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Fornace KM, Zorello Laporta G, Vythilingham I, Chua TH, Ahmed K, Jeyaprakasam NK, de Castro Duarte AMR, Amir A, Phang WK, Drakeley C, Sallum MAM, Lau YL. Simian malaria: a narrative review on emergence, epidemiology and threat to global malaria elimination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e520-e532. [PMID: 37454671 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Simian malaria from wild non-human primate populations is increasingly recognised as a public health threat and is now the main cause of human malaria in Malaysia and some regions of Brazil. In 2022, Malaysia became the first country not to achieve malaria elimination due to zoonotic simian malaria. We review the global distribution and drivers of simian malaria and identify priorities for diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and control. Environmental change is driving closer interactions between humans and wildlife, with malaria parasites from non-human primates spilling over into human populations and human malaria parasites spilling back into wild non-human primate populations. These complex transmission cycles require new molecular and epidemiological approaches to track parasite spread. Current methods of malaria control are ineffective, with wildlife reservoirs and primarily outdoor-biting mosquito vectors urgently requiring the development of novel control strategies. Without these, simian malaria has the potential to undermine malaria elimination globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nantha K Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Programme, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Pasteur, Secretaria de Estado da Saude de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria Anice M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rangel MEO, Duarte AMRC, Oliveira TMP, Mucci LF, Loss AC, Loaiza JR, Laporta GZ, Sallum MAM. Zoonotic Malaria Risk in Serra Do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2465. [PMID: 37894123 PMCID: PMC10609463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the main goal is to assess natural infections of Plasmodium spp. in anophelines in a forest reserve from the same region where we previously found a surprisingly high rate (5.2%) of plasmodia infections (n = 25) in Kerteszia mosquitoes (N = 480) on the slopes of Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The mosquito collection sampling was carried out at the Legado das Águas Forest Reserve using CDC light traps and Shannon traps at night (5-10 pm) in 3-day collections in November 2021 and March, April, May, and November 2022. The captured specimens were morphologically identified at the species level and had their genomic DNA extracted in pools of up to 10 mosquitoes/pool. Each pool was tested using 18S qPCR and cytb nested PCR plus sequencing. A total of 5301 mosquitoes, mostly belonging to the genus Kerteszia (99.7%), were sampled and sorted into 773 pools. Eight pools positive for Plasmodium spp. were identified: four for Plasmodium spp., one for P. vivax or P. simium, one for P. malariae or P. brasilianum, and two for the P. falciparum-like parasite. After Sanger sequencing, two results were further confirmed: P. vivax or P. simium and P. malariae or P. brasilianum. The minimum infection rate for Kerteszia mosquitoes was 0.15% (eight positive pools/5285 Kerteszia mosquitoes). The study reveals a lower-than-expected natural infection rate (expected = 5.2% vs. observed = 0.15%). This low rate relates to the absence of Alouatta monkeys as the main simian malaria reservoir in the studied region. Their absence was due to a significant population decline following the reemergence of yellow fever virus outbreaks in the Atlantic Forest from 2016 to 2019. However, this also indicates the existence of alternative reservoirs to infect Kerteszia mosquitoes. The found zoonotic species of Plasmodium, including the P. falciparum-like parasite, may represent a simian malaria risk and thus a challenge for malaria elimination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. O. Rangel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria R. C. Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F. Mucci
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Loss
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-710, ES, Brazil;
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services of Panama (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Gabriel Z. Laporta
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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Ferreira LM, Rezende HR, Fux B, De Alencar FEC, Loss AC, Buery JC, De Castro Duarte AMR, Junior CC. Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii infected by Plasmodium in the Atlantic Forest indicates that the malaria transmission cycle is maintained even after howler monkeys' population decline. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3627-3634. [PMID: 36208309 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic Forests outside of the Amazon region in Brazil are low-frequency malaria hotspots. The disease behaves as a zoonosis maintained by nonhuman primates (NHPs), especially howler monkeys. Between 2016 and 2018, Brazil witnessed the largest yellow fever outbreak since 1980, resulting in massive declines in these NHP populations. However, reports of malaria cases continued in transmission areas. This scenario motivated this survey to determine the frequency of infection of the anophelines by Plasmodium species. Mosquitoes were captured using Shannon traps and CDC light traps and identified as to species based on morphological characters. The screening for malaria parasites targeted only Anopheles species belonging to the subgenus Kerteszia, the proven primary malaria vector. A TaqMan qPCR assay using ribosomal primers (18S rRNA gene) was performed in a Step One Plus Real-time PCR to detect Plasmodium species. Seven hundred sixty field-caught anophelines divided into 76 pools were examined. Out of 76 tested pools, seven (9.21%) were positive. Three pools were Plasmodium malariae-positive, and four were Plasmodium vivax-positive. The anopheline infection was expressed as the maximum infection rate (MIR), disclosing a value of 0.92%, indicative of a steady state. Such stability after the yellow fever outbreak suggests that other species of NHPs could support transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mendes Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29047-105, Brazil.
| | | | - Blima Fux
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29047-105, Brazil
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Maria Ribeiro De Castro Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Pasteur, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Crispim Cerutti Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29047-105, Brazil
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Sánchez-Ribas J, Oliveira TMP, Bourke BP, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Rosa-Freitas MG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Marinho-e-Silva M, Neves MSAS, Conn JE, Sallum MAM. Molecular Analysis Reveals a High Diversity of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Yanomami Lands and the Pantanal Region of Brazil. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1995. [PMID: 34946944 PMCID: PMC8701885 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the species of the subfamily Anophelinae that are Plasmodium vectors is important to vector and malaria control. Despite the increase in cases, vector mosquitoes remain poorly known in Brazilian indigenous communities. This study explores Anophelinae mosquito diversity in the following areas: (1) a Yanomami reserve in the northwestern Amazon Brazil biome and (2) the Pantanal biome in southwestern Brazil. This is carried out by analyzing cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene data using Refined Single Linkage (RESL), Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), and tree-based multi-rate Poisson tree processes (mPTP) as species delimitation approaches. A total of 216 specimens collected from the Yanomami and Pantanal regions were sequenced and combined with 547 reference sequences for species delimitation analyses. The mPTP analysis for all sequences resulted in the delimitation of 45 species groups, while the ASAP analysis provided the partition of 48 groups. RESL analysis resulted in 63 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This study expands our scant knowledge of anopheline species in the Yanomami and Pantanal regions. At least 18 species of Anophelinae mosquitoes were found in these study areas. Additional studies are now required to determine the species that transmit Plasmodium spp. in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Jordi Sánchez-Ribas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami, Roraima 69301-080, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Brian Patrick Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746, USA;
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution—National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. NE & Constitution Ave. NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Geniac Ltd., São Paulo 01031-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Mariana Marinho-e-Silva
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro 20090-910, Brazil
| | - Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12159, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
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Residual malaria of Atlantic Forest systems and the influence of anopheline fauna. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2759-2767. [PMID: 34273000 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the Amazon region comprises 99.5% of the reported malaria cases. However, another hotspot of the disease is the Atlantic Forest regions, with the sporadic occurrence of autochthonous human cases. In such context, this study sought to investigate the role of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the residual malaria transmission in Atlantic Forest areas. Two rural areas in the Espírito Santo state were the surveyed sites. Mosquitoes were captured using Shannon trap and CDC light traps and identified into species based on morphological characters. Ecological indexes (Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson's dominance, Pielou equability, and Sorensen similarity) were the tools used in the anopheline fauna characterization and comparison along with the two explored areas. The assessment of the sampling adequacy in the studied areas was possible through the generation of a species accumulation curve. A correlation test verified the influence of climatic variables on the anopheline species abundance. A total of 1471 female anopheline mosquitoes were collected from May 2019 to April 2020, representing 13 species. The species richness was higher in Valsugana Velha (hypo-endemic) than in Alto Caparaó (non-endemic). There was a significant variation in the species abundance between Valsugana Velha (n = 1438) and Alto Caparaó (n = 33). The most abundant species was Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii complex Dyar and Knab, 1908 representing 87% of the total anophelines collected. These results suggest that the Plasmodium spp. circulation in Brazilian Atlantic Forest areas occurs mainly due to the high frequency of Anopheles (K.) cruzii complex, considered the principal vector of simian and human malaria in the region.
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Demari-Silva B, Laporta GZ, de Oliveira TMP, Sallum MAM. Evidence of Elevational Speciation in Kerteszia cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ribeira Valley, São Paulo, Brazil. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.707642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kerteszia cruzii [former Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii] is a bromeliad mosquito widespread in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. In South-eastern Brazil, it plays an important role in malaria transmission because it was infected with at least four Plasmodium species. There is robust evidence that Ke. cruzii is a species complex. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a nextRAD sequence (nextera-tagmented, reductively amplified DNA) to investigate the genetic structure of Ke. cruzii in the Ribeira Valley, South-eastern Brazil. Furthermore, we verified whether the genetic structure was associated with forest cover, elevation, slope, and vegetation physiognomy. Our results showed two distinct lineages in the studied region associated with elevation and isolation by distance. The first lineage included samples from coastal localities and the second comprised specimens from inland or mountain sites. At one sampling locality (Esteiro do Morro in Cananéia municipality), both lineages are sympatric. These results are in accordance with previously published data that showed elevated stratification in Ke. cruzii. However, Fst values did not indicate the existence of cryptic or sister species in Ke. cruzii in this region, we concluded that elevational speciation probably occurs, and we hypothesized that differences in population structure found might be associated with the distribution of bromeliad species.
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Medeiros-Sousa AR, Laporta GZ, Coutinho RM, Mucci LF, Marrelli MT. A mathematical model for zoonotic transmission of malaria in the Atlantic Forest: Exploring the effects of variations in vector abundance and acrodendrophily. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008736. [PMID: 33591994 PMCID: PMC7909691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission foci of autochthonous malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax-like parasites have frequently been reported in the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern and Southern Brazil. Evidence suggests that malaria is a zoonosis in these areas as human infections by simian Plasmodium species have been detected, and the main vector of malaria in the Atlantic Forest, Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, can blood feed on human and simian hosts. In view of the lack of models that seek to predict the dynamics of zoonotic transmission in this part of the Atlantic Forest, the present study proposes a new deterministic mathematical model that includes a transmission compartment for non-human primates and parameters that take into account vector displacement between the upper and lower forest strata. The effects of variations in the abundance and acrodendrophily of An. cruzii on the prevalence of infected humans in the study area and the basic reproduction number (R0) for malaria were analyzed. The model parameters are based on the literature and fitting of the empirical data. Simulations performed with the model indicate that (1) an increase in the abundance of the vector in relation to the total number of blood-seeking mosquitoes leads to an asymptotic increase in both the proportion of infected individuals at steady state and R0; (2) the proportion of infected humans at steady state is higher when displacement of the vector mosquito between the forest strata increases; and (3) in most scenarios, Plasmodium transmission cannot be sustained only between mosquitoes and humans, which implies that non-human primates play an important role in maintaining the transmission cycle. The proposed model contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Renato Mendes Coutinho
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition (CMCC), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases, State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Buery JC, de Alencar FEC, Duarte AMRDC, Loss AC, Vicente CR, Ferreira LM, Fux B, Medeiros MM, Cravo P, Arez AP, Cerutti Junior C. Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:132. [PMID: 33430150 PMCID: PMC7826787 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the south and southeast regions of Brazil, cases of malaria occur outside the endemic Amazon region near the Atlantic Forest in some coastal states, where Plasmodium vivax is the recognized parasite. Characteristics of cases and vectors, especially Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, raise the hypothesis of a zoonosis with simians as reservoirs. The present review aims to report on investigations of the disease over a 23-year period. Two main sources have provided epidemiological data: the behavior of Anopheles vectors and the genetic and immunological aspects of Plasmodium spp. obtained from humans, Alouatta simians, and Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Anopheles (K.) cruzii is the most captured species in the forest canopy and is the recognized vector. The similarity between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium and that between Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum shared between simian and human hosts and the involvement of the same vector in the transmission to both hosts suggest interspecies transfer of the parasites. Finally, recent evidence points to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in a silent cycle, detected only by molecular methods in asymptomatic individuals and An. (K.) cruzii. In the context of malaria elimination, it is paramount to assemble data about transmission in such non-endemic low-incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyana Cerqueira Buery
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | | | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo 01027-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Loss
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Santa Teresa 29650-000, Brazil;
| | - Creuza Rachel Vicente
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Lucas Mendes Ferreira
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Blima Fux
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Márcia Melo Medeiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Pedro Cravo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Crispim Cerutti Junior
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
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9
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Ribeiro de Castro Duarte AM, Fernandes LN, Silva FS, Sicchi IL, Mucci LF, Curado I, Fernandes A, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Ceretti-Junior W, Marrelli MT, Evangelista E, Teixeira R, Summa JL, Nardi MS, Garnica MR, Loss AC, Buery JC, Cerutti Jr. C, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Mureb Sallum MA, Laporta GZ. Complexity of malaria transmission dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100032. [PMID: 35284897 PMCID: PMC8906072 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax are protozoan parasites that can cause malaria in humans. They are genetically indistinguishable from, respectively, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium, i.e. parasites infecting New World non-human primates in South America. In the tropical rainforests of the Brazilian Atlantic coast, it has long been hypothesized that P. brasilianum and P. simium in platyrrhine primates originated from P. malariae and P. vivax in humans. A recent hypothesis proposed the inclusion of Plasmodium falciparum into the transmission dynamics between humans and non-human primates in the Brazilian Atlantic tropical rainforest. Herein, we assess the occurrence of human malaria in simians and sylvatic anophelines using field-collected samples in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area from 2015 to 2017. We first tested simian blood and anopheline samples. Two simian (Aloutta) blood samples (18%, n = 11) showed Plasmodium cytb DNA sequences, one for P. vivax and another for P. malariae. From a total of 9,416 anopheline females, we found 17 pools positive for Plasmodium species with a 18S qPCR assay. Only three showed P. cytb DNA sequence, one for P. vivax and the others for rodent malaria species (similar to Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei). Based on these results, we tested 25 rodent liver samples for the presence of Plasmodium and obtained P. falciparum cytb DNA sequence in a rodent (Oligoryzomys sp.) liver. The findings of this study indicate complex malaria transmission dynamics composed by parallel spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites, i.e. P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. falciparum, in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Human malaria parasites circulate in sylvatic cycles in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae identified in simian blood samples. Plasmodium falciparum detected in a rodent liver sample. Anopheline vectors found to carry human and rodent malaria parasites. Local vector ecology and biology are key to the spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites.
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Lopes SP, Yepes LM, Pérez-Castillo Y, Robledo SM, de Sousa DP. Alkyl and Aryl Derivatives Based on p-Coumaric Acid Modification and Inhibitory Action against Leishmania braziliensis and Plasmodium falciparum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143178. [PMID: 32664596 PMCID: PMC7397144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In low-income populations, neglected diseases are the principal cause of mortality. Of these, leishmaniasis and malaria, being parasitic, protozoan infections, affect millions of people worldwide and are creating a public health problem. The present work evaluates the leishmanicidal and antiplasmodial action of a series of twelve p-coumaric acid derivatives. Of the tested derivatives, eight presented antiparasitic activities 1–3, 8–12. The hexyl p-coumarate derivative (9) (4.14 ± 0.55 μg/mL; selectivity index (SI) = 2.72) showed the highest leishmanicidal potency against the Leishmania braziliensis amastigote form. The results of the molecular docking study suggest that this compound inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), mitogen-activated kinase protein (MPK4), and DNA topoisomerase 2 (TOP2), all of which are key enzymes in the development of Leishmania braziliensis. The data indicate that these enzymes interact via Van der Waals bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds with phenolic and aliphatic parts of this same compound. Of the other compounds analyzed, methyl p-coumarate (64.59 ± 2.89 μg/mL; IS = 0.1) demonstrated bioactivity against Plasmodium falciparum. The study reveals that esters presenting a p-coumarate substructure are promising for use in synthesis of derivatives with good antiparasitic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susiany P. Lopes
- PostGraduation Program in Technological Development and Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Lina M. Yepes
- PECET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín Calle 70 # 52-21, Colombia; (L.M.Y.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | - Sara M. Robledo
- PECET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín Calle 70 # 52-21, Colombia; (L.M.Y.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Damião P. de Sousa
- PostGraduation Program in Technological Development and Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Phylogeny of Anopheles ( Kerteszia) (Diptera: Culicidae) Using Mitochondrial Genes. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050324. [PMID: 32456322 PMCID: PMC7290731 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of mosquito species is necessary for determining the entomological components of malaria transmission, but it can be difficult in morphologically similar species. DNA sequences are largely used as an additional tool for species recognition, including those that belong to species complexes. Kerteszia mosquitoes are vectors of human and simian malaria in the Neotropical Region, but there are few DNA sequences of Kerteszia species in public databases. In order to provide relevant information about diversity and improve knowledge in taxonomy of Kerteszia species in Peru, we sequenced part of the mitochondrial genome, including the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcode region. Phylogenetic analyses structured all species of mosquitoes collected in Peru into a single clade, separate from the Brazilian species. The Peruvian clade was composed of two lineages, encompassing sequences from Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis and Anopheles (Kerteszia) pholidotus. An. pholidotus sequences were recorded for the first time in Peru, whereas An. boliviensis sequences were for the first time published in the GenBank database. Sequences generated from specimens morphologically identified as Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii clustered into three separate clades according to the collection localities of Serra do Mar, Serra da Mantiqueira, and Serra da Cantareira, confirming An. cruzii as a species complex, composed of at least three putative species.
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