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Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Montaño RB, González L, Ospina-Garcés SM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Body shape and fluctuating asymmetry following different feeding sources and feeding time in a triatomine, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105199. [PMID: 34974200 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even when an animal has a generalist diet, different food sources can impact its body shape and fluctuating asymmetry (a stress indicator; FA). To test this, we varied the food source (mammalian, avian or defibrinated mammalian blood; and control animals - ad libitum feeding) and the time of feeding (every 8 days, 45 days and ad libitum) having the Chagas triatomine vector, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892), as a study animal which has presumable generalist feeding habits. This factorial design was applied since first instar animals until adulthood. As response variables, we measured body shape and FA in adults of both sexes, using a two-dimensional geometric morphometrics protocol. The highest variance in body shape was explained by diet (17%), followed by sex nested within diet (12%). Males had less morphological differentiation than females: females with defibrinated blood provided every 45 days differentiated more, while those that fed on mammalian blood every 8 days differed less. Distances among the averages of the FA component related to shape indicated greater distances between avian blood provided every 45 days and mammalian blood provided every 8 days, as well as between the two groups fed on avian blood (feeding every 8 and 45 days), followed by avian and defibrinated blood, both fed every 8 days. These results indicate that blood source and feeding time have significant effects on the body shape, and FA in females and both sexes. Thus, despite general feeding habits, avian blood showed a greater impact on shape and FA in triatomines. This may select for triatomines to use mammal blood rather than avian blood if they have the chance to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Raúl Badillo Montaño
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, México
| | - Lorena González
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sandra M Ospina-Garcés
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, José María Morelos No. 44 y 46. Col. Centro, C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico..
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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Kamimura EH, Viana MC, Lilioso M, Fontes FHM, Pires-Silva D, Valença-Barbosa C, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Folly-Ramos E, Solferin VN, Thyssen PJ, Costa J, Almeida CE. Drivers of molecular and morphometric variation in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Triatominae): the resolution of geometric morphometrics for populational structuring on a microgeographical scale. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:455. [PMID: 32894173 PMCID: PMC7487581 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil in distinct ecotopes (sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic) where Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is the most important Chagas disease vector. In this study, we analyzed microevolutionary and demographic aspects of T. brasiliensis populations at the ecotypic, micro and macro-geographic scales by combining morphometrics and molecular results. Additionally, we aimed to address the resolution of both markers for delimiting populations in distinct scales. Methods We sampled populations of T. brasiliensis from distinct ecotypic and geographic sites in the states Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Paraíba (PB). The geometric morphometry was carried out with 13 landmarks on the right wings (n = 698) and the genetic structure was assessed by sequencing a region of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (n = 221). Mahalanobis distance (MD) and coefficient of molecular differentiation (ΦST) were calculated among all pairs of populations. The results of comparisons generated MD and ΦST dendrograms, and graphics of canonical variate analysis (CVA). Results Little structure was observed for both markers for macro-geographic scales. Mantel tests comparing geographic, morphometric and genetic matrices showed low correlation (all R2 < 0.35). The factorial graphics built with the CVA evidenced population delimitation for the morphometric data at micro-geographic scales. Conclusions We believe that T. brasiliensis carries in its genotype a source of information to allow the phenotypical plasticity across its whole distribution for shaping populations, which may have caused a lack of population delimitation for CVAs in morphometric analysis for macro-geographic scale analysis. On the other hand, the pattern of morphometric results in micro-geographic scales showed well-defined groups, highlighting the potential of this tool to inferences on the source for infestation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard H Kamimura
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Viana
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H M Fontes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Vera N Solferin
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia J Thyssen
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Nattero J, Carbajal de la Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Cardozo M, Rodríguez CS, Crocco LB. Characterization of melanic and non-melanic forms in domestic and peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:47. [PMID: 32014037 PMCID: PMC6998255 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanic (dark) morphs have been barely reported in peridomestic and sylvatic conditions for Triatoma infestans, the most important vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America. Adults with dark and small yellow markings on the connexivum were collected after manual searches conducted by technical personnel in 62 domiciliary units in Cruz del Eje, Córdoba Province, Argentina. The last community-wide insecticide spraying campaign before the study had been conducted three years earlier. We investigated if there was a measurable color morph variation (melanic and non-melanic) in wings and connexivum; we determined infestation, distribution of melanic and non-melanic forms, and correspondence of colorimetric variation with variations in morphology (wing size and shape and body length), development (wing fluctuating asymmetry), physiology (nutritional status) or behaviour (flight initiation). RESULTS Forty-nine females, 54 males and 217 nymphs were collected in 24 domiciliary units. House infestation and colonization were 53% and 47%, respectively. Most of the T. infestans individuals (83.2%) were collected in chicken coops; intradomicile infestation was recorded in only one case. The chromatic cluster analysis showed two well-defined groups: melanic and non-melanic. The melanic group included 17 (35%) females and 25 (46%) males. Peridomestic infestation was lower for melanic than for non-melanic adults. Melanic morphs were collected in houses from several localities. Sexual dimorphisms were confirmed by morphometric measurements. Body length was large in melanic adults (P < 0.01 only for males). Differences between groups were significant for wing size and shape, but not for weight or weight/body length ratio. Melanic females and males showed significantly higher fluctuating asymmetry (FA) indices than their non-melanic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This is the second report of melanic forms of T. infestans in domestic and peridomestic habitats in the Dry Chaco region of Argentina. Although non-melanic adults exhibited a higher infestation rate, melanic adults were widespread in the area and were collected in the infested domicile and in most types of peridomestic annexes. Differences in morphometric variables between groups might be due to different ecological adaptations. The higher FA levels observed in melanic individuals suggest a higher developmental instability and a selective advantage of non-melanic individuals in domestic and peridomestic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal de la Fuente
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Cardozo
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Susana Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Beatriz Crocco
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Nattero J, Piccinali RV, Gaspe MS, Gürtler RE. Fluctuating asymmetry and exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in Triatoma infestans populations in northeastern Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103925. [PMID: 31220610 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a phenotypic marker used as indicator of developmental stress or instability, is sometimes associated with insecticide application and resistance. Here we investigated the occurrence and amount of wing size and wing shape FA in Triatoma infestans females and males collected before and 4 months after a community-wide pyrethroid spraying campaign in a well-defined rural area of Pampa del Indio, Argentina. Moderate levels of pyrethroid resistance were previously confirmed for this area, and postspraying house infestation was mainly attributed to this condition. In the absence of insecticide-based selective pressures over the previous 12 years, we hypothesized that 1- if postspraying triatomines were mostly survivors to insecticide spraying (pyrethroid resistant), they would have higher levels of FA than prespraying triatomines. 2- if postspraying triatomines have a selective advantage, they would have lower FA levels than their prespraying counterparts, whereas if postspraying infestation was positively associated with immigrants not exposed to the insecticide, prespraying and postspraying triatomines would display similar FA levels. For 243 adult T. infestans collected at identified sites before insecticide spraying and 112 collected 4 months postspraying, wing size and wing shape asymmetry was estimated from landmark configurations of left and right sides of each individual. At population level, wing size and shape FA significantly decreased in both females and males after spraying. Males displayed greater wing size and shape FA than females. However, at a single peridomestic site that was persistently infested after spraying, FA declined similarly in females whereas the reverse pattern occurred in males. Our results suggest differential survival of adults with more symmetric wings. This pattern may be related to a selective advantage of survivors to insecticide spraying, which may be mediated or not by their pyrethroid-resistant status or to lower triatomine densities after insecticide spraying and the concomitant increase in feeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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