV-C caused more severe disease characteristics than HRV-A, which might be connected with higher viral load in patients infected with HRV-C. These findings will provide valuable information for the pathogenic mechanism and treatment of HRV infection.
Collapse
|
3
|
Luka MM, Kamau E, Adema I, Munywoki PK, Otieno GP, Gicheru E, Gichuki A, Kibinge N, Agoti CN, Nokes DJ. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus From 1-Year Surveillance Within a School Setting in Rural Coastal Kenya. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa385. [PMID: 33094115 PMCID: PMC7568438 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most common cause of the common cold but may also lead to more severe respiratory illness in vulnerable populations. The epidemiology and genetic diversity of HRV within a school setting have not been previously described. The objective of this study was to characterize HRV molecular epidemiology in a primary school in a rural location of Kenya. Methods Between May 2017 and April 2018, over 3 school terms, we collected 1859 nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) from pupils and teachers with symptoms of acute respiratory infection in a public primary school in Kilifi County, coastal Kenya. The samples were tested for HRV using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. HRV-positive samples were sequenced in the VP4/VP2 coding region for species and genotype classification. Results A total of 307 NPS (16.4%) from 164 individuals were HRV positive, and 253 (82.4%) were successfully sequenced. The proportion of HRV in the lower primary classes was higher (19.8%) than upper primary classes (12.2%; P < .001). HRV-A was the most common species (134/253; 53.0%), followed by HRV-C (73/253; 28.9%) and HRV-B (46/253; 18.2%). Phylogenetic analysis identified 47 HRV genotypes. The most common genotypes were A2 and B70. Numerous (up to 22 in 1 school term) genotypes circulated simultaneously, there was no individual re-infection with the same genotype, and no genotype was detected in all 3 school terms. Conclusions HRV was frequently detected among school-going children with mild acute respiratory illness symptoms, particularly in the younger age groups (<5-year-olds). Multiple HRV introductions were observed that were characterized by considerable genotype diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Luka
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Irene Adema
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alex Gichuki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nelson Kibinge
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuypers J, Perchetti GA, Chu HY, Newman KL, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Jerome KR, Tielsch JM, Englund JA. Phylogenetic characterization of rhinoviruses from infants in Sarlahi, Nepal. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2108-2116. [PMID: 31389049 PMCID: PMC6800797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem Rhinoviruses (RVs), the most common causes of acute respiratory infections in young children and infants, are highly diverse genetically. Objective To characterize the RV types detected with respiratory illness episodes in infants in Nepal. Study methods Infants born to women enrolled in a randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural, southern Nepal were followed with household‐based weekly surveillance until 180 days of age. Infants with respiratory symptoms had nasal swabs tested for twelve respiratory viruses. A subset with RV alone was selected for sequencing of the VP4/2 gene to identify RV types. Results Among 547 RV‐only positive illnesses detected from December 2012 to April 2014, 285 samples (52%) were sequenced. RV‐A, B, and C species were detected in 193 (68%), 18 (6%), and 74 (26%) specimens, respectively. A total of 94 unique types were identified from the sequenced samples, including 52 RV‐A, 11 RV‐B, and 31 RV‐C. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No seasonality was observed. The median ages at illness onset were 88, 104, and 88 days for RV‐A, B, and C, respectively. The median polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values did not differ between RV species. No differences between RV species were observed for reported respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia, or for medical care‐seeking. Conclusions Among very young, symptomatic infants in rural Nepal, all three species and many types of RV were identified; RV‐A was detected most frequently. There was no association between RV species and disease severity. RV infections were common among infants less than six months old in southern Nepal. All three species and 94 types of RV were identified by sequencing the VP4/2 gene. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No symptomatic differences between RV species or types were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Colombia
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wiyatno A, Febrianti ESZ, Dewantari AK, Myint KS, Safari D, Idris NS. Characterization of rhinovirus C from a 4-year-old boy with acute onset dilated cardiomyopathy in Jakarta, Indonesia. JMM Case Rep 2018; 5:e005139. [PMID: 30425833 PMCID: PMC6230756 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle, can be caused by infections, autoimmune disease or exposure to toxins. The major cause of myocarditis in the paediatric population is viral infection, including coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, influenza A and B, and hepatitis. Here, we report the detection of rhinovirus C in a boy with a clinical presentation of myocarditis, suggesting a possible causative role of this virus in this case. Case presentation A previously well 4.5-year-old boy presented with increasing breathlessness for a week prior to admission. He also had upper respiratory tract infection a few days before the event. An echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction with dilation of the LV. RNA was extracted from serum and two nasal swabs, and tested with conventional PCR at the family level for viruses including enterovirus, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus and coronavirus. Further characterization of the enterovirus group was carried out using PCR with primers targeting the VP4/VP2 gene, followed by sequencing. Molecular tests showed the presence of rhinovirus C genetic material in both serum and swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 region showed 96-97 % similarity with the closest strain isolated in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Japan in 2012. Conclusion We report the possible association of rhinovirus C and myocarditis in a child presenting with acute onset of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - E S Zul Febrianti
- Cardiology Division, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Khin Saw Myint
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nikmah Salamia Idris
- Cardiology Division, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng SY, Wang LL, Ren L, Luo J, Liao W, Liu EM. Epidemiological analysis and follow-up of human rhinovirus infection in children with asthma exacerbation. J Med Virol 2017; 90:219-228. [PMID: 28500687 PMCID: PMC7167043 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with acute asthma exacerbations, investigation of HRV viral load and severity of asthma exacerbations is also required. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and swabs were collected and assessed for respiratory viruses. HRV-positive samples were sequenced to identify types and determine viral load. Outpatients with asthma exacerbations underwent follow-up evaluations, their swabs were collected and clinical outcomes were recorded at their next clinic visit 4 weeks later. One hundred forty-three inpatients and 131 outpatients, including 88 patients with asthma exacerbations and 43 controls with stable asthma were recruited. HRV-A was mainly detected in September and February (45.5% and 33.3%, respectively), while HRV-C was mainly detected in November and April (70.0% and 55.6%, respectively). HRV-C was the primary type and was primarily found in inpatients with severe asthma exacerbations. HRV-A viral load in the group of inpatients with severe exacerbations was higher than in the mild and moderate groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.022). The HRV-A viral load of both inpatients and outpatients was higher than that of HRV-C (P < 0.001 and P = 0.036). The main genotypes were HRV-C53 and HRV-A20 among inpatients, and this genotype caused more severe clinical manifestations. HRV persisted for no more than 4 weeks, and their symptoms or signs of disease were well-controlled well. HRV-C was most frequently detected in asthma exacerbations. HRV-A with high viral load led to severe asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yan Zheng
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital of The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - En-Mei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence and molecular characterization of human rhinovirus in stool samples of individuals with and without acute gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 2016; 89:801-808. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Saraya T, Kurai D, Ishii H, Ito A, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Kiyota N, Tsukagoshi H, Kozawa K, Goto H, Takizawa H. Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:226. [PMID: 24904541 PMCID: PMC4033317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections may be associated with the virus-induced asthma in adults as well as children. Particularly, human rhinovirus is strongly suggested a major candidate for the associations of the virus-induced asthma. Thus, in this review, we reviewed and focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of virus-induced asthma with special reference on human rhinovirus. Furthermore, we added our preliminary data regarding the clinical and virological findings in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sasaki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Shoichi Niwa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|